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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal chemical defenses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2025

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1

Dávila-Lara, Alberto, Asifur Rahman-Soad, Michael Reichelt, and Axel Mithöfer. "Carnivorous Nepenthes x ventrata plants use a naphthoquinone as phytoanticipin against herbivory." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (2021): e0258235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258235.

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Carnivorous plants feed on animal prey, mainly insects, to get additional nutrients. This carnivorous syndrome is widely investigated and reported. In contrast, reports on herbivores feeding on carnivorous plants and related defenses of the plants under attack are rare. Here, we studied the interaction of a pitcher plant, Nepenthes x ventrata, with a generalist lepidopteran herbivore, Spodoptera littoralis, using a combination of LC/MS-based chemical analytics, choice and feeding assays. Chemical defenses in N. x ventrata leaves were analyzed upon S. littoralis feeding. A naphthoquinone, plumb

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Brossman, Kelly H., Bradley E. Carlson, Amber N. Stokes, and Tracy Langkilde. "Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) larvae alter morphological but not chemical defenses in response to predator cues." Canadian Journal of Zoology 92, no. 4 (2014): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0244.

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Prey traits are often modified in response to exposure to predators, a phenomenon known as predator-induced phenotypic plasticity. Morphological plasticity in response to predator cues is well documented in amphibians; however, predator-induced chemical defenses have received relatively little attention. The Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)), which possesses tetrodotoxin—a toxin for chemical defense, is most vulnerable to predation during its larval stage. We assessed whether exposing Eastern Newt larvae to predator scent cues (from dragonfly larvae) would elicit chan

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Pamplona, Reinald, and David Costantini. "Molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 4 (2011): R843—R863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00034.2011.

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In this review, it is our aim 1) to describe the high diversity in molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals, 2) to extend the traditional concept of antioxidant to other structural and functional factors affecting the “whole” organism, 3) to incorporate, when supportable by evidence, mechanisms into models of life-history trade-offs and maternal/epigenetic inheritance, 4) to highlight the importance of studying the biochemical integration of redox systems, and 5) to discuss the link between maximum life span and antioxidant defenses. The traditional con

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Kiekebusch, Elsita M., and Burt P. Kotler. "Effects of plant defenses and water availability on seasonal foraging preferences of the Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana)." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 3-4 (2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1112657.

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The study of herbivore patch use has implications for herbivore habitat quality assessment, foraging behaviors, species interactions, and coexistence in patchy environments. This research focuses on the comparison of the effects of two qualitatively different plant defenses, mechanical (thorns) and chemical (tannins), on ibex foraging preferences during different seasons of the year. The occurrence of both chemical and mechanical plant defenses were experimentally manipulated in artificial resource patches, in addition to water availability. Ibex foraging preferences were quantified using givi

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Starke, W. Wallace, and Michael H. Ferkin. "Chemical cues from kingsnakes do not cause inducible defenses in house mice." Current Zoology 58, no. 6 (2012): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.6.797.

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Abstract Many rodents exhibit inducible defenses when exposed to chemical cues from mammalian predators. These responses may include delays in sexual maturation, smaller adult body size and decreases in litter size and pup weight. We exposed the hybrid juvenile offspring of field-caught and lab-descended house mice Mus musculus to the chemical cues of mouse-fed or chick-fed kingsnakes, Lampropeltis getula, for 20 days after weaning, to examine the effects of ophidian predator cues on prey development. We hypothesized that these cues would elicit inducible defenses such as alteration of growth

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Xu, Qian, Xiao Yang, Ranran Zhang, et al. "Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of Steroidal Saponin Isolated from Ophiopholis mirabilis." Toxics 11, no. 2 (2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020137.

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Benthic invertebrates produce secondary metabolites that serve as defenses against consumers and promote their fitness. To explore the chemical defense in marine benthic echinoderms, the chemical constituents of Ophiopholis mirabilis were investigated. A steroidal monoglycoside, asterosaponin P1, was isolated from O. mirabilis for the first-time using column chromatography. The chemical structure was characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of the isolated compound were assessed using the zebrafish embryo assay, a powerful vertebrate anima

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Aleksandar, Stoimenov. "DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF MAMMARY GLAND IN SHEEP – A REVIEW." Tradition and Modernity in Veterinary Medicine 7, no. 2 (2023): 131–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707579.

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The health of the mammary gland in animals is of paramount importance both to milk productivity and to the whole organism. The term "mastitis" refers to inflammation of the mammary gland. It is characterized by pathological changes in the parenchyma, duct system and interstitial connective tissue, leading to changes in the composition and qualities of milk. Due to its high prevalence, mastitis is considered the most important threat to dairy industry, because of its impact on animal health and milk production. The aims of this paper are to consider mammary gland defenses, including a

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Skelhorn, John, and Graeme D. Ruxton. "Ecological factors influencing the evolution of insects' chemical defenses." Behavioral Ecology 19, no. 1 (2007): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arm115.

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Heiser, Sabrina, Charles D. Amsler, James B. McClintock, Andrew J. Shilling, and Bill J. Baker. "Every Rule Has an Exception: a Cheater in the Community-Wide Mutualism in Antarctic Seaweed Forests." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 6 (2020): 1358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa058.

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Synopsis Dense macroalgal forests on the Western Antarctic Peninsula serve important ecological roles both in terms of considerable biomass for primary production as well as in being ecosystem engineers. Their function within the Antarctic ecosystem has been described as a crucial member of a community-wide mutualism which benefits macroalgal species and dense assemblages of associated amphipod grazers. However, there is a cheater within the system that can feed on one of the most highly chemically defended macroalgal hosts. The amphipod Paradexamine fissicauda has been found to readily consum

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Rust, Michael, Eric J. N. Helfrich, Michael F. Freeman, et al. "A multiproducer microbiome generates chemical diversity in the marine sponge Mycale hentscheli." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 17 (2020): 9508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919245117.

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Bacterial specialized metabolites are increasingly recognized as important factors in animal–microbiome interactions: for example, by providing the host with chemical defenses. Even in chemically rich animals, such compounds have been found to originate from individual members of more diverse microbiomes. Here, we identified a remarkable case of a moderately complex microbiome in the sponge host Mycale hentscheli in which multiple symbionts jointly generate chemical diversity. In addition to bacterial pathways for three distinct polyketide families comprising microtubule-inhibiting peloruside

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Paul, Valerie J., Christopher J. Freeman, and Vinayak Agarwal. "Chemical Ecology of Marine Sponges: New Opportunities through “-Omics”." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 4 (2019): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz014.

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Abstract The chemical ecology and chemical defenses of sponges have been investigated for decades; consequently, sponges are among the best understood marine organisms in terms of their chemical ecology, from the level of molecules to ecosystems. Thousands of natural products have been isolated and characterized from sponges, and although relatively few of these compounds have been studied for their ecological functions, some are known to serve as chemical defenses against predators, microorganisms, fouling organisms, and other competitors. Sponges are hosts to an exceptional diversity of micr

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Bok, Jin Woo, S. Arunmozhi Balajee, Kieren A. Marr, et al. "LaeA, a Regulator of Morphogenetic Fungal Virulence Factors." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 9 (2005): 1574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.9.1574-1582.2005.

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ABSTRACT Opportunistic animal and plant pathogens, well represented by the genus Aspergillus, have evolved unique mechanisms to adapt to and avoid host defenses. Aspergillus fumigatus, an increasingly serious pathogen owing to expanding numbers of immunocompromised patients, causes the majority of human infections; however, an inability to identify bona fide virulence factors has impeded therapeutic advances. We show that an A. fumigatus mutation in a developmentally expressed transcriptional regulator (ΔlaeA) coordinating morphological and chemical differentiation reduces virulence in a murin

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Walters, K. D. "Is There a Trade-Off Between Wound-Healing and Chemical Defenses Among Caribbean Reef Sponges?" Integrative and Comparative Biology 45, no. 2 (2005): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.2.352.

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Negreiros, Allana A., Adrian M. Pohlit, Fabricio Baccaro, Héctor H. F. Koolen, and Adrian A. Barnett. "The bitter end: primate avoidance of caterpillar-infested trees in a central Amazon flooded forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 3 (2019): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0056.

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Animal–plant interactions are often mediated by chemical compounds. It has been widely reported that herbivore damage to plants induces chemical defenses which may then affect subsequent interactions with both invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. Our study investigated the effects of the interaction between larvae of an unidentified nymphalid butterfly and the tanimbuca tree (Buchenavia ochroprumna Eichl.; Combretaceae) on subsequent folivory by a primate, the golden-backed uacari (Cacajao ouakary (Spix, 1823); Pitheciidae). Primate-feeding observations, records of the extent of nymphalid –

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Fossou, JPM, YCS Adjovi, SE Dedehou, UH Ahehehinnou, and F. Tovo. "Review on novel approaches for controlling aflatoxin B1: Harnessing nature's defenses against food toxins." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, no. 3 (2024): 25851–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.128.24315.

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Aflatoxin B1 is the most harmful food toxin for humans and animals. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, it is ranked as one of the most carcinogenic substances in the world, directly connected to hepatocarcinoma in both humans and animals. Aflatoxin B1 is also involved in the occurrence of pathologies, and aflatoxicoses. Aflatoxin B1 can be produced by fungi from the genus Aspergillus section Flavi in a variety of foods during storage. Once aflatoxins are present, food processing cannot eradicate them. The damage and lack of complete elimination of aflatoxins from foo

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Curley, Edward A. M., Hannah E. Rowley, and Michael P. Speed. "A field demonstration of the costs and benefits of group living to edible and defended prey." Biology Letters 11, no. 6 (2015): 20150152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0152.

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Both theoretical and laboratory research suggests that many prey animals should live in a solitary, dispersed distribution unless they lack repellent defences such as toxins, venoms and stings. Chemically defended prey may, by contrast, benefit substantially from aggregation because spatial localization may cause rapid predator satiation on prey toxins, protecting many individuals from attack. If repellent defences promote aggregation of prey, they also provide opportunities for new social interactions; hence the consequences of defence may be far reaching for the behavioural biology of the an

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Vieira, Bruna Maria, Ana Luiza de Moraes Golineli, Brenda Wiggers, et al. "Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential of Myrcia pubipetala in an animal model of type 1 diabetes." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 46 (September 2, 2024): e71571. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v46i1.71571.

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Myrcia genus plants, like Myrcia pubipetala, traditionally used as hypoglycemic agents, hold promise for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) research but need more comprehensive chemical and pharmacological investigation. This is an experimental study involving controlled administration of treatments to a group of rats to assess their effects compared with a control group, investigating the effects of M. pubipetala on alloxan-induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in rats. After the induction of diabetes, the rats received the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) or aqueous fraction (AF) (25, 50, 100, or 150 mg

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Borgonovi, Sara Margherita, Stefania Iametti, and Mattia Di Nunzio. "Docosahexaenoic Acid as Master Regulator of Cellular Antioxidant Defenses: A Systematic Review." Antioxidants 12, no. 6 (2023): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061283.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that benefits the prevention of chronic diseases. Due to its high unsaturation, DHA is vulnerable to free radical oxidation, resulting in several unfavorable effects, including producing hazardous metabolites. However, in vitro and in vivo investigations suggest that the relationship between the chemical structure of DHA and its susceptibility to oxidation may not be as clear-cut as previously thought. Organisms have developed a balanced system of antioxidants to counteract the overproduction of oxidants, and the nuclear factor erythro

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Savarino, Philippe, Emmanuel Colson, Guillaume Caulier, Igor Eeckhaut, Patrick Flammang, and Pascal Gerbaux. "Microwave-Assisted Desulfation of the Hemolytic Saponins Extracted from Holothuria scabra Viscera." Molecules 27, no. 2 (2022): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020537.

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Saponins are plant and marine animal specific metabolites that are commonly considered as molecular vectors for chemical defenses against unicellular and pluricellular organisms. Their toxicity is attributed to their membranolytic properties. Modifying the molecular structures of saponins by quantitative and selective chemical reactions is increasingly considered to tune the biological properties of these molecules (i) to prepare congeners with specific activities for biomedical applications and (ii) to afford experimental data related to their structure–activity relationship. In the present s

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Burkepile, Deron E., and John D. Parker. "Recent advances in plant-herbivore interactions." F1000Research 6 (February 8, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10313.1.

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Plant-herbivore interactions shape community dynamics across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. From amphipods to elephants and from algae to trees, plant-herbivore relationships are the crucial link generating animal biomass (and human societies) from mere sunlight. These interactions are, thus, pivotal to understanding the ecology and evolution of virtually any ecosystem. Here, we briefly highlight recent advances in four areas of plant-herbivore interactions: (1) plant defense theory, (2) herbivore diversity and ecosystem function, (3) predation risk aversion and herbivory, and (

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Mezquida, Eduardo T., Paula Caputo, and Pablo Acebes. "Acorn Crop, Seed Size and Chemical Defenses Determine the Performance of Specialized Insect Predators and Reproductive Output in a Mediterranean Oak." Insects 12, no. 8 (2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080721.

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Seed predation is an antagonistic interaction that negatively affects the performance of individual plants and can limit plant population dynamics. In animal-dispersed plants, crop size is an important determinant of plant reproductive success through its effect on seed dispersers and predators. Seed traits, such as size or chemical composition, can also increase the tolerance to seed predators or reduce their performance. We investigated the interaction between Quercus faginea and two specialized pre-dispersal insect seed predators (weevils and moths) during two years of contrasting crop size

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Huang, Xiaoyan, Rumeng Lin, Bingyong Mao, et al. "Lactobacillus crispatus CCFM1339 Inhibits Vaginal Epithelial Barrier Injury Induced by Gardnerella vaginalis in Mice." Biomolecules 14, no. 2 (2024): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14020240.

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The vaginal epithelial barrier, which integrates mechanical, immune, chemical, and microbial defenses, is pivotal in safeguarding against external pathogens and upholding the vaginal microecological equilibrium. Although the widely used metronidazole effectively curtails Gardnerella vaginalis, a key pathogen in bacterial vaginosis, it falls short in restoring the vaginal barrier or reducing recurrence rates. Our prior research highlighted Lactobacillus crispatus CCFM1339, a vaginally derived Lactobacillus strain, for its capacity to modulate the vaginal epithelial barrier. In cellular models,

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Portman, Scott L., Gary W. Felton, Rupesh R. Kariyat, and James H. Marden. "Host plant defense produces species-specific alterations to flight muscle protein structure and flight-related fitness traits of two armyworms." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 16 (2020): jeb224907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.224907.

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ABSTRACTInsects manifest phenotypic plasticity in their development and behavior in response to plant defenses, via molecular mechanisms that produce tissue-specific changes. Phenotypic changes might vary between species that differ in their preferred hosts and these effects could extend beyond larval stages. To test this, we manipulated the diet of southern armyworm (SAW; Spodoptera eridania) and fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) using a tomato mutant for jasmonic acid plant defense pathway (def1), and wild-type plants, and then quantified gene expression of Troponin t (Tnt) and flig

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Bogdanovic, Visnja, Marija Slavic, Jasminka Mrdjanovic, Slavica Solajic, and Aleksandar Djordjevic. "The activity of superoxide-dismutase in animal cell culture CHO-K1 after treatment with fullerenol and mytomicine C." Chemical Industry 63, no. 3 (2009): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0903143b.

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Eukaryotic cell survives in predominantly reduced conditions. Homeostasis of cellular redox system is an imperative of cell surviving and its normal metabolism. ROS are well recognized for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species, since they can be either harmful or beneficial to living systems. These species are mutagenic compounds known to lead to DNA damage, favor cell transformation, and contribute to the development of a variety of malignant diseases. All the effects of oxidants are influenced by the cellular antioxidant defenses. This multilayer system consists of l

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Arbuckle, Kevin, and Michael P. Speed. "Antipredator defenses predict diversification rates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (2015): 13597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509811112.

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The “escape-and-radiate” hypothesis predicts that antipredator defenses facilitate adaptive radiations by enabling escape from constraints of predation, diversified habitat use, and subsequently speciation. Animals have evolved diverse strategies to reduce the direct costs of predation, including cryptic coloration and behavior, chemical defenses, mimicry, and advertisement of unprofitability (conspicuous warning coloration). Whereas the survival consequences of these alternative defenses for individuals are well-studied, little attention has been given to the macroevolutionary consequences of

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Garcia, T. S., D. J. Paoletti, and A. R. Blaustein. "Correlated trait response: comparing amphibian defense strategies across a stress gradient." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 1 (2009): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-130.

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Animals inhabiting complex environments often contend with multiple stressors that can select for conflicting responses. Individuals can mediate these conflicts by utilizing correlated responses across multiple traits. In aquatic habitats, larval amphibians often face conflicting, simultaneous pressures, such as ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and predators. UV-B radiation and predation risk influence behavior and body color in many amphibian species, altering activity rates, refuge use, and coloration. When both UV-B and predators are present, individuals can avoid conflicts by coupling behavi

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Dunning, Dorothy C., Lalita Acharya, Catherine B. Merriman, and Lella Dal Ferro. "Interactions between bats and arctiid moths." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 11 (1992): 2218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-298.

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Many arctiid moths emit trains of ultrasonic clicks upon tactile stimulation and when exposed to trains of ultrasonic pulses like those emitted by bats. We observed the responses of captive big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and free-foraging red bats (Lasiurus borealis) to arctiid moths and similar-sized moths of other families, and the responses of free-flying moths to trains of ultrasonic pulses like those of bats. Both the big brown bats and the red bats ate significantly fewer arctiids than were available to them, but the captive bats were more likely to kill arctiids than were the free-fl

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Hettyey, Attila, Zoltán Tóth, and Josh Van Buskirk. "Inducible chemical defences in animals." Oikos 123, no. 9 (2014): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/oik.01338.

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DOUGLAS, HECTOR D. "IN DEFENSE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE: QUANTIFICATION OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS IN FEATHERS IS CHALLENGING." Auk 125, no. 2 (2008): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.2408.3.

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Mattila, Heather R., Gard W. Otis, Lien T. P. Nguyen, Hanh D. Pham, Olivia M. Knight, and Ngoc T. Phan. "Honey bees (Apis cerana) use animal feces as a tool to defend colonies against group attack by giant hornets (Vespa soror)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0242668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242668.

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Honey bees (genus Apis) are well known for the impressive suite of nest defenses they have evolved to protect their abundant stockpiles of food and the large colonies they sustain. In Asia, honey bees have evolved under tremendous predatory pressure from social wasps in the genus Vespa, the most formidable of which are the giant hornets that attack colonies in groups, kill adult defenders, and prey on brood. We document for the first time an extraordinary collective defense used by Apis cerana against the giant hornet Vespa soror. In response to attack by V. soror, A. cerana workers foraged fo

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Lev-Yadun, Simcha. "Defensive (anti-herbivory) Batesian mimicry in plants." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 66, no. 1-2 (2019): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-00001044.

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Several types of defensive Batesian mimicry seem to be much more common in plants than was historically and is currently considered. It is based either on visual aspects (shape, coloration, and even movement), on odors, and on combinations of both these sensing modalities. Various characters that seem to function as defensive Batesian mimicry, may also simultaneously take part in pollination, physiological functions, or in other defensive mechanisms. The defended models for the visual Batesian mimics in plants belong to several categories: (1) spiny, thorny and prickly plant species, (2) mecha

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Johnsen, Sönke, and William M. Kier. "Damage Due to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in the Brittlestar Ophioderma Brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 2 (1998): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400041758.

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Many morphological, chemical, and behavioural characteristics of echinoderms have been implicated as defences against ultraviolet light, though no studies have investigated whether adult echinoderms are damaged by this form of radiation. This study tests whether the brittlestar Ophioderma brevispinum (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) is damaged by solar ultraviolet radiation. Specimens of O. brevispinum were exposed to sunlight at a field station on the North Carolina coast. After 4 d of exposure, 12 out of 13 animals were dead and the remaining animal was moderately damaged. The animals in the con

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Dumbacher, John P., and John W. Daly. "Symposium: Chemical defense in birds." Journal of Ornithology 135, no. 3 (1994): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01639984.

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Segovia, Júlio M. G., Kleber Del-Claro, and Rodrigo Hirata Willemart. "Defences of a Neotropical harvestman against different levels of threat by the recluse spider." Behaviour 152, no. 6 (2015): 757–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003252.

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The threat sensitive hypothesis predicts that animals modulate the defensive behaviour with the level of threat. Therefore, responses to predator cues may differ from responses to the actual predator in close range. Also, in high threat situations, prey would be expected to use their most dangerous defences. The recluse spider Loxosceles gaucho (Araneae, Sicariidae) is known to prey upon well defended harvestmen such as the laniatorid Mischonyx cuspidatus (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae), which has been reported to use tanathosis, chemical defences, pinching with sharp apophyses on legs, chelicerae a

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Buddington, R. K., K. Kelly-Quagliana, K. K. Buddington, and Y. Kimura. "Non–digestible oligosaccharides and defense functions: lessons learned from animal models." British Journal of Nutrition 87, S2 (2002): S231—S239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn/2002542.

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Animals are constantly exposed to a diversity of health challenges and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a major, if not the principal, site of exposure. Animal models and a limited number of human clinical studies have shown that the assemblages and metabolic activities of the resident bacteria are important determinants of the effectiveness of the various host defense mechanisms and thereby influence the ability of animals to respond to health challenges. The assemblages of bacteria resident in the GIT provide a first line of defense that can exclude invading pathogens, reduce the prolifer

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Sugiura, Shinji, and Tomoki Date. "Bombardier beetles repel invasive bullfrogs." PeerJ 10 (September 15, 2022): e13805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13805.

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Invasive non-native predators negatively affect native species; however, some native species can survive the predation pressures of invasive species by using pre-existing antipredator strategies or evolving defenses against invasive predators. The American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura: Ranidae) has been intentionally introduced to many countries and regions, and has impacted native animals through direct predation. Bombardier beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Brachininae: Brachinini) discharge chemicals at a temperature of approximately 100 °C from the tip of the abdomen when they are

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Hämäläinen, Liisa, Johanna Mappes, Rose Thorogood, et al. "Predators’ consumption of unpalatable prey does not vary as a function of bitter taste perception." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (2019): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz199.

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Abstract Many prey species contain defensive chemicals that are described as tasting bitter. Bitter taste perception is, therefore, assumed to be important when predators are learning about prey defenses. However, it is not known how individuals differ in their response to bitter taste, and how this influences their foraging decisions. We conducted taste perception assays in which wild-caught great tits (Parus major) were given water with increasing concentrations of bitter-tasting chloroquine diphosphate until they showed an aversive response to bitter taste. This response threshold was found

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Yang, X., and M. G. Carter. "Transgenic animal bioreactors: A new line of defense against chemical weapons?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 35 (2007): 13859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706163104.

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Cantley, Alexandra M., and Jon Clardy. "Animals in a bacterial world: opportunities for chemical ecology." Natural Product Reports 32, no. 7 (2015): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4np00141a.

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Zan, Jindong, Zhiyuan Li, Ma Diarey Tianero, Jeanette Davis, Russell T. Hill, and Mohamed S. Donia. "A microbial factory for defensive kahalalides in a tripartite marine symbiosis." Science 364, no. 6445 (2019): eaaw6732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw6732.

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Chemical defense against predators is widespread in natural ecosystems. Occasionally, taxonomically distant organisms share the same defense chemical. Here, we describe an unusual tripartite marine symbiosis, in which an intracellular bacterial symbiont (“Candidatus Endobryopsis kahalalidefaciens”) uses a diverse array of biosynthetic enzymes to convert simple substrates into a library of complex molecules (the kahalalides) for chemical defense of the host, the alga Bryopsis sp., against predation. The kahalalides are subsequently hijacked by a third partner, the herbivorous mollusk Elysia ruf

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Iddles, Tracey L., Jennifer Read, and Gordon D. Sanson. "The potential contribution of biomechanical properties to anti-herbivore defence in seedlings of six Australian rainforest trees." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02060.

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Biomechanical properties of leaves, such as strength and toughness, may contribute to anti-herbivore defence by making it physically difficult or energetically costly for animals to eat them. We investigated leaf strength and toughness in seedlings of six rainforest trees from eastern Australia and their potential contribution to defence. Strength and toughness (work to fracture) were measured at the scale of the whole leaf and of different leaf parts. Resources for herbivores (water and nitrogen) and potential chemical defences (phenolics, alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides) were also invest

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Souza, Heitor Bruno de Araujo, Washington Luiz Silva Vieira, Gabriel Corrêa Costa, and Alexandre Vasconcellos. "Defense mechanisms of termites affect their consumption rate by lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 40, no. 3 (2019): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191116.

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Abstract The present study sought to determine whether the defense mechanisms of termites influence the rate of consumption by lizards, and if that pattern differs between lizard species. Termites with different defense mechanisms (mechanical and chemical) were offered to two species of lizards from different lineages (Tropiduridae and Teiidae). We found that termites that used defensive chemicals were less likely to be eaten by lizards of both lineages. Our results indicate that lizards from both lineages are capable of selecting termites based on their defense mechanisms. As a result, there

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Brückner, Adrian, Jean M. Badroos, Robert W. Learsch, Mina Yousefelahiyeh, Sheila A. Kitchen, and Joseph Parker. "Evolutionary assembly of cooperating cell types in an animal chemical defense system." Cell 185, no. 7 (2022): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.014.

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Brückner, Adrian, Jean M. Badroos, Robert W. Learsch, Mina Yousefelahiyeh, Sheila A. Kitchen, and Joseph Parker. "Evolutionary assembly of cooperating cell types in an animal chemical defense system." Cell 184, no. 25 (2021): 6138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.014.

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Adil, S. "Insight into Chicken Egg Proteins and Their Role in Chemical Defense Mechanism." International Journal of Poultry Science 15, no. 2 (2016): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2016.76.80.

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Wessels, DCJ, C. van der Waal, and WF de Boer. "Induced chemical defences in Colophospermum mopane trees." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 24, no. 3 (2007): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajrfs.2007.24.3.4.297.

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LONGSON, C. G., and J. M. P. JOSS. "Optimal toxicity in animals: predicting the optimal level of chemical defences." Functional Ecology 20, no. 4 (2006): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01148.x.

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Bešlo, Drago, Nataša Golubić, Vesna Rastija, et al. "Antioxidant Activity, Metabolism, and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in the Diet of Animals." Antioxidants 12, no. 6 (2023): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061141.

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As the world’s population grows, so does the need for more and more animal feed. In 2006, the EU banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in order to reduce chemical residues in food consumed by humans. It is well known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes must be combated to achieve higher productivity. The adverse effects of the use of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic compounds on animal health and product quality and safety have increased interest in phytocompounds. With the use of plant polyphenols in animal nutrition, they are gaining more attention as a supplement

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Guan, Chi, Mahasweta Saha, and Florian Weinberger. "Chemical Defence of a Seagrass against Microfoulers and Its Seasonal Dynamics." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (2019): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061258.

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In marine environments bacterial microfoulers are an important determinant for the settlement of algal and animal macrofoulers. At the same time fouling is usually subject to seasonal fluctuation. Additionally, the seagrass Zostera marina is prone to microfouling, although this marine spermatophyte is known to be chemically defended against bacterial settlers. Spermatophytes are often capable of induced or activated defences against biological enemies such as pathogens or herbivores, but it is still unknown whether they can fine-tune their antifouling-defence according to settlement pressure.

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Huffman, Michael A. "Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 2 (2003): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003257.

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Early in the co-evolution of plant-animal relationships, some arthropod species began to utilize the chemical defences of plants to protect themselves from their own predators and parasites. It is likely, therefore, that the origins of herbal medicine have their roots deep within the animal kingdom. From prehistoric times man has looked to wild and domestic animals for sources of herbal remedies. Both folklore and living examples provide accounts of how medicinal plants were obtained by observing the behaviour of animals. Animals too learn about the details of self-medication by watching each

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