Journal articles: 'Animal chemical ecology'

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Müller-Schwarze, Dietland. "The chemical ecology of ungulates." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 29, no. 1-4 (February 1991): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(91)90263-w.

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Hampton, Jordan O., Anja Skroblin, Tom R. De Ridder, and Andrew L. Perry. "Chemical immobilisation and rangeland species: assessment of a helicopter darting method for Australian cattle." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 6 (2016): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16079.

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Chemical immobilisation (darting) is increasingly being used for the capture of rangeland animals. The aim of the present study was to assess a newly developed helicopter-based chemical immobilisation method for free-ranging Australian rangeland cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Eighteen cattle were darted from a helicopter in north-western Australia in September 2015 using a combination of xylazine and ketamine, partially reversed with yohimbine. Following a recently published framework for assessing helicopter darting methods, we quantified several animal welfare measures designed to quantify the severity and duration of stress imposed by the procedures. The duration of the procedures was generally short (median total duration 41 min), but for 33% of animals total duration exceeded 60 min. Although the sample size was small, mortality rate on the day of capture was 17% (three animals) and 28% (five animals) required physical restraint to achieve recumbency. We describe this newly developed method and discuss its relatively poor animal welfare outcomes compared with other validated helicopter darting methods. Legislation restricts veterinary chemicals that may be used for food-producing species in many countries, including Australia. Chemical immobilisation regimens other than the one chosen in the present study may produce superior animal welfare outcomes but would not be compliant with legislation in Australia. As a result of these restrictions, we suggest that development of an improved helicopter darting method for Australian cattle may prove difficult. Rangeland managers should carefully consider animal welfare impacts before undertaking chemical immobilisation programs, especially for food-producing species.

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Elliott, J. M., W. J. Bell, and R. T. Carde. "Chemical Ecology of Insects." Journal of Animal Ecology 54, no. 3 (October 1985): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4396.

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Cantley, Alexandra M., and Jon Clardy. "Animals in a bacterial world: opportunities for chemical ecology." Natural Product Reports 32, no. 7 (2015): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4np00141a.

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Mazorra-Alonso, Mónica, Gustavo Tomás, and Juan José Soler. "Microbially Mediated Chemical Ecology of Animals: A Review of Its Role in Conspecific Communication, Parasitism and Predation." Biology 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10040274.

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Microbial symbionts are nowadays considered of pivotal importance for animal life. Among the many processes where microorganisms are involved, an emerging research avenue focuses on their major role in driving the evolution of chemical communication in their hosts. Volatiles of bacterial origin may underlie chemical communication and the transfer of social information through signals, as well as inadvertent social information. We reviewed the role of microorganisms in animal communication between conspecifics, and, because the microbiome may cause beneficial as well as deleterious effects on their animal hosts, we also reviewed its role in determining the outcome of the interactions with parasites and predators. Finally, we paid special attention to the hypothetical role of predation and parasitism in driving the evolution of the animal microbiome. We highlighted the novelty of the theoretical framework derived from considering the microbiota of animals in scenarios of communication, parasitism, and predation. We aimed to encourage research in these areas, suggesting key predictions that need to be tested to better understand what is one of the main roles of bacteria in animal biology.

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Pickett, John A., Michael A. Birkett, Sarah Y. Dewhirst, James G. Logan, Maurice O. Omolo, Baldwyn Torto, Julien Pelletier, Zainulabeuddin Syed, and Walter S. Leal. "Chemical Ecology of Animal and Human Pathogen Vectors in a Changing Global Climate." Journal of Chemical Ecology 36, no. 1 (January 2010): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-010-9739-9.

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Paul, Valerie J., Christopher J. Freeman, and Vinayak Agarwal. "Chemical Ecology of Marine Sponges: New Opportunities through “-Omics”." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz014.

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Abstract The chemical ecology and chemical defenses of sponges have been investigated for decades; consequently, sponges are among the best understood marine organisms in terms of their chemical ecology, from the level of molecules to ecosystems. Thousands of natural products have been isolated and characterized from sponges, and although relatively few of these compounds have been studied for their ecological functions, some are known to serve as chemical defenses against predators, microorganisms, fouling organisms, and other competitors. Sponges are hosts to an exceptional diversity of microorganisms, with almost 40 microbial phyla found in these associations to date. Microbial community composition and abundance are highly variable across host taxa, with a continuum from diverse assemblages of many microbial taxa to those that are dominated by a single microbial group. Microbial communities expand the nutritional repertoire of their hosts by providing access to inorganic and dissolved sources of nutrients. Not only does this continuum of microorganism–sponge associations lead to divergent nutritional characteristics in sponges, these associated microorganisms and symbionts have long been suspected, and are now known, to biosynthesize some of the natural products found in sponges. Modern “omics” tools provide ways to study these sponge–microbe associations that would have been difficult even a decade ago. Metabolomics facilitate comparisons of sponge compounds produced within and among taxa, and metagenomics and metatranscriptomics provide tools to understand the biology of host–microbe associations and the biosynthesis of ecologically relevant natural products. These combinations of ecological, microbiological, metabolomic and genomics tools, and techniques provide unprecedented opportunities to advance sponge biology and chemical ecology across many marine ecosystems.

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Ali, Saqib, Suliman Ali, Lina Lina, Wen Zhou, Muhammad Irfan Waris, Ashfaq Ali, and Man Qun Wang. "Chemical Ecology of Asian Long Horned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) - A Review." Pakistan Journal of Zoology 49, no. 3 (May 2017): 1093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.3.1093.1105.

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Jumars. "Animal Guts as Ideal Chemical Reactors: Maximizing Absorption Rates." American Naturalist 155, no. 4 (2000): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3078933.

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Ferrari, Maud C. O., Brian D. Wisenden, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Chemical ecology of predator–prey interactions in aquatic ecosystems: a review and prospectusThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 7 (July 2010): 698–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-029.

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The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an essential source of information for many prey and predators and a number of cues have been shown to play a key role in trait-mediated indirect interactions in aquatic communities. Here, we review the nature and role of predator kairomones, chemical alarm cues, disturbance cues, and diet cues on the behaviour, morphology, life history, and survival of aquatic prey, focusing primarily on the discoveries from the last decade. Many advances in the field have been accomplished: testing the survival value of those chemicals, providing field validation of laboratory results, understanding the extent to which chemically mediated learning may benefit the prey, understanding the role of these chemicals in mediating morphological and life-history adaptations, and most importantly, the selection pressures leading to the evolution of chemical alarm cues. Although considerable advances have been made, several key questions remain, the most urgent of which is to understand the chemistry behind these interactions.

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Van Alstyne, Kathryn L., Timothy A. Nelson, and Richard L. Ridgway. "Environmental Chemistry and Chemical Ecology of “Green Tide” Seaweed Blooms." Integrative and Comparative Biology 55, no. 3 (May 13, 2015): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv035.

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Kessel, Steven T., and Nigel E. Hussey. "Tonic immobility as an anaesthetic for elasmobranchs during surgical implantation procedures." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 9 (September 2015): 1287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0136.

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Tonic immobility is a widely used technique for the surgical implantation of acoustic tags in elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays), yet it is still not broadly recognised as an acceptable procedure by many regulatory bodies, animal care committees, and even journal ethics standards. To highlight its regular use and applicability as a field procedure, a literature search was conducted on the anaesthetic technique adopted for all existing elasmobranch-focused acoustic telemetry papers, up to 31 December 2013. A total of 57 studies were identified that contained relevant details on surgical methodological procedures. Of these, the majority of studies (43, or 75.4%) employed tonic immobility, while 10 (17.6%) used general chemical anaesthetic and 4 (7%) used local chemical anaesthetic. These studies identify that tonic immobility provides an effective anaesthetic for surgical implantation in elasmobranchs, as it offers several benefits over chemical anaesthetics, both from a practical and from an animal welfare perspective. Practically, rapid induction and recovery optimizes the surgical procedure, desirable under often complex field conditions, where general chemical anaesthetics prolong duration and administration is often unfeasible because of the size of study animals. Benefits over chemical anaesthetic for animal welfare include no risk of overdose, no uptake of chemicals to body tissues, minimal disruption to respiration, thereby reducing potential for negative sublethal impacts that influence postrelease behaviour, and immediate and full recovery. Given these benefits and its long-standing use in field studies, it is recommended that tonic immobility be recognised as an acceptable anaesthetic technique for surgical procedures on elasmobranchs.

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Cooper, Jr., William E. "Chemosensory discrimination of plant and animal foods by the omnivorous iguanian lizard Pogona vitticeps." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-049.

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Most iguanian lizards are insectivores that do not use chemical cues sampled by tongue-flicking to identify prey before attacking, but the sole iguanian herbivore previously studied did so. To investigate the effects of a partially herbivorous diet on responses to food chemicals, I conducted an experiment to determine whether the omnivorous bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) has a similar ability. Chemical stimuli from crickets and carrots, both preferred foods, and alfalfa sprouts, and deionized water (a nonpreferred food and odorless control, respectively) were presented on cotton-tipped applicators. The lizards responded more strongly to both preferred foods than to the controls, performing more tongue flicks and biting the cotton in a greater number of trials. It is hypothesized that lingually mediated food-chemical discrimination is useful to herbivorous and omnivorous lizards for identifying plant and animal foods and for evaluating the quality of plant foods. The insectivorous ambush foragers ancestral to P. vitticeps could not locate prey by tongue-flicking repeatedly at an ambush post and do not exhibit prey-chemical discrimination. Adding plants to the diet altered the selective milieu because plants approached using visual cues can be evaluated using chemical cues, allowing the evolution of the ability to discriminate between plant-food chemicals. The ability to identify animal prey by tongue-flicking may have evolved through correlated evolution with chemosensory identification of plants or specifically for locating or identifying immobile prey.

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Park, Joo, Park, and Paik. "Ascaroside Pheromones: Chemical Biology and Pleiotropic Neuronal Functions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 3898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163898.

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Pheromones are neuronal signals that stimulate conspecific individuals to react to environmental stressors or stimuli. Research on the ascaroside (ascr) pheromones in Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes has made great progress since ascr#1 was first isolated and biochemically defined in 2005. In this review, we highlight the current research on the structural diversity, biosynthesis, and pleiotropic neuronal functions of ascr pheromones and their implications in animal physiology. Experimental evidence suggests that ascr biosynthesis starts with conjugation of ascarylose to very long-chain fatty acids that are then processed via peroxisomal β-oxidation to yield diverse ascr pheromones. We also discuss the concentration and stage-dependent pleiotropic neuronal functions of ascr pheromones. These functions include dauer induction, lifespan extension, repulsion, aggregation, mating, foraging and detoxification, among others. These roles are carried out in coordination with three G protein-coupled receptors that function as putative pheromone receptors: SRBC-64/66, SRG-36/37, and DAF-37/38. Pheromone sensing is transmitted in sensory neurons via DAF-16-regulated glutamatergic neurotransmitters. Neuronal peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation has important cell-autonomous functions in the regulation of neuroendocrine signaling, including neuroprotection. In the future, translation of our knowledge of nematode ascr pheromones to higher animals might be beneficial, as ascr#1 has some anti-inflammatory effects in mice. To this end, we propose the establishment of pheromics (pheromone omics) as a new subset of integrated disciplinary research area within chemical ecology for system-wide investigation of animal pheromones.

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Stocker, Roman, and Justin R. Seymour. "Ecology and Physics of Bacterial Chemotaxis in the Ocean." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76, no. 4 (November 29, 2012): 792–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00029-12.

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SUMMARYIntuitively, it may seem that from the perspective of an individual bacterium the ocean is a vast, dilute, and largely homogeneous environment. Microbial oceanographers have typically considered the ocean from this point of view. In reality, marine bacteria inhabit a chemical seascape that is highly heterogeneous down to the microscale, owing to ubiquitous nutrient patches, plumes, and gradients. Exudation and excretion of dissolved matter by larger organisms, lysis events, particles, animal surfaces, and fluxes from the sediment-water interface all contribute to create strong and pervasive heterogeneity, where chemotaxis may provide a significant fitness advantage to bacteria. The dynamic nature of the ocean imposes strong selective pressures on bacterial foraging strategies, and many marine bacteria indeed display adaptations that characterize their chemotactic motility as “high performance” compared to that of enteric model organisms. Fast swimming speeds, strongly directional responses, and effective turning and steering strategies ensure that marine bacteria can successfully use chemotaxis to very rapidly respond to chemical gradients in the ocean. These fast responses are advantageous in a broad range of ecological processes, including attaching to particles, exploiting particle plumes, retaining position close to phytoplankton cells, colonizing host animals, and hovering at a preferred height above the sediment-water interface. At larger scales, these responses can impact ocean biogeochemistry by increasing the rates of chemical transformation, influencing the flux of sinking material, and potentially altering the balance of biomass incorporation versus respiration. This review highlights the physical and ecological processes underpinning bacterial motility and chemotaxis in the ocean, describes the current state of knowledge of chemotaxis in marine bacteria, and summarizes our understanding of how these microscale dynamics scale up to affect ecosystem-scale processes in the sea.

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Cooper Jr.,, William E., Janalee P. Caldwell, Laurie J. Vitt, Valentín Pérez-Mellado, and Troy A. Baird. "Food-chemical discrimination and correlated evolution between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination in lacertiform lizards." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-040.

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Lizards use chemical cues to locate and identify prey and plant food, assess the nutritional quality of food, and detect plant toxins. Among insectivorous lizards, all actively foraging species studied respond strongly to prey chemicals sampled lingually, but ambush foragers do not. Much recent research has been devoted to assessing differential responses to food and nonfood chemicals (i.e., food-chemical discrimination) by omnivorous and herbivorous species and determining whether correlated evolution has occurred between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination. We conducted experimental studies of food-chemical discrimination by two species of teiid lizards, the omnivorous Cnemidophorus murinus and the actively foraging insectivorous Ameiva ameiva. The omnivore distinguished both prey and plant chemicals from control substances. The insectivore exhibited prey-chemical, but not plant-chemical, discrimination, as indicated by tongue-flicking and biting. A comparative analysis using concentrated-changes tests showed that correlated evolution has occurred between plant consumption and plant-chemical discrimination in a major lizard taxon, Lacertiformes. These results extend and strengthen previous findings of similar correlated evolution to a new group and add to a growing database indicating that omnivorous lizards use chemical cues to assess both prey and plant foods.

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McClintock, J. B., C. D. Amsler, and B. J. Baker. "Overview of the Chemical Ecology of Benthic Marine Invertebrates along the Western Antarctic Peninsula." Integrative and Comparative Biology 50, no. 6 (May 11, 2010): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icq035.

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Zinner, Dietmar, Matthias Klapproth, Andrea Schell, Lisa Ohrndorf, Desalegn Chala, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, and Julia Fischer. "Comparative ecology of Guinea baboons (<i>Papio papio</i>)." Primate Biology 8, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-8-19-2021.

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Abstract. Thorough knowledge of the ecology of a species or population is an essential prerequisite for understanding the impact of ecology on the evolution of their respective social systems. Because of their diversity of social organizations, baboons (Papio spp.) are a useful model for comparative studies. Comparative ecological information was missing for Guinea baboons (Papio papio), however. Here we provide data on the ecology of Guinea baboons in a comparative analysis on two geographical scales. First, we compare climate variables and land cover among areas of occurrence of all six baboon species. Second, we describe home range size, habitat use, ranging behaviour, and diet from a local population of Guinea baboons ranging near the Centre de Recherche de Primatologie (CRP) Simenti in the Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal. Home ranges and daily travel distances at Simenti varied seasonally, yet the seasonal patterns in their daily travel distance did not follow a simple dry vs. rainy season pattern. Chemical food composition falls within the range of other baboon species. Compared to other baboon species, areas occupied by Guinea baboons experience the highest variation in precipitation and the highest seasonality in precipitation. Although the Guinea baboons' multi-level social organization is superficially similar to that of hamadryas baboons (P. hamadryas), the ecologies of the two species differ markedly. Most Guinea baboon populations, including the one at Simenti, live in more productive habitats than hamadryas baboons. This difference in the ecology of the two species contradicts a simple evolutionary relation between ecology and social system and suggests that other factors have played an additional role here.

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Jumars. "Animal Guts as Nonideal Chemical Reactors: Partial Mixing and Axial Variation in Absorption Kinetics." American Naturalist 155, no. 4 (2000): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3078934.

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Colleary, Caitlin, Andrei Dolocan, James Gardner, Suresh Singh, Michael Wuttke, Renate Rabenstein, Jörg Habersetzer, et al. "Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 41 (September 28, 2015): 12592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509831112.

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In living organisms, color patterns, behavior, and ecology are closely linked. Thus, detection of fossil pigments may permit inferences about important aspects of ancient animal ecology and evolution. Melanin-bearing melanosomes were suggested to preserve as organic residues in exceptionally preserved fossils, retaining distinct morphology that is associated with aspects of original color patterns. Nevertheless, these oblong and spherical structures have also been identified as fossilized bacteria. To date, chemical studies have not directly considered the effects of diagenesis on melanin preservation, and how this may influence its identification. Here we use time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to identify and chemically characterize melanin in a diverse sample of previously unstudied extant and fossil taxa, including fossils with notably different diagenetic histories and geologic ages. We document signatures consistent with melanin preservation in fossils ranging from feathers, to mammals, to amphibians. Using principal component analyses, we characterize putative mixtures of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in both fossil and extant samples. Surprisingly, both extant and fossil amphibians generally exhibit melanosomes with a mixed eumelanin/phaeomelanin composition rather than pure eumelanin, as assumed previously. We argue that experimental maturation of modern melanin samples replicates diagenetic chemical alteration of melanin observed in fossils. This refutes the hypothesis that such fossil microbodies could be bacteria, and demonstrates that melanin is widely responsible for the organic soft tissue outlines in vertebrates found at exceptional fossil localities, thus allowing for the reconstruction of certain aspects of original pigment patterns.

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Saaristo, Minna, Tomas Brodin, Sigal Balshine, Michael G. Bertram, Bryan W. Brooks, Sean M. Ehlman, Erin S. McCallum, et al. "Direct and indirect effects of chemical contaminants on the behaviour, ecology and evolution of wildlife." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 22, 2018): 20181297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1297.

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Chemical contaminants (e.g. metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals) are changing ecosystems via effects on wildlife. Indeed, recent work explicitly performed under environmentally realistic conditions reveals that chemical contaminants can have both direct and indirect effects at multiple levels of organization by influencing animal behaviour. Altered behaviour reflects multiple physiological changes and links individual- to population-level processes, thereby representing a sensitive tool for holistically assessing impacts of environmentally relevant contaminant concentrations. Here, we show that even if direct effects of contaminants on behavioural responses are reasonably well documented, there are significant knowledge gaps in understanding both the plasticity (i.e. individual variation) and evolution of contaminant-induced behavioural changes. We explore implications of multi-level processes by developing a conceptual framework that integrates direct and indirect effects on behaviour under environmentally realistic contexts. Our framework illustrates how sublethal behavioural effects of contaminants can be both negative and positive, varying dynamically within the same individuals and populations. This is because linkages within communities will act indirectly to alter and even magnify contaminant-induced effects. Given the increasing pressure on wildlife and ecosystems from chemical pollution, we argue there is a need to incorporate existing knowledge in ecology and evolution to improve ecological hazard and risk assessments.

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Cooper, Jr., William E., and Valentín Pérez-Mellado. "Omnivorous lacertid lizards (Gallotia) from El Hierro, Canary Islands, can identify prey and plant food using only chemical cues." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-046.

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We studied lingual and biting responses to food chemicals by two species of omnivorous lacertid lizards, the Canary Island endemics Gallotia simonyi (the giant lizard of El Hierro) and Gallotia caesaris (Boettger's lizard), to ascertain their ability to discriminate between prey and plant food chemicals on the one hand and control stimuli on the other. We recorded frequencies of tongue-flicking and latency to bite in 60-s trials in which chemical stimuli on cotton-tipped applicators were presented to the lizards. Both species exhibited prey-chemical discrimination, as indicated by elevated tongue-flick rates and higher proportions of individuals biting in response to surface chemicals from crickets. Both species exhibited plant-chemical discrimination, as indicated by significantly greater tongue-flick rates and biting frequency in response to chemicals from tomato fruit than to the control stimuli. Juvenile G. simonyi responded much more strongly to chemical stimuli from tomato fruit than from leaves of Psoralea bituminosa, which is not a preferred food for juveniles. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chemosensory discrimination evolves in omnivorous lizards to permit evaluation of food quality, resulting in correspondence between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination, both being absent in insectivores. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that prey-chemical discrimination is retained and plant-chemical discrimination evolves in the omnivorous lizards derived from actively foraging insectivores.

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Moraïs, Sarah, and Itzhak Mizrahi. "Islands in the stream: from individual to communal fiber degradation in the rumen ecosystem." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 43, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuz007.

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ABSTRACTThe herbivore rumen ecosystem constitutes an extremely efficient degradation machinery for the intricate chemical structure of fiber biomass, thus, enabling the hosting animal to digest its feed. The challenging task of deconstructing and metabolizing fiber is performed by microorganisms inhabiting the rumen. Since most of the ingested feed is comprised of plant fiber, these fiber-degrading microorganisms are of cardinal importance to the ecology of the rumen microbial community and to the hosting animal, and have a great impact on our environment and food sustainability. We summarize herein the enzymological fundamentals of fiber degradation, how the genes encoding these enzymes are spread across fiber-degrading microbes, and these microbes' interactions with other members of the rumen microbial community and potential effect on community structure. An understanding of these concepts has applied value for agriculture and our environment, and will also contribute to a better understanding of microbial ecology and evolution in anaerobic ecosystems.

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Gall, B. G., and E. D. Brodie, Jr. "Behavioral avoidance of injured conspecific and predatory chemical stimuli by larvae of the aquatic caddisfly Hesperophylax occidentalis." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 11 (November 2009): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-091.

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Prey animals often encounter situations that hinder their ability to conduct normal fitness-enhancing behaviors. Mating and foraging are frequently interrupted by predator vigilance and avoidance, and antipredator behavior. Many caddisfly larvae build protective cases that are carried with them throughout the aquatic life cycle. However, they are still vulnerable to predation, yet it is unknown the extent caddisflies use chemical cues for predator recognition and avoidance. We exposed larval caddisfly Hesperophylax occidentalis (Banks, 1908) to predatory, conspecific, and heterospecific chemical cues to determine if caddisfly larvae can use chemical stimuli alone for predator recognition and avoidance. Exposure to predator and injured conspecific chemicals elicited significant decreases in activity, while exposure to injured and uninjured heterospecific chemicals yielded no significant change in activity. The extended latency to move following exposure to predator kairomones indicates larval caddisflies utilize chemical cues for predator recognition and avoidance, and a similar decrease in movement associated with exposure to injured conspecifics suggests the presence of a chemical alarm cue.

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Wessels, DCJ, C. van der Waal, and WF de Boer. "Induced chemical defences in Colophospermum mopane trees." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 24, no. 3 (October 2007): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajrfs.2007.24.3.4.297.

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Donihue, Colin M., Anthony Herrel, José Martín, Johannes Foufopoulos, Panayiotis Pafilis, and Simon Baeckens. "Rapid and repeated divergence of animal chemical signals in an island introduction experiment." Journal of Animal Ecology 89, no. 6 (April 20, 2020): 1458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13205.

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Zuffi, Marco, Elisa Bresciani, Sara Fornasiero, and Federica Dendi. "Pheromone trailing in male European whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus." Amphibia-Reptilia 28, no. 4 (2007): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853807782152453.

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Abstract The ability of snakes to follow conspecific pheromone trails during the breeding season is of primary importance to locate potential mates, and also to elicit and maintain courtship or other reproductive behaviours, such as agonistic behaviour. Despite the recent increased knowledge on snake chemical ecology, yet little information is available on European species and nothing is known about chemical communication in European colubrid species. The aim of this study was to characterise the pheromone-mediated trailing behaviour in male European whip snake, Hierophis viridiflavus. When tested in trailing experiments using a Y-maze, male European whip snakes displayed the ability to trail both male and female pheromones when presented versus a blank arm of the maze. Moreover, adult males followed the female pheromone trail when presented simultaneously with the male trail. Our study demonstrated that male Hierophis viridiflavus rely on chemical cues for the location and the sexual discrimination of conspecifics during the breeding season. Convergence between different mating systems and chemical communication ability in distantly related species is discussed.

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Ralowicz, Andrew, Charles Mancino, and David Kopec. "Chemical Enhancement of Germination in Curly Mesquite Seed." Journal of Range Management 45, no. 5 (September 1992): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002913.

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Hodgkinson, Harmon S. "Relationship of Saltbush Species to Soil Chemical Properties." Journal of Range Management 40, no. 1 (January 1987): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899355.

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Taylor, Michael W., Regina Radax, Doris Steger, and Michael Wagner. "Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 71, no. 2 (June 2007): 295–347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00040-06.

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SUMMARY Marine sponges often contain diverse and abundant microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, microalgae, and fungi. In some cases, these microbial associates comprise as much as 40% of the sponge volume and can contribute significantly to host metabolism (e.g., via photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation). We review in detail the diversity of microbes associated with sponges, including extensive 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses which support the previously suggested existence of a sponge-specific microbiota. These analyses provide a suitable vantage point from which to consider the potential evolutionary and ecological ramifications of these widespread, sponge-specific microorganisms. Subsequently, we examine the ecology of sponge-microbe associations, including the establishment and maintenance of these sometimes intimate partnerships, the varied nature of the interactions (ranging from mutualism to host-pathogen relationships), and the broad-scale patterns of symbiont distribution. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sponge-microbe associations is mirrored by their enormous biotechnological potential: marine sponges are among the animal kingdom's most prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, and in at least some cases, the compounds are of microbial rather than sponge origin. We review the status of this important field, outlining the various approaches (e.g., cultivation, cell separation, and metagenomics) which have been employed to access the chemical wealth of sponge-microbe associations.

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Pordeus, L. M., A. F. A. Lira, and C. M. R. Albuquerque. "Male courtship behavior is triggered by female chemical cues in the scorpion Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 12 (December 2019): 1122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0020.

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Recognizing conspecific individuals from other members of the community is important for many interactive behaviors, especially those involved in mate selection. We investigated whether male courtship behavior is triggered by chemical cues left by females on the substrate using the sedentary litter-dwelling scorpion Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893, which is a small and common species distributed throughout the northeast Atlantic Forest in Brazil. In experiments using 50 pairs, we tested whether males recognize females by detecting sex-specific chemicals on the substrate. All males changed their behavior, performing pre-courtship acts when exposed to female-specific chemicals on the substrate, but they did not change their behavior when exposed to a clean substrate lacking female-specific chemicals. These results show that the male T. pusillus alters its behavior in the presence of female chemical cues, suggesting that males recognize females by detecting compounds left on the substrate and that the presence of these chemicals trigger the courtship behavior of the male T. pusillus.

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32

Karn, J. F., and L. Hofmann. "Relationships between Pasture Forage Components and Fecal Chemical Composition." Journal of Range Management 43, no. 4 (July 1990): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3898925.

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Roth, Timothy E., J. L. Holechek, and Mohammed Y. Hussain. "Germination Response of Three Globemallow Species to Chemical Treatment." Journal of Range Management 40, no. 2 (March 1987): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899214.

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Garza, Andres, and Timothy E. Fulbright. "Comparative Chemical Composition of Armed Saltbush and Fourwing Saltbush." Journal of Range Management 41, no. 5 (September 1988): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899576.

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35

Kuperman, Roman G., Ronald T. Checkai, Marcos Vinicius Bastos Garcia, Jörg Römbke, Gladys L. Stephenson, and José Paulo Sousa. "State of the science and the way forward for the ecotoxicological assessment of contaminated land." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800004.

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Over the past two decades, soil ecotoxicologists have made strides in utilizing the basic concepts and advancements in soil zoology and ecology. They have applied the existing tools, and developed new ones to investigate how chemical contamination can affect soil ecosystems, including the degradation or destruction of soil quality and habitats or the diminishment of belowground biodiversity. Soil ecotoxicologists are applying a suite of standard protocols, originally developed as laboratory tests with single chemicals (e.g., pesticides), and further enhancing both the approaches and protocols for the assessment of contaminated lands. However, ecological relevance of some approaches remains unresolved. The authors discuss the main challenges for a coherent ecotoxicological assessment of soil ecosystems amid contaminated lands, and provide recommendations on how to integrate the effects of physical and chemical soil properties, the variations in the diversity of soil invertebrates, and the interactions among organisms of various trophic levels. The review examines new international approaches and test methods using examples from three continents (in particular research conducted in Brazil), and provides recommendations for improving ecological relevance of ecotoxicological investigations of contaminated lands.

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36

Dötterl, S., and N. J. Vereecken. "The chemical ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions: a review and perspectivesThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 7 (July 2010): 668–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-031.

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Bees and angiosperms have shared a long and intertwined evolutionary history and their interactions have resulted in remarkable adaptations. Yet, at a time when the “pollination crisis” is of major concern as natural populations of both wild and honey bees ( Apis mellifera L., 1758) face alarming decline rates at a worldwide scale, there are important gaps in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge about the role of floral chemistry versus other communication channels in bee-pollinated flowering plants, both at the macro- and micro-evolutionary levels, and across the specialization–generalization gradient. The available data illustrate that floral scents and floral chemistry have been largely overlooked in bee–flower interactions, and that pollination studies integrating these components along with pollinator behaviour in a phylogenetic context will help gain considerable insights into the sensory ecology and the evolution of bees and their associated flowering plants.

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37

DOUGLAS, HECTOR D. "IN DEFENSE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE: QUANTIFICATION OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS IN FEATHERS IS CHALLENGING." Auk 125, no. 2 (April 2008): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2008.2408.3.

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König, Helmut. "Chemical composition of cell envelopes of methanogenic bacteria isolated from human and animal feces." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 8, no. 3 (October 1986): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0723-2020(86)80068-6.

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Khair, Moh'D, J. El-Shatnawi, and Yaser M. Mohawesh. "Seasonal Chemical Composition of Saltbush in Semiarid Grasslands of Jordan." Journal of Range Management 53, no. 2 (March 2000): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003285.

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Northup, Brian K., and James T. Nichols. "Relationships between Physical and Chemical Characteristics of 3 Sandhills Grasses." Journal of Range Management 51, no. 3 (May 1998): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003422.

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Dormaar, Johan F., and Walter D. Willms. "A Comparison of Soil Chemical Characteristics in Modified Rangeland Communities." Journal of Range Management 53, no. 4 (July 2000): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003759.

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Ansley, R. J., W. E. Pinchak, W. R. Teague, B. A. Kramp, D. L. Jones, and P. W. Jacoby. "Long-Term Grass Yields following Chemical Control of Honey Mesquite." Journal of Range Management 57, no. 1 (January 2004): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003954.

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Karn, J. F., A. B. Frank, J. D. Berdahl, and W. W. Poland. "Ploidy, Water, and Nitrogen Effects on Russian Wildrye Chemical Composition." Journal of Range Management 57, no. 5 (September 2004): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003980.

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Hinnant, Ray T., and M. M. Kothmann. "Collecting, Drying, and Preserving Feces for Chemical and Microhistological Analysis." Journal of Range Management 41, no. 2 (March 1988): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3898957.

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Truscott, Doreen R., and Pat O. Currie. "Cattle Preferences for a Hybrid Grass: Chemical and Morphological Relationships." Journal of Range Management 42, no. 1 (January 1989): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899652.

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46

Recio, Pablo, Gonzalo Rodríguez-Ruiz, and José Martín. "Effects of sensory mode in prey discrimination and predatory behaviour of rock lizards." Amphibia-Reptilia 42, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10030.

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Abstract An essential part of foraging ecology is to understand the processes of detection, recognition and discrimination of prey, as well as the sensorial modalities involved. Often, predators do not rely on a single sensory system but on multiple interacting senses. Specifically, lizards mainly use vision and vomerolfaction for prey pursuit. Here, we used an experimental approach to study how the Carpetan rock lizard, Iberolacerta cyreni, responds to different types of stimuli (chemical, visual, or both combined) from two prey species. The number of individuals approaching the prey and the number of attacks differed between treatments, however, we did not find differences in latency time, number of individuals attacking the prey or number of tongue flicks. Our results suggested that visual cues combined with chemical stimuli enhanced detection of both prey species and that prey discrimination occurred posteriorly and independently of using any or both types of stimuli.

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Hagman, Mattias, and Richard Shine. "Tadpoles of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) do not respond behaviourally to chemical cues from tadpoles of four species of Australian frogs." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 4 (2008): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08005.

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In previous work, we have shown that tadpoles of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) strongly avoid scent cues from crushed conspecific tadpoles. Thus, identifying the identity of the chemical involved may provide novel approaches to toad control, by manipulating the behaviour of toad tadpoles. A first step in the search for that chemical is to see whether toad tadpoles are similarly repelled by chemical cues from crushed tadpoles of other species. Our experimental trials with four native Australian frogs (three hylids, one myobatrachid) show that toads do not respond to chemical cues from these taxa. Hence, the specific chemicals that induce avoidance cannot be generic ones (e.g. body fluids, tissue fragments) but instead, must reflect some underlying chemical divergence in body composition between the tadpoles of cane toads versus the other anurans that we have tested.

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Cooper, William E. "Responses to Chemical Cues from Plant and Animal Food by an Omnivorous Lizard, Gerrhosaurus validus." Journal of Herpetology 34, no. 4 (December 2000): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565282.

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Yehorova, T. "Biosphere ideas of V.I. Vernadskyi as theoretical fundament of agricultural ecology." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2021.227231.

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The article presents the main features of the scientific heritage of Academician V.I. Vernadsky and his scientific and organizational role in the formation of agricultural science in Ukraine is given. It is noted that the history of agricultural science pays the greatest attention to the participation of the scientist in the development of soil science and research affair in Ukraine. The future academician took an active part in the study of the soils of Poltava region in the expeditions of 1882–1890 under the leadership of V.V. Dokuchaev, who was his lecturer at St. Petersburg University. In 1918, with his efforts, the Agricultural Scientist (later Scientific) Committee of Ukraine was created, which became the forerunner of the modern National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. World science recognizes in his works a fundamental understanding of the biosphere and noosphere, as well as the formation of modern scientific fields in geology, geochemistry, hydrogeochemistry, radiogeology, philosophy, organization of sciences. The scientist had a rare gift to synthesize various facts, getting a completely new idea, a new law of nature, a new direction in science. We are considering the methodological parallels in doctrines of agrosphere by O.O. Sozinov and of noosphere by V.I. Vernadsky. The significance of separate laws of the biosphere V.I. Vernadskyis investigated in the functioning of the agrosphere. The significant agroecological significance of the laws of causation in the biosphere and noosphere, the unity of all parts of the biosphere, the mechanism of biogeochemical cycles of chemical elements as a basis for the organization and dynamic equilibrium of natural systems are revealed. We summarized the directions of domestic agroecology, which are based on the fundamental biosphere laws of biogeochemical functions and zoning of the biosphere, biogenic migration of chemical elements, radioactivity of the territories, revealed by V.I. Vernadsky are generalized. Applied aspects of gas, oxygen, reduction, concentration and respiratory biogeochemical functions of the biosphere are actively studied in modern crop and animal husbandry. It is noted that promising areas of agricultural ecology can be scientific ideas V.I. Vernadsky on philosophy and scientific methodology, biomass and chemical composition of living matter, endemic morbidity of living organisms, hydrogeochemical zonation of waters, natural radioactivity, modeling of biosphere processes.

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Zulandt Schneider, R. A., and P. A. Moore. "Urine as a source of conspecific disturbance signals in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.4.765.

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Chemical signals are an important aspect of ecological interactions in crustacean systems. Repellent chemical signals can be classified into three context-specific categories: chemicals released directly from a repellent stimulus (avoidance chemicals), chemicals released from damaged conspecifics (alarm chemicals) and chemicals released from stressed but undamaged conspecifics (stress chemicals). Our study examines the existence and putative source of the stress signals in crayfish. We hypothesize that Procambarus clarkii can recognize stressed individuals through chemical signals and also that the source of the signal that provides P. clarkii with information on the behavioral state of the sender is the urine. We collected urine and gill water from stressed and non-stressed animals, and chemicals from damaged conspecifics. Chemical cues were introduced into a test arena while several behavior patterns of P. clarkii were recorded. Stressed crayfish produce significantly more urine than non-stressed crayfish, and this urine caused crayfish to walk significantly faster and farther and away from the source of the signal. These results demonstrate that predator-stressed crayfish release urine that causes other crayfish to move away from the source of the signal. Responses to stress chemical signals may allow receiving organisms to avoid the fate of the signal sender.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal chemical ecology'

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