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Delgado-Elorduy, Agustin 1965. "Splanchnic and mammary nitrogen metabolism by dairy cows fed differently-processed sorghum and corn grain." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282499.
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Objectives were to determine net uptake or release of α-amino N (AAN), ammonia N (NH₃N) and urea N (UN) across portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, splanchnic (PDV + liver) and mammary tissues of lactating cows fed differently processed sorghum or corn. Cows were fitted with catheters in blood vessels (artery and portal, hepatic and mammary vein), and received in a switchback design TMR containing 40% dry-rolled (DR; 643 g/L or 50 lb/bu) or steam-flaked (SF; 360 g/L or 28 lb/bu) sorghum (Exp. 1), and steam-rolled (SR; 489 g/L or 38 lb/bu) or SF corn (Exp. 2). Neither daily intake of DM and nutrients nor milk yield and efficiency of milk production were altered by feeding processed sorghum or corn. Milk fat yield was lowered (P=.03) by SF vs. DR sorghum; SF vs SR of corn tended to increase (P=.07) concentration but not yield of milk protein. Blood flows in portal (1988 ± 109 L/h) and hepatic vein (2368 ± 215 L/h) were not altered by diets. Steam-flaked vs. DR sorghum tended (P=.18) to increase UN cycling (162 vs. 95 g/d), and reduced (P≤.09) absorption of AAN (223 vs. 269 g/d) and NH3N (257 vs. 318 g/d) by PDV. Flaking vs. rolling of sorghum increased (P≤.07) estimated uptake (83 vs. 67 g/d) and extraction ratio (14.5 vs. 11.1%) of AAN by mammary tissues. Net uptake and release of AAN and NH3N across splanchnic tissues of cows were not altered by corn processing; however, SF vs. SR corn increased (P=.08) UN cycling to PDV by 143% (212 vs. 87 g/d). Steam-flaked vs SR corn increased (P≤.02) estimated uptake (88 vs. 61 g/d) and extraction ratio (14.7 vs. 11.0%) of AAN by mammary tissues. It is concluded that feeding of steam-flaked sorghum or corn compared to dry-rolled sorghum or steam-rolled corn improves N utilization of dairy cows by increasing urea transfer to the gut and uptake of amino acid by the mammary gland.
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Bloomberg, Brooke. "Considerations for Kansas State University’s College of Agriculture obtaining AAALAC accreditation." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4754.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Anatomy and Physiology
Lisa C. Freeman
Kansas State University uses a variety of animals to fulfill the University’s research and teaching mission. K-State maintains a single Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee the use of all vertebrate animals used in research and teaching at K-State. K-State’s program is AAALAC accredited. The Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International (AAALAC) is a non-profit organization with the mission to promote the humane care of animals used in research and teaching. AAALAC is a private member association that evaluates and accredits member organizations by utilizing a peer review process. Accreditation signifies that an animal care and use program goes beyond meeting minimum standards required by law and strives for excellence to better meet the needs of the animals in their care. However, K-State’s accreditation is university-limited, meaning not all colleges that use animals for research and teaching are accredited. The College of Agriculture is not included in the accreditation even though it supports 15 animal facilities within the Department of Animal Science & Industry (AS&I) and 2 facilities located at Agricultural Experiment Stations (AES). Species housed in these facilities include; cattle, horses, swine, sheep, goats, and poultry. AAALAC reports that accreditation of agricultural animal programs lags behind other animal research and teaching programs. This may be due to multiple factors such as; minimal research funding sources require institutions to be accredited, minimal funding to make necessary facility upgrades, and a lack of conviction of how accreditation may benefit an agricultural animal program. This paper begins to discuss the scope of the program, identify common deficiencies, and provide suggestions for program improvement. As public pressure increases to improve care of animals in research and agricultural settings, it would benefit K-State to accredit all the institution’s animal facilities. The IACUC is a key player in this effort but support from K-State institutional leadership and the College of Agriculture is paramount. Those at K-State know the importance of the care we provide the animals in our facilities, but obtaining AAALAC accreditation will show our peers, supporting institutions, and our students that we strive for excellence in care of all our animals.
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Cagle, Michael Scott. "Identifying adopters of best management practices within Mississippi beef producers and the reasons for non-adoption." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618196.
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The goal of the Mississippi State University Extension Service (MSU-ES) is to improve the quality of life for all Mississippians. One specific group that agricultural change agents work with at the county level is beef producers. Grazing lands have received much attention over the last few years regarding environmental concerns and Best Management Practices (BMPs) for beef cattle operations.
The adoption of these practices was voluntary during the time this study was conducted, however; adoption was highly encouraged by the MSU-ES and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). By knowing the level of adoption of BMPs that Mississippi beef producers have implemented, change agents can more effectively plan educational programming efforts for producers to better understand the importance of BMP adoption.
The purpose of this study was to describe the adopter categories of Mississippi beef producers as determined by Rogers (2003) adopter characteristics generalizations based on their (1) socioeconomic status, (2) personality values and communication behavior, and (3) opinions. It also examined the correlations between the adopter categories to predict the level of the three BMPs being studied.
The adopter categories were innovator, early adopter, early majority, late majority, and laggard. The three BMPs that were the focus of the study were rotation grazing, riparian buffers, and pasture renovation.
The results of the study indicated that Mississippi beef producers could be correctly identified in the adopter categories. By identifying the adopter categories of the Mississippi beef producers and then examining the correlations among the variables, prediction of BMP adoption of rotational grazing and riparian buffers was possible.
The relationships between MSU-ES agents and their programming efforts, as well as the relationships between NRCS district conservationist and their programs, were studied. Non-adoption, though not an adopter category, was also examined and the reasons for it were cited.
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Obi, Chinwendu Nkechi. "Evaluation of feeding varying levels of digestible lysine on broiler breeder male reproductive characteristics and body weight changes." Mississippi State University, 2013.
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Hassanat, Fadi. "Evaluation of pearl millet forage." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18698.
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This research evaluated millet as forage source for ruminants. Four studies were conducted using two cultivars of forage millet [i.e. brown midrib (BM) and regular (RM)]. The first investigated the effect of seeding rate on yield, chemical composition and in vitro degradability of the two forage millet cultivars. Yield of RM was 56% more than BM due to taller plants and more tillers m-2. A 25% increase in yield as seeding rate increased from 5 to 10 or from 10 to 15 kg ha-1 was observed for two millet cultivars. Brown midrib millet contained 15% more CP, and 4, 13 and 31% less NDF, ADF and ADL than RM cultivar. In vitro DM digestibility was 10% higher in BM due to differences in chemical composition. The second study determined the effect of stage of development at harvest [i.e. vegetative (VS) and heading stage (HS)] on the two millet cultivars yield and cell wall composition in leaves and stems. Yield of BM was lower than that of RM at both stages of development. Concentrations of NDF, ADF and ADL were reduced in BM stems by 8, 16, and 58%, respectively, compared to RM stems. Leaves ADF and ADL concentrations were 6 and 49% less in BM than RM. Increase in fibre fractions with advancing stage of development was most pronounced in RM stems. Brown midrib trait affected cell wall structure of BM leaves and stems by increasing arabinose and xylose proportion as well as concentrations of ester- linked p-coumaric acid and ether-linked ferulic acids. Cell wall content of arabinose, xylose and glucose in leaves and stems, and phenolics in stems was higher at VS than at HS. This effect was more pronounced for stems of RM than BM. In situ DM and NDF disappearances were higher in leaves and stems of BM than RM and were higher in leaves and stems of millet harvested at VS than at HS. Lignin concentration had negative linear impact on in situ DM and NDF degradability. Ensilability of forage millet as affected by cultivar and stage of development at harvest was investigatedCette recherche constitue a évalue millet comme une source de fourrage pour les ruminants. Quatre études ont été effectuées en utilisant deux variétés de millet [par exemple midrib brun (BM) et régulier (RM)]. La première étude constituait une évaluation de l'effet de la vitesse de semer les graines de millet sur le rendement, la composition chimique et la degradabilité in vitro des deux variétés de millet. Le rendement de RM était 56% plus haut en comparaison de BM en raison des plus grandes plantes et plus de feuillage par m-2. Le midrib brun de millet contenait 15% plus de CP, et 4, 13 et 31% moins de NDF, ADF et ADL que la variété RM. La digestibilité in vitro de DM était 10% plus haut chez BM en raison de ces différences. La deuxième étude avait pour objectif de déterminer l'effet du niveau de développement à la moisson [par exemple végétal (VS) et niveau d'en-tête (HS)] sur le rendement des deux variétés de millet et la composition de membrane cellulaire dans les feuilles et les tiges. Le rendement de BM était plus bas en comparaison de RM aux deux niveaux de développement. Les concentrations de NDF, ADF et ADL ont été réduits dans les tiges de BM par 8, 16, et 58%, respectivement, en comparaison des tiges de RM. Les concentrations de ADF et ADL dans les feuilles étaient 6 et 49% moins dans BM que RM. Les contenus des différentes fibres ont augmenté avec le niveau de développement, mais l'augmentation été plus prononcée dans les tiges de RM. Le millet brun a eu un effet sur les membranes cellulaires des feuilles et tiges de BM en augmentant la concentration d'arabinose et xylose ainsi que les concentrations d'ester- acides de p-coumaric et d'ester- acides de ferulic. Les contenus d'arabinose, xylose et le glucose dans les membranes cellulaires chez les feuilles et les tiges, et de phenolics dans les tiges était plus haut à VS qu'à HS. Cet effet été plus prononcé pour les tiges de RM que BM. In situ DM et NDF
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Chong, Katherine. "Evaluation of a probiotic (Levucell SB®) and a prebiotic (AgriMOS®) on performance, health and fecal microflora of veal calves." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67035.
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Probiotics and prebiotics have been used in many areas of animal husbandry for their beneficial effects on health and productivity. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of a yeast probiotic and prebiotic on health, growth performance and fecal microflora of veal calves. Sixty-eight Holstein calves were fed for 8 weeks a control diet or diets in which a probiotic (Levucell SB®; 0.5g/d) or a prebiotic (AgriMOS®, a manno-oligosaccharide; 3g/d) was added to the milk replacer (MR). The only significant effect of the additives on calf performance was on MR intake; calves fed Levucell SB® (SB) consumed more (P<0.05) MR than those fed AgriMOS®. To assess the effect on the gut flora, fecal samples were collected on d0, 7, 13, 28, 41 and 57. On days7 and 28 the fecal population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was greater (P<0.05) with SB than with AgriMOS; however the average effect of the additives on fecal LAB was no different (P>0.05) in comparison with control. Animals fed the additives showed a reduction in E. coli over time, whereas E. coli counts in the control group remained static. Clostridial numbers were also reduced in the SB group. Results of PCR-TTGE on DNA extracted from feces revealed that fecal microbial population associated with SB was significant different from that associated with AgriMOS or control groups. Despite housing, environmental and management conditions which comprised calf health, neither a probiotic nor a prebiotic proved beneficial in veal production.Les probiotiques et les prébiotiques sont utilisés dans l'élevage d'une variété de cheptels pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur la santé et la productivité des animaux. Le but de cette recherche était d'évaluer l'impact d'une levure probiotique et d'un prébiotique sur le taux de croissance, la santé et la microflore fécale de veaux de boucherie. Soixante-huit veaux Holstein ont été nourris, lors d'une étude menée sur une période de 8 semaines, de succédané de lait (SL) constitué soit d'un régime témoin (ne contenant aucun additif), soit d'un régime contenant le probiotique (Levucell SB®, 0.5g/j) ou d'un régime contenant le prébiotique (AgriMOS, un manno-oligosaccharides 3g/j). Le seul effet significatif des additifs sur la performance des veaux a été retrouvé sur la consommation du SL; les veaux nourris avec le Levucell SB® (SB) ayant consommé plus (p<0.05) de SL que ceux nourris avec AgriMOS®. Pour évaluer les effets des additifs sur la flore intestinale, des échantillons fécaux ont été recueillis aux jours 0, 7, 13, 28, 41 et 57. Aux jours 7 et 28, la population fécale de bactéries lactiques (BL) était supérieure (p<0.05) avec SB qu'avec AgriMOS; cependant l'eff et moyen des additifs sur les BL fécales n'était pas significatif (p>0.05) lorsque comparé avec le groupe témoin. Une réduction de la population de E.coli été notée pour la durée de l'étude chez les animaux nourris des additifs alors que sa population est restée stationnaire dans le groupe témoin. La numération de Clostridium a aussi été retrouvée diminuée dans le groupe nourris avec le SB. Les résultats obtenus à l'aide de la technique PCR-TTGE sur l'ADN extrait d'échantillons fécaux ont montré un effet significatif de l'additif SB sur la flore microbienne lorsque comparé aux groupes témoins et nourris avec AgriMOS (p<0.05). Lorsque de saines pra
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Baurhoo, Bushansingh. "Reduction of salmonella-induced enteric and systemic inflammation by mannan-oligosaccharide prebiotic through improvement of innate defense mechanism." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106385.
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Salmonella Enteritidis has become a major burden in human health due to emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant strains that has made antibiotic treatment difficult. Today, there is urgency to develop efficacious alternatives to the utilization of sub-therapeutic antibiotics in poultry. We, therefore, hypothesized that, in contrast to sub-therapeutic antibiotics, mannose-rich oligosaccharides (MOS), a natural prebiotic, would improve intestinal innate defense mechanisms in healthy and Salmonella-infected chickens, and abrogate S. Enteritidis invasion of intestinal epithelium, thus mitigating Salmonella-induced intestinal and systemic inflammation. In contrast to virginiamycin (VIRG) and bacitracin (BACT) antibiotics, dietary MOS (0.2%) significantly improved intestinal innate defensive mechanisms in chickens raised under good sanitary conditions, as demonstrated by increased development of mucin-secreting goblet cells that ultimately secretes higher amounts of mucins, and microflora enrichment with beneficial bacteria, especially bifidobacteria. Moreover, MOS was equally effective as VIRG and BACT in the control of intestinal E. coli. But, at higher (0.5%) than the recommended (0.2%) dosage, MOS conferred no additional intestinal health benefits. To examine whether MOS may control S. Enteritidis through improvement of host's innate defense mechanisms, young chicks were deliberately infected with S. Enteritidis. Interestingly, whereas control (CTL) chicks suffered from drowsiness, diarrhea, starvation, exfoliation of epithelial cells and damaged villi integrity, such classic signs of Salmonella-induced enteric inflammation were abrogated by MOS and VIRG. However, IL 12 down-regulation by MOS revealed that MOS terminated S. Enteritidis-induced enteric inflammation earlier than VIRG. Whereas VIRG relied mostly on its bactericidal properties, MOS significantly improved host's mucins-mediated defense mechanism against S. Enteritidis. MOS increased secretions of neutral and acidic mucins through increased numbers of neutral and acidic goblet cells, rather than increased mucins-secreting capacity of goblet cells, as indicated by non-differential MUC 2 expressions between infected chicks fed VIRG and MOS. MUC 1 down-regulation by MOS indicated that MOS more significantly reduced S. Enteritidis damage of epithelial cells than VIRG. Evidently, intestinal villi were longer and healthier in S. Enteritidis-infected chicks fed MOS than VIRG. S. Enteritidis invasion of the intestinal epithelium triggers extra-intestinal infections and systemic inflammation. A Salmonella LPS-induced systemic inflammation chicken model and microarray analysis approach was employed to determine whether MOS, in contrast to VIRG, may potentially mitigate systemic inflammation, and reduce glucose mobilization during late systemic inflammation. MOS inherently induced IL 3 expression in non-challenged control hosts. However, consequent to LPS challenge, IL 3 was induced in VIRG hosts but not differentially expressed in MOS hosts, therefore revealing that MOS counteracted LPS's detrimental inflammatory effects. Indeed, the lower energy demands of LPS-challenged birds fed MOS were sufficiently met through TCA citrate-derived energy, as indicated by ATP citrate synthase (CS) up-regulation. Contrastingly, VIRG host's elevated energy requirements increased gene expressions for intestinal gluconeogenesis (PEPCK) and liver glycolysis (ENO2). In conclusion, this study revealed the mechanisms by which MOS, in contrast to VIRG, i) enhanced host's intestinal innate defense mechanisms against Salmonella; ii) terminated Salmonella-induced intestinal and systemic inflammation earlier; iii) and modulated innate immunity to markedly reduce glucose mobilization during late systemic inflammation. Therefore, MOS represents a biological strategy that can prevent or treat S. Enteritidis infections in poultry and humans, without posing the risk of developing antibiotic-resistance.Le développement des souches de S. Enteritidis résistantes aux antibiotiques compromet le traitement de la salmonellose avec des antibiotiques thérapeutiques dans la santé humaine. Donc, il y a urgence de développer des remplaçants efficaces aux antibiotiques de croissance chez la volaille. Notre hypothèse était que contrairement aux antibiotiques sous-thérapeutiques, l'utilisation d'oligosaccharides riches en mannose (MOS), un prébiotique naturel, améliorerait les mécanismes de défense intestinale innés chez les poulets sains et infectés par la Salmonelle, prévenant ainsi l'invasion de l'épithélium intestinal par S. Enteritidis et atténuant de ce fait l'inflammation intestinale et systémique induite par la Salmonelle. Contrairement aux antibiotiques tels que la virginiamycine (VIRG) et la bacitracine (BACT), le MOS (0.2%) a amélioré les mécanismes de défense intestinale innés chez les poulets, tel que démontré par la prolifération des cellules à gobelet sécrétant ainsi plus de mucines, et l'enrichissement de la flore microbienne avec des bactéries bénéfiques, particulièrement bifidobacteria. Le MOS était aussi efficace que la VIRG et BACT dans le contrôle intestinal d'E. coli. Mais, à une dose plus élevée (0.5%) que le dosage recommandé (0.2%), le MOS n'a démontré aucun bénéfice additionnel dans la santé intestinale. Afin d'examiner si le MOS pourrait mieux contrôler le S. Enteritidis intestinale tout en améliorant les mécanismes de défense innés, des poussins ont été infectés avec S. Enteritidis. Les poussins infectés alimentés avec la diète témoin ont souffert de somnolence, diarrhée, perte d'appétit, exfoliation des cellules épithéliales et endommagement des villosités, tandis que ces symptômes ont été abrogés par le MOS et la VIRG. Cependant, une réduction dans l'expression de IL 12 par le MOS relatif à la VIRG démontra que le MOS termina l'inflammation induite par S. Enteritidis plus tôt. Le MOS augmenta la sécrétion des mucines neutres et acides en augmentant les nombres de cellules à gobelet neutres et acides plutôt que par une sécrétion accrue de mucines par chaque cellule à gobelet; l'expression de MUC 2 était inchangé entre les poussins infectés et alimentés avec la VIRG ou MOS. En revanche une diminution dans l'expression du MUC 1 induite par le MOS indiqua que le MOS a réduit les dommages des cellules épithéliales causés par S. Enteritidis. Les villosités intestinales étaient plus longues et saines chez les poussins infectés et alimentés avec le MOS que la VIRG. L'invasion de l'épithélium intestinal par S. Enteritidis cause l'inflammation systémique. Pour déterminer si le MOS, contrairement à la VIRG, pourrait atténuer l'inflammation systémique et réduire la mobilisation de glucose pendant la phase avancée de l'inflammation, nous avons utilisé un modèle d'inflammation systémique et des analyses de microréseaux d'ADN. Le MOS induit l'expression d'IL 3 chez les poulets non soumis au LPS. Mais, suite à l'injection de LPS, l'expression d'IL 3 a été augmentée chez les poulets alimentés avec la VIRG que le MOS, indiquant que le MOS a aboli les effets inflammatoires du LPS. En effet, une augmentation dans l'expression de l'ATP citrate de synthase (CS) indiqua que les demandes énergétiques inférieures des poulets injectés avec du LPS et alimentés avec le MOS ont été suffisamment satisfaites par l'énergie dérivée par le cycle de l'acide citrique. Par contre, les besoins énergétiques plus élevés chez les poulets alimentés avec la VIRG ont entrainé une augmentation de l'expression des gènes de la néoglucogenèse intestinale (PEPCK) et de la glycolyse du foie (ENO2). En conclusion, cette étude a démontré les mécanismes par lesquels le MOS, contrairement à la VIRG, i) a augmenté les mécanismes de défense intestinaux innés contre la Salmonelle; ii) a mis fin à l'inflammation intestinale et systémique causée par la salmonelle plus tôt; iii) et a réduit la mobilisation du glucose pendant une phase avancée dans l'inflammation.
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Neveu, Carolane. "Effects of feeding extruded flaxseed on the performance of dairy cows." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110550.
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Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of feeding extruded flaxseed with different sources of grain (corn, barley) or different forage: concentrate ratios (60:40 vs. 40:60) on the performance of dairy cows and milk fatty acid profile. The first study showed that DM, CP and NDF intakes were greater for flaxseed-supplemented diets than for no flaxseed diets. Intake of NDF was greater for barley diets than corn diets. Cows fed a flaxseed supplement had greater 4% fat corrected milk and solid corrected milk those fed diets without supplement. Feeding diets supplemented with flaxseed increased the concentrations polyunsaturated fatty acids. The second study showed that NDF intake was greater for the high forage than the low forage diets. Milk fat and total solids concentrations were lower while milk protein and lactose concentrations were greater for the low forage than the high forage diets. Milk polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by feeding high forage diets or extruded flaxseed supplementation. In both studies extruded flaxseed supplementation increased milk fat α-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid. In conclusion, flaxseed supplementation had a significant impact on milk fatty acid profile.Deux projets de recherche ont été conduits pour déterminer les effets du lin extrudé dans des rations avec différentes source de grain (maïs et orge) ou différents ratios fourrage : concentré (60 :40 vs. 40 :60) sur la performance de vaches laitières et le profil d'acides gras du lait. La première étude a démontré que la consommation de matière sèche, protéine brute et fibre NDF était plus grande lorsque les rations étaient supplémentées en lin extrudé. La consommation de fibre NDF était également plus grande pour les rations à base d'orge comparé au maïs. Le gras corrigé du lait à 4% ainsi que le rendement en solides du lait corrigé étaient plus élevés pour les vaches recevant du lin extrudé. Les rations incluant le lin extrudé ont également augmenté la concentration en acides gras polyinsaturés. La deuxième étude a démontré que la consommation de fibre NDF était plus grande pour les rations hautes en fourrage que les rations basses en fourrage. La concentration en gras du lait et les solides totaux furent plus bas alors que la concentration de protéine et lactose augmentèrent lorsque les vaches étaient soignées avec les rations basses en fourrages comparativement aux rations hautes en fourrage. La concentration en acides gras polyinsaturés augmenta pour les rations hautes en fourrage et celles incluant du lin extrudé. Dans les deux études, la supplémentation des rations avec du lin extrudé a augmenté la concentration en acide gras α-linolénique et acide gras linoléique conjugué. Pour conclure, l'utilisation de lin extrudé dans le régime des vaches laitières a eu un impact significatif sur le profil d'acide gras du lait.
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Vargas, Bello Pérez Einar. "Performance of dairy cows fed soybean silage." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18417.
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PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS FED SOYBEAN SILAGE The objective of this research was to determine the feeding values of forage soybean (cv. Kodiak, full pod stage) silage to lactating dairy cows. Two diets with a 50:50 forage:concentrate ratio were formulated to meet nutrient requirements of dairy cows in early lactation. Soybean silage (SS) or a fourth cut alfalfa silage (AS) comprised 72% of the forage in each diet, with corn silage comprising the remaining 28%. Twenty Holsteins cows in early lactation were used in a Switchback design to determine the effects of dietary treatments on milk yield and milk composition. Four lactating cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a Switchback design to determine effects of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation and total tract nutrient digestibilities. Cows fed SS consumed less (P < 0.05) feed and produced less (P < 0.05) milk than cows fed AS. However, energy-corrected milk and milk efficiency were similar for both dietary treatments. Milk fat percentage and milk urea nitrogen were higher (P < 0.05) in milk of cows fed SS than in milk of cows fed AS. However, milk protein and lactose concentrations were similar for both dietary treatments. Ruminal pH and NH3 N were lower (P < 0.05) in cows fed AS than in cows fed SS. However, total and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids were not influenced by dietary treatments. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and GE were similar for dietary treatments. Results of the present study revealed the potential of forage soybean silage as a forage source of dairy cows. More research is needed to determine the optimum stage of development at harvest to improve the nutritive value of soybean silage for dairy cows.ÉVALUATION DE LA PERFORMANCE DE VACHES LAITIÈRES ALIMENTÉES AVEC DE L'ENSILAGE DU SOYA Le but de cette recherche était de déterminer la valeur nutritive de l'ensilage de soya (cv. Kodiak, Gousses remplies) lorsque servit à des vaches laitières en lactation. Deux diètes avec un ratio fourrage : concentré 50 : 50 ont été formulées afin de rencontrer les besoins nutritifs de vaches laitières en début de lactation. De l'ensilage de soya (ES) ou de l'ensilage de quatrième coupe de luzerne (EL) représentait 72% du fourrage dans chacune de ces diètes, alors que le 28% résiduel était comblé par de l'ensilage de mais. Vingt vaches de race Holstein en début de lactation ont été utilisées sous un plan de permutation de traitements afin de déterminer les effets des deux différentes diètes sur la production et la composition du lait. Toujours à l'aide d'un plan de permutation de traitements, quatre vaches munies d'une fistule ruminale permanente ont été utilisées afin de déterminer les effets des deux différentes diètes sur la fermentation ruminale et la digestibilité totale des nutriments. Les vaches recevant une diète ES avaient une consommation volontaire moindre (P < 0.05) et produisaient moins de lait (P < 0.05) que celles recevant une diète EL. Toutefois, les valeurs du lait corrigé et d'efficacité laitière étaient comparables pour les deux diètes. Le pourcentage de gras du lait et l'urée du lait des vaches recevant une diète ES étaient plus élevés (P < 0.05) que ceux des vaches recevant une diète EL. Toutefois, les pourcentages de protéine et de lactose du lait étaient similaires pour les deux diètes. Le pH et le NH3 N au niveau du rumen étaient plus bas (P < 0.05) pour les vaches recevant une diète EL que celles recevant une diète ES. Le type de diète n'a pas eu d'influence sur les proportions totales et molaires des acides gras volatils. Des valeurs semblables ont été observées en ce qui concerne$
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Ramírez, Mendoza Jessica. "Use of machine-learning and visualization techniques in the evaluation of factors affecting Milk Urea Nitrogen." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18776.
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Studies suggest that milk urea nitrogen is influenced by multiple dietary and non-dietary factors; however most studies continue evaluating those effects independently. Further information is required in order to understand the properties, variations, and applicability of milk-nitrogen fractions by the producers. The objective of this study was to use machine-learning and visualization techniques in the investigation and evaluation of multiple factors altering milk urea nitrogen. Records from the Quebec Dairy Production Centre of Expertise (Valacta) were used in the analyses. After edits, the data consisted of 2,382,043 milk test-day and feeding composition records from Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey cows. Mean milk urea nitrogen varied across breeds (12.13 ± 3.71 mg/dL; 13.52 ± 3.82 mg/dL; 11.1 ± 3.43 mg/dL; and 13.78 ± 3.8 mg/dL in Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey, respectively) and across lactation (milk urea nitrogen concentrations increased with parity number). Decision-trees were generated to determine the attributes associated with milk urea nitrogen levels. Results indicated that the most significant variables altering milk urea nitrogen were milk-fat percentage, dietary crude protein, herd size, and somatic cell count. Milk-fat percentage and dietary crude protein appeared to interact with milk urea nitrogen over the entire lactation. Visualization techniques aided in the identification of changes in feeding practices. During early stages of lactation, producers tended to offer diets with high crude protein content. During medium and late stages of lactation, producers seemed to over-feed their cows, producing an increase in milk urea excretion. Apart from sub-optimal management practices, these results also point to higher feeding costs as well as potential increases in environmental emissions of nitrogen and ammonia.Des recherches indiquent que l'azote d'urée du lait est influencé par des multiples composantes alimentaires et par des autres composantes non alimentaires; toutefois la plupart des recherches continuent á évaluer ces effets indépendamment. D'information additionnel est requis afin de comprendre les propriétés, les variations, et l'applicabilité des fractions azotes d'urée du lait pas les producteurs. L'objectif de cette étude était d'utiliser l'apprentissage automatique et des techniques de visualisation dans l'investigation et l'évaluation des facteurs multiples pouvant altérer l'urée du lait. Des données du Centre d'expertise en production laitière du Québec (Valacta) ont été utilisées pour accomplir ces analyses. Suite à des procédures d'édition, les données se résumaient à un total de 2,382,043 entrées jour de test contenant l'information sur la production laitière et les composantes alimentaires des vaches de race Ayrshire, Suisse Brune, Holstein, et Jersey. La moyenne de l'urée du lait variait à travers les races (12.13 ± 3.71 mg/dL; 13.52 ± 3.82 mg/dL; 11.1 ± 3.43 mg/dL et 13.78 ± 3.8 mg/dL pour les Ayrshire, Suisse Brune, Holstein, et Jersey respectivement) et aussi selon la parité (les concentrations d'urée du lait augmentaient avec la parité). Des arbres de décision ont été réalisés pour déterminer les attributs associés aux niveaux d'urée du lait. Les résultats ont démontrés que les variables les plus significatives pouvant altérer l'urée du lait étaient le pourcentage de gras du lait, la protéine brute alimentaire, la taille du troupeau et les comptage leucocytaire. Le pourcentage de gras du lait et la protéine brute alimentaire semblaient interagir avec l'urée du lait sur l'ensemble de la lactation. Les techniques de visualisation ont aidés dans l'identification des changements au niveau de l'alimentation. En début de lactation, les producteurs avaient tendance à offrir des rations riches e
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Baurhoo, Neerusha. "Canadian pearl millet: a potential alternative grain to corn in broiler production." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97236.
Full textAbstract:
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of partially or totally replacing corn with pearl millet (PM) in broiler diets, alone or in combination with exogenous enzymes, on growth performance, ileal dry matter (DM), CP and amino acid digestibility, and intestinal digesta viscosity, morphological development and microbial populations. In experiment 1, dietary treatments included: a standard corn-soybean meal diet and one in which corn was replaced with 25, 50, 75 or 100% PM. In experiment 2, dietary treatments were: 1) a standard corn-soybean meal diet; 2) a PM-soybean meal diet; 3) diet 1 + exogenous enzymes; and 4) diet 2 + exogenous enzymes. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. PM diets contained less soybean meal because PM grains were richer in CP and amino acids than corn. Total replacement of corn with PM significantly improved (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion. However, there were no additional benefits due to enzyme supplementation. Feeding broilers PM diets did not have any detrimental effects on digesta viscosity, villus height, villus width and villus surface area of the jejunum. On the contrary, in experiment 2, villi were longer (P < 0.05) in PM-fed birds than those fed corn diets with or without enzymes. Intestinal loads of E. coli were not altered by any of the dietary treatments. But, in experiment 2, both PM diets, with or without enzymes, significantly increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacilli loads. In both studies, DM, CP and amino acids digestibility were similar between corn and PM diets. However, enzyme supplementation to corn or PM diets increased (P < 0.05) DM and CP digestibility. Amino acid digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) only in birds fed the corn diet containing enzymes in comparison with those fed the corn diet without enzymes. In conclusion, total replacement of corn with PM in broiler diets caused significant improvements in growth parameters, and Lactobacilli populations and villus development of the intestines. Additionally, enzyme supplementation to PM diets increased intestinal DM and CP digestibility.Deux études ont été entreprises pour étudier les effets de replacer le maïs par le millet perlé (MP), soit partiellement ou totalement, dans des régimes du poulet de chair, sans ou en combinaison avec des enzymes exogènes sur la croissance, la digestibilité de la matière sèche, protéines brut (CP) et acides aminé dans l'iléon, la viscosité intestinale, et le développement morphologique et les populations bactériennes dans l'intestin. Dans l'expérience 1, les traitements diététiques étaient: un régime standard de maïs-soja, et la même diète dans laquelle le maïs a été remplacé par le MP à 25, 50, 75 ou 100%. Dans l'expérience 2, les traitements diététiques comprenait: 1) un régime de maïs-soja; 2) un régime de MP-soja; 3) le régime 1+enzymes; et 4) le régime 2+enzymes. Tous les régimes avaient la même teneur en azotes et calories. Les régimes de MP contenaient moins de soja parce que les graines de MP étaient plus riches en CP et acides aminés que le maïs. En remplaçant le maïs totalement par le MP a permis d'améliorée (P < 0.05) la croissance et indice de conversion alimentaire. Toutefois, l'utilisation des enzymes n'avait aucun bénéfice. Les régimes de MP n'avaient aucun effet néfaste sur la viscosité intestinale et la longueur, largeur ou superficie du villus dans le jéjunum. Au contraire, dans l'étude 2, les villus étaient plus longs (P < 0.05) chez les poulets consommant les régimes du MP que celles nourrit avec les diètes de maïs contenant des enzymes ou pas. Les concentrations d'E.coli étaient semblables parmi tous les traitements diététiques. Par contre, dans l'expérience 2, les deux régimes de MP, avec ou sans enzymes, ont augmenté (P < 0.05) les concentrations de lactobacilles. Dans les deux études, la digestibilité de la matière sèche, CP et acides aminés étaient semblables entre les régimes de maïs et MP. Cependant, l'ajout des enzymes dans les régimes de maïs et MP avait améliorée (P < 0.05) la digestibilité de la matière sèche et de CP. La digestibilité d'acides aminés été élevée (P < 0.05) seulement entre les oiseaux alimentés des régimes de maïs contenant des enzymes ou pas. En conclusion, un remplacement total du maïs par le MP dans la moulée du poulet de chair a causé une amélioration dans les paramètres de croissance, et les populations de lactobacilles et le développement de villus dans l'intestin. En plus, l'ajout des enzymes dans les régimes de MP a permis d'augmenter la digestibilité intestinale de la matière sèche et de CP.
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Wachter, Audrey. "Expression of histone modifying proteins and chromatin remodelling factors in swine oocytes and developing embryos." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86789.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, the quality of oocytes matured in vitro is still not satisfactory. In fact, only 5-10% of oocytes were evaluated to be intrinsically capable to produce in vitro embryos with full developmental competence. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of epigenetics, a mechanism controlling activation and repression of gene expression, in embryonic development. Indeed, several proteins involved in histone modifications including histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC-1), lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD-1), and brahma related gene 1 (BRG-1) were shown vital to early development. We described the presence of these proteins during porcine oocyte maturation and embryo development and investigated whether these proteins were also involved in the regulation of developmental competence. We detected the three proteins in all stages of development, but nuclear localization was not always confirmed. We noticed that these three proteins followed the same general trend before activation but while the fluorescence signal of HDAC-1 increased after activation those of LSD-1 and BRG-1 decreased. Moreover, oocytes and embryos of lower developmental competence were observed to have differences in the fluorescence signal of HDAC-1, LSD-1, and BRG-1. The occurrence of targeted LSD-1 histone modifications, histone 3 lysine 4 mono- (H3K4me1) and di- (H3K4me2) methylation, were also found to be different in embryos of different developmental competence. This study suggests that HDAC-1, LSD-1 and BRG-1 are developmentally regulated during early development of swine embryos and are potentially involved in the acquisition of the embryonic developmental competence.Aujourd'hui, la qualité des ovocytes maturés in vitro n'est toujours pas satisfaisante. En effet, seulement 5 à 10% des ovocytes peuvent intrinsèquement engendrer in vitro des embryons avec entière compétence développementale. Récemment, des études ont montré l'importance qu'a l'épigénome, mécanisme qui active ou inhibe l'expression des gènes, dans le développement embryonnaire. Effectivement, plusieurs protéines reconnues capables de modifier les histones telles que l'histone déacétylase 1 (HDAC-1), la déméthylase spécifique aux lysines 1 (LSD-1), ainsi que le gène brahma related 1 (BRG-1), ont été démontrées vitales aux premiers stades développementaux. Nos expériences ont pour buts de décrire par immuno-détection la présence des ces protéines pendant la maturation méiotique et le développement d'ovocytes et d'embryons porcins et de savoir si ces protéines sont aussi impliquées dans la régulation de la compétence développementale de ces-derniers. Nous avons décelé la présence des trois protéines à tous les stades de développement bien que leurs localisations nucléiques n'aient pas été toujours confirmées. De plus, nous avons observé que l'intensité du signal de fluorescence des trois protéines fluctue similairement au cours de la maturation des ovocytes. Cependant, après l'activation, la fluorescence de HDAC-1 augmente alors que celles de LSD-1 et BRG-1 diminuent. D'autre part, nous avons pu constater que les ovocytes et embryons de moindre compétence développementale présentent des différences de fluorescence pour les trois protéines étudiées. En outre, nous avons également détecté des différences dans la présence de mono- (H3K4me1) et di- (H3K4me2) méthylations sur la 4e lysine de l'histone 3, cibles de LSD-1, dans des embryons de différentes compétences développementales. Cette étude suggère que les protéines HDAC-1, LSD-1 et BRG-1 sont régulées aux premiers stades de développement po
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Amer, Somaia. "Evaluation of high water soluble carbohydrates annual forages for dairy cattle." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97158.
Full textAbstract:
Four studies were conducted using high water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), sweet (SM) and low WSC, regular (RM) pearl millet and high WSC (SS) and low WSC (RS) sorghum cultivars. The first and the second studies evaluated the chemical composition and ensiling characteristics of those cultivars. Millet cultivar had no effect on pH. SM silage contained less neutral and acid detergent fiber than RM silage. SS cultivar had less pH than RS cultivar at any ensiling period. RS silage contained greater acid detergent lignin and less non protein nitrogen than SS silage. The third and the fourth studies investigated the feeding value of SM and SS silages. Cows fed SM silage produced milk with greater fat concentration, energy corrected milk, 4% fat corrected milk, and solid corrected milk yield than cows fed corn silage. Milk fat was greater, while milk yield and lactose concentration were less for cows fed SS silage than cows fed alfalfa silage. In conclusion, there is a good potential for pearl millet silage as a source of forage for dairy cows. Further investigations are required to optimize the feeding value of sorghum silage.Quatre études ont été conduites utilisant deux variétés de millet perlé [i.e. riches en glucides solubles (GS) (MS) et pauvre en GS (MR)] ainsi que deux variétés de sorgho [i.e. riches en GS (SS) et pauvre en GS (SR)]. Les première et deuxième études évaluèrent la composition chimique et les caractéristiques d'ensilage des différentes variétés. La variété de millet n'eut pas d'effet sur le pH. L'ensilage de MS contenait moins de fibre NDF et ADF que l'ensilage de MR. La variété de SS avait un pH inférieur au SR à tout moment lors de la période d'ensilage. L'ensilage de SR contenait une quantité supérieure de lignine et moins d'azote non protéique que l'ensilage de SS. Les troisième et quatrième études investiguèrent la valeur nutritive des ensilages de MS et SS. Les vaches soignées à l'ensilage de MS ont produit du lait plus concentré en gras, énergie du lait corrigée, 4% gras du lait corrigé et rendement en solides du lait corrigé que les vaches soignées à l'ensilage de maïs. La concentration en gras du lait était la même tandis que le rendement en lait et la concentration en lactose furent inférieurs pour les vaches soignées à l'ensilage de SS comparativement à celle soignées à l'ensilage de luzerne. En conclusion, il y a un grand potentiel pour l'ensilage de millet perlé en tant que source de fourrage pour les vaches laitières. D'autres études seraient nécessaires pour optimiser les valeurs nutritives de l'ensilage de sorgho.
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McQuaid, Rosanne. "Characterization of the Ileal lipid binding protein (FABP6) in tissues involved in bile acid and steroid metabolism in poultry." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107840.
Full textAbstract:
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of proteins involved in the transport of a wide variety of hydrophobic molecules within the cytosol of cells. Tissues with high levels of fatty acid (FA) metabolism such as adipocytes, intestine and liver have a correspondingly high levels of FABPs which correlate to the rate of cellular FA uptake and utilization. Moreover, many of the 11 FABP family members are mainly expressed in a tissue specific manner. For example, FABP6 is predominantly expressed in adult animals in the ileum where it is involved in intracellular transport of bile acids, however it has also been identified in the steroid hormone producing cells of the ovary and adrenal glands in mammals and zebrafish where it may participate in steroid metabolism. Since very few studies have been conducted in aves, the objective of the present study was to determine the tissue and cell specific distribution of FABP6 transcripts and protein through the use of PCR, sequence verification, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical staining approaches in both female and male chickens and turkey embryos. The purpose of this study is to compose a comparative analysis between FABP6 gene expression in mammals and poultry, and identify the similarities between bile acid and steroid hormone metabolism that may further identify the role of this protein in cellular physiology. Unlike mammals, FABP6 was not restricted to the distal region of the small intestine, but rather distributed across the intestine with a significant abundance in the ileum in the embryo, broilers, and layers. This was confirmed by immunohistochemical images that have a high reactivity of FABP6 in the epithelium of the ileum, with lower quantities found in the duodenum. This study is the first to identify the presence of FABP6 mRNA and protein in the testis, supporting the proposed overlapping function of FABP6 in bile acid and steroid hormone metabolism. Furthermore, FABP6 was examined in various stages of follicular development, being identified in all phases of follicular development, with the greatest abundance in the small yellow follicles. In mammals, FABP6 was identified strictly in the progesterone producing cells of the luteum; while in chickens FABP6 is found in both the granulosa and theca cells that are not limited to progesterone production.Les protéines de liaison des acides gras (FAPBs) sont une famille de protéines impliquées dans le transport d'une grande variété de molécules hydrophobes dans le cytosol des cellules. Les tissus avec des niveaux élevés d'acides gras (AG) du métabolisme tels que les adipocytes, l'intestin et le foie ont un niveau élevé de FABPs qui sont en corrélation avec le taux important d'absorption cellulaire et d'utilisation de FA. De plus, plusieurs des 11 membres de la famille FABP sont principalement exprimés dans un tissu spécifique. Par exemple, FABP6 est principalement exprimé chez les animaux adultes au niveau de l'iléon, où il est impliqué dans le transport intracellulaire des acides biliaires, mais il a également été identifié dans les cellules de l'ovaire et des glandes surrénales chez les mammifères et chez les poissons zèbres où il peut participer dans le métabolisme des stéroïdes. Étant donné le petit nombre d'études qui ont été menées chez Aves, l'objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer le tissu et la distribution de cellules spécifiques des transcrits de FABP6 et des protéines grâce à l'utilisation de la PCR, de la vérification séquentielle, de l'immunoblot et des approches à la fois dans la coloration immunohistochimique dans des embryons féminins et masculins de poulets et de dindes. Le but de cette étude est de composer une analyse comparative entre l'expression des gènes FABP6 chez les mammifères et chez la volaille, et d'identifier les similitudes entre les acides biliaires et le métabolisme des hormones stéroïdiennes qui peuvent également préciser le rôle de cette protéine dans la physiologie cellulaire. Contrairement aux mammifères, FABP6 n'était pas limitée à la région distale de l'intestin grêle, mais plutôt répartis dans l'intestin avec une abondance significative dans l'iléon dans l'embryon, les poulets de chair, et les couches. Cela a été confirmé par des images immunohistochimiques qui ont une forte réactivité de FABP6 dans l'épithélium de l'iléon, avec des quantités plus faibles dans le duodénum. Cette étude est la première à identifier la présence d'ARNm de FABP6 ainsi que celle de la protéine dans le testicule, en soutenant la fonction proposée dans le chevauchement des acides biliaires FABP6 et du métabolisme des hormones stéroïdes. Par ailleurs, FABP6 a été examiné à divers stades de développement folliculaire et a été identifié dans toutes les phases du développement folliculaire, avec la plus grande abondance dans les petits follicules jaunes. Chez les mammifères, FABP6 a été strictement identifié dans les cellules du corps jaune produisant la progestérone, tandis que chez les poulets, FABP6 se trouve dans les cellules de la granulosa et de la thèque qui ne sont pas limités à la production de progestérone.
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Bilal, Ghulam. "Genetic parameters of the fatty acid composition of milk of Canadian holsteins and genetic associations between feed intake and type traits in Canadian holsteins." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110611.
Full textAbstract:
The first part of the thesis discusses about the fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat. One morning milk sample was collected from each of 3185 dairy cows between February and June 2010 from 52 commercial herds enrolled in the Quebec Dairy Production Centre of Expertise, Valacta. Individual fatty acid percentages (g/100g of total fatty acids) were determined for each sample by gas chromatography. After necessary editing, final data included 2573 cows representing 46 herds. The objectives of the first study were to study the effects of parity, age at calving and stage of lactation on fatty acid composition of milk of Canadian Holsteins. The model included the fixed effects of parity, age at calving and stage of lactation nested within parity and random effects of herd-year-season of calving and residual. The mixed model was fitted using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methodology. Parity of cow was significantly (P < 0.05) related to the variation in most fatty acids in milk fat. First parity cows had relatively higher proportions of some beneficial fatty acids and lower proportions of potentially harmful saturated fatty acids as compared to later parity cows. Stage of lactation significantly affected fatty acid composition of cows. The short and medium chain fatty acids were low in the beginning of lactation and increased during the early part of lactation, whereas, an opposite trend was observed for long chain fatty acids. The objective of the second study was to estimate heritabilities of and genetic and phenotypic correlations among fatty acids in milk of Canadian Holsteins using fatty acid data from the first study. Genetic parameters were estimated using multitrait animal models fitted under REML. The estimates of heritability ranged from 0.01 to 0.39 with standard errors ranging from 0.01 to 0.06. Generally, monounsaturated (0.20 to 0.39) and saturated fatty acids (0.02 to 0.34) showed higher heritability estimates than polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.01 to 0.21) and trans fatty acids (0.01 to 0.05). Overall, saturated fatty acids were negatively genetically correlated with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the genetic correlation estimates between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were positive. In order to change milk fat composition in a desirable direction, selection for one or more monounsaturated fatty acids may be more effective than selection against saturated fatty acids.The objective of the third study (Part 2 of thesis) was to estimate genetic correlations between feed intake and type traits with a view to considering the potential of indirect genetic selection for feed intake using type traits in dairy cattle. Feed intake data on 119388 first lactation Holstein cows were obtained from the Quebec Dairy Production Centre of Expertise, Valacta. The two trait animal models were fitted under restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Estimates of heritabilities ± standard errors for DMI, NELI and CPI were 0.12 ± 0.01, 0.13 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ± 0.01, respectively. Estimates of heritabilities ± standard errors of dairy strength, angularity, body depth, stature and final score were 0.31 ± 0.01, 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.30 ± 0.01, 0.50 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.01, respectively. All phenotypic and genetic correlation estimates between feed intake and type traits were positive. Angularity showed the highest genetic correlation estimates with feed intake traits (0.60 to 0.65) followed by dairy strength (0.48 to 0.54), stature and body depth (0.29 to 0.36) with all three feed intake traits. Angularity, dairy strength, stature and body depth may be useful for indirect selection of feed intake traits in dairy cattle.La première partie du mémoire traite sur la composition en acides gras de la matière grasse du lait de bovins. Un échantillon de lait du matin a été recueilli de chacune des 3185 vaches laitières entre Février et Juin 2010 à partir de 52 troupeaux commerciaux inscrits dans le Centre d'Expertise de Production Laitière du Québec, de Valacta. Pourcentages individuels d'acides gras (g/100 g d'acides gras totaux) ont été déterminées pour chaque échantillon par chromatographie de phase gazeuse. Après l'édition de l'information, les données finales ont inclus 2573 vaches représentant 46 troupeaux. Les objectifs du premier étude on été d'étudier les effets de la parité, l'âge au vêlage et le stade de lactation sur la composition en acides gras du lait de vaches Holstein canadiennes. La parité de la vache a été significativement (P <0,05) liée à la variation dans la plupart des acides gras dans la graisse du lait. Vaches primipares ont des proportions relativement élevées de certains acides gras bénéfiques et de plus faibles proportions de potentiellement dangereux comme les acides gras saturés par rapport aux vaches de parité plus tard. Le stade de lactation a significativement affectée la composition en acides gras du lait des vaches. Les acides gras à chaîne courte et moyenne ont été faibles au début de la lactation et ont augmenté au cours de la première partie de la lactation, alors qu'une tendance inverse a été observée pour les acides gras à chaîne longue.L'objectif du second étude a été d'estimer l'héritabilité de et les corrélations génétiques et phénotypiques entre les acides gras dans le lait de vaches Holstein canadiennes en utilisant des données d'acides gras du premier étude. Les paramètres génétiques ont été estimés en utilisant des modèles animaux plusieurs caractéristiques montés sous REML. Les estimations de l'héritabilité variaient de 0,01 à 0,39 avec une erreur standard allant de 0,01 à 0,06. En règle générale, acides gras mono insaturés (0,20 à 0,39) et acides gras saturés (0,02 à 0,34) ont montré des estimations d'héritabilité plus élevés que les acides gras polyinsaturés (0,01 à 0,21) et les acides gras trans (0,01 à 0,05). Dans l'ensemble, les acides gras saturés ont été négativement corrélée génétiquement avec acides gras mono insaturés et polyinsaturés. La plupart des estimations de corrélation génétique entre mono insaturés et polyinsaturés acides gras ont été positifs. Afin de modifier la composition en matières grasses laitières dans une direction souhaitable, la sélection pour un ou plusieurs acides gras mono insaturés peut être plus efficace que la sélection contre les acides gras saturés.L'objectif du troisième étude (Partie 2 de la thèse) était d'estimer les corrélations génétiques entre la consommation alimentaire et les traits de type avec une vue d'examiner le potentiel de la sélection génétique indirecte sur la consommation alimentaire en utilisant les caractères propres des bovins laitiers. Les modèles ont été ajustés au titre du REML. Les estimations d'héritabilité ± erreurs standards pour DMI, NELI et de l'CPI était de 0,12 ± 0,01, 0,13 ± 0,01 et 0,13 ± 0,01, respectivement. Les estimations d'héritabilité ± erreurs standards de la force laitière, angularité, la profondeur du corps, la stature et le score final était de 0,31 ± 0,01, 0,24 ± 0,01, 0,30 ± 0,01, 0,50 ± 0.01and 0,22 ± 0,01, respectivement. Toutes les estimations de corrélation phénotypiques et génétiques entre la prise alimentaire et les traits de type ont été positifs. Angularité montré les estimations les plus élevées de corrélation génétiques avec les traits ingestion (0,60 à 0,65), suivie par la force des produits laitiers (0,48 à 0,54), la stature et la profondeur du corps (0,29 à 0,36) avec les trois traits ingestion d'aliments. Profondeur Angularité, puissance laitière, la stature et le corps peut être utile pour la sélection indirecte des traits ingestion chez les vaches laitières.
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Bajwa, Imran. "Genetic variability of test-day urea nitrogen and lactose in milk of Jersey, Brown Swiss and Ayrshire cattle breeds in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117078.
Full textAbstract:
A large dataset of test-day milk records for cows having calved between January 2000 and May 2007, was obtained from the Quebec Dairy Herd Improvement Programme, Valacta, Quebec, Canada. This dataset contained 919,814 test-day milk yield records from 45520 Ayrshire cows on 956 dairy farms, 133,690 records from 7493 Jersey cows on 910 dairy farms, and 118,996 records from 5693 Brown Swiss on 476 dairy farms. Test-day records from the first three parities after editing served in the estimation of genetic parameters using a Restricted Maximum Likelihood method. The genetic parameters of six milk yield traits — milk, fat, lactose and protein yields, somatic cell score, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) — were estimated using various random regression test-day models in the first three parities separately. Random regression test-day animal models for a single trait with Legendre polynomials of 2nd to 4th order and the Wilmink function with an exponential term of 0.01 to 0.09 with a step size of 0.02 were used for the estimation of daily heritability of the traits. Bivariate random regression test-day animal models with Legendre polynomials as regression coefficients served to estimate genetic and permanent environmental correlations among the milk yield traits. Single-trait random regression models were compared using BIC, AIC, residual sum of squares and mean absolute error. The models using Legendre polynomials for the fixed and random effects were among the best models; the Wilmink function resulted in unrealistic heritability estimates for some of the traits. For Ayrshire cows, mean heritability estimates were 0.39, 0.30 and 0.41 for MUN and 0.39, 0.20 and 0.33 for lactose yield, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd parities, respectively. For Brown Swiss cows, mean heritability estimates were 0.28, 0.26 and 0.13 for MUN, and 0.30, 0.20 and 0.42 for lactose yields, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd parities, respectively. Likewise, for Jersey cows, mean heritability estimates were 0.26, 0.20 and 0.14 for MUN, and 0.42, 0.51 and 0.12 for lactose yield, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd parities, respectively. The largest heritability estimates were obtained for the Ayrshire breed in the first parity and the lowest estimates were obtained for the Jersey and Brown Swiss breeds, particularly in the later parities. Genetic correlations of MUN with other yield traits were negative and near zero in the 1st parity for Ayrshire cows, with the exception of SCS, where the genetic correlation was positive and near zero. In the 2nd parity the genetic correlations of MUN with other yield traits were positive and low. In the 3rd parity the genetic correlations of MUN with other yield traits were positive and low, except the genetic correlations with SCS, which was positive and moderate. The genetic and permanent environmental correlations between MUN and other yield traits were close to zero. The genetic and permanent environmental correlations among milk fat, protein and lactose yields were positive and high in the first three parities for the three breeds. The genetic correlation and permanent environment correlation between SCS and all other traits were negative and moderate to high except in the 1st and 2nd parity for the Jersey breed, where genetic correlations between MUN and SCS were positive and near zero.Le Programme d'analyse des troupeaux laitiers du Québec (Valacta, Québec, Canada) a fourni une imposante base de données de relevées laitiers au jour du contrôle pour des vaches ayant vêlé entre janvier 2000 et mai 2007. Cette base de données contenait 919,814 relevées de production laitière au jour du contrôle provenant de 45520 vaches de race Ayrshire sur 956 fermes laitières, 133,690 relevés provenant de 7493 vaches de race Jersey sur 910 fermes laitières, et 118,996 relevés de 5693 vaches de race Suisse Brune sur 476 fermes laitières. Les relevées au jour du contrôle pour les trois premiers rangs de vêlage une fois édités servirent à faire l'estimation de paramètres génétiques grâce à une méthode de maximum de vraisemblance restreint. Pour chacun des trois premiers rangs de vêlage, les paramètres génétiques de six caractères laitiers, soit le rendement en lait, gras, lactose, et protéine totale, la cote de cellules somatiques et la teneur en azote uréique (TAU), furent estimés à l'aide de divers modèles de régression aléatoire de jour du contrôle. Des modèles de régression aléatoire, utilisant des polynômes de Legendre de 2e à 4e ordre ou une fonction Wilmink avec un terme exponentiel variant de ¬-0.01 to -0.09 en pas de 0.02, servirent à l'estimation des niveaux d'héritabilité quotidiens de chacun de ces caractères. Des modèles de régression aléatoire à deux variables de jour du contrôle pour animaux avec polynômes de Legendre comme coefficients de régression, servirent à l'estimation des corrélations génétiques et environnementales entre les caractères du rendement laitiers. L'exactitude des modèles de régression aléatoire à simple variable furent comparés selon le critère d'information Bayésien (CIB), le critère d'information de Akaike (CIA), la somme des carrés résiduelle, et l'erreur absolue moyenne. Les modèles utilisant les polynômes de Legendre pour les effets fixes et aléatoires furent parmi les meilleurs, tandis que pour certains caractères la fonction Wilmink mena à des estimées irréalistes de l'héritabilité. Pour les vaches de race Ayrshire cows, les héritabilités estimées moyennes furent de 0.39, 0.30 et 0.41 pour la TAU et de 0.39, 0.20 et 0.33 pour le rendement en lactose, pour les 1e, 2e, et 3e rangs de vêlage, respectivement. Pour les vaches de race Suisse Brune estimées moyennes furent de 0.28, 0.26 et 0.13 pour la TAU, et 0.30, 0.20 et 0.42 pour le rendement en lactose, pour les 1e, 2e, et 3e rangs de vêlage, respectivement. De façon semblable, pour les vaches de race Jersey, les héritabilités estimées moyennes furent de 0.26, 0.20 et 0.14 pour la TAU, et 0.42, 0.51 et 0.12 pour le rendement en lactose, pour les 1e, 2e, et 3e rangs de vêlage, respectivement. À l'exception faite de la cote de cellules somatiques, avec laquelle la corrélation génétique était très petite mais positive, des corrélations génétiques négatives mais proches de zéro existèrent entre la TAU et les autres caractères du rendement pour le 1e rang de vêlage des vaches de la race Ayrshire. Pour les 2e et 3e rangs de vêlage les corrélations génétiques furent petites et positives, à l'exception de celles pour la cote de cellules somatiques au 3e rang de vêlage, où la corrélation génétique était positive et modérée. Donc, en général, la corrélation génétique et la corrélation environnementale entre la TAU et les autres caractères de rendement furent proches de zéro. Ces mêmes corrélations furent positives et élevées entre le rendement en gras, protéine et lactose du lait pour les trois premiers rangs de vêlage des trois races. A l'exception du 1e et 2e rang de vêlage de la race Jersey où les corrélations entre la TAU et la cote de cellules somatiques s'avérèrent positifs mais proches de zéro, les corrélations entre la cote de cellules somatiques et les autres caractères s'avérèrent négatifs, variant de modéré à élevé.
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Rastegar, Shila. "Identifying and characterizing agents in soy that have a potential role in diabetes development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20983.pdf.
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Chang, Huey-Huey 1962. "Dietary fat effects on egg yolk lipid composition and hepatic lipogenic enzymes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277290.
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Menhaden oil, corn oil, olive oil or animal fat (1, 3, 5 or 8% of diet) effects on egg yolk fatty acids and hepatic lipogenic enzymes were studied in 35 week-old laying hens. Except for significantly lowered egg weights by menhaden oil, performance was unaffected. Yolk saturated fat remained constant (33-38% of yolk fat) regardless of fat source. Maximum o-3 fatty acid incorporation (.31 g/yolk) was reached with a deposition efficiency of 36.3% by feeding 5% menhaden oil. Yolk lipid contained.3% linolenic (C18:3o3), 1.0% eicosapentaenoic (C20:5o3), and 3.8% docosapentaenoic (C22: 5o3) acids. Maximum o-6 fatty acid incorporation (1.65 g/yolk) occurred with 17% efficiency when 8% corn oil was fed, primarily by increasing linoleic acid to 25.5%. Yolk oleate was inversely related to dietary linoleate. Only the highest menhaden oil levels significantly affected lipogenic enzymes: fatty acid synthetase and ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) activities were inhibited, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) activity was 2-3 times that of hens fed the basal diet. Malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) activity was not significantly influence by dietary fat.
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Denigan, Mary Elizabeth 1966. "Effect of feeding varying levels of Amaferm (culture of Aspergillus oryzae) on performance of dairy cows." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277869.
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Amaferm, a fermentation extract of Aspergilluz oryzae, was fed as a top dressing to dairy cows at 0, 1.5, 3, 6g/d. in two lactation trials. Trial I, conducted during winter-spring, 1989, for 80d, used forty cows in early lactation. Trial II, with twenty-four mid-lactation cows, received similar treatments for 60d in the summer of 1989. Measurements for both trials included milk yield, feed intake, body weight and rectal temperature. Respiration rates were determined for trial II and digestion coefficients for CP, NDF and DM were determined using Cr2O3 as a digesta marker for trial I. In trial I, cows fed 1.5g and 3g Amaferm/d had a higher DMI (P < .06) than cows receiving 0 or 6g Amaferm/d. Respiration rates were significantly higher (P < .05) for 3g Amaferm/d cows. Other parameters were not affected by treatment. These results contrasted previous studies in which 3g Amaferm/d stimulated milk production.
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Chen, Kai Hang 1965. "Effect of supplemental protein quality and evaporative cooling on performance of dairy cows during hot weather." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278030.
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Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, diets were supplemented with blood, fish and soybean meals (HQ) or corn gluten meal (LQ) for similar CP and UIP, but differed in Lys%(HQ =.91; LQ =.59). Diets were fed to evaporatively cooled (EC) or non-cooled (S) cows. Milk yield was higher for HQ than LQ and for EC than S. Compared to S, EC cows tended to consume more feed and had lower rectal temperatures and respiration rates. Experiment 2 consisted of a metabolic and an in situ trial. Ruminal, postruminal and total tract digestibilities of DM on HQ and LQ diets did not differ, while postruminal digestibility of CP was higher for HQ than LQ. The pattern of EAA flowing to the duodenum was not affected by diets; however, after 24 h incubation in the rumen, residual Lys tended to be higher, but Leu and Phe lower for HQ than LQ. Rumen bypass of Lys is increased by feeding diets high in UIP and Lys, resulting in increased milk yields. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Simas, Jose Manuel Correia de 1967. "Lactational performance and nutrient utilization in high producing cows fed sorghum grains of varying starch degradabilities with or without fat supplementation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278180.
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Twenty-four multiparous and twelve primiparous Holstein cows were assigned at calving to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Factors were: (1) grain processing: dry rolled sorghum (D) vs. steam flaked sorghum (S); (2) rumen inert fat: supplemented (F) vs. non supplemented (C). The F diets were supplemented at 2.5% of dry matter (DM) as Ca-soaps. The S diets increased (P<.02) milk production 12%, while F diets decreased (P<.28) milk 5%, due to a 16% decrease (P<.01) in feed intake. However, F diets increased (P<.01) efficiency of feed utilization 15%, partially sustained by greater (P<.08) body weight losses. The DF diet decreased milk protein 0.21% compared to the DC diet, but the S diets had similar milk protein content regardless of fat supplementation. Milk protein yields were higher (P<.01) for S diets. The S diets decreased (P<.03) milk fat percentages but yields were not affected. The S diets had higher (P<.01) digestibilities for DM, CP, GE, and starch than D diets. Digestibilities of CP and GE were higher (P<.05) for F than C diets. Steam flaked sorghum grain maintained milk protein percent in lactation diets supplemented with Ca-Soaps of fatty acids.
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Santos, Flávio Augusto Portela. "Effect of sorghum grain processing and protein source on performance and nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282101.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing, grain sources, lactational performance and nutrient digestion in dairy cows. In trial 1 (56 d), 40 cows were divided into five groups and fed diets containing 40% grain as dry-rolled sorghum (DRS, 643 g/L), steam-flaked sorghum (SF) processed to result in three different flake densities: SF34 (34 lb/bu or 437 g/L), SF28 (28 lb/bu or 360 g/L), and SF22 (22 lb/bu or 283 g/L); and dry-rolled barley (DRB). Feeding steam-flaked sorghum grain or dry-rolled barley did not increase milk yield and milk protein content and yield. However, due to a lower intake of dry matter, feed efficiency was 10 to 19% higher for flaked sorghum and barley diets compared with DRS. Steam-flaking also decreased milk urea-N and tended to increase milk casein. In trial 2 (58 d), 32 lactating cows were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 39% sorghum grain as dry- rolled sorghum (DRS), or steam-flaked sorghum (SF) processed to result in similar flake densities as trial 1: SF34 (34 lb/bu or 437 g/L; SF28 (28 lb/bu or 360 g/L); and SF22 (22 lb/bu or 283 g/L). When sorghum grain was moderately flaked (SF34 and SF28) milk and 3.5% FCM yields were not increased compared to DRS, however, efficiency of feed utilization again was higher for SF34 and SF28 due to lower intake of dry matter. The very thin flake (SF22) had a negative effect on milk and 3.5% FCM compared with DRS, SF34, and S F2 8. Digestibilities of nutrients were increased by steam-flaking compared with dry-rolling. In trial 3 (58 d) twenty four cows were assigned to three treatments in which diets contained.8% urea (Urea), 6% soybean meal (SBM), or 5% fish meal (FM) as the protein sources. Intake of DM was highest for Urea, intermediate for SBM, and lowest for FM. Higher producing cows (46 Kg/d of milk) responded more positively in milk and FCM yields and feed efficiency to SBM and FM compared with those fed Urea. Cows producing about 35 Kg/d of milk tended to perform better when fed Urea than when fed SBM or FM. Digestibilities of nutrients were not affected greatly by protein source.
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Aquino-Ramos, Jorge Luis 1961. "Influence on milk protein percentage of isocaloric infusions of glucose in the rumen, or propionate and acetate in the duodenum of cows fed dry rolled sorghum." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282163.
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Experiments were conducted to elucidate mechanisms of increased milk protein percentage in cows fed diets containing steam flaked (SFS) vs dry rolled (DRS) sorghum grains. In experiment 1 treatments were: DRS diet plus duodenal infusion of 30% sodium acetate (DA), or SFS diet plus duodenal water infusion (SFS). In the experiment 2 the DRS diet plus duodenal infusion of 23% sodium propionate (DP), was compared with the DRS diet plus ruminal infusion of 21% glucose (RG). Sorghum was 35% of DM in all diets and infusates were 5L/d. The SFS diet tended (P .19) to increase milk protein content and decrease ruminal pH. The DA infusion increased FCM, and tended to increase fat% and yield. The RG infusion increased milk protein percent and decreased ruminal pH, and the DP infusion tended to decrease DMI. In experiment 3 treatments were: (1) SFS, (2) DA, and (3) RG. Diets and infused amounts were similar to previous trials. No parameters was affected by treatment, but milk protein percent, yield of milk and milk protein were numerically higher SFS than DA, similar to the previous study. Milk composition and production for cows fed DRS plus RG were the same as for cows fed SFS. An in situ trial was conducted to better characterize ruminal starch degradation. The same (DRS and SFS) diets were used as in infusions trials. Treatments were divided into diets and grains as follows: (1) diet DRS, (2) diet SFS, (3) grain DRS, and (4) grain SFS. Material for incubation was ground to pass a 2 mm screen and placed in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48h. DM degradability was not affected by treatment. Starch degradability at 4, 8 and 12h and were higher for the SFS than for DRS diets or grains. In situ data support the infusion data which of higher ruminal starch degradability with SFS than DRS. The studies suggest that increased milk protein content resulting from feeding SFS compared with DRS relates more to increased ruminal starch fermentability (as stimulated by RG) than to greater absorption of acetate or propionate.
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Nussio, Luiz Gustavo 1966. "Effects of NDF level and ruminally degradable starch on performance of lactating dairy cows fed sorghum diets, ruminal parameters and in situ degradation of nutrients." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282528.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing and NDF levels on performance, ruminal parameters and in situ degradation of nutrients in lactating dairy cows. Higher efficiency was achieved by using SF diets, with major impact on peak of lactation. Higher starch digestibility and lower fiber digestibility were obtained in SF diets, mainly at low fiber level. In a 72 d trial, four cannulated cows were allotted to four treatments containing 49% or 39% alfalfa hay, with 32 or 40% SF or DR sorghum. Milk yield and intake were increased at the lowest NDF/Ruminally degradable starch (RDS) ratio. Ruminal pH and ammonia were decreased in SF diets mainly at low forage level. Ruminal fermentation was stimulated in SF diets with low forage level, resulting in a faster passage rate of the solid phase, however with reduced passage rate of the liquid phase. In a third trial, four cannulated cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of RDS and NDF levels on in situ degradation of nutrients. Alfalfa hay, sorghum grain (DR or SF) and diets were incubated on experimental diets ranging from 2.3 to 1.3 NDF/RDS ratio. Low ratios stimulated starch degradation and decreased fiber degradation. SF diets improved by 4.9% DM and by 7.5% starch degradation when compared with DR. Maximum degradation rates of diets were obtained at intermediary NDF/RDS ratios due to the associative effects.
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DeCorte, Connie Marie 1962. "Utilization of liquid acid whey by lactating dairy cows." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292033.
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Two trials were conducted, the first of which was a 56 d trial with 24 Holstein cows in mid lactation. Treatments were 100% water (T1) or 100% liquid acid whey (T2). Cows on T2 had decreased DM intake and 3.5% FCM, and increased milk fat and protein. Milk fatty acids shifted towards higher medium chained fatty acids for cows on T2 and higher C18 and C18:1 for cows on T1. Molar % of rumen VFA's for cows on T2 decreased for C2, C3, and branched chain fatty acids and increased for C4, C5, and C6. There was no correlation between storage time of whey and whey intake. In the second trial, treatments were arranged in a repeated 3 x 3 latin square design. Six lactating cows were fitted with duodenal cannulae (2 fitted with ruminal cannulae). Treatments were 100% water (T1), 50% water and 50% whey (T2) and 100% whey (T3). The digesta marker was Cr₂O₃. Periods were 12 d with sampling on the last 4 d. Compared to T1, rumen C2 decreased on T2 and T3 and rumen C5 increased on T3 while milk fatty acids shifted towards higher C12 and C14 and lower C18.
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Sullivan, James Lawrence 1965. "Factors affecting response of cows to recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292276.
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Eighty lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: Placebo(C) or 500 mg recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (BST). Cows were intramuscularly injected with C or BST every 14 d for 36 wk beginning 60 d postpartum. Factors analyzed for differences in milk yield response to BST included: production level, genetic potential, stage of lactation, and heat stress. Response of low producing cows to BST was numerically greater than that of medium or high producers (averaging 27%, 13%, and 20%, respectively, above controls). However, there was not a significant interaction between BST treatment and production group. Cows of a lower genetic potential exhibited a greater response to BST than cows of a higher potential, but the treatment x genetic potential interaction was not significant. Response of cows to BST in mid to late lactation was slightly greater than in cows in early lactation (13.7% and 15.1% vs. 9.6%, respectively) but no significant interaction was noted. No difference in response was noticed during periods of high ambient temperature.
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Xu, Yi. "Interaction of Dietary Coarse Corn with Litter Conditions on Broiler Live Performance and Gastrointestinal Tract Function." Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3647583.
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The successful application of whole wheat in the EU indicated that dietary structural material, such as coarsely ground corn (CC), could be included in US broiler diets to improve live performance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of broiler feed structure and litter conditions on broiler live performance, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and function in different scenarios. It was hypothesized that dietary CC inclusion and new litter condition may significantly improve broiler live performance and nutrient digestibility, as well as influence the functional development and motility of the broiler GIT. We also hypothesized that dietary CC would decrease feed cost and litter nitrogen, moisture, and ammonia emission. Our objective was to understand and quantify the effects of dietary structural material inclusion and litter management on broiler live performance and development of different GIT sections by measuring the relevant physical, morphological, and histological parameters of the GIT during broiler feeding trials.
Therefore, the focus of this dissertation was: 1) to study the impact of corn particle size distribution with litter conditions on broiler live performance and nutrient digestibility; 2) to investigate the influence of corn particle size distribution and litter condition on broiler GIT development and function by measuring the relevant physical, morphological, and histological parameters; 3) to investigate the effects of corn particle size distribution on broiler litter nitrogen, moisture, and ammonia emission; and 4) to quantify and develop a feeding regime of dietary corn particle size distribution that decreased feed cost while optimizing broiler live performance and GIT development and function.
The dissertation research carried out 2 cages studies, 4 floor studies, and 1 grinding cost analysis study. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of six dietary CC inclusion levels in two feed form on broiler live performance, BW uniformity, relative gizzard weight, fecal nitrogen, and particle size preference behaviors of broiler raised in cages from 0 to 14 d of age. Experiment 2 and 3 investigated the effects of gender, litter conditions, and dietary CC inclusion on live performance, gizzard and proventriculus development, litter characteristics, and colon bacterial profiles of broiler raised on a litter-covered floor from 0 to 49 d of age. Experiment 4 was a 45 d cage study that investigated the effects of three dietary CC inclusions on broiler live performance, GIT development, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and nitrogen, jejunum digesta particle size distribution, and feed retention time. Experiment 5 evaluated the effects of two dietary CC inclusions and two litter conditions on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, GIT development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and intestinal morphology. Experiment 6 investigated the effects of two dietary CC inclusion and three different floor types on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, GIT development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, intestinal morphology, and ammonia emission. Corn grinding cost by hammermill and roller mill was also compared.
In conclusion, dietary CC inclusion decreased feed cost, improved nitrogen and energy digestibility, altered GIT bacterial population, improved feed efficiency, and reduced litter ammonia emission through the modulation of GIT function as evidenced by increased gizzard weight, greater digesta retention time, decreased digesta pH, modified intestinal morphology structure, and decreased litter moisture and nitrogen. We also found that the effects of dietary CC inclusion could confound pellet quality, while new litter had only a marginal benefit on broiler live performance. Particle size distribution was found to be more important than the geometric mean diameter by mass (dgw) with regard to the paradoxical role of particle size on poultry feed manufacturing and nutrition.
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Brooks, George Benjamin 1955. "The potential for Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture in arid regions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288876.
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Recent declines in the availability of large marine shrimp reinvigorated the market for the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Simultaneously, pressures to find more lucrative and water efficient crops are increasing in arid regions. The integration of a highly valuable crop such as Macrobrachium with irrigated agriculture could be of benefit to arid land farmers. Using a specific farming region in Arizona as a model of arid land systems, the objectives of my research were to: (1) Determine if the physical conditions for prawn culture occur in Arizona. (2) Investigate the feasibility of inland larvae culture. (3) Raise to maturity and spawn M. rosenbergii. (4) Assess the utility of a new species evaluation protocol. To meet these objectives, I reviewed physical conditions in Central Arizona and compared them to known requirements for culture of M. rosenbergii, developed a model larvae culture method and stocked postlarvae from the larvae culture experiments into ponds where they could grow to maturity and spawn. After spawning, the larvae were collected and the fecundity of the adult females determined. My results suggest M. rosenbergii likely can be cultured seasonally in ponds filled with surface water within the representative region. Constraints to culture include high source water pH, hardness, alkalinity, contaminants and low winter water temperatures. Larvae culture is possible within the representative region. However, successful mass culture will require refinement of techniques used in my study. Constraints to culture include high ambient pH of surface waters, periodic high hardness and alkalinity levels and low winter temperatures. Improved filtration techniques in the incubator and a consistent availability of Artemia for food are also issues of concern. Prawns hatched and grown in Arizona spawned readily, were as fecund as other cultured stocks and produced viable larvae up through stage 2. The protocol I used was appropriate for evaluating a species for aquaculture at a new location. Overall, M. rosenbergii shows potential as a candidate for integration with irrigated agriculture systems within arid farming regions.
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De, La Llata Coronado Manuel Maria 1967. "Nutritive value of Atriplex deserticola and Salicornia forage for ruminants." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278026.
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Two experiments using lambs were conducted to obtain additional information on the potential nutritional value of halophyte forages for ruminants. In experiment one, Salicornia bigevolii Torr. planted in mid-March and harvested at three dates (July, August and September) replaced wheat straw (30%) in a 65% forage diet. Nutrient composition and digestibility of Salicornia forage declined with advancing maturity. Forage from the July cutting was superior to wheat straw, while that from later cuttings was approximately equal to straw. In experiment two, digestion coefficients were lower when Atriplex deserticola replaced 50% of the alfalfa hay in a 70% roughage diet. Even when all of the alfalfa hay was replaced using a mixture of 85% Atriplex barclayana and 15% Atriplex deserticola consumption by lambs was not adversely affected. It is concluded that Salicornia bigevolii and Atriplex deserticola have potential as feedstuff for ruminants, especially in geographical areas where conventional feedstuffs are not available.
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Kramer, Brett Andrew. "Livestock demographics, management practices, and attitudinal orientations of native livestock producers on the Navajo Reservation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278708.
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Livestock production characteristics on the Navajo Reservation were studied to quantify and characterize herd demographics, feeding practices, management practices, marketing practices, and attitudinal orientations of producers. A stratified random (by grazing Agency) sample of the population (n = 10,000) yielded 125 possible respondents from each Agency. Face to face interviews were conducted by Navajo district grazing committeemen in the fall of 1997 for a total of 257 completed surveys. Navajo livestock producers were subsistence-level producers, who battled low birthing rates, slightly elevated mortality rates, diminished resource capacity, and challenges to economical feeding regimes. Most Navajos believed that livestock were an important part of their family's financial well-being; the Reservation was overgrazed; and that Navajos should be allowed to fence their land over their neighbors' objections. Navajo livestock production can be improved through education and greater articulation of the resource base. More detailed data collection is warranted to provide greater insight into production characteristics.
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McGibbon, Andrew William. "The impact of long-term precipitation trends on animal performance on the Santa Rita Experimental Range." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291420.
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Beef production in the arid Southwest depends on range forages. Forage quality and quantity primarily results from amount, intensity and timing of precipitation. Twenty-three years (1978-2000) of precipitation and animal production data were evaluated. Two major questions addressed were: Does rainfall timing affect number and weight of calves weaned? Does grazing system reduce immediate drought impact on calf production? Three grazing systems were evaluated: Year-round grazing, Savory rotational grazing and Santa Rita rotational grazing (50-60hd, 80-150hd and 50-65hd/year respectively). Winter (P < 0.05), summer (P < 0.01) and previous fall (P < 0.01) precipitation affected calf crop. Only summer precipitation (P < 0.01) had a significant effect on weaning weight. Calf crop did vary between grazing systems (P < 0.01). Savory system had the heaviest weaning weight, total production, and lowest maintenance cost; followed by Santa Rita and year-round respectively (P < 0.01). Maintenance cost per kg calf weaned was similar between rotational systems, but higher in year-round (P < 0.01).
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Nelson, Korie A. S. "Enhancing the Proportions of Healthy Fatty Acids in Milk from Dairy Cows." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/178.
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Enhancing the Proportions of Healthy Fatty Acids in Milk from Dairy Cows by Korie A.S. Nelson, Master of Science Utah State University, 2008 Major Professor: Randy Wiedmeier Department: Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences Twenty cows were used in a repeated measures, block design experiment for 9 wk to determine the effects of feeding partially ruminally inert calcium salts (Ca-salts) of fish oil (FO) and a general fatty acid (FA) supplement (EnerGII) at varying levels. The effects on cow health, milk components, composition of milk FA, and sensory evaluation of milk were evaluated. Cows in the 4 treatments were fed either a control diet of 57% forage and 43% concentrate mix with EnerGII fat supplement at 1.65% of diet DM (CTL) or EnerGII in basal diet was partially replaced with (a) 0.21% partially ruminally inert calcium salts (Ca-salts) of 71% fish oil (Ca-FO71) given at 0.41% DM (FH41); (b) 0.41% inert Ca-FO71 given at 0.83% DM (FH83); or (c) 0.83% inert Ca-FO 43% fish oil (Ca-FO43) given at 0.83% DM (FL). Cow health was not negatively affected by treatment diets. Treatment only significantly affected dry matter intake (DMI) and net energy of lactation (NEL), with FH83 having the lowest DMI. Week of trial significantly affected all milk components except protein percent, which did not change. Dry matter intake, milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, and protein yield demonstrated a net decrease over time. Lactose, solids, and somatic cell count all shared a net increase over time. iv Milk urea displayed no definitive trend over time. Content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 combined over time was 0.54, 0.68, 1.18, and 0.82 g/100 g FA for CTL, FH41, FH83, and FL, respectively. Vaccenic acid (VA) C18:1 trans-11 content over time was 1.04, 1.51, 2.28, and 1.68 g/100 g FA; and total omega-3 FA content over time was 0.52, 0.76, 0.82, and 0.80 g/100 g FA for CTL, FH41, FH83, and FL, respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels increased by as much as 6- and 2.7-fold, respectively, over CTL for the duration of the experiment. Although levels of EPA, DHA, VA, and CLA increased for treatments FH41, FH83, and FL over CTL, a trained sensory panel detected no difference in milk flavor between treatments with little or no intensity of off-flavors. Results suggest that feeding FO and EnerGII at varying levels enhanced CLA, VA, EPA, DHA, and total omega-3 FA in milk over the length of the experiment without negatively affecting cow health, milk composition, or flavor of milk.
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Surina, Denise Marie 1963. "The effect of dietary copper deficiency on plasma lipoprotein profiles in male and female hamsters." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277885.
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Studies were conducted to determine the conditions in which alterations in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism can be induced by copper deficiency in male and female hamsters. Three week old animals were placed on either a copper-deficient or copper-adequate diet. The hematocrit and hepatic copper content were significantly reduced in the treatment animals, and the plasma volume was enlarged. These changes, however, were small in comparison to the findings of previous studies using copper-deficient rats. The hamsters, therefore, appeared to be only marginally deficient. There was no treatment effect on the composition of the lipoprotein fractions, except for decreases in HDL protein concentration and pool size in the plasma of females fed the copper-deficient diet. It was concluded that the copper status of the treatment animals was not sufficiently diminished to affect lipoprotein profiles and plasma cholesterol, and that dietary treatment should begin earlier than the third week of age.
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Lozano-Ascencio, Oscar German 1956. "Post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and starch digestibility by steers fed sorghum grain flaked at different densities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282356.
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Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding dry-rolled (DR) vs steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain and degree of processing (flake density, FD) of corn and sorghum grain on site and extent of starch digestion and post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients in steers fed 77% grain. The design for each trial was a randomized block. Seven steers (400 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulas were used to determine corn and sorghum starch digestibilities (Cr ratio, 3-d collection). Steers fed SF versus DR sorghum increased starch digestibility in the rumen (23%; P < .01), total tract (2.3%; P < .01), and in the small intestine (6%; P < .01, as percentage of starch entering duodenum). Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum grain increased linearly (P < .05) starch digestion (percentage of intake) in the rumen and total tract, and diminished linearly (P < .05) starch digestibilities post-ruminally and in the small intestine. Similar responses in starch digestibilities occurred by lowering FD of SF corn. Percent dietary corn or sorghum starch digestibility in the large intestine was less than 2% of intake. Feeding SF compared to DR sorghum did not alter net absorption and uptake or release of energy-yielding nutrient across SPL tissues. As expected, net absorption of glucose across portal-drained viscera (PDV) was negative (-.60 mol/d). Incrementally decreasing FD of SF sorghum linearly increased net PDV absorption of lactate (P =.04), glucose synthesis by the liver (P =.03), and SPL output of glucose (P < .01) and L-lactate (P =.03). Net propionate PDV absorption (P =.18), hepatic uptake (P =.21), and SPL output (P =.15) tended to be increased with lower FD. Increasing degree of grain processing, by incrementally decreasing FD, linearly increased ruminal and total tract starch digestibilities and net absorption of glucose precursors (propionate and L-lactate), resulting in increased hepatic synthesis and greater output of glucose from the gut and liver to the rest of the body. Based on these changes, the optimum FD for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).
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Tarazon-Herrera, Mario Antonio 1952. "Effect of bST on milk yield and composition at varying stages of lactation and under heat stress conditions in lactating Holstein cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282539.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of bST on lactational performance throughout several stages of lactation, emphasizing advanced lactation and summer heat stress conditions. In the first experiment, a preliminary trial was conducted using seven Holstein cows averaging 424 DIM. Injections of bST increased milk, fat and protein yields, but did not affect milk composition. In the second trial, 24 cows in advanced lactation (292 DIM) with breeding problems were assigned to one of the three treatments in a randomized block design. Treatments were: (1) CON; low energy diet, without bST injection; (2) LED; low energy diet, injected with bST; and (3) HED; high energy diet, injected with bST. Cows showed a large response to bST in yields of milk, FCM, fat and protein, as well as on efficiency of feed conversion to milk. Energy density in the diet of cows receiving bST did not significantly affect any measured variable. In the second experiment, 76 lactating Holstein cows were distributed in three trials according to stage of lactation. Six intervals of DIM were considered: very early, early, mid, late, advanced, and extended lactations. A favorable response in milk yield to bST injections was observed in mid, late, advanced and extended lactations, while only a tendency was observed in early, but not in very early lactation cows. In the third experiment, 32 Holstein cows averaging 195 DIM were placed on four treatments to determine the effect of bST and evaporative cooling on lactational performance during summer heat stress. Milk yield was significantly increased by bST injections and tended to be higher for cooled cows. Fat and protein yields were increased by bST, but not by cooling. Non-esterified fatty acids in blood serum were higher in cows injected with bST, suggesting greater fat mobilization to support the increased milk production. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were decreased by evaporative cooling, but not affected by bST injections.
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Correa-Calderon, Abelardo. "Production, physiological, and hormonal responses of Holstein and Brown Swiss heat-stressed dairy cows to two different cooling systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282866.
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To evaluate the effect of two different cooling systems on production, physiological, and hormonal responses, 37 Holstein and 26 Brown Swiss dairy cows were allotted to three treatments. A control group of cows had access to only shade (C). A second group was cooled with spray and fan (S/F) and the third group was under an evaporative cooling system called Korral Kool&circR; (KK). The trial lasted from May to September with a daily maximum temperature-humidity index from 73 to 85. Milk production differences in Holstein cows were significantly increased by KK and S/F. No treatment differences in milk production were observed in Brown Swiss cows. Protein percentages were higher in C group compared to Korral Kool group only in Brown Swiss cows, while fat percentage were similar among treatments in Holstein cows. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates of the C group were higher than S/F and KK in both Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Triiodothyronine levels in milk were significantly higher in KK group compared to S/F and C groups, while cortisol levels were lower in C group than S/F and KK. Similar differences were observed in body weight and body condition score changes between treatments in Holstein or Brown Swiss cows. Pregnancy rate was increased in the groups under the cooling systems in Holstein cows, however this effect was not observed in Brown Swiss cows where C group had a higher pregnancy rate than cooled groups. The cows under cooling systems spend more time eating and outside of the shade in the early afternoon (12:00 to 15:00) than control group. Cows injected with bST (bovine somatotropin) increased milk yield significantly only in Brown Swiss cows, whereas respiration rates were increased in both breeds by bST but rectal temperatures were similar between bST and non-bST cows. These results demonstrate that both cooling systems are an alternative to increase productive and reproductive performance and comfort of Holstein cows during summer in hot-dry climates. The physiological responses of Brown Swiss cows indicated a better adaptation to a hot climate, however their milk production was lower than in Holstein cows.
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Mena, Humberto 1959. "Factors affecting uptake of gossypol in cattle." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288761.
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Experiments were conducted to determine effects of feeding whole cottonseed (WCS), expander solvent cottonseed meal (CSM), or a combination of these, as well as other factors on blood gossypol concentrations in cattle. In an 84 d trial, lactating cows were fed zero, 900 or 1800 ppm total gossypol (TG) in diets from WCS and/or CSM. Plasma gossypol (PG) in cows receiving 1800 ppm TG plateaued at 3.28 μg/ml after 28 d. However, by 28 d, erythrocyte fragility increased for cows receiving WCS diets. Plasma chemistry, vitamin A, body temperatures, and respiration rates were within normal ranges. Serum vitamin E levels increased with cottonseed in diets. Milk yield and FCM higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed 13.5% WCS and 7% CSM diet than controls. Feed efficiency and milk fat and protein percentages were not influenced by diets. In another study, young Holstein steers were fed diets during five consecutive treatment periods of 28 d each. The following was shown: (1) A basal diet with 15% Upland WCS resulted in average TG intakes of 9.08 g/d. (2) When varying concentrations of dietary iron (5 treatments) were fed with 15% WCS, PG and plasma total gossypol response (PG/TG intake) decreased as iron in diets increased. (3) Five diets with 15% cottonseed in the whole, cracked, roasted, roasted and cracked, or extruded forms showed that roasting or excluding WCS reduced FG in seed up to 86%. The PG concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for the whole and cracked diets, but plasma total gossypol response (PTGR) increased over controls for the cracked and roasted treatments. (4) When varying amounts of WCS and CSM (6 treatments) were fed up to 14 and 9% of the diet, respectively, PG concentration was higher (P for diets with 14% than 7% WCS. The PTGR was not affected by CSM supplementation for the 7% WCS treatments. (5) When feeding of four diets with 15% cottonseed as whole Upland, cracked Upland, whole Pima, or cracked Pima seed, PG and PTGR were higher for the Pima than Upland diets. Performance for the 28 d periods was not altered by treatments.
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Alio, Abdoulaye 1953. "Splanchnic nitrogen metabolism by growing beef steers fed sorghum grain flaked at various densities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289222.
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Growing beef steers were used in completely randomized block designs to evaluate effect of processing method, dry-rolled (DR) versus steam-flaked (SF) sorghum, and degree of processing (flaking density) of corn and sorghum grain on nitrogen (N) digestion and post-absorptive N metabolism. In experiments (Exp.) 1 and 2, seven duodenally and ileally cannulated steers were used to investigate N digestibilities. Experimental diets contained 77% grain: Exp. 1, DR or SF sorghum at densities of 437, 360 and 283 g/L (SF34, SF28, SF22); Exp. 2, corn at two flake densities (SF34 and SF22). Nitrogen intakes by steers fed sorghum (142 g/d) and corn (149 g/d) diets were similar among treatments. Steers fed SF compared to DR, increased ruminal (P =.04) DM digestibility. Microbial protein flow to the duodenum averaged 10% greater for SF vs DR. Reducing flaking density of sorghum grain linearly increased (P .05) ruminal DM and tended to increase linearly ruminal feed N (P =.11), total tract DM and N digestibilities and microbial efficiency (P .08). Unexpectedly, flake density did not affect DM or N digestibilities of SF corn diets by steers. In Exp. 3, eight steers implanted with indwelling catheters were used to measure blood flow, net absorption and uptake of ammonia-N, urea-N (UN) and alpha-amino N (AAN) across portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic and total splanchnic tissues. Experimental diets were the same as those in Exp. 1. Six arterial, portal and hepatic blood samples were collected per day at 2 h intervals for each diet and steer. Daily DM and N intakes averaged 7.0 kg and 142 g, respectively. Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum linearly increased net absorption of AAN (P =.04) and UN recycling to the gut (P =.02). Net UN recycling to the gut averaged 38% of N intake across treatments. Steers fed SF compared to DR decreased (P =.03) net splanchnic UN output (33 vs 50 g/d). The improved N retention and lower splanchnic UN output, contingent with greater ruminal microbial protein synthesis and flow to intestines may explain in part the observed higher performance of cattle fed SF compared to DR sorghum. Based on improved total tract N digestibilities and greater net absorption of AAN and UN recycling to the gut, optimum flake density for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).
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Sadik, Mohamad Shabir 1959. "Post-absorptive energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows fed differently-processed corn and sorghum grains." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289278.
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Lactating Holstein dairy cows, fitted with appropriate blood vessel catheters, were used in two cross-over experiments to investigate effects of feeding diets with 40% steam-flaked (28 lb/bu; SF) vs dry-rolled (DR) sorghum (experiment 1; 8 cows), or 40% steam-flaked corn grain (experiment 2; 6 cows) of different flake densities, 38 lb/bu (SF38) vs 28 lb/bu (SF28), on postabsorptive nutrient fluxes. Net uptake or output of glucose, L-lactate, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) was measured across portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic, splanchnic and mammary tissues. Compared to DR, feeding cows SF sorghum increased net PDV absorption of propionate by 25% (P =.08), tended to increase splanchnic output of glucose (+16%) and L-lactate (+80%; P ≤ .20), but did not alter mammary glucose or L-lactate uptake. Sorghum processing did not affect net splanchnic or mammary metabolism of acetate and butyrate. Splanchnic output of BHBA was greater (P =.08), but mammary uptake was lower (P =.09) for cows fed DR vs SF diets. For cows fed corn diets, hepatic synthesis of glucose was higher (3.0 vs 2.8 kg/d; P =.04) for SF28 vs SF38. Flake density did not affect net splanchnic or mammary metabolism of acetate. For cows fed SF38, higher (P =.03) net PDV absorption of butyrate possibly inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis from propionate, which might explain a higher (P =.10) hepatic uptake of L-lactate. Processing of corn or sorghum did not alter estimated total net PDV absorption or total splanchnic output of energy. Net total PDV absorption of VFA tended to be greater for cows fed SF than DR (+17%; P =.17), and for SF38 than SF28 (+10%; P =.15). Total mammary uptake of energy was not different for DR vs SF, but was greater for cows fed SF28 vs SF38, due mainly to increased uptake of glucose (+25%; P < .01). In both experiments, hepatic glucose synthesis was more than adequate for milk lactose production. These changes in partitioning of nutrients and estimated energy across portal-drained viscera, liver, total splanchnic, and mammary tissues may partially explain increased milk protein synthesis (in longer term lactation studies) by dairy cows fed more extensively processed corn (SF28) and sorghum (SF) grain.
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Whitney, Travis Raymond. "Effects of weaning programs on metabolic profiles and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of first-calf heifers and mature cows, and effects of diet for early-weaned steers on response to an infectious bovine herpesvirus-1 challenge." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280572.
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Effects of weaning on metabolic profiles and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of beef dams (Trial 1), and diet effects for early-weaned (EW) steers on response to an infectious bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) challenge (Trial 2) were investigated. Trial 1 treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial and included 14 heifers and 14 cows assigned randomly to one of two treatment regimens: EW (average age of 114 ± 13 d) or normal-weaned (NW, average age of 197 d). Heifers with calves EW experienced a greater increase (parity x weaning; P = 0.02) in BW over heifers with calves NW, but no change in BW due to weaning was observed for cows (P > 0.71). Early weaning (vs. NW) increased (P < 0.05) body condition (BC) and change in BC of all dams. No parity x weaning or parity x weaning x d interactions (P > 0.14) were observed for serum IGF-1, NEFA, or urea nitrogen (SUN). A parity x d interaction (P < 0.05) for hepatic IGF-1 mRNA, serum IGF-1, and SUN was observed, but no differences (P > 0.10) were detected between heifers and cows within d. For Trial 2, backgrounding treatments included a bermudagrass hay diet (CTRL); bermudagrass hay plus soybean meal (SBM) fed at 0.175% of BW (as-fed); bermudagrass hay plus SBM at 0.35% of BW; or a 70% concentrate (CONC) diet. During the receiving phase, all steers were fed CONC and intranasally challenged with BHV-1. Treatment x d interactions (P < 0.01) were observed for serum NEFA, total protein, SUN, glucose, immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin, and rectal temperature. Three d after the BHV-1 challenge, IgG was greater (P < 0.05) for forage-fed steers vs. CONC. Three and 4 d after the challenge, rectal temperature was greater (P < 0.01) for protein supplemented steers vs. CTRL. Therefore, EW can increase BW and BC of first-calf heifers and decrease SUN in first-calf heifers and mature cows, and a higher quality diet fed to EW steers during a backgrounding phase enhances ADG and G:F, and increases febrile response (measured by rectal temperature) to an infectious BHV-1 respiratory challenge.
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Bederski, Hans Jurgen 1966. "Adaptation of goat rumen microflora and microfloral activity of non-adapted cow versus goat microflora to tannin rich shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278019.
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Tannins are polyphenolic compounds which precipitate, or conjugate, with proteins to make them indigestible. Tannins appear to confer anti-herbivore defense in shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella), a common browse in the interior chaparral of Central Arizona. The results of the present study indicate that the rumen microflora in goats can adapt to tannin rich diets thereby increasing in vitro dry matter digestibility of shrub live oak leaves. Major digestion inhibitors of shrub live oak appear to be fiber content (NDF, ADF, and lignin) and presence of condensed tannins in the leaves. In vitro dry matter digestibility of oak leaves appears to be higher in rumen microflora from goats than in rumen microflora from cows, although further research is needed to determine digestive efficiency among these species.
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Jones, Spencer Q. "The effect of alfalfa and cornstalk round bale processing type on animal performance, wastage, preference, and mixing characteristics." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1418.
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Kroening, Cheryl Ann 1963. "Lipogenic enzymes in aging rats." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291486.
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Four lipogenic enzymes were measured in liver and adipose tissues of 2-, 6-, 18- and 27-month-old male Fischer 344 rats. Adipose ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8; ATP-CL) activity increased 1.8-fold between 2 and 6 months of age. Hepatic ATP-CL activity underwent an overall 84% reduction between 2 and 27 months of age with maximum activity at 18 months. Adipose tissue fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity exhibited a linear 54% reduction between 2 and 27 months of age; while hepatic FAS activity declined, biphasically, to 14.2 IU/g protein by 27 months. Opposing age-related patterns of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; G6PD) activity were observed in adipose tissue and liver. Adipose activity decreased between 2 and 6 months to 132.9 IU/g protein, and was unchanged thereafter; whereas liver G6PD activity increased to a maximum of 149.0 IU/g protein at 27 months. Malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; ME) activity decreased between 2 and 6 months of age in both tissues. These data suggest diminished lipogenic capacity with age.
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Clark, Patrick M. "The effects of nutrient uniformity and modified feed processing on animal performance." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/233.
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McCauley, Tod Christopher 1965. "Identification of seminal proteins related to fertility of bulls." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282670.
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These studies were conducted to determine the chemical identity of heparin binding proteins in semen that are related to fertility of bulls. The first study describes the isolation and identification of a 31,000 dalton fertility-associated antigen (FAA). FAA was found to have significant primary structure homology to a recently described novel DNase I-like protein. The physiological significance of the similarities between FAA and a protein homologous to DNase I is unknown at this time as no function has been described for the DNase I-like protein. The second study describes the isolation and identification of a 24,000 dalton seminal heparin binding protein. It was found to be similar, if not identical, to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2). TIMP-2 regulates matrix metalloprotease activity and therefore, potentially plays a key role in the structural makeup of the extracellular matrix. These findings suggest that regulation of enzymatic activity in seminal fluid is in large part a function of heparin binding proteins that have been correlated to fertility of bulls, one being a potentially novel extracellular nuclease and a second acting as a specific inhibitor of metalloprotease activity. In addition to the ability to modulate capacitation of sperm, seminal heparin binding proteins likely are key players in protecting sperm and male reproductive tract tissues from enzymatic hydrolysis. The proteins identified in this dissertation represent novel additions to the previously described seminal heparin binding protein families. Clearly, these data indicate a growing complexity of seminal fluid and implicate a novel Dnase I-like protein and TIMP-2 in affecting cellular events related to fertility potential of males.
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Lye, Ellen Jane Davey. "Effects of dietary selenium, vitamin E, and fibre on methylmercury toxicity and kinetics in male Sprague-Dawley rats." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101619.
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Mercury is an environmental contaminant of concern, particularly for fish eating populations. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of selenium, vitamin E, and phytate on methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity and kinetics in rats. Results show that increased selenium increases McHg in the liver, kidney, and frontal lobe of the brain, while increased vitamin E increases MeHg in the kidney but lowers McHg in the liver. Increased phytate resulted in a significant increase in MeHg in the frontal lobe. Methylmercury-treated rats on all diets showed an increased trend in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) binding in comparison with untreated rats. There was no change in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in all treatment groups. These results suggest that nutrients can alter the toxicokinetics of MeHg but none of them show clear protection in neurotoxicity in adult rats.
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Walker, Dillon Kyle. "Effect of ractopamine on growth in cattle." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/539.
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Santos, Jose Eduardo Portela 1970. "Effect of grain processing, protein quality and bST on lactation performance and ovarian activity of dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282527.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing, grain sources, protein sources, and bST treatments on lactation performance, ovarian activity and nutrient digestion in early lactation dairy cows. In experiment 1, forty-eight dairy cows were divided into six groups and fed diets containing 37 to 39% grain as either steam-flaked sorghum (SFS, 360 g/L), steam-flaked corn (SFC, 360 g/L), or steam-rolled corn (SRC, 490 g/L) with one of two protein sources, soybean meal (SBM) or Prolak® for 70 days. Main effects for grain and protein source were not different for DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield or feed efficiency. Although efficiency of feed conversion into FCM did not differ among treatments, cows fed Prolak® required 10% less NEL for every Mcal of NEL converted into body weight or FCM. Milk protein yield was increased by both flaked gain and Prolak®. Feeding flaked grain increased milk production by 1.5 kg/d compared with rolled grain. Increasing the ratio of RDS/RDP to more than 2.4 increased milk yield by 2.7 kg/d (39.0 vs 36.3 kg/d). Plasma NEFA levels did not differ among treatments and grain and protein source had variable effects on PUN. Compared with other grains, SFC increased digestibilities of DM and OM, and flaked grains increased digestibility of starch. Cows fed SFS had the lowest crude protein digestibility, but was highest in NDF. In experiment 2, thirty-two postpartum (5 DIM)Holstein cows were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design for 90 days. Treatments were: steam-flaked sorghum diet with bST (SFS-B); steam-flaked sorghum diet without bST (SFS-N); steam-rolled corn diet with bST (SRC-B); and steam-rolled corn diet without bST (SRC-N). Cows receiving bST during the first 45 days of treatment had lower DMI and DMI as % of BW. Milk yield was increased by bST 3.1 kg/d and 1.8 kg/d during the 45 d and 90 d periods, respectively, resulting in greater feed efficiency for bST-treated cows. Grain processing did not affect DMI, milk yield and FCM yield. Neither composition nor yields of milk components were influenced by treatments. Compared to the SRC diet, SFS increased plasma glucose 5% and plasma insulin 19%. Grain processing and bST had no effect on either BHBA or hepatic triglycerides. PUN was reduced by bST, but NEFA was increased. Compared with SRC, SFS increased progesterone during the first two postpartum estrous cycles and cows receiving bST had significantly larger CL. Flaked sorghum compared with SRC increased digestibility of DM, OM, and starch, and neither grain affected digestibilities of CP, NDF or ADF. Treatments with bST did not affect any nutrient digestibilities.
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Seil, Shannon K. "Contra-hierarchical aggression among female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585123.
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Among rhesus macaques, bi-directional aggression may occur between animals with shifting or ambiguous ranks, or between those whose relative ranks are well established. Factors that influence the latter case (here termed "insubordinate aggression") are not well understood. These factors are of interest because insubordinate aggression may be associated with stability in dominance relationships, and stability in dominance relationships is critically related to group stability. We hypothesized that in well-established female dominance relationships, the likelihood of insubordination during conflicts is influenced by characteristics of both opponents. Multivariate analysis of 11,591 dyadic conflicts among females in six captive rhesus groups shows that dyadic and individual characteristics related to weight, rank, age, and access to social support affect the likelihood of insubordinate aggression. As expected, insubordinate aggression is less likely to occur among dyads with high disparity in weight. The effects of age, rank, and access to social support are more complex. Increasing subordinate age is associated with increased modulation of insubordinate aggression according to opponent age. Age-based deference, i.e. suppression of insubordination associated with opponent age, decreases with increasing age of the lower-ranking opponent. Similarly, dyadic rank disparity has different effects on insubordination rate according to the age of the subordinate opponent. As females age, their likelihood of insubordination is less dependent on the degree to which they are outranked by their opponent. Also, the lower-ranking opponent's level of social support significantly affects her likelihood of insubordination, but the dominant animal's level of social support does not affect her likelihood of receiving insubordination. We predicted that for the lower-ranking opponent, having many maternal kin would promote insubordinate behavior, whereas for the higher-ranking opponent, having many maternal kin would inhibit insubordination. However, our results show that the dominant's matriline size has no effect on her likelihood of receiving insubordination. Further, matriline size has the opposite of the predicted effect for subordinates--subordinates with many maternal kin are significantly less likely to be insubordinate than those with few kin. We propose some possible explanations for this, which will require further investigation. Taken together, this research suggests that females gauge their degree of deference to dominants based on their own characteristics relative to their opponent's, taking into account size, age and weight differences as well as their own access to social support. Features of subordinate animals emerge as more important than those of dominants in determining the likelihood of insubordinate aggression in dyadic conflicts. Understanding determinants of insubordination will contribute to management practices aimed at maintenance of group stability, as the ultimate act of insubordinate aggression, social overthrow, poses a major welfare and management problem.
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Best, Timothy F. "Evaluation of effectiveness, reproducibility, and repeatability of using dentition for estimating cattle age." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1570106.
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Study objectives were to determine the effectiveness, reproducibility, and repeatability of dental evaluation for estimating cattle age. Cattle (n = 400) aged 1.5 to 20 yr were evaluated by 3 technicians for estimated age via dentition. A subset (n = 383) was aged again 4 wk later by the same observers. Age estimations were most accurate in YOUNG (≤ 5 yr old) cattle with at least 95.7% rate of accuracy within 2 yr across all observers and observation events. For MIDDLE (6 to 10 yr old) and OLD (> 10 yr old) cattle, these accuracies were 81.5 and 62.1%, respectively. Reproducibility proved high, with all observers consistently assigning age estimates within 1 yr of one another for more than 9 out of 10 YOUNG animals; all observers agreed on at least every 8 out of 10 estimations for all age groups within 3 yr. Repeatability was less consistent.