Journal articles: 'Animal emotion'

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Mendl, Michael, Oliver H. P. Burman, and Elizabeth S. Paul. "An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1696 (August 4, 2010): 2895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0303.

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A better understanding of animal emotion is an important goal in disciplines ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare science. The conscious experience of emotion cannot be assessed directly, but neural, behavioural and physiological indicators of emotion can be measured. Researchers have used these measures to characterize how animals respond to situations assumed to induce discrete emotional states (e.g. fear). While advancing our understanding of specific emotions, this discrete emotion approach lacks an overarching framework that can incorporate and integrate the wide range of possible emotional states. Dimensional approaches that conceptualize emotions in terms of universal core affective characteristics (e.g. valence (positivity versus negativity) and arousal) can provide such a framework. Here, we bring together discrete and dimensional approaches to: (i) offer a structure for integrating different discrete emotions that provides a functional perspective on the adaptive value of emotional states, (ii) suggest how long-term mood states arise from short-term discrete emotions, how they also influence these discrete emotions through a bi-directional relationship and how they may function to guide decision-making, and (iii) generate novel hypothesis-driven measures of animal emotion and mood.

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Mendl, M., and ES Paul. "Consciousness, emotion and animal welfare: insights from cognitive science." Animal Welfare 13, S1 (February 2004): S17—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014330.

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AbstractThe assumption that animals are conscious and capable of experiencing negative sensations and emotions is at the core of most people's concerns about animal welfare. Investigation of this central assumption should be one goal of animal welfare science. We argue that theory and techniques from cognitive science offer promising ways forward. Evidence for the existence of conscious and non-conscious cognitive processing in humans has inspired scientists to search for comparable processes in animals. In studies of metacognition and blindsight, some species show behaviour that has functional parallels with human conscious cognitive processing. Although unable to definitively answer the question of whether the animals are conscious, these studies provide fresh insights, and some could be adapted for domestic animals. They mark a departure from the search for cognitive complexity as an indicator of consciousness, which is based on questionable assumptions linking the two. Accurate assessment of animal emotion is crucial in animal welfare research, and cognitive science offers novel approaches that address some limitations of current measures. Knowledge of the relationship between cognition and emotion in humans generates a priori frameworks for interpreting traditional physiological and behavioural indicators of animal emotion, and provides new measures (eg cognitive bias) that gauge positive as well as negative emotions. Conditioning paradigms can be used to enable animals to indicate their emotional state through operant responses. Although evidence for animal consciousness and emotion will necessarily be indirect, insights from cognitive science promise further advances in our understanding of this fundamentally important area in animal welfare science.

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Dixon, Beth. "Animal Emotion." Ethics & the Environment 6, no. 2 (2001): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/een.2001.0010.

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Neethirajan, Suresh. "Happy Cow or Thinking Pig? WUR Wolf—Facial Coding Platform for Measuring Emotions in Farm Animals." AI 2, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ai2030021.

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Emotions play an indicative and informative role in the investigation of farm animal behaviors. Systems that respond and can measure emotions provide a natural user interface in enabling the digitalization of animal welfare platforms. The faces of farm animals can be one of the richest channels for expressing emotions. WUR Wolf (Wageningen University & Research: Wolf Mascot), a real-time facial recognition platform that can automatically code the emotions of farm animals, is presented in this study. The developed Python-based algorithms detect and track the facial features of cows and pigs, analyze the appearance, ear postures, and eye white regions, and correlate these with the mental/emotional states of the farm animals. The system is trained on a dataset of facial features of images of farm animals collected in over six farms and has been optimized to operate with an average accuracy of 85%. From these, the emotional states of animals in real time are determined. The software detects 13 facial actions and an inferred nine emotional states, including whether the animal is aggressive, calm, or neutral. A real-time emotion recognition system based on YoloV3, a Faster YoloV4-based facial detection platform and an ensemble Convolutional Neural Networks (RCNN) is presented. Detecting facial features of farm animals simultaneously in real time enables many new interfaces for automated decision-making tools for livestock farmers. Emotion sensing offers a vast potential for improving animal welfare and animal–human interactions.

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Crump, Andrew, Emily J. Bethell, Ryan Earley, Victoria E. Lee, Michael Mendl, Lucy Oldham, Simon P. Turner, and Gareth Arnott. "Emotion in animal contests." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1939 (November 18, 2020): 20201715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1715.

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Emotions encompass cognitive and behavioural responses to reward and punishment. Using contests as a case-study, we propose that short-term emotions underpin animals' assessments, decision-making and behaviour. Equating contest assessments to emotional ‘appraisals', we describe how contestants appraise more than resource value and outcome probability. These appraisals elicit the cognition, drive and neurophysiology that governs aggressive behaviour. We discuss how recent contest outcomes induce long-term moods, which impact subsequent contest behaviour. Finally, we distinguish between integral (objectively relevant) and incidental (objectively irrelevant) emotions and moods (affective states). Unlike existing ecological models, our approach predicts that incidental events influence contest dynamics, and that contests become incidental influences themselves, potentially causing maladaptive decision-making. As affective states cross contexts, a more holistic ethology (incorporating emotions and moods) would illuminate animal cognition and behaviour.

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Todorovic, Zorana. "Evolutionary continuity between humans and non-human animals: Emotion and emotional expression." Theoria, Beograd 64, no. 4 (2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2104019t.

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This paper deals with the evolutionary origin and the adaptive function of emotion. I discuss the view that emotions have evolved as functional adaptations in both humans and non-human animals in order to cope with adaptive challenges and to promote fitness. I argue that there is evolutionary continuity between humans and animals in emotions and emotional expressions, and discuss behavioural argument for this thesis, specifically, Darwin?s and Ekman?s research on similarities in how humans and animals express their basic emotions. In addition to this argument, I provide neuroscientific evidence that supports the claim that basic emotions are evolutionary old and shared among humans and many other animals. Finally, I conclude that animal emotions can be considered the bases and roots of our emotions that connect us to other sentient beings.

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Taylor, Nik. "Animal Shelter Emotion Management." Sociology 44, no. 1 (February 2010): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038509351629.

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Naar, Hichem. "Emotion: Animal and Reflective." Southern Journal of Philosophy 57, no. 4 (December 2019): 561–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjp.12359.

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Roberts, Robert C. "Propositions and Animal Emotion." Philosophy 71, no. 275 (January 1996): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100053328.

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Bliss-Moreau, Eliza. "Constructing nonhuman animal emotion." Current Opinion in Psychology 17 (October 2017): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.011.

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Plutchik, R. "The measurement of emotions." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 9, no. 2 (June 1997): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800036802.

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Most people usually think of emotion as a subjective feeling of a certain kind, the kind for which labels like happy, sad, and frightened are appropriate. However, there is much evidence to suggest that this is too narrow a way to define emotions, and that a different and broader conceptualization is needed. If we examine the history of theories of emotion we find a great diversity of views. For example, Darwin, in his 1872 book ‘The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals’, conceived of emotions as expressive behaviors that had the function of communicating intentions from one animal to another in the presence of conflicts or emergencies. Emotional expressions, from this point of view, regulated interpersonal relations and increased the chances of individual survival.

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Clarkson, Jasmine M., Matthew C. Leach, Paul A. Flecknell, and Candy Rowe. "Negative mood affects the expression of negative but not positive emotions in mice." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1933 (August 26, 2020): 20201636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1636.

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Whether and to what extent animals experience emotions is crucial for understanding their decisions and behaviour, and underpins a range of scientific fields, including animal behaviour, neuroscience, evolutionary biology and animal welfare science. However, research has predominantly focused on alleviating negative emotions in animals, with the expression of positive emotions left largely unexplored. Therefore, little is known about positive emotions in animals and how their expression is mediated. We used tail handling to induce a negative mood in laboratory mice and found that while being more anxious and depressed increased their expression of a discrete negative emotion (disappointment), meaning that they were less resilient to negative events, their capacity to express a discrete positive emotion (elation) was unaffected relative to control mice. Therefore, we show not only that mice have discrete positive emotions, but that they do so regardless of their current mood state. Our findings are the first to suggest that the expression of discrete positive and negative emotions in animals is not equally affected by long-term mood state. Our results also demonstrate that repeated negative events can have a cumulative effect to reduce resilience in laboratory animals, which has significant implications for animal welfare.

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Brinkmann, Svend. "The grieving animal: Grief as a foundational emotion." Theory & Psychology 28, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354317747051.

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This article introduces the notion of foundational emotions, using grief as a central example. Unlike so-called basic emotions, some of which humans share with other animals, foundational emotions are constitutive of human selfhood and subjectivity. First, anxiety, shame, and guilt are presented as emotions that have been singled out as foundational emotions in philosophical and biblical texts. Second, grief is introduced as a foundational human emotion in the sense that it connects the human being to existential issues of love and death that are uniquely important for us. Some general implications are discussed that follow from the notion of foundational emotions.

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Mendl, Michael, Elizabeth S. Paul, and Lars Chittka. "Animal Behaviour: Emotion in Invertebrates?" Current Biology 21, no. 12 (June 2011): R463—R465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.028.

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de Waal, Frans B. M. "What is an animal emotion?" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1224, no. 1 (April 2011): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05912.x.

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Burman, Oliver H. P., Richard M. A. Parker, Elizabeth S. Paul, and Michael Mendl. "Sensitivity to reward loss as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare." Biology Letters 4, no. 4 (May 20, 2008): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0113.

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The scientific study of animal emotion is an important emerging discipline in subjects ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare research. In the absence of direct measures of conscious emotion, indirect behavioural and physiological measures are used. However, these may have significant limitations (e.g. indicating emotional arousal but not valence (positivity versus negativity)). A new approach, taking its impetus from human studies, proposes that biases in information processing, and underlying mechanisms relating to the evaluation of reward gains and losses, may reliably reflect emotional valence in animals. In general, people are more sensitive to reward losses than gains, but people in a negative affective state (e.g. depression) are particularly sensitive to losses. This may underlie broader findings such as an enhanced attention to, and memory of, negative events in depressed individuals. Here we show that rats in unenriched housing, who typically exhibit indicators of poorer welfare and a more negative affective state than those in enriched housing, display a prolonged response to a decrease in anticipated food reward, indicating enhanced sensitivity to reward loss. Sensitivity to reward reduction may thus be a valuable new indicator of animal emotion and welfare.

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Pritting, Shannon. "Book Review: How Animals Think and Feel: An Introduction to Non-Human Psychology." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56.4.304b.

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This affordable single-volume work is the first book by Dr. Ken Cheng of McQuarie University, who has published many journal articles on animal behavior on a variety of species in the past thirty years. Cheng’s experience as an accomplished researcher and professor is evident in his readable, well-researched, and entertaining writing. How Animals Think and Feel features nine chapters that focus on topics related to animal cognition and emotions. In addition, there are nine case studies of animals that reflect a diverse representation of animals, from jumping spiders to apes, with a concluding chapter putting human cognition and emotion into the context of animal behavior.

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Arnould-Bloomfield, Elisabeth. "Posthuman Compassions." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 130, no. 5 (October 2015): 1467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2015.130.5.1467.

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What happens when i watch a creature suffer or when i share in my dog's joy? what is the power of these emotions, what do they teach me about living with animals and engaging ethically with their differences? While these questions may still seem sentimental to some, they have become increasingly relevant to those who study animals. Emotions have made a remarkable comeback in recent animal literature and philosophy. Rehabilitated by a new wave of theorists, they have found their way into some of the most provocative contemporary reflections on animal ethics. Josephine Donovan, Jacques Derrida, Ralph Acampora, Donna Haraway, and others have all granted compassion theoretical pride of place. They share a critique of the rationalist bias of the justice-and-rights tradition and suggest that compassionate attention to animals is the “ground upon which theory about human treatment of animals should be constructed” (Donovan, “Attention” 174). For many such contemporary thinkers, then, compassion—a deeply affective way of sharing another's emotion—is the fundamental means of forging the ethical bond we have with nonhuman animals. Replacing the “calculable process” of current animal-rights theories with the emotional encounter of the other's living—and dying—reality, compassion offers a new understanding of responsibility and relationships (Wolfe, “Exposures” 19).

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Dolensek, Nejc, Daniel A. Gehrlach, Alexandra S. Klein, and Nadine Gogolla. "Facial expressions of emotion states and their neuronal correlates in mice." Science 368, no. 6486 (April 2, 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9468.

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Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of emotion relies on objective readouts of the emotional state of an individual, which remains a major challenge especially in animal models. We found that mice exhibit stereotyped facial expressions in response to emotionally salient events, as well as upon targeted manipulations in emotion-relevant neuronal circuits. Facial expressions were classified into distinct categories using machine learning and reflected the changing intrinsic value of the same sensory stimulus encountered under different homeostatic or affective conditions. Facial expressions revealed emotion features such as intensity, valence, and persistence. Two-photon imaging uncovered insular cortical neuron activity that correlated with specific facial expressions and may encode distinct emotions. Facial expressions thus provide a means to infer emotion states and their neuronal correlates in mice.

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SEYFARTH, ROBERT M., and DOROTHY L. CHENEY. "Meaning and Emotion in Animal Vocalizations." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1000, no. 1 (January 24, 2006): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.004.

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Jacobsson, Kerstin, and Jonas Lindblom. "Emotion work in animal rights activism." Acta Sociologica 56, no. 1 (February 2013): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699312466180.

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LIEBMAN, ELIZABETH AMY. "Animal Attitudes: Motion and Emotion in Eighteenth-Century Animal Representation." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 33, no. 4 (November 17, 2010): 663–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2010.00329.x.

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Sokolov, Arseny A., Peter Zeidman, Michael Erb, Frank E. Pollick, Andreas J. Fallgatter, Philippe Ryvlin, Karl J. Friston, and Marina A. Pavlova. "Brain circuits signaling the absence of emotion in body language." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 34 (August 6, 2020): 20868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007141117.

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Adaptive social behavior and mental well-being depend on not only recognizing emotional expressions but also, inferring the absence of emotion. While the neurobiology underwriting the perception of emotions is well studied, the mechanisms for detecting a lack of emotional content in social signals remain largely unknown. Here, using cutting-edge analyses of effective brain connectivity, we uncover the brain networks differentiating neutral and emotional body language. The data indicate greater activation of the right amygdala and midline cerebellar vermis to nonemotional as opposed to emotional body language. Most important, the effective connectivity between the amygdala and insula predicts people’s ability to recognize the absence of emotion. These conclusions extend substantially current concepts of emotion perception by suggesting engagement of limbic effective connectivity in recognizing the lack of emotion in body language reading. Furthermore, the outcome may advance the understanding of overly emotional interpretation of social signals in depression or schizophrenia by providing the missing link between body language reading and limbic pathways. The study thus opens an avenue for multidisciplinary research on social cognition and the underlying cerebrocerebellar networks, ranging from animal models to patients with neuropsychiatric conditions.

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Thibodeau, Ryan, Randall S. Jorgensen, and Sarah J. Jonovich. "Anger Elicitation Using Affective Pictures:." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 2 (January 2008): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.2.80.

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In emotion research, affective pictures are limited in their ability to elicit discrete emotions. The current study attempted to elicit anger using pictures and a person by image-content interactional strategy. In two studies, undergraduates who varied with respect to concern for animal welfare (person factor) were shown pictures that included several of actual or impending animal harm (image content). Results from Study 1 showed that (1) the link between animal concern and combined emotion outcomes was strongest for animal harm pictures compared to other picture categories and (2) individual differences in animal concern were more strongly linked to anger than other negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, disgust, sadness) while viewing pictures of animal harm. Results from Study 2 showed that animal concern predicted variance in self-reported anger above and beyond that explained by broader constructs (empathy and nurturance) to which it relates. Overall, data suggest that the person by image-content interactional strategy is a promising new tool for researchers seeking to elicit discrete emotions in the laboratory.

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Brincat, Bonita L., Paul D. McGreevy, Verity A. Bowell, and Rowena M. A. Packer. "Who’s Getting a Head Start? Mesocephalic Dogs in Still Images Are Attributed More Positively Valenced Emotions Than Dogs of Other Cephalic Index Groups." Animals 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010049.

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Assumptions about dogs’ personality are influenced by their appearance, which may lead to differences in ownership styles and subsequent canine welfare. The influence of canine appearance on observers’ emotion attributions to dogs remains largely unexplored. This study investigated whether canine head shape is related to how both dog owners and non-dog owning adults in the U.K. attribute emotions to still images of dogs, and in the case of dog owners, to their own dogs. Attachment, respondent personality and dog trainability were assessed as potential influences on emotional attribution in owners. Overall, 2451 participant responses were received. Still images of mesocephalic dogs were attributed primary and positively valenced emotion with more strength and frequency than other groups. Mesocephalic images were also attributed negatively valenced emotions less frequently and with less strength than other groups. Apart from empathy, no significant differences were found in emotional attribution to owned dogs of different head shapes; however, human personality influenced attribution of emotions to owned dogs. The finding that some dogs are attributed emotions more readily based on their appearance alone has applied importance, given, for example, the potential for misattribution of positive emotions to dogs in negative emotional states, and potential prejudice against dogs considered in negative emotional states.

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Maréchal, Laëtitia, Xandria Levy, Kerstin Meints, and Bonaventura Majolo. "Experience-based human perception of facial expressions in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)." PeerJ 5 (June 1, 2017): e3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3413.

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Background Facial expressions convey key cues of human emotions, and may also be important for interspecies interactions. The universality hypothesis suggests that six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) should be expressed by similar facial expressions in close phylogenetic species such as humans and nonhuman primates. However, some facial expressions have been shown to differ in meaning between humans and nonhuman primates like macaques. This ambiguity in signalling emotion can lead to an increased risk of aggression and injuries for both humans and animals. This raises serious concerns for activities such as wildlife tourism where humans closely interact with wild animals. Understanding what factors (i.e., experience and type of emotion) affect ability to recognise emotional state of nonhuman primates, based on their facial expressions, can enable us to test the validity of the universality hypothesis, as well as reduce the risk of aggression and potential injuries in wildlife tourism. Methods The present study investigated whether different levels of experience of Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus, affect the ability to correctly assess different facial expressions related to aggressive, distressed, friendly or neutral states, using an online questionnaire. Participants’ level of experience was defined as either: (1) naïve: never worked with nonhuman primates and never or rarely encountered live Barbary macaques; (2) exposed: shown pictures of the different Barbary macaques’ facial expressions along with the description and the corresponding emotion prior to undertaking the questionnaire; (3) expert: worked with Barbary macaques for at least two months. Results Experience with Barbary macaques was associated with better performance in judging their emotional state. Simple exposure to pictures of macaques’ facial expressions improved the ability of inexperienced participants to better discriminate neutral and distressed faces, and a trend was found for aggressive faces. However, these participants, even when previously exposed to pictures, had difficulties in recognising aggressive, distressed and friendly faces above chance level. Discussion These results do not support the universality hypothesis as exposed and naïve participants had difficulties in correctly identifying aggressive, distressed and friendly faces. Exposure to facial expressions improved their correct recognition. In addition, the findings suggest that providing simple exposure to 2D pictures (for example, information signs explaining animals’ facial signalling in zoos or animal parks) is not a sufficient educational tool to reduce tourists’ misinterpretations of macaque emotion. Additional measures, such as keeping a safe distance between tourists and wild animals, as well as reinforcing learning via videos or supervised visits led by expert guides, could reduce such issues and improve both animal welfare and tourist experience.

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Kremer, L., S. E. J. Klein Holkenborg, I. Reimert, J. E. Bolhuis, and L. E. Webb. "The nuts and bolts of animal emotion." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 113 (June 2020): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.028.

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Irvine, Leslie. "Animal Problems/People Skills: Emotional and Interactional Strategies in Humane Education." Society & Animals 10, no. 1 (2002): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853002760030888.

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AbstractRecent changes in the organizational culture of nonhuman animal sheltering, coupled with attitudes that are more progressive toward companion animals, have made shelters into resources rather than last resorts. Consequently, shelter workers need the "people skills" to communicate to a public that urgently needs accurate information about animal behavior and training. This poses a difficulty for workers drawn to working with animals but who find themselves working with people. Based on participant observation and informed by social psychology and the sociology of emotions, this study articulates three primary dimensions of shelter workers' interactions with clients: (a) Narrative Knowing, (b) Emotion Management, and (c) Deference. From the analysis of these dimensions, the paper then draws conclusions about the individual costs of shelter work and suggests practical steps that workers and animal care organizations could take to recognize and reduce these costs.

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Ward, Ann. "Political Emotions: Aristotle and the Symphony of Reason and Emotion." Canadian Journal of Political Science 40, no. 2 (June 2007): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423907070527.

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Political Emotions: Aristotle and the Symphony of Reason and Emotion, Marlene K. Sokolon, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006, pp. 217.Marlene K. Sokolon has provided an intellectually stimulating and highly original work on Aristotle's understanding of the emotions, mainly as presented in his treatise the Art of Rhetoric. The central thesis of Sokolon's book manifests itself in her analysis of the emotion of anger. According to Sokolon, for Aristotle anger is the paradigmatic human emotion, defined as the desire for revenge for a dishonourable and undeserving public insult against oneself or those one loves. Of this desire for revenge, Sokolon argues that “for Aristotle, unique human anger is not ‘at’ something, but more properly ‘with’ what some other person did or intends to do. Anger and the other political emotions are certain kinds of judgments or perceptions about sociopolitical circumstances. Anger judges specific kinds of events with an acknowledged political, or what we now call ‘cultural,’ meaning” (p. 55). Thus, Sokolon argues that for Aristotle the emotional experience of anger occurs in social and political contexts where there are evaluations of worth in situations involving relations of power. But if anger is the paradigmatic human emotion, this means that anger is not simply representative of various political emotions, but illustrates that human emotion as such is an essentially political phenomenon. Sokolon's thesis, therefore, is that for Aristotle, “man is by nature a political animal” not simply because he possesses reason, the apparent claim of the Politics, but also because he experiences emotions.

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Budaev, Sergey, Tore S. Kristiansen, Jarl Giske, and Sigrunn Eliassen. "Computational animal welfare: towards cognitive architecture models of animal sentience, emotion and wellbeing." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (December 2020): 201886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201886.

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To understand animal wellbeing, we need to consider subjective phenomena and sentience. This is challenging, since these properties are private and cannot be observed directly. Certain motivations, emotions and related internal states can be inferred in animals through experiments that involve choice, learning, generalization and decision-making. Yet, even though there is significant progress in elucidating the neurobiology of human consciousness, animal consciousness is still a mystery. We propose that computational animal welfare science emerges at the intersection of animal behaviour, welfare and computational cognition. By using ideas from cognitive science, we develop a functional and generic definition of subjective phenomena as any process or state of the organism that exists from the first-person perspective and cannot be isolated from the animal subject. We then outline a general cognitive architecture to model simple forms of subjective processes and sentience. This includes evolutionary adaptation which contains top-down attention modulation, predictive processing and subjective simulation by re-entrant (recursive) computations. Thereafter, we show how this approach uses major characteristics of the subjective experience: elementary self-awareness, global workspace and qualia with unity and continuity. This provides a formal framework for process-based modelling of animal needs, subjective states, sentience and wellbeing.

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Mulej Bratec, Satja, Teresa Bertram, Georg Starke, Felix Brandl, Xiyao Xie, and Christian Sorg. "Your presence soothes me: a neural process model of aversive emotion regulation via social buffering." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 5 (May 2020): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa068.

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Abstract The reduction of aversive emotions by a conspecific’s presence—called social buffering—is a universal phenomenon in the mammalian world and a powerful form of human social emotion regulation. Animal and human studies on neural pathways underlying social buffering typically examined physiological reactions or regional brain activations. However, direct links between emotional and social stimuli, distinct neural processes and behavioural outcomes are still missing. Using data of 27 female participants, the current study delineated a large-scale process model of social buffering’s neural underpinnings, connecting changes in neural activity to emotional behaviour by means of voxel-wise multilevel mediation analysis. Our results confirmed that three processes underlie human social buffering: (i) social support-related reduction of activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, anterior and mid-cingulate; (ii) downregulation of aversive emotion-induced brain activity in the superficial cortex-like amygdala and mediodorsal thalamus; and (iii) downregulation of reported aversive feelings. Results of the current study provide evidence for a distinct neural process model of aversive emotion regulation in humans by social buffering.

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KRYVENCHUK, YURII, and Y. Lavryk. "CREATION OF FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION SYSTEM." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 303, no. 6 (December 2021): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-303-6-69-72.

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In the modern world, a lot of things and processes, which not so long ago were treated as something from fiction, are increasingly being implemented in real life. An example of this is the automation of the process of recognizing emotions, which is no longer an unattainable technology and occupies an important place in the area of computer vision. Technologies for recognizing the emotions of facial expression can be used for various fields and purposes: from creating games and applications to more complex, such as analysis of people’s mental state, discussions, marketing research, attention monitoring, driver status, robotics and so on. All this confirms the high academic and commercial potential of systems for recognizing the emotional characteristics of the person and, accordingly, brings a large number of scientists and developers, some of whom have already implemented such systems. But today their number is small and a lot of such products require special equipment and high computing performance. Another common problem is the vulnerability to blurred images and the closed nature of the system, which makes it impossible to analyze and modify the development. Therefore, the optimization of the automated process of recognizing the emotions of facial expression is needed in order to create a more stable, high quality and affordable system. The paper have description and results of the creation of system of emotion recognition, the basis of which is a convolutional neural network. The user can connect with the system through a simple interface that allows you to download the image for analysis or turn on the camera to identify emotions in real time. The practical value of this work is the developed high-quality system for recognizing the facial emotional characteristics which is ready for use and implementation in relevant fields.

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TenHouten, Warren D. "Basic emotion theory, social constructionism, and the universal ethogram." Social Science Information 60, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 610–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/05390184211046481.

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While emotion researchers with an evolutionary and biological orientation increasingly agree that small sets of discrete emotions are basic or primary, other researchers – particularly social constructionists – instead argue that all emotions are expressions of language and culture largely unconstrained by biology. Emotions are indeed socially and psychologically constructed, but not from scratch, for the basic emotions have evolved as biologically-structured adaptive reactions to the most fundamental problems of life, and have a deep evolutionary history. These life-problems were first identified in herpetology, and elaborated in Plutchik’s universal ethogram, a behavioral profile of four problems of life – identity, temporality, hierarchy, and territoriality – shared by a wide range of animal species. Plutchik proposed that the opposite poles of each of these dimensions can represent prototypical life-situations requiring rapid adaptive reactions; these reactions comprise the eight primary emotions. By hypothesizing that these dimensions have evolved into elementary social-relations models, we establish a continuity between the sociorelational and biological levels of emotional experience. Identification of eight basic emotions enables a classification of 24 secondary and 56 tertiary level emotions.

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Salzen, Eric A. "Emotion and self-awareness." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, no. 3-4 (May 1998): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00104-x.

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Burger, E., B. U. Stetina, K. Turner, T. Lederman-Maman, U. Handlos, and I. Kryspin-Exner. "Changes in emotion regulation and emotion recognition in adolescents: Improvements during animal-assisted training." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, no. 2 (March 2009): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.09.056.

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Angel-Fernandez, Julian M., and Andrea Bonarini. "Robots Showing Emotions." Interaction Studies 17, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 408–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.17.3.06ang.

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Abstract Robots should be able to represent emotional states to interact with people as social agents. There are cases where robots cannot have bio-inspired bodies, for instance because the task to be performed requires a special shape, as in the case of home cleaners, package carriers, and many others. In these cases, emotional states have to be represented by exploiting movements of the body. In this paper, we present a set of case studies aimed at identifying speciﬁc values to convey emotion trough changes in linear and angular velocities, which might be applied on different non-anthropomorphic bodies. This work originates from some of the most considered emotion expression theories and from emotion coding for people. We show that people can recognize some emotional expressions better than others, and we propose some directions to express emotions exploiting only bio-neutral movement.

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García-Higuera, José-Antonio, Carlos Crivelli, and José-Miguel Fernández-Dols. "Facial expressions during an extremely intense emotional situation: Toreros’ lip funnel." Social Science Information 54, no. 4 (September 21, 2015): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018415596381.

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Since Darwin, emotions have been defined as adaptive reactions that increase the probability of survival. In this framework, a situation in which individuals fight for their life with an imposing, aggressive animal should be an ideal elicitor of emotions and their corresponding facial expressions. We tested the correspondence between the facial expressions of 22 bullfighters (toreros) and their reported emotions at different stages of the fight. Toreros reported intense experiences of happiness or fear, but there were no observable instances of the facial expressions predicted for these emotions (e.g. smiles). Instead toreros displayed frowning, nostril dilatation, parted lips, and, protruding funneled lips in particular. In a second study we found that 149 judges could not recognize toreros’ facial movements as expressions of emotion. Absence of a universal signal value strongly suggests that toreros’ expressions are not an undescribed expression of basic emotions. The observed non-correspondence between intense reported emotions and their predicted expressions casts doubt on one of the most popular assumptions in contemporary psychology and provides new evidence for an alternative theoretical view. In this view, facial expressions are not signals of emotion, but actions that are roughly coextensive with other processes and structures in the framework of an emotional episode.

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Corujo, Luis A., Emily Kieson, Timo Schloesser, and Peter A. Gloor. "Emotion Recognition in Horses with Convolutional Neural Networks." Future Internet 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13100250.

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Creating intelligent systems capable of recognizing emotions is a difficult task, especially when looking at emotions in animals. This paper describes the process of designing a “proof of concept” system to recognize emotions in horses. This system is formed by two elements, a detector and a model. The detector is a fast region-based convolutional neural network that detects horses in an image. The model is a convolutional neural network that predicts the emotions of those horses. These two elements were trained with multiple images of horses until they achieved high accuracy in their tasks. In total, 400 images of horses were collected and labeled to train both the detector and the model while 40 were used to test the system. Once the two components were validated, they were combined into a testable system that would detect equine emotions based on established behavioral ethograms indicating emotional affect through the head, neck, ear, muzzle, and eye position. The system showed an accuracy of 80% on the validation set and 65% on the test set, demonstrating that it is possible to predict emotions in animals using autonomous intelligent systems. Such a system has multiple applications including further studies in the growing field of animal emotions as well as in the veterinary field to determine the physical welfare of horses or other livestock.

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ЗЕЛІНСЬКА, Оксана. "Вербалізація емоції страху в дитини в художньому тексті." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, no. 10 (December 13, 2022): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.10.2.

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Emotion linguistics is a new trend in philology which develops rapidly. Language tools of revealing specific aspects of a child’s emotional world in literary tests are analyzed in the paper, in particular the specificity of experiencing a fear emotion. Linguists who study the ways of a language expression of emotions frequently refer to artistic texts. However, the specificity of emotion expression and its verbal denotation depending on the age peculiarities of man is not a sufficiently studied phenomenon. The materials for the research are the literary texts created by the Ukrainian writers at different times, in which children are the main characters (works of P. Myrnyi, M. Kotsiubynskyi, І. Franko, B. Lepkyi, М. Stelmakh, Ye. Hutsalo, М. Matios). The value of the literary texts consists in the fact that they have generally reliable information about a child’s psycho-emotional world since usually children’s images are autobiographical and the emotion description is in most cases the expression of psychical feelings of the authors of the texts. There are several ways to express a child’s fear emotions: a lexical nomination of emotion and emotion descriptors; a description of a non-verbal behavior of a child, a description of a body reaction to emotion.

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Cross, Liam, Myles Farha, and Gray Atherton. "The Animal in Me: Enhancing Emotion Recognition in Adolescents with Autism Using Animal Filters." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 49, no. 11 (August 26, 2019): 4482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04179-7.

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Prinz, Jesse. "Emotion, Psychosemantics, and Embodied Appraisals." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 52 (March 2003): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000789x.

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There seem to be two kinds of emotion the rists in the world. Some work very hard to show that emotions are essentially cognitive states. Others resist this suggestion and insist that emotions are noncognitive. The debate has appeared in many forms in philosophy and psychology. It never seems to go away. The reason for this is simple. Emotions have properties that push in both directions, properties that make them seem quite smart and properties that make them seem quite dumb. They exemplify the base impulses of our animal nature while simultaneously branching out into the most human and humane reaches of our mental repertoires. Depending on where one looks, emotions can emerge as our simplest instincts or our subtlest achievements. This double nature makes emotions captivating, but also confounding. Researchers find themselves picking one side at the expense of the other, or packaging seemingly disparate components into unstable unions. I will defend a more integrative approach. For a more thorough treatment, see Prinz (forthcoming).

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Jennbert, Kristina. "Animal Graves: Dog, Horse and Bear." Current Swedish Archaeology 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2003.07.

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The author discusses the relationship between people and animals in a time perspective of millennia. The starting point is the pre-Christian, Scandinavian, animal graves of dogs and horses, the Saami bear-graves, as well as animal burials of modern time. The occurrence of animal graves in pre-Christian time and the wide range of ways to dispose ofhuman and animal bodies complicate our understanding of the concept of a grave. The relationship between people and animals is complex. The animal burials reflect the existence ofa longstanding and very close bond between people and animals, which is based on emotion, prestige and the ritualising of a dynamic nature. It seems that people position themselves in their surroundings with a kind of mentality that has a long time span. This gives unexpected views of the cultural inheritance, of the idea of people as the crown of creation, and of the way in which the main threads are interwoven in our cultural history.

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전소영. "Animal and Woman in The Lives of Animals by J. M. Coetzee:Between Reason and Emotion." Feminist Studies in English Literature 19, no. 2 (October 2011): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15796/fsel.2011.19.2.002.

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Ferres, Kim, Timo Schloesser, and Peter A. Gloor. "Predicting Dog Emotions Based on Posture Analysis Using DeepLabCut." Future Internet 14, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14040097.

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This paper describes an emotion recognition system for dogs automatically identifying the emotions anger, fear, happiness, and relaxation. It is based on a previously trained machine learning model, which uses automatic pose estimation to differentiate emotional states of canines. Towards that goal, we have compiled a picture library with full body dog pictures featuring 400 images with 100 samples each for the states “Anger”, “Fear”, “Happiness” and “Relaxation”. A new dog keypoint detection model was built using the framework DeepLabCut for animal keypoint detector training. The newly trained detector learned from a total of 13,809 annotated dog images and possesses the capability to estimate the coordinates of 24 different dog body part keypoints. Our application is able to determine a dog’s emotional state visually with an accuracy between 60% and 70%, exceeding human capability to recognize dog emotions.

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Hamilton, Lindsay, and Darren McCabe. "‘It’s just a job’: Understanding emotion work, de-animalization and the compartmentalization of organized animal slaughter." Organization 23, no. 3 (April 21, 2016): 330–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508416629448.

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This article contributes to an understanding of the nexus between humans and animals by drawing on ethnographic research conducted in a British chicken factory and, more particularly, by exploring the emotional subjectivity of Meat Inspectors employed by the Food Standards Agency to oversee quality, hygiene and consumer safety within this plant. We argue that these Inspectors displayed a complex range of often contradictory emotions from the ‘mechanized’ to the ‘humanized’ and link this, in part, to the technocratic organization of factory work that compartmentalizes and sanitizes slaughter. This serves to de-animalize and commodify certain animals, which fosters an emotional detachment from them. In contrast to research which suggests that emotions switch off and on in a dialectic between violence and non-violence, or that we are living in a post-emotional society, we elucidate the co-existence, fluidity and range of emotions that surface and submerge at work. While contributing to the extant literature on ‘emotionologies’, we add new insights by considering how emotions play out in relation to animals.

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Gillespie, Kathryn. "Witnessing Animal Others: Bearing Witness, Grief, and the Political Function of Emotion." Hypatia 31, no. 3 (2016): 572–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12261.

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This article theorizes the politics of witnessing and grief in the context of the embodied experience of cows raised for dairy in the Pacific Northwestern United States. Bearing witness to the mundane features of dairy production and their impact on cows' physical and emotional worlds enables us to understand the violence of commodification and the political dimensions of witnessing the suffering of an Other. I argue that greater attention should be paid to the uneven hierarchies of power in the act of bearing witness. Centering the animal as a subject of witnessing allows us to see with particular clarity the ethical ambiguities at work in witnessing while at the same time attending to the importance of witnessing‐as‐politics. My project here is to lay bare moments of emotional and physical turmoil not seen as such—the lives that are rendered ungrievable—and examine how we can and should respond to them. Thus, this article contributes to feminist conversations about witnessing, grief, and the political function of emotion.

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Curnow, Joe, and Tanner Vea. "Emotional configurations of politicization in social justice movements." Information and Learning Sciences 121, no. 9/10 (November 16, 2020): 729–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-01-2020-0017.

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Purpose This paper aims to trace how emotion shapes the sense that is made of politics and how politicization can remake and re-mark emotion, giving it new meaning in context. This paper brings together theories of politicization and emotional configurations in learning to interrogate the role emotion plays in the learning of social justice activists. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on sociocultural learning perspectives, the paper traces politicization processes across the youth climate movement (using video-based interaction analysis) and the animal rights movement (using ethnographic interviews and participant observation). Findings Emotional configurations significantly impacted activists’ politicization in terms of what was learned conceptually, the kinds of practices – including emotional practices – that were taken up collectively, the epistemologies that framed social justice work, and the identities that were made salient in collective action. In turn, politicization reshaped how social justice activists made sense of emotion in the course of activist practice. Social implications This study is valuable for theorizing social justice learning, so social movement facilitators and educators might design spaces where learning about gender, racialization, colonialism and/or human/more-than-human relations can thrive. By attending to emotional configurations, this study can help facilitate a design that supports and sustains learning for justice. Originality/value Emotion remains under-theorized and under-analyzed in the learning sciences, despite indications that emotion enables and constrains particular learning opportunities. This paper proposes new ways of understanding emotion and politicization as co-constitutive processes for learning scientists interested in politics and social justice.

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KLOTZKO, ARLENE JUDITH, and PETER SINGER. "Learning from Henry Spira." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180199801029.

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For a very long time, the scientific and animal welfare communities have faced each other across a seemingly unbridgeable divide. Each side tends to view the other in simplistic and distorted terms. Animal welfare advocates see scientists as, at worst, sadists who enjoy torturing animals, and at best, as self-interested careerists intent on building careers out of publishing more papers and getting more grants, irrespective of the cost to animals. Scientists committed to research see the animal movement as consisting of, at best, ignorant, simple-minded people awash in emotion and sensationalism, and at worst, violent and dangerous fanatics who claim to care for animals but are indifferent to human suffering.

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Jarvis, Lee C. "Leveraging Emotion to Catalyze Institutional Change: Examples from Animal Rights." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 11456. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.11456abstract.

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Davis, Michael. "Anatomic and Physiologic Substrates of Emotion in an Animal Model." Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 15, no. 5 (September 1998): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199809000-00002.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal emotion'

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