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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal Exchange'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Boutilier, Robert G. "Control of arrhythmic breathing in bimodal breathers: Amphibia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-002.

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Amphibians employ a system of gas exchange whereby various combinations of the lungs, gills, and skin are used to exploit gas exchanges in both air and water (bimodal breathing). Continuous lung ventilation is rarely observed in these animals. Instead, the dominant breath pattern is arrhythmic in nature and is believed to have evolved in response to a periodic need to supplement aquatic gas exchange. Such a need is largely dependent on the activity state of the animal concerned and its capacity for aquatic gas exchange. The overall control system appears to be one that turns lung ventilation on and off by trigger signals arising from chemo- and mechano-sensitive receptors responding to changing conditions during periods of breath holding and breathing. In amphibians in which the aquatic exchanger is a major avenue for CO2 elimination, [Formula: see text] levels in the lungs and blood do not change substantially in the latter stages of a breath hold. Under these conditions falling levels of oxygen may be the primary stimulus to terminate the breath hold and initiate breathing. There is, however, some interaction between the two gases since elevated CO2 levels affect the sensitivity of the predominantly O2-mediated response. Another major component in determining air-breathing patterns in these animals is their ability to delay the onset of breathing when certain behavioural activities take precedence over the need for additional gas exchange.
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2

De Grauwe, Paul, and Pablo Rovira Kaltwasser. "Animal spirits in the foreign exchange market." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 36, no. 8 (August 2012): 1176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2012.03.008.

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3

Deng, Y. P., and B. Storrie. "Animal cell lysosomes rapidly exchange membrane proteins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85, no. 11 (June 1, 1988): 3860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.11.3860.

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4

Tomasevic-Canovic, Magdalena, Aleksandra Dakovic, Vesna Markovic, and Dragan Stojsic. "The effect of exchangeable cations in clinoptilolite and montmorillonite on the adsorption of aflatoxin B1." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 66, no. 8 (2001): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0108555t.

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The adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by cation-exchanged clinoptilolite zeolitic tuff and montmorillonite was investigated at 37?C and pH 3.8 from an aqueous electrolyte having a composition similar to that of gastric juices of animals. Bothminerals were exchanged from the natural form to the sodium form and then to the Cu2+, Zn2+ and Co2+-rich forms. The cation exchange was different for the different cations, but in all cases the exchanges were larger on montmorillonite than on clinoptilolite. The degree of exchange on montmorillonite was 76 % for copper (from a total of CEC 0.95 meq/g, Cu2+ -0.73 meq/g) and 85 % for zinc and cobalt. Under the same conditions (concentration, temperature, pH, contact time), the degree of exchange on zeolitic tuff was 12 % for Cu2+ (from a total CEC of 1.46 meq/g, Cu2+ -0.17 meq/g), 8 % for Zn2+ and 10 % for Co2+. Both groups of mineral adsorbents showed high AFB1 chemisorption indexes (c?). For the montmorillonite forms, c? ranged from 0.75 for the Cu-exchanged montmorillonite to 0.89 for the natural Ca-form, 0.90 for the Zn-exchanged form and 0.93 for the Co-exchanged montmorillonite. The adsorption of AFB1 on the different exchanged forms of clinoptilolite gave similar values of c? for the Cu and Ca forms (0.90) and values of 0.94 and 0.95 for the Zn- and Co-exchanged form. The impact of the mineral adsorbents on the reduction of essential nutrients present in animal feed (Cu, Zn, Mn and Co) showed that the Ca-rich montmorillonite had a higher capability for the reduction of the microelements than the Ca-rich clinoptilolite.
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5

Schmitz, Oswald J., Christopher C. Wilmers, Shawn J. Leroux, Christopher E. Doughty, Trisha B. Atwood, Mauro Galetti, Andrew B. Davies, and Scott J. Goetz. "Animals and the zoogeochemistry of the carbon cycle." Science 362, no. 6419 (December 6, 2018): eaar3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3213.

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Predicting and managing the global carbon cycle requires scientific understanding of ecosystem processes that control carbon uptake and storage. It is generally assumed that carbon cycling is sufficiently characterized in terms of uptake and exchange between ecosystem plant and soil pools and the atmosphere. We show that animals also play an important role by mediating carbon exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere, at times turning ecosystem carbon sources into sinks, or vice versa. Animals also move across landscapes, creating a dynamism that shapes landscape-scale variation in carbon exchange and storage. Predicting and measuring carbon cycling under such dynamism is an important scientific challenge. We explain how to link analyses of spatial ecosystem functioning, animal movement, and remote sensing of animal habitats with carbon dynamics across landscapes.
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6

Kinyua, P. I. D., and J. T. Njoka. "Animal exchange ratios: an alternative point of view." African Journal of Ecology 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2001.00272.x.

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7

Liberati, Paolo. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ROOFING DESIGN ON HEAT STRESS IN DAIRY COW HOUSING." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2008.4.1.

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A simulation model determining the heat flow exchange between housed animals and the roofing was developed considering various relevant factors: constructive materials, slope, height, orientation, latitude, external air temperature, solar load, animal position. Results show that the most important factor to reduce heat load is the insulation. For non-insulated roofing the slope and the orientation are the most relevant factors. Considering the total exchanged energy, the non insulated roof has a good nocturnal global behaviour.
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8

Varene, P., and C. Kays. "A graphic analysis of respiratory heat exchange." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1374.

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A new graphic representation of respiratory heat exchange is proposed using the concept of equivalent temperatures directly related to enthalpy values. On such a diagram it is possible to 1) compute the value of the heat exchange (delta H) knowing the inspired temperature (TI) and the partial pressure of water vapor (PIH2O) [or the relative humidity (rhI)] of inspired gas; 2) estimate the variation in delta H following a given variation in TI and PIH2O or, inversely, to choose the variation in TI and PIH2O necessary to obtain a given variation in delta H; 3) dissociate inspiratory and expiratory exchanges and to evaluate the efficiency of the respiratory heat exchange process in different environmental situations; and 4) easily compare the results of different studies published on respiratory heat exchanges in humans or other animal species.
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9

Schoenmakers, T. J., and G. Flik. "Sodium-extruding and calcium-extruding sodium/calcium exchangers display similar calcium affinities." Journal of Experimental Biology 168, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.168.1.151.

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Na+/Ca2+ exchange activities in purely inside-out and mixed inside-out and right-side-out fish enterocyte basolateral plasma membrane vesicle preparations display equal affinities for Ca2+, showing that only the intracellular Ca2+ transport site of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is detected in experiments on vesicle preparations with mixed orientation. Therefore, Ca2+ pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity may be compared directly without correction for vesicle orientation. The Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity in fish enterocyte vesicles is compared to the activity found in dog erythrocyte vesicles. The calcium-extruding exchanger in fish basolateral plasma membranes shows values of Km and V(max) for calcium similar to those found for the sodium-extruding exchanger in dog erythrocyte membranes, indicating that differences in electrochemical gradients underlie the difference in cellular function of the two exchangers.
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10

Kamath, Ambika, and Ashton B. Wesner. "Animal territoriality, property and access: a collaborative exchange between animal behaviour and the social sciences." Animal Behaviour 164 (June 2020): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.12.009.

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11

Holthaus, Kathryn, David Goldberg, Carolyn Connelly, Brian Corning, Christina Nascimento, Elizabeth Witte, and Barbara E. Bierer. "Facilitating collaborative animal research: The development and implementation of a Master Reciprocal Institutional Agreement for Animal Care and Use." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.431.

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AbstractEnsuring appropriate review, approval, and oversight of research involving animals becomes increasingly complex when researchers collaborate across multiple sites. In these situations, it is important that the division of responsibilities is clear and that all involved parties share a common understanding. The National Institutes of Health Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare and the United States Department of Agriculture Animal Plant Health Inspection Service require an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to review the care and use of animals in research, and both agree that it is acceptable for one IACUC to review the work taking place at multiple institutions. With this in mind, several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and academic centers developed the Master Reciprocal Institutional Agreement for Animal Care and Use (Master IACUC Agreement) to support collaboration, decrease administrative burden, increase efficiencies, reduce duplicative efforts, and ensure appropriate protections for animals used in research. Locally, the Master IACUC Agreement has fostered greater collaboration and exchange while ensuring appropriate review and oversight of research involving animals. As multisite animal protocols become more prevalent, this Agreement could provide a model for a distributed, national network of IACUC reliance.
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12

Del Hoyo, P., F. Moure, M. Rendueles, and M. Díaz. "Demineralization of animal blood plasma by ion exchange and ultrafiltration." Meat Science 76, no. 3 (July 2007): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.014.

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13

ASQUITH, R. S., and A. K. PURI. "Disulphide Exchange as a Method of Coloration of Animal Fibres." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 87, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1971.tb03011.x.

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14

Gunderson, Ryan. "From Cattle to Capital: Exchange Value, Animal Commodification, and Barbarism." Critical Sociology 39, no. 2 (November 2, 2011): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920511421031.

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15

Romero, M., H. Guizouarn, B. Pellissier, F. Garcia-Romeu, and R. Motais. "The erythrocyte Na+/H+ exchangers of eel (Anguilla anguilla) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a comparative study." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.2.415.

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Trout and eel red blood cell Na+/H+ exchangers show widely different regulatory properties. Catecholamines, cyclic AMP and phorbol esters, which activate the trout red cell antiporter, do not affect the eel exchanger. Unlike the trout red cell exchanger, the eel red cell exchanger is strongly activated by cell shrinkage, allowing a remarkable cell volume recovery. These different regulatory properties probably indicate the existence of different isoforms of the exchangers in nucleated erythrocytes, since sensitivity to catecholamines is known to be dependent upon the presence of protein kinase A consensus sites on the cytoplasmic domain of the antiporter. After shrinkage of eel erythrocytes, the Na+/H+ exchange rate gradually increases to reach a maximum value after about 10 min. The magnitude of activation is a graded function of cell shrinkage. Deactivation, like activation, is induced by a volume change and occurs after some delay (lag time). The response of the trout antiporter (betaNHE) to cell shrinkage is much reduced compared with that of the eel antiporter. In addition, the antiporter is deactivated prior to restoration of the normal control volume, leaving cell volume regulation notably defective. The trout red cell antiporter, which is desensitized and enters a refractory state following hormonal activation, is only deactivated (it can be reversibly reactivated) after shrinkage-induced activation. This dual control may occur by both phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent mechanisms. In view of the similarities in the regulatory properties of eel and salamander (Amphiuma sp.) Na+/H+ exchangers, the expression of a putative K+/H+ exchange mediated by the N+/H+ exchanger was sought in eel erythrocytes. However, neither osmotic swelling nor calyculin-A-dependent phosphorylation revealed such a K+/H+ exchange.
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16

Pearson, Mike Parker. "Eating money." Archaeological Dialogues 7, no. 2 (December 2000): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001768.

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AbstractThis paper develops a case study of animal exploitation in Androy, in southern Madagascar, to demonstrate the exchange and depositional processes by which animal bones can eventually end up in the ground. It examines the central role of cattle as symbol, currency and foodstuff in Tandroy life and explores some of the contexts and complexities of livestock exchange and slaughter. The results of this case study are used to suggest that standard archaeological calculations of minimum numbers (MNI) from individual sites may not always provide reliable information about livestock numbers in subsistence economies, and that the nutritional value of certain species might be the least important of their attributes. The complex exchange patterns of animals at Tandroy funerals, and the ways that their gifting and sacrifice define and reinforce social roles, identity and position, are key aspects of the social changes by which the powerful can become poor and the enslaved wealthy.
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17

Rui, Zhang, Chen Wei Ling, Huang Xing Yun, Sun Mei Rong, Zhang Hong Lian, Cheng Weng Jie, Wang Rong Lian, Du Hui, and Liao Yan. "New methods of mold control in animal specimens." SDRP Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jeses.5.1.ra.10629.

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Mold spores and hyphae infection is a serious problem and can lead to damage or loss of natural history specimens. Animal specimens play an important role in cultural exchange, science popularization, scientific research and economic window, but the preparation and preservation technology system of biological specimens is relatively unsafe and inefficient. Infection by Mold spores and hyphae is not only an acute problem that may cause damage or loss of specimens，but alsois very harmful to human beings health and polluted to environment, It is one of the principal element that restricts the development of the natural history museums. In this paper, identified the mold species of animal specimens by PCR with ITS primers, bio-microscopic observation, sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results showed the mold of animal specimens mainly belong to Aspergillus and Neurospora. than screened environmental friendly fungicides, the results show that both chitosan and nano silver can effectively inhibit the Aspergillus and Neurospora of animal specimens , the study provides a theoretical basis for the study of the new specimen fungicides and the environmental safety of the natural history museum Key words: Animal specimens, mold identification, phylogenetic tree analysis, Mold fungicides, chitosan; nano-silver
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18

el-Seifi, S., J. M. Freiberg, J. Kinsella, L. Cheng, and B. Sacktor. "Na+-H+ exchange and Na+-dependent transport systems in streptozotocin diabetic rat kidneys." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): R40—R47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.1.r40.

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The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat was used to test the hypothesis that Na+-H+ exchange activity in the proximal tubule luminal membrane would be increased in association with renal hypertrophy, altered glomerular hemodynamics, enhanced filtered load and tubular reabsorption of Na+, and stimulated Na+ pump activity in the basolateral membrane, previously reported characteristics of this experimental animal model. Amiloride-sensitive H+ gradient-dependent Na+ uptake and Na+ gradient-dependent H+ flux were increased in brush-border membrane vesicles from the streptozotocin-treated animals. Na+ gradient-dependent uptakes of phosphate, D-glucose, L-proline, and myoinositol were decreased in the drug-induced diabetic animals. These membrane transport alterations were not found when the streptozotocin-diabetic animals were treated with insulin.
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19

Pinter-Wollman, Noa, Alan Penn, Guy Theraulaz, and Stephen M. Fiore. "Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1753 (July 2, 2018): 20170232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0232.

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Built structures, such as animal nests or buildings that humans occupy, serve two overarching purposes: shelter and a space where individuals interact. The former has dominated much of the discussion in the literature. But, as the study of collective behaviour expands, it is time to elucidate the role of the built environment in shaping collective outcomes. Collective behaviour in social animals emerges from interactions, and collective cognition in humans emerges from communication and coordination. These collective actions have vast economic implications in human societies and critical fitness consequences in animal systems. Despite the obvious influence of space on interactions, because spatial proximity is necessary for an interaction to occur, spatial constraints are rarely considered in studies of collective behaviour or collective cognition. An interdisciplinary exchange between behavioural ecologists, evolutionary biologists, cognitive scientists, social scientists, architects and engineers can facilitate a productive exchange of ideas, methods and theory that could lead us to uncover unifying principles and novel research approaches and questions in studies of animal and human collective behaviour. This article, along with those in this theme issue aims to formalize and catalyse this interdisciplinary exchange. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour’.
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20

Toktaş, Yılmaz, and Agnieszka Parlinska. "The Impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate on Poland’s Food and Live Animal Exports." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.4.21.

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In this study, for the 2012M1-2020M1 period, the relationship between Poland’s real effective exchange rate and its food and animal exports were examined by the bounds test. The stationary analyses of variables were examined by the ADF and PP tests. According to the results of a cointegration test, a cointegration relation among the real effective exchange rate, food and live animal exports, as well as industrial production was determined. It was also concluded that the real effective exchange rate has a long-term negative impact on Poland's food and live animal exports. This research also established that a 1% increase in the real effective exchange rate in the long-term would decrease Poland's food and animal exports by 3.091%. Also, industrial production has a positive impact on Poland’s food and animal exports, as expected. It was determined that a 1% increase in industrial production would increase Poland’s food and animal exports by 2.803%. On the other hand, the error correction term coefficient was found to be -0.119, indicating that 11% of the imbalance in the short-term will be recovered in the next period.
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21

Janke, Natasha, Jason B. Coe, Theresa M. Bernardo, Cate E. Dewey, and Elizabeth A. Stone. "Pet owners’ and veterinarians’ perceptions of information exchange and clinical decision-making in companion animal practice." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): e0245632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245632.

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One of the most complex aspects of the veterinarian-client-patient interaction is the clinical decision-making process. Research suggests that the approach to communication used by veterinarians can impact veterinary clients’ involvement in the decision-making process and their ultimate satisfaction. Using different approaches to the decision-making process may affect how information is exchanged and consequently how decisions are made. The objective of this study was to determine pet owners’ expectations with respect to information exchange and decision-making during veterinarian-client-patient interactions and to compare veterinarians’ perceptions of those expectations and the challenges they face in meeting them. Five pet owner focus groups (27 owners) and three veterinarian focus groups (24 veterinarians) were conducted with standardized open-ended questions and follow-up probes. Thematic analysis of the transcribed data was conducted to identify trends and patterns that emerged during the focus groups. Three pet owner-based themes were identified: 1) understanding the client; 2) providing information suitable for the client; and 3) decision-making. In addition, three barriers for veterinarians affecting information exchange and decision-making were identified: 1) time constraints; 2) involvement of multiple clients; and 3) language barriers. Results suggest that pet owners expect to be supported by their veterinarian to make informed decisions by understanding the client’s current knowledge, tailoring information and educating clients about their options. Breakdowns in the information exchange process can impact pet owners’ perceptions of veterinarians’ motivations. Pet owners’ emphasis on partnership suggests that a collaborative approach between veterinarians and clients may improve client satisfaction.
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22

Martyniuk, E., B. Berger, D. Bojkovski, D. Bouchel, S. J. Hiemstra, C. Marguerat, V. Matlova, and N. Sæther. "Possible consequences of the Nagoya Protocol for animal breeding and the worldwide exchange of animal genetic resources." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science 67, no. 3-4 (October 2, 2017): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2018.1435714.

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23

Matz, Brendan. "Crossing, grading, and keeping pure: animal breeding and exchange around 1860." Endeavour 35, no. 1 (March 2011): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.12.001.

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24

Toadvine, Ted. "The Time of Animal Voices." Konturen 6 (September 16, 2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/konturen.7.0.3532.

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Phenomenology’s attention to the theme of animality has focused not on animal life in general but rather on the animal dimension of the human and its contested relation with humanity as such. Phenomenology thereby reproduces Agamben’s “anthropological machine” by which humanity is constructed through the “inclusive exclusion” of its animality. The alternative to this “inclusive exclusion” is not, however, a return to kinship or commonality, but rather an intensification of the constitutive paradox of our own inner animality, understood in terms of the anonymous, corporeal subject of perception that lives a different temporality than that of first-person consciousness. This provides us with an entirely different context for encounter with non-human others, insofar as they speak through our own voices and gaze out through our own eyes. This position is developed through a reading, first, of the proximity of Merleau-Ponty’s early work with that of Max Scheler, who paradigmatically reduces human animality to bare life. Merleau-Ponty differentiates himself from Scheler by emphasizing, in The Structure of Behavior, that life cannot be integrated into spirit without remainder. Merleau-Ponty’s later work thinks this remainder as the ineliminable gap and delay in the auto-affection of the body and as a chiasmic exchange that anticipates Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of “becoming animal.” This remainder of life within consciousness is the immemorial past of one’s own animality. It follows that our “inner animality” is neither singular nor plural but a kind of pack that speaks through the voice that I take to be mine. Furthermore, in the exchange of looks between myself and a non-human other, the crossing of glances occurs at an animal level that withdraws from my own reflective consciousness.
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YOUNG, B. A., V. A. WALKER, and W. T. WHITMORE. "PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING RESTING AND SUMMIT METABOLISM IN SHEEP AND CALVES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-016.

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Standard test procedures are described for measuring resting metabolism (RM) and cold-induced summit metabolism (SM) which involve immersion of the animal in a water bath and measurement of gas exchange by an open-circuit respiratory system. The method has been evaluated using neonatal lambs and calves and adult sheep. Conditions of measurement of RM and SM are defined in relation to water temperature, time after feeding, and animal activity. During each test, water and rectal temperatures and respiratory gas exchange were continuously measured while the animal was confined in 38 °C water to measure RM. The water temperature was then reduced to 18 °C to measure SM and rate of body cooling. Resistance to body cooling was measured as the time taken for rectal temperature to fall to 35 °C while the animal was immersed in 18 °C water. By the described procedures, measurement of RM, SM, and resistance to body cooling could be completed within 3 h without exposure of the animal to excessively low ambient temperatures that could damage superficial tissue or jeopardize the subsequent well-being of the animal. Furthermore, the measurements can be made on animals fed once daily without disrupting their daily feeding routine or having them out of their normal environment for an extended period. Key words: Calorimetry, resting metabolism, summit metabolism, body cooling, cold resistance
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Jensen, F. B., T. Wang, and J. Brahm. "Acute and chronic influence of temperature on red blood cell anion exchange." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.1.39.

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Unidirectional (36)Cl(−) efflux via the red blood cell anion exchanger was measured under Cl(−) self-exchange conditions (i.e. no net flow of anions) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and red-eared freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta to examine the effects of acute temperature changes and acclimation temperature on this process. We also evaluated the possible adaptation of anion exchange to different temperature regimes by including our previously published data on other animals. An acute temperature increase caused a significant increase in the rate constant (k) for unidirectional Cl(−) efflux in rainbow trout and freshwater turtle. After 3 weeks of temperature acclimation, 5 degrees C-acclimated rainbow trout showed only marginally higher Cl(−) transport rates than 15 degrees C-acclimated trout when compared at the same temperature. Apparent activation energies for red blood cell Cl(−) exchange in trout and turtle were lower than values reported in endothermic animals. The Q(10) for red blood cell anion exchange was 2.0 in trout and 2.3 in turtle, values close to those for CO(2) excretion, suggesting that, in ectothermic animals, the temperature sensitivity of band-3-mediated anion exchange matches the temperature sensitivity of CO(2) transport (where red blood cell Cl(−)/HCO(3)(−) exchange is a rate-limiting step). In endotherms, such as man and chicken, Q(10) values for red blood cell anion exchange are considerably higher but are no obstacle to CO(2) transport, because body temperature is normally kept constant at values at which anion exchange rates are high. When compared at constant temperature, red blood cell Cl(−) permeability shows large differences among species (trout, carp, eel, cod, turtle, alligator, chicken and man). Cl(−) permeabilities are, however, remarkable similar when compared at preferred body temperatures, suggesting an appropriate evolutionary adaptation of red blood cell anion exchange function to the different thermal niches occupied by animals.
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van Noordwijk, Arie J., Gerrit Speek, Jacquie A. Clark, Zenon Rohde, and Rinse D. Wassenaar. "The EURING exchange code 2000." Journal für Ornithologie 144, no. 4 (October 2003): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02465510.

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28

Macneil, James D., John R. Patterson, Adrian C. Fesser, and Valerie K. Martz. "Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Animal Tissues: A Canadian Perspective." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 6 (November 1, 1990): 838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.6.838.

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Abstract Analytical methods for pentachlorophenol (PCP) residues In edible animal tissue have been reviewed, with particular reference to gas chromatographic methods of analysis. Results of analyses demonstrate that significant residues of PCP can persist for several weeks In animals exposed to contaminated bedding. National surveys In Canada have found that the incidence of PCP residues In pork in excess of 0.1 ppm was reduced from 32% of survey samples In 1981- 1982 to 6.6% of samples tested In 1987-1988. An Interlaboratory sample exchange among Canadian laboratories demonstrated that the PCP analytical method currently used by Agriculture Canada could be successfully transferred to other laboratories. An exchange of samples between regulatory laboratories of Agriculture Canada and the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) demonstrated equivalency of results for the 2 methods currently used in the respective laboratories, with relative standard deviations for analytical results ranging from 4.4 to 22.2%.
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29

Tattersall, Glenn J., Suzanne Currie, and Danielle M. LeBlanc. "Pulmonary and cutaneous O2 gas exchange: a student laboratory exercise in the frog." Advances in Physiology Education 37, no. 1 (March 2013): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00087.2012.

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Gas exchange in animals is ultimately diffusion based, generally occurring across dedicated respiratory organs. In many aquatic amphibians, however, multiple modes of gas exchange exist, allowing for the partitioning of O2 uptake and CO2 excretion between respiratory organs with different efficiencies. For example, due to the physical properties of O2 being vastly different between air and water phases, the lung and skin play disproportionately important roles in O2 uptake. Many aquatic frogs are renowned for their cutaneous gas exchange capacity, where often the majority of CO2 is excreted across the skin. Furthermore, the roles of these gas exchange organs change with the animal's behavior. Under diving conditions, most of the frog's gas exchange needs must be met by the skin. In this article, we describe an interactive undergraduate laboratory that allows a class of students to share equipment while assessing pulmonary and cutaneous respiration in frogs provided with an air/water choice and under enforced dive conditions. Concepts explored in this laboratory exercise include animal energetics, diving reflex, pulmonary and cutaneous gas exchange processes, diffusion-based gas flux, and O2 debt.
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Blaustein, Mordecai P., and W. Jonathan Lederer. "Sodium/Calcium Exchange: Its Physiological Implications." Physiological Reviews 79, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 763–854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.763.

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The Na+/Ca2+exchanger, an ion transport protein, is expressed in the plasma membrane (PM) of virtually all animal cells. It extrudes Ca2+in parallel with the PM ATP-driven Ca2+pump. As a reversible transporter, it also mediates Ca2+entry in parallel with various ion channels. The energy for net Ca2+transport by the Na+/Ca2+exchanger and its direction depend on the Na+, Ca2+, and K+gradients across the PM, the membrane potential, and the transport stoichiometry. In most cells, three Na+are exchanged for one Ca2+. In vertebrate photoreceptors, some neurons, and certain other cells, K+is transported in the same direction as Ca2+, with a coupling ratio of four Na+to one Ca2+plus one K+. The exchanger kinetics are affected by nontransported Ca2+, Na+, protons, ATP, and diverse other modulators. Five genes that code for the exchangers have been identified in mammals: three in the Na+/Ca2+exchanger family ( NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3) and two in the Na+/Ca2+plus K+family ( NCKX1 and NCKX2). Genes homologous to NCX1 have been identified in frog, squid, lobster, and Drosophila. In mammals, alternatively spliced variants of NCX1 have been identified; dominant expression of these variants is cell type specific, which suggests that the variations are involved in targeting and/or functional differences. In cardiac myocytes, and probably other cell types, the exchanger serves a housekeeping role by maintaining a low intracellular Ca2+concentration; its possible role in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling is controversial. Cellular increases in Na+concentration lead to increases in Ca2+concentration mediated by the Na+/Ca2+exchanger; this is important in the therapeutic action of cardiotonic steroids like digitalis. Similarly, alterations of Na+and Ca2+apparently modulate basolateral K+conductance in some epithelia, signaling in some special sense organs (e.g., photoreceptors and olfactory receptors) and Ca2+-dependent secretion in neurons and in many secretory cells. The juxtaposition of PM and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum membranes may permit the PM Na+/Ca2+exchanger to regulate sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+stores and influence cellular Ca2+signaling.
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31

Blackburn, H. D. "Development of national animal genetic resource programs." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03075.

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Globally, animal genetic resources are contracting due to economic forces. As a result, during the 1990s there was a dramatic increase in national animal genetic resource activities. Many national programmes were initiated and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations played a prominent role in coalescing national actions. Nationally, programmes have been initiated that comprise of in situ, ex situ and information-exchange efforts. A critical element to national conservation efforts is the development of cryopreserved collections of germplasm. Several countries have initiated substantial multispecies collections of cryopreserved germplasm. The selection of animals within breeds of interest is an important consideration in building cryopreserved collections. Animal selection should be based on a lack of genetic relationship, with sufficient numbers of animals to ensure the capture of rare alleles. Major issues facing repository development and genetic conservation are: (1) that all breeds are in need of genetic diversity management; (2) a better understanding of in situ breed population dynamics is needed; and (3) the concept that repository collections can be used by a broad range of clientele across time as well as during emergency situations.
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Novikov, N. N. "Calculation of Water Evaporative Cooling Systems in Animal Husbandry." Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2020-11-35-38.

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A method for calculating the parameters of the microclimate in a livestock building using water-evaporative air conditioning is described. It makes it possible to choose a rational temperature and humidity conditions for a room in hot weather, calculate the required air exchange, water evaporation rate and select the appropriate equipment.
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Hopcroft, Russell R., D. Bruce Ward, and John C. Roff. "The relative significance of body surface and cloacal respiration in Psolus fabricii (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-429.

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Oxygen consumption at 10 °C was measured for Psolus fabricii, in whole animals and in specimens with the cloaca blocked to prevent use of the respiratory trees. In both sets of experiments, oxygen consumption was exponentially related to body size, but larger animals exhibited a significantly greater proportion of oxygen exchange by cloacal respiration. An animal of 80 g wet weight achieves 75% of its respiratory needs by actively pumping water through the cloaca, whereas body surface respiration alone is calculated to be adequate for a 1.9-g animal. It appears that because of their success in shallow areas of dynamic water motion, adult Psolus depend less than other holothurians on body surface respiration.
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34

Shishlina, Natalia I., Natalia V. Roslyakova, Olga P. Bachura, Daria V. Kiseleva, and Olga V. Kuznetsova. "BRONZE AGE SHEPHERDS AND METALLURGISTS: ISOTOPE DATA AND RECONSTRUCTION OF SEASONAL MIGRATIONS." Ural Historical Journal 69, no. 4 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2020-4(69)-15-23.

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The aim of the paper is to analyze animal bone assemblages from seasonal Catacomb culture campsites of the Salsk-Manych Ridge and from the Mikhailo-Ovsyanka Srubnaya settlement located in the steppe Trance-Volga region. Proposed models of seasonal population movements are based on the animal bone assemblage, the slaughter age of animals, seasonality of the animal slaughter, animal ratio and identification of local/non-local animals. The Catacomb population developed an economic system based on the rotation of seasonal pastures and organized seasonal movements within the developed economic areas. Isotope data confirm the seasonal character of the explored sites. The local Srubnaya population searched and mined ore, smelted metal, and cast items on a seasonal basis: from mid-summer to autumn. It was not possible to extract ore during the winter. The slaughter age analysis indicates to a seasonal and/or free-range system of animal husbandry. Stable isotope data demonstrates that animals were grazing near the site or in nearby areas. The local groups primarily exploited the resources in the Irgiz river basin. The presence of non-local animals could have been a result of exchange system with population from areas located far away from the place where the metal was produced.
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Haryo, Mercky, Amzul Rifin, and Bunasor Sanim. "Factors Affecting Profitability on Animal Feed Companies in Indonesia." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.26034.

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The animal feed industry is essential as it supports livestock industry in meeting the need of protein of a country. Feed contribution reaching at 70 percent of livestock production cost makes feed becomes an pivotal factor which could boost its sales. Unfortunately net income of animal feed companies for the last five years tent to decrease and emerged problems. The aim of this study were to examine internal and external factors affecting profitability represented by ROA and formulate recommendations in improving them. The results showed that internal factors affecting ROA significantly are Sales, COGS, and TATO, while for the external factor is exchange rate. DAR, inflation and international corn prices do not influence ROA significantly. The implications for companies and animal feed industries in improving profitability generally is by increasing sales and TATO value. Also, the company must be able to press COGS especially raw material cost which is more sensitive to profitability when its price is higher. Companies have to conduct risk management in order to anticipate exchange rate volatility followed by government’s action as regulator in maintaining macroeconomic and trade stability.
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36

Czarny, M., P. Sabała, and J. Barańska. "ATP-dependent phosphatidylserine formation in animal cells as a base exchange reaction." Acta Biochimica Polonica 40, no. 3 (September 30, 1993): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1993_4803.

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37

Overbeck, Michael C., Thomas Pranikoff, and Ronald B. Hirschl. "Partial liquid ventilation provides effective gas exchange in a large animal model." Journal of Critical Care 11, no. 1 (March 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9441(96)90018-0.

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38

Norton, Marcy. "The Chicken or the Iegue: Human-Animal Relationships and the Columbian Exchange." American Historical Review 120, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 28–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.1.28.

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39

EARLY, RICHARD J., JAMES R. THOMPSON, ROBERT J. CHRISTOPHERSON, and GARY W. SEDGWICK. "BLOOD BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO AND α-KETO ACID CONCENTRATIONS AND NET EXCHANGE ACROSS THE PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA AND HINDLIMB OF FED AND FASTED RUMINANTS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-106.

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In the first of two experiments, whole blood branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and plasma branched-chain α-keto acid (BCKA) concentrations in jugular venous blood were determined in cattle and sheep before and during a 6-d fast. In cattle, concentrations of valine, isoleucine, α-ketoisovalerate (KIV) and α-ketomethylvalerate (KMV) remained unchanged whereas leucine and α-ketoisocaproate (KTC) increased (P < 0.05) during fasting. In sheep, only KIV and KMV remained unchanged whereas BCAA and KIC increased (P < 0.05) during fasting. In a second experiment on cattle chronically catheterized to measure BCAA and BCKA exchange across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and hindlimb (HL), the PDV added and the HL removed BCAA from the blood of fed cattle. The opposite exchange occurred after a 6-d fast. Releases of BCKA from the PDV and HL in both fed and fasted states were small compared to BCAA exchanges. The data suggest that blood BCAA but not BCKA concentrations may respond differently to starvation in sheep versus cattle and that in cattle the PDV and HL do not release appreciable amounts of BCKA relative to the net movements of the BCAA. Key words: Portal-drained viscera, hind limb, branched-chain amino acids, branched-chain α-keto acids, fasting, ruminants
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40

Dufour, V., M. Pelé, M. Neumann, B. Thierry, and J. Call. "Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (December 23, 2008): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644.

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Transfers and services are frequent in the animal kingdom. However, there is no clear evidence in animals that such transactions are based on weighing costs and benefits when giving or returning favours and keeping track of them over time (i.e. calculated reciprocity). We tested two orang-utans ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii ) in a token-exchange paradigm, in which each individual could exchange a token for food with the experimenter but only after first obtaining the token from the other orang-utan. Each orang-utan possessed tokens valuable to their partner but useless to themselves. Both orang-utans actively transferred numerous tokens (mostly partner-valuable) to their partner. One of the orang-utans routinely used gestures to request tokens while the other complied with such requests. Although initially the transfers were biased in one direction, they became more balanced towards the end of the study. Indeed, data on the last three series produced evidence of reciprocity both between and within trials. We observed an increase in the number and complexity of exchanges and alternations. This study is the first experimental demonstration of the occurrence of direct transfers of goods based on calculated reciprocity in non-human-primates.
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41

Gazmuri, Raúl J., Jeejabai Radhakrishnan, and Iyad M. Ayoub. "Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform-1 Inhibition: A Promising Pharmacological Intervention for Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091765.

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Out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest is a major public health problem with an overall survival of less than 5%. Upon cardiac arrest, cessation of coronary blood flow rapidly leads to intense myocardial ischemia and activation of the sarcolemmal Na+-H+ exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1). NHE-1 activation drives Na+ into cardiomyocytes in exchange for H+ with its exchange rate intensified upon reperfusion during the resuscitation effort. Na+ accumulates in the cytosol driving Ca2+ entry through the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, eventually causing cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and worsening myocardial injury by compromising mitochondrial bioenergetic function. We have reported clinically relevant myocardial effects elicited by NHE-1 inhibitors given during resuscitation in animal models of ventricular fibrillation (VF). These effects include: (a) preservation of left ventricular distensibility enabling hemodynamically more effective chest compressions, (b) return of cardiac activity with greater electrical stability reducing post-resuscitation episodes of VF, (c) less post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction, and (d) attenuation of adverse myocardial effects of epinephrine; all contributing to improved survival in animal models. Mechanistically, NHE-1 inhibition reduces adverse effects stemming from Na+–driven cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. We believe the preclinical work herein discussed provides a persuasive rationale for examining the potential role of NHE-1 inhibitors for cardiac resuscitation in humans.
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42

KISLING, VERNON N. "Colonial menageries and the exchange of exotic faunas." Archives of Natural History 25, no. 3 (October 1998): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1998.25.3.303.

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The discovery of new worlds with their exotic faunas was part of European life during the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries. Animals representing these faunas were shipped to European menageries from the earliest discovery of the new worlds, and increased significantly during this time period with shipments to menageries throughout the world. The exchange of these exotic faunas was carried out in many different ways and was facilitated by natural history networks comprised of individuals and institutions involved in commercial, agricultural and scientific activities. Colonial menageries, first in the form of animal holding areas or acclimatization farms and later in the form of zoos, were initially dependant on the various company networks supporting botanical collecting stations. Later they were the result of official and quasi-official government efforts. These efforts evolved into the modern colonial zoological gardens. The exhibition of exotic faunas, the utilization of commercially important exotic species, and the acclimatization of domestic breeds to colonial conditions were all part of the great zoological exchange that began as a trickle in the fifteenth century and increased significantly to a flood by the nineteenth century.
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43

Goffredi, Shana K. "Deep-sea hospitality: an enigmatic worm and its symbionts." Biochemist 39, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03906022.

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Forty years ago, scientists discovered an animal at the bottom of the ocean that changed forever how we view life on this planet. Abundant, thriving animals were not expected in the deep sea, due to the very low levels of organic carbon that sink down from above. The giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila pays little attention to this problem, having renounced its mouth and digestive system during the course of evolution. Instead, this animal relies on a partnership with internal bacteria that act as a built-in source of nourishment and, in exchange, Riftia performs unparalleled physiological feats.
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44

Askew, G. R., T. Doetschman, and J. B. Lingrel. "Site-directed point mutations in embryonic stem cells: a gene-targeting tag-and-exchange strategy." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 7 (July 1993): 4115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.7.4115.

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Sequential gene targeting was used to introduce point mutations into one alpha 2 isoform Na,K-ATPase homolog in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In the first round of targeted replacement, the gene was tagged with selectable markers by insertion of a Neor/HSV-tk gene cassette, and this event was selected for by gain of neomycin (G418) resistance. In the second targeted replacement event, the tagged genomic sequence was exchanged with a vector consisting of homologous genomic sequences carrying five site-directed nucleotide substitutions. Embryonic stem cell clones modified by exchange with the mutation vector were selected for loss of the HSV-tk gene by resistance to ganciclovir. Candidate clones were further screened and identified by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis. By this strategy, the endogenous alpha 2 isoform Na,K-ATPase gene was altered to encode two other amino acids so that the enzyme is resistant to inhibition by cardiac glycosides while maintaining its transmembrane ion-pumping function. Since the initial tagging event and the subsequent mutation-exchange event are independent of one another, a tagged cell line can be used to generate a variety of mutant lines by exchange with various mutation vectors at the tagged locus. This method should be useful for testing specific mutations introduced into the genomes of tissue culture cells and animals and for developing animal models encompassing the mutational variability of known genetic disorders.
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45

Askew, G. R., T. Doetschman, and J. B. Lingrel. "Site-directed point mutations in embryonic stem cells: a gene-targeting tag-and-exchange strategy." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 7 (July 1993): 4115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.7.4115-4124.1993.

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Sequential gene targeting was used to introduce point mutations into one alpha 2 isoform Na,K-ATPase homolog in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In the first round of targeted replacement, the gene was tagged with selectable markers by insertion of a Neor/HSV-tk gene cassette, and this event was selected for by gain of neomycin (G418) resistance. In the second targeted replacement event, the tagged genomic sequence was exchanged with a vector consisting of homologous genomic sequences carrying five site-directed nucleotide substitutions. Embryonic stem cell clones modified by exchange with the mutation vector were selected for loss of the HSV-tk gene by resistance to ganciclovir. Candidate clones were further screened and identified by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis. By this strategy, the endogenous alpha 2 isoform Na,K-ATPase gene was altered to encode two other amino acids so that the enzyme is resistant to inhibition by cardiac glycosides while maintaining its transmembrane ion-pumping function. Since the initial tagging event and the subsequent mutation-exchange event are independent of one another, a tagged cell line can be used to generate a variety of mutant lines by exchange with various mutation vectors at the tagged locus. This method should be useful for testing specific mutations introduced into the genomes of tissue culture cells and animals and for developing animal models encompassing the mutational variability of known genetic disorders.
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46

Kaku, Yoshihiro. "Nipah Virus Infection - Zoonosis Among Wild Animals, Domestic Animals and Humans." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0309.

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Nipah virus (NiV) infection - a zoonosis emerging in the 1990s - causes acute encephalitis symptoms in humans and respiratory disease in swine. NiV outbreaks have been reported in the Malay Peninsula, Bangladesh and India. In Malay Peninsula, NiV was transmitted by the fruit bat, the natural host, through swine to humans, creating a threat in both public health and animal health. In Bangladesh, NiV has been transmitted directly from fruit bats to humans and, in some cases, from humans to humans. Epidemiological conditions differ in the two regions, due in part to societal background. To prevent zoonoses - infectious diseases transmitted from a nonhuman animal to a human - such as NiV infection, measures must be taken covering two different aspects; first, against infection originating in wild animals and, second, against infection derived from domestic animals. In wild hosts, chances for the pathogen to move from hosts to humans must be minimized. With domestic animal sources, public health and animal health specialists must strengthen surveillance and detection of suspicious cases, implement common procedures for swift diagnosis, and exchange information on how to deal with outbreaks effectively.
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Roldan-Santiago, P., D. Mota-Rojas, I. Guerreo-Legarreta, P. Mora-medina, F. Borderas-Tordesillas, AD Alarcon-Rojo, S. Flores-Peinado, H. Orozco-Gregorio, R. Martinez-Rodriguez, and ME Trujillo-Ortega. "Animal welfare of barrows with different antemortem lairage times without food." Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 6 (July 8, 2013): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6866-vetmed.

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This study evaluated the effect of five different periods of antemortem lairage without food on the energy metabolism, gas exchange, mineral and blood acid-base balances of 1174 hybrid barrows, which were divided into six treatment groups according to the lairage period: 130 barrows were considered for the evaluation of the baseline levels (G<sub>B</sub>); 214 had 0 h of lairage (R<sub>0</sub>); 228 had 4 h of lairage (R<sub>4</sub>); 204 had 8 h of lairage (R<sub>8</sub>); 192&nbsp;had 12&nbsp;h of lairage (R<sub>12</sub>); and 206 had 24 h (R<sub>24</sub>). In all groups, increasing lairage periods triggered a significant reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in pH, accumulation of lactic acid and percentage of hematocrit. These findings led to the conclusion that antemortem lairage periods longer than 4 h cause hyperglycaemia, hypercalcaemia, hyperlactataemia, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, acidosis, and more severe dehydration in barrows. &nbsp;
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48

McNeill, J. Robert. "Role of endothelin in regulation of resistance, fluid-exchange, and capacitance functions of the systemic circulation." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-016.

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This article reviews data at the in vivo whole animal and human level. The importance of both flow and pressure recordings and of the methods used to record these variables is emphasized. Exogenous administration of endothelin-1 evokes a transient depressor response mediated by endothelial endothelinB receptors, but the predominate effect of endothelin-1 is a sustained increase in blood pressure resulting from increases in total peripheral resistance. Resistance in the superior mesenteric, renal, and hindquarter vascular beds of animals and forearm resistance in humans is increased. Both endothelinA and, to a lesser extent, endothelinB receptors on vascular smooth muscle mediate the increases in resistance. Endothelin-1 evokes decreases in the precapillary/postcapillary resistance ratio, resulting in increased capillary pressure and net transcapillary filtration. Endothelin-1 evokes increases in mean circulatory filling pressure in animals and in constriction of the human dorsal hand vein. This venoconstrictor activity is mediated primarily through endothelinA and to a lesser extent endothelin B receptors. Endogenously generated endothelin contributes to the hemodynamic effects of angiotensin and vasopressin in certain animal models of hypertension. Antagonists of endothelin evoke modest hemodynamic changes in healthy humans and in some healthy animals, and they decrease vascular resistance dramatically in several salt-sensitive rat models of hypertension and also in some hypertensive human subjects. Thus, endogenously generated ET appears to play a modest role in the healthy organism, but it likely plays a major role in many pathophysiological states as described in companion articles in this issue.Key words: hemodynamics, resistance, fluid exchange, capacitance, endothelin.
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49

Li, Jiangong, Angela R. Green-Miller, and Daniel W. Shike. "Integrity Assessment of Open-Circuit Respiration Chambers for Ruminant Animal Indirect Calorimetry." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13220.

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Abstract. Open-circuit chambers have been widely applied to gas exchange measurement for indirect calorimetry and greenhouse gas emission. The reliability of these systems is crucial and is commonly evaluated through recovery tests. These tests simulate gas exchanges of animals through the injection or consumption of known quantities of gases, while monitoring the gas flux with the measurement system, and then comparing the difference between the known mass and the measured mass to assess the system integrity. Although the recovery test approach is widely accepted, the method of how to choose recovery tests has rarely been documented, and no single source has been found that summarizes a complete process for evaluating a system and correcting post-evaluation systematic errors. In this study, three recovery methods were applied: (1) the alcohol combustion method (ACM) burns a known amount of pure ethanol to simulate both consumption (O2) and production (CO2); (2) the gravimetric gas injection method (GRAV) directly measures the weight change of a compressed CO2 gas cylinder during the injection process; and (3) the constant gas injection method (CGIM) steadily injects sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas into the chamber. An experiment was conducted that included eight repeated trials for each of the three methods in six identical chambers (144 total tests) of the Ruminant Emission Measurement System (REMS) at the Beef Cattle and Sheep Field Laboratory at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. The recovery percentages of the respiratory quotient for the six ACM chambers varied from 72.58% to 77.76%, indicating that measurement and calculation errors occurred in the system. The CGIM and GRAV methods were used for identifying the errors from ventilation measurement and calculation of exhaust airflow rate. Correction factors were generated from the results and proved effective, as recovery percentages were improved to an acceptable level (100% ±5%) for all chambers. This approach can be applied to other studies and other systems to assist in selecting appropriate integrity tests and applying correction methods. Keywords: Cattle, Emissions, Gas exchange, Metabolism, Recovery method, Tracer gas measurement.
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Prasad, R., J. L. Kinsella, and B. Sacktor. "Renal adaptation to metabolic acidosis in senescent rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 255, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): F1183—F1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.6.f1183.

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In this study, we compared results obtained in senescent rats with young rats given an equivalent acid load. We examined the renal changes by giving equivalent acid loads for 48 h to both 6- and 24-mo-old rats. The basal excretion of ammonium was the same in both groups, whereas titratable acids, phosphate, and Ca2+ excretions were increased in the senescent animal. After administration of the acid load, ammonium, phosphate, Ca2+, and titratable acid excretions increased in both age groups, but there were greater absolute increases in ammonium and titratable acid excretions in the young rats. The total acid excreted by the 24-mo rats was reduced 50 (day 1) and 25% (day 2) compared with the young rats, which was reflected by the more severe acidosis in those animals. The portion of total acid excreted as titratable acids in senescent animals was also increased during acidosis when compared with the young animals. In isolated proximal tubule brush-border membrane vesicles, acidosis increased Na+-H+ exchange and decreased Na+-dependent phosphate transport in both age groups. We also found that the basal activity of the Na+-H+ exchanger was not changed with age but the Na+-dependent phosphate transporter was less in the 24-mo rat. The results suggest that physiological regulation of these renal processes remains intact in the aged rat but the responses may be reduced or delayed in the senescent animal.
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