Journal articles: 'Animal feeding – South Africa'

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Moholisa, E., P. E. Strydom, I. Van Heerden, and A. Hugo. "Influence of feeding systems on selected beef quality and sensory attributes." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 1158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.19.

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Feeding systems and other factors associated with processing influence meat quality, and therefore sensory attributes. This study was conducted to assess the meat quality attributes of young grain-fed and older grass-fed steers that mostly affect consumer acceptability of beef. Eighty Bonsmara steers consisting of 20 each of A-age (0-tooth) grain-fed (AC) and grain-fed supplemented with zilpaterol (AZ), 20 each of grass-fed AB (1-2 teeth) and B-age (3 - 6 teeth) animals were used. This combination represented the typical feeding systems of South Africa and other countries using similar classification systems, therefore describes the typical feeding systems of the South African beef industry. The longissimus lumborum (LL), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were tested for colour, moisture properties, lipid oxidation and sensory attributes. It was found that diet in combination with animal age influenced meat colour. Muscles of the older grass-fed steers were generally darker and duller (darker red) compared to muscles of young grain-fed animals. Moisture loss was consistently higher in zilpaterol supplemented meat samples compared to the feedlot controls, while muscles of the grass-fed animals had lower moisture loss. A sensory panel clearly distinguished between cuts of grain-fed (AZ and AC) and grass-fed carcasses (AB and B) on the grounds of flavour characteristic. The AB and B cuts scored higher for grassy, animal-like and rancid flavour overtones and lower for roasted flavour and sourness than AZ and AC grain-fed cuts. This indicated that typical flavours related to diet define expected eating quality. Keywords: age, grain, grass, meat quality, zilpaterol

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JAŁOSZYŃSKI, PAWEŁ, and ADAM ŚLIPIŃSKI. "Afroboganium wakefieldense sp. n. from KwaZulu Natal, South Africa (Coleoptera: Boganiidae: Boganiinae)." Zootaxa 4995, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4995.2.11.

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Afroboganium wakefieldense sp. n. is described, based on a series of specimens collected in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. An updated key to identification of all six currently known Afroboganium Endrödy-Younga & Crowson species is given. The hindgut of dissected specimens was tightly packed with pollen grains, confirming feeding on flowers. However, it was not possible to identify specific associations with plant taxa. Moreover, the pollen grains in the gut seem to be intact, hence in addition to pollenophagy a possibility of feeding on other flower tissues cannot be excluded.

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Furness, Bridget L. "The feeding behaviour of Arctic Skuas Stercorarius parasiticus wintering off South Africa." Ibis 125, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1983.tb03107.x.

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SYMES, CRAIG T., and STEPHAN WOODBORNE. "Migratory connectivity and conservation of the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis: a stable isotope perspective." Bird Conservation International 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000237.

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SummaryStable isotopes (δD, δ13C, δ15N) were measured in adult and juvenile Amur Falcon Falco amurensis feathers to understand the migratory connectivity of this species. Using the OIPC (Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator) and a calibration curve for American Kestrels Falco sparverius we predicted the breeding range of South African Amur Falcons in the Palaearctic. δD values for juvenile feathers (mean ± SE = -58.1 ± 2.5‰, range -83.9 to -25.7‰) and predicted Palaearctic annual precipitation values indicated that juvenile Amur Falcons in South Africa originated from across their entire Palaearctic range. This rejects the leapfrog migration hypothesis and suggests the widespread movement of birds south, with a funnelling effect into the subregion where they become concentrated over a narrower distribution range. Adult δDf values were more depleted (-37.4 ± 1.8‰, range = -71.3 to -9.3‰) than predicted annual precipitation values for sites where feathers moulted in South Africa (-20.2 ± 0.9‰) but there was no correlation between δDp and δDf. This, together with significant variation of δ13C among sites and annual fluctuations in roost sizes, suggests that roost site fidelity is low in the overwintering range. Populations not confined to breeding sites in South Africa are able to move widely across the subregion, feeding on a broad range of arthropods that become seasonally abundant during the austral summer. Total population estimates for South Africa are significantly lower than global estimates so a significant proportion of the population may not overwinter in South Africa or global populations are significantly lower than estimated. In South Africa, roosts that number hundreds to thousands of individuals are often in large exotic trees, e.g. Eucalyptus sp. They are often tolerant of disturbance at roosts which may be of little concern for their conservation. Habitat changes in the overwintering range in South Africa though, particularly due to agriculture, afforestation and strip mining, may affect global population numbers. There is also concern over the persecution of birds along their migratory route.

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Greyling, J. P. C., V. M. Mmbengwa, L. M. J. Schwalbach, and T. Muller. "Comparative milk production potential of Indigenous and Boer goats under two feeding systems in South Africa." Small Ruminant Research 55, no. 1-3 (October 2004): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.11.014.

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HADFIELD, KERRY A., NICO J. SMIT, and ANNEMARIÉ AVENANT-OLDEWAGE. "Gnathia pilosus sp. nov. (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) from the East Coast of South Africa." Zootaxa 1894, no. 1 (October 8, 2008): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1894.1.2.

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The larvae of gnathiid isopods are known to parasitise a large variety of intertidal fish worldwide. In South Africa, the larvae of Gnathia africana Barnard, 1914, have been recorded from various intertidal fish hosts along the cold West and South Coasts. The warmer East Coast, however, has not previously been sampled for gnathiids. From March 2006 to February 2007, intertidal fishes were collected on the East Coast using hand held nets and kept in aerated tanks until the gnathiids completed their feeding. Once fed, the gnathiids were kept alive in 50 ml bottles with fresh sea water till moulting occurred. Results indicated that all the East Coast intertidal gnathiids were from the same species and new to science, and subsequently described as Gnathia pilosus sp. nov. The G. pilosus male and female can be clearly distinguished from other South African species in having numerous tubercles and setae covering the cephalosome and pereon which are not as pronounced in the other species. The G. pilosus larva can also be distinguished from the other South African species by the triangular-shaped cephalosome and numerous sensory pits covering the body.

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STILLER, MICHAEL. "Four new South African monotypic grass-feeding leafhopper genera and a revision of Lecacis (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae)." Zootaxa 3126, no. 1 (December 12, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3126.1.1.

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Four new monotypic leafhopper genera in Deltocephalinae and their type species are described: Ochromelanus brachyphallus gen.n. & sp.n. (Deltocephalini), Teinopterus microphallus gen.n. & sp.n. (Paralimnini), Tytthuspilus onychophallus gen.n. & sp.n. (Paralimnini) and Umeqi okhahlamba gen.n. & sp.n. (Paralimnini). These genera and species are associated with grass mainly in the Fynbos and Grassland Biomes of South Africa. The revision of Lecacis Theron (Paralimnini) concerns the redescription of the male type species of L. platypennis, the new description of the female, and two new species. Lecacis species appear to be distributed somewhat randomly in the Grassland and Savanna Biome of South Africa.

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BOOYSEN, RUAN, and CHARLES R. HADDAD. "Revision and molecular phylogeny of the spider genus Micaria Westring, 1851 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in the Afrotropical Region." Zootaxa 4940, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 1–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4940.1.1.

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The genus Micaria Westring, 1851 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) is a group of small (1.85–5 mm) ant-like spiders that can be distinguished from other gnaphosids by their piriform gland spigots that are similar in size to the major ampullate gland spigots. According to the World Spider Catalog, there are 105 species of Micaria in the world, of which only three species are known from the African part of the Afrotropical Region, namely M. chrysis (Simon, 1910), M. tersissima Simon, 1910 and M. beaufortia (Tucker, 1923). The objectives of this study were to revise Micaria in the Afrotropical Region, providing new and updated records for each of the species, evaluating the relationships between them using COI barcoding data, and providing information on their biology, mimetic relationships and feeding ecology. These objectives were met by collecting fresh material from the KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State provinces in South Africa. Fresh material of M. tersissima and M. chrysis were collected from their type localities, Komaggas and Port Nolloth (Northern Cape Province), respectively, for identification and DNA analyses. COI sequences generated, together with those sourced from Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) and GenBank, were aligned using the CulstalW alignment algorithm in the Mega X software, and molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed using MrBayes for Bayesian Inference (BI) and RaxML for maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. Morphological examination of the collected and voucher material yielded 17 new species for the Afrotropical Region, namely M. basaliducta sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa), M. bimaculata sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Mauritania), M. bispicula sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Namibia, South Africa), M. durbana sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa, Zambia), M. felix sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe), M. gagnoa sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Côte d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Mozambique, Tanzania), M. koingnaas sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), M. lata sp. nov. (♂, Namibia, South Africa), M. laxa sp. nov. (♀, South Africa), M. mediospina sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), M. parvotibialis sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Senegal), M. plana sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Ethiopia), M. quadrata sp. nov. (♀, Ethiopia), M. quinquemaculosa sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Namibia, South Africa), M. rivonosy sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Madagascar), M. sanipass sp. nov. (♂, South Africa) and M. scutellata sp. nov. (♂, South Africa). Furthermore, both sexes of M. beaufortia, as well as the male of M. tersissima, are redescribed. Both sexes of M. chrysis are described for the first time, as this species was only known from a juvenile. Of the previously known species, M. beaufortia (Botswana, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe) and M. chrysis (Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania) are widespread in the Afroptropics, while M. tersissima is only known from South Africa. Both the Bayesian inference and the maximum likelihood analysess recovered Micaria (sensu lato) as monophyletic with the inclusion of the subopaca group. The pulicaria species group was recovered as polyphyletic in both the BI and ML analyses. Four Afrotropical species, as well as the M. rossica Thorell, 1875/M. foxi Gertsch, 1933 group, formed a clade sister to M. formicaria (Sundevall, 1831). Eight of the Afrotropical species now have COI barcoding data uploaded to BOLD.

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Venter, Jan A., and Laurence H. Watson. "Feeding and habitat use of buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer) in the Nama-Karoo, South Africa." South African Journal of Wildlife Research 38, no. 1 (April 2008): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3957/0379-4369-38.1.42.

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LIPINSKI, M. R., and SUE JACKSON. "Surface-feeding on cephalopods by procellariiform seabirds in the southern Benguela region, South Africa." Journal of Zoology 218, no. 4 (August 1989): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb04998.x.

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Adelabu, Olusesan Adeyemi, Benson Chuks Iweriebor, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, and Larry Chikwelu Obi. "Genomic Profiling for Piroplasms in Feeding Ixodid Ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121061.

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Importation of tick-infected animals and the uncontrollable migration of birds and wild animals across borders can lead to geographical expansion and redistribution of ticks and pathogen vectors, thus leading to the emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals. Comparatively, little is known about the occurrence of piroplasms in ixodid ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, thus necessitating this study, which is aimed at detecting piroplasms (Theileria and Babesia) from feeding tick samples collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in selected sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 1200 feeding ixodid ticks collected from farm animals at selected homesteads were first subjected to molecular identification using mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and were further tested for the presence of piroplasms through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene via nested-PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results indicated that 853 (71.1%) corresponded to the genus Rhipicephalus, 335 (27.9%) corresponded to genus Amblyomma, and 12 (1%) corresponded to genus Haemaphysalis. Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most common identified ticks from this study. The 18S rRNA nested-PCR revealed that 44 (3.7%) samples were confirmed positive for Theileria. A homology search for the generated sequences revealed a high percentage identity of 98–98.9% similarity to T. buffeli, T. orientalis, and T. sergenti in the GenBank. Based on the results obtained herein, we conclude that there is a big diversity of Theileria species; therefore, we suggest that this research should cover more geographical areas in order to reveal the true prevalence of this pathogen in the studied area because this will be a great step in the possible prevention of an outbreak that could have devastating effects on livestock production and human health in both the studied areas and South Africa at large.

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Marandure, Tawanda, James Bennett, Kennedy Dzama, Lovemore C. Gwiriri, Noluvuyo Bangani, and Cletos Mapiye. "Envisioning more effective delivery of custom feeding programs using participatory approaches: Lessons from Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 2 (April 29, 2019): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019843135.

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In South Africa, livelihoods of smallholder cattle farmers are constrained by a lack of appropriate production knowledge, climate change, inadequate support services, societal inequity, irrelevant pro-poor policies and inappropriate delivery of improved livestock technologies. A transdisciplinary team of local and international researchers conducted a workshop to explore opportunities and constraints to the delivery of a beef cattle custom feeding programme in Eastern Cape Province using participatory approaches, including visioning exercises. The main challenges to the cattle custom feeding programme reported by producers included lack of cattle production skills, lack of technical knowledge on feed production, limited funding and inconsistent cattle feed delivery. Participants envisioned a portfolio of locally based solutions that included prioritization of local feed production, identification of sustainable support networks, establishment of a communal herd to cover feeding centre’s overhead costs and creation of a knowledge exchange platform for farmers. In addition, participants attempted to strengthen knowledge transfer among stakeholders through the development of an online site for knowledge exchange. Overall, the participatory approaches adopted empowered participants to freely express their opinions and openly share knowledge and experiences regarding common challenges and opportunities associated with delivery of a beef cattle custom feeding programme.

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TAIOE, MOETI O., MAKHOSAZANA Y. MOTLOANG, BONIFACE NAMANGALA, AMOS CHOTA, NTHATISI I. MOLEFE, SIMON P. MUSINGUZI, KEISUKE SUGANUMA, et al. "Characterization of tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in South Africa and Zambia and detection of protozoan parasites they are harbouring." Parasitology 144, no. 9 (May 15, 2017): 1162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000440.

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SUMMARYTabanids are haematophagous flies feeding on livestock and wildlife. In the absence of information on the relationship of tabanid flies and protozoan parasites in South Africa and Zambia, the current study was aimed at characterizing tabanid flies collected in these two countries as well as detecting protozoan parasites they are harbouring. A total of 527 tabanid flies were collected whereby 70·2% were from South Africa and 29·8% were from Zambia. Morphological analysis revealed a total of five different genera collected from the sampled areas namely:Ancala, Atylotus, Haematopota, PhilolicheandTabanus. DNA extracted from South AfricanTabanus parandTabanus taeniolatested positive for the presence ofTrypanosoma congolense(Savannah) andTrypanosoma theileriwhilst one member fromT. parwas positive forTrypanosoma bruceispecies. DNA extracted from Zambian tabanid flies tested positive for the presence ofBesnoitiaspecies at 1·27% (2/157),Babesia bigemina5·73% (9/157),Theileria parva30·11% (30/157) and 9·82% (14/157) forTrypanosoma evansi. This study is the first to report on relationship ofBabesiaandTheileriaparasites with tabanid flies. Further investigations are required to determine the role of tabanids in transmission of the detected protozoan parasites in livestock and wildlife in South Africa and Zambia.

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Dziba, L. E., P. F. Scogings, I. J. Gordon, and J. G. Raats. "The feeding height preferences of two goat breeds fed Grewia occidentalis L. (Tiliaceae) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Small Ruminant Research 47, no. 1 (January 2003): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(02)00234-1.

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Arsenault, Randal, and Norman Owen-Smith. "Competition and coexistence among short-grass grazers in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 10 (October 2011): 900–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-067.

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Coexistence among grazing ungulates has been related to differences in grass height and grassland types selected, underlain by morphological distinctions. Nevertheless, resource competition may arise when smaller species depress grass height below that suitable for larger species, whereas competition may be counteracted by facilitation when larger species increase the extent of high-quality grassland available. We investigated resource-use overlap between white rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum (Burchell, 1817)), blue wildebeest ( Connochaetes taurinus (Burchell, 1823)), and Burchell’s zebra (Equus burchelli (Gray, 1824)) in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park in South Africa. We recorded the grassland type favoured, grass species utilized, grass height grazed, and greenness selected during the dry seasons of 2 years. Blue wildebeest shifted their grazing away from lawn grassland in the drier year, whereas Burchell’s zebra favoured lawn grassland only in the relatively wet year. White rhinoceros concentrated their feeding on lawn grassland throughout the dry seasons of both years, and favoured shorter grass than the other two grazers. Species characterizing grazing lawns contributed relatively more to the grass used by white rhinoceros in the drier year. Resource competition was potentially ameliorated by widened availability of lawn grassland promoted by white rhinoceros grazing. This counterbalancing of feeding competition and habitat facilitation enables the coexistence of these grazers despite similar food requirements.

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STILLER, M. "Revision of Elginus Theron (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with the description of two new genera and comments on the grassland leafhopper fauna in South Africa." Zootaxa 2135, no. 1 (June 18, 2009): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2135.1.1.

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The previously monotypic South African leafhopper genus, Elginus Theron, 1975, is revised. Its type species, E. saltus (Naudé, 1926), is redescribed, and the following 24 species are described as new: E. acutus, E. bispinus, E. cavatus, E. contradens, E. cultellus, E. denticulatus, E. dexteruncus, E. eccentricus, E. extrinsecus, E. falcatus, E. furcillatus, E. latus, E. levilobus, E. matarei, E. minutulus, E. recavus, E. malotiensis, E. oriens, E. semialatus, E. theroni, E. tortuosus, E. tubulus, E. unispinus and E. vulgaris. A key is provided for the identification mainly of males. These species are all grass-feeding and assigned to the tribe Paralimnini of the Deltocephalinae. Two new genera and species are described, namely Micropedeticus ochrus gen.n. & sp.n. in the tribe Paralimnini, from the Grassland Biome and Theronus priapus gen.n. & sp.n. in the tribe Deltocephalini, from the Fynbos Biome. Most species of Elginus and Micropedeticus are more common in the Grassland Biome in climax grassland under lower grazing pressure. Species of Elginus in the Fynbos Biome are more migratory and colonize new habitats such as grasses that appear after fire. These three genera are endemic to the Grassland and Fynbos Biomes of South Africa. A brief discussion on leafhoppers associated with grasses in the Fynbos, Grassland and Savanna Biomes of South Africa, is provided.

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Wampande, Eddie M., Peter Waiswa, David J. Allen, Roger Hewson, Simon D. W. Frost, and Samuel C. B. Stubbs. "Phylogenetic Characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Detected in African Blue Ticks Feeding on Cattle in a Ugandan Abattoir." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020438.

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most geographically widespread of the tick-borne viruses. However, African strains of CCHFV are poorly represented in sequence databases. In addition, almost all sequence data collected to date have been obtained from cases of human disease, while information regarding the circulation of the virus in tick and animal reservoirs is severely lacking. Here, we characterize the complete coding region of a novel CCHFV strain, detected in African blue ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus) feeding on cattle in an abattoir in Kampala, Uganda. These cattle originated from a farm in Mbarara, a major cattle-trading hub for much of Uganda. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the newly sequenced strain belongs to the African genotype II clade, which predominantly contains the sequences of strains isolated from West Africa in the 1950s, and South Africa in the 1980s. Whilst the viral S (nucleoprotein) and L (RNA polymerase) genome segments shared >90% nucleotide similarity with previously reported genotype II strains, the glycoprotein-coding M segment shared only 80% nucleotide similarity with the next most closely related strains, which were derived from ticks in Western India and Northern China. This genome segment also displayed a large number of non-synonymous mutations previously unreported in the genotype II strains. Characterization of this novel strain adds to our limited understanding of the natural diversity of CCHFV circulating in both ticks and in Africa. Such data can be used to inform the design of vaccines and diagnostics, as well as studies exploring the epidemiology and evolution of the virus for the establishment of future CCHFV control strategies.

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Salas, Ruth, and Randall T. Schuh. "Macrotylus henryi, a new species of Pelargonium-feeding Cremnorrhinina from South Africa (Hemiptera, Miridae, Phylinae, Cremnorrhinini)." ZooKeys 796 (November 15, 2018): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.796.21429.

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Macrotylushenryi is described as a new species from South Africa. This new taxon is recorded as feeding on species of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) in the Western Cape. Documentation is provided in the form of diagnosis, description, habitus photographs, scanning electron micrographs, illustrations and images of genitalic structures, detailed distributional data, host plant information, and images of hosts and habitats. Morphological traits are similar to species of Macrotylus Fieber from the Northern Hemisphere, but coloration is substantially variable, and the structure of the male genitalia is distinctive.

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Smale, Malcolm J. "The feeding habits of six pelagic and predatory teleosts in eastern Cape coastal waters (South Africa)." Journal of Zoology 1, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 357–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb00643.x.

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Symes, Craig T., and Michael R. Perrin. "Feeding biology of the Greyheaded Parrot, Poicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus (Reichenow), in Northern Province, South Africa." Emu - Austral Ornithology 103, no. 1 (March 2003): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu01038.

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Thivhilaheli, Richard Netshirovha, Mammikele Tsatsimpe, Thabo Muller, Fhulufhelo Vincent Ramukhithi, Masindi Lotus Mphaphathi, Gogamatsamang Makgothi, and Ronald Sylvester Thomas. "Artificial Insemination Training Program for Smallholder Pig Farms in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 12 (November 15, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n12p89.

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The aim of this study was to facilitate artificial insemination training to enhance sustainable pig production within the developing smallholder pig production sector in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Eighteen smallholder pig farmers with requisite structures (pig house, pens), pigs (large white, landrace duroc or South African indigenous) and management (feeding, cleaning and record keeping) capacity were trained on routine pig management and artificial insemination procedures in a “learning by doing” on-farm supervised programme administered by Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production pig training team. Following estrus detection, 96 sows were artificially inseminated and 31 naturally served (NS). Farrowing rates (FR), total born (TB) and born alive (BA) piglets were recorded. The occurrence ccurrence of mummified fetuses (0.019 vs. 0.022%) and weak piglets (0.038 vs. 0.049%) did not differ between artificially inseminated sows and naturally mated sows. Born alive, birth weight and weaning weight were higher for artificial inseminated sows. The average litter size was 15± and 13±, birth weight 1.98±0.79 kg and 1.48±0.58 kg and weaning weight 9.89±0.87 kg and 7.23±0.71 kg for the AI and NS litters, respectively. Farmer demographic factors (age, gender and educational level) had no effect on farrowing rate, total born and piglets born alive. Therefore, implementation of artificial insemination techniques and pig production training was feasible under a smallholder pig production system.

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Foster, Jarryd D., Allan G. Ellis, Llewellyn C. Foxcroft, Scott P. Carroll, and Johannes Le Roux. "The potential evolutionary impact of invasive balloon vines on native soapberry bugs in South Africa." NeoBiota 49 (July 25, 2019): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.49.34245.

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Following their establishment in new communities, invasive species may cause evolutionary changes in resident native species. This is clearly true for phytophagous insects, which may adapt rapidly when utilising abundant and widespread introduced hosts. The balloon vines Cardiospermumhalicacabum and C.grandiflorum were introduced to South Africa approximately 100 years ago and are classified as minor and major weeds, respectively. Here we assess the potential evolutionary impact of these vines on native Leptocoris soapberry bug populations in Kruger National Park (KNP), using phylogenetic and morphometric analyses. We found that soapberry bugs associated with C.halicacabum are genetically and morphologically distinct from those associated with C.grandiflorum. This suggests that native soapberry bugs in KNP exhibit some degree of host preference, indicating that these vines may have had significant evolutionary consequences for these insects. The proboscis length of soapberry bugs feeding on C.halicacabum closely matched fruit size, often being longer than fruit size at the population level. These soapberry bugs are therefore well-suited to feeding on this introduced plant species.

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Smit, Hendrik P. J., Thorsten Reinsch, Pieter A. Swanepoel, Ralf Loges, Christof Kluß, and Friedhelm Taube. "Environmental Impact of Rotationally Grazed Pastures at Different Management Intensities in South Africa." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051214.

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Nitrogen fertilization, irrigation and concentrate feeding are important factors in rotational pasture management for dairy farms in South Africa. The extent to which these factors affect environmental efficiency is subject to current and intense debate among scientists. A three-year field study was conducted to investigate the yield response of different N-fertilizer treatments (0 (N0), 220 (N20), 440 (N40), 660 (N60) and 880 (N80) kg N ha−1 year−1) on grazed pastures and to calculate the carbon footprint (CF) of milk produced. Excessive N-fertilization (N60 and N80) did not increase herbage dry matter and energy yields from pastures. However, N80 indicated the highest N-yield but at the same time also the highest N surpluses at field level. A maximum fertilizer rate of 220 kg ha−1 year−1 (in addition to excreted N from grazing animals) appears sufficient to ensure adequate herbage yields (~20 t DM ha−1 year−1) with a slightly positive field-N-balance. This amount will prevent the depletion of soil C and N, with low N losses to the environment, where adequate milk yields of ~17 t ECM ha−1 with a low CF (~1.3 kg CO2 kg ECM−1) are reached. Methane from enteric fermentation (~49% ± 3.3) and N2O (~16% ± 3.2) emissions from irrigated pastures were the main contributors to the CF. A further CF reduction can be achieved by improved N-fertilization planning, low emission irrigation techniques and strategies to limit N2O emissions from pasture soils in South Africa.

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Tilney, R. L., and T. Hecht. "The food and feeding habits of two co-occurring marine catfishGaleichthys felicepsandG. ater(Osteichthyes: Ariidae) along the south-east coast of South Africa." Journal of Zoology 221, no. 2 (June 1990): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb03990.x.

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Klapwijk, Charlotte J., Marc Schut, Piet J. A. van Asten, Bernard Vanlauwe, Ken E. Giller, and Katrien Descheemaeker. "Micro-livestock in smallholder farming systems: the role, challenges and opportunities for cavies in South Kivu, eastern DR Congo." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02112-9.

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AbstractLivestock play multiple roles for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Mixed crop-livestock systems are common in South Kivu, eastern DR Congo, but herd sizes are small and numbers of large livestock (i.e. cattle) have declined, due to high population density, recent conflicts and extreme poverty. Over half of the farmers keep cavies, a type of micro-livestock fitting the circumstances of smallholders and a valuable asset especially for the poorest households. To characterize cavy husbandry practices, detailed monthly on-farm data on cavy numbers, weights, herd dynamics and feeding practices were collected over 15 months and from households in two contrasting sites in South Kivu. Cavy herds contained on average 10 animals and strongly varied in size over time and between households. The main reasons for keeping cavies were meat consumption, especially for children, and the opportunity to generate petty cash. A large difference was observed in adult cavy live weights between the sites (an average of 0.6 and 1.0 kg per animal in Kabamba and Lurhala, respectively) and attributed to differences in cavy husbandry and genetics. In both sites, quantities of fresh fodder on offer were larger than fodder demand by 50–100%, but no correlation was found between amount of fodder on offer and cavy weight. Farmers faced several constraints to cavy production, including substantial declines in cavy herd size due to predation or theft and a lack of knowledge regarding breeding and feeding. Hence, the introduction of cages to limit mortality and fodder cultivation to improve feed quality were opportunities for improving cavy production. Overall, micro-livestock present a promising entry-point for development initiatives, also outside DR Congo, because of their potential to decrease poverty and improve human nutrition.

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du Preez, J. J., M. J. F. Jarvis, D. Capatos, and J. de Kock. "A note on growth curves for the ostrich (Struthio camelus)." Animal Science 54, no. 1 (February 1992): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100020687.

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The Gompertz equation was used to compute growth curves for three groups of ostriches (Struthio camelus), from Oudtshoorn in South Africa, the Namib desert in Namibia and from Zimbabwe. All were reared under typical intensive farm conditions with ad libitum feeding. There were no significant differences in mature mass between regions but the maximum daily weight gain for males occurred later (day 163) for Oudtshoorn birds, compared with day 121 for Namibian and day 92 for Zimbabwean. Oudtshoorn females reached maximum rate of gain on day 175 compared with day 115 for Namibian and day 114 for Zimbabwean. Comparisons might prove important when planning programmes for the genetic improvement of commercial flocks, but possible influences of food composition and environment should be investigated.

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Majuva-Masafu, MM, and MJ Linington. "The effect of feeding varying levels ofLeucaena leucocephalaon intake and digestibility of low-quality forages in the Highveld of South Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 23, no. 3 (November 2006): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220110609485902.

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Tennent, Jaclyn, and Colleen T. Downs. "Abundance and home ranges of feral cats in an urban conservancy where there is supplemental feeding: a case study from South Africa." African Zoology 43, no. 2 (October 2008): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/1562-7020-43.2.218.

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Tennent, Jaclyn, and Colleen T. Downs. "Abundance and home ranges of feral cats in an urban conservancy where there is supplemental feeding: a case study from South Africa." African Zoology 43, no. 2 (October 2008): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2008.11657238.

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Agrawal, D. K., A. K. Garg, and K. Nath. "The use of water-washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake in the feeding of buffalo calves." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079545.

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A new protein supplement in the form of water-washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake for tropical countries such as India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and also for tropical regions of Australia, Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia which could be successfully fed to cattle has been reported by Nath, Rajgopal & Garg (1983). The adverse effect of the bitter or toxic principles contained in the neem seed kernel cake could be removed by water washing. It has a potential of providing Rs.350 million worth of additional feed in India alone and if all the neem seeds produced in India could be harvested and utilized for the preparation of oil, the production of the cake could reach 7–8 times its present value.

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Lowes, M. J., S. P. Henzi, and M. R. Perrin. "Diet and Feeding Behaviour of Samango Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis labiatus) in Ngoye Forest, South Africa." Folia Primatologica 54, no. 1-2 (1990): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000156426.

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Warner, J. X., Z. Wei, L. L. Strow, R. R. Dickerson, and J. B. Nowak. "The global tropospheric ammonia distribution as seen in the 13 year AIRS measurement record." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 24 (December 21, 2015): 35823–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-35823-2015.

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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) plays an increasingly important role in the global biogeochemical cycle of reactive nitrogen as well as in aerosol formation and climate. We present extensive and nearly continuous global ammonia measurements made by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) from the Aqua satellite to identify and quantify major persistent and episodic sources as well as to characterize seasonality. We examine the 13 year period from September 2002 through August 2015 with a retrieval algorithm using an optimal estimation technique with a set of three, spatially and temporally uniform a priori profiles. Vertical profiles show good agreement (~5–15 %) between AIRS NH3 and the in situ profiles from the winter 2013 DISCOVER-AQ field campaign in central California, despite the likely biases due to spatial resolution differences between the two instruments. AIRS captures the strongest consistent NH3 emissions from the anthropogenic (agricultural) source regions, such as, South Asia (India/Pakistan), China, the US, parts of Europe, SE Asia (Thailand/Myanmar/Laos), the central portion of South America, as well as Western and Northern Africa. These correspond primarily to croplands with extensive animal feeding operations and fertilizer applications where a summer maximum and secondary spring maximum are reliably observable. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH) regular agricultural fires contribute to a spring maximum. Regions of strong episodic emissions include Russia and Alaska as well as parts of South America, Africa, and Indonesia. Biomass burning, especially wildfires, dominate these episodic NH3 emissions.

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Warner, Juying X., Zigang Wei, L. Larrabee Strow, Russell R. Dickerson, and John B. Nowak. "The global tropospheric ammonia distribution as seen in the 13-year AIRS measurement record." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 8 (May 2, 2016): 5467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5467-2016.

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Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) plays an increasingly important role in the global biogeochemical cycle of reactive nitrogen as well as in aerosol formation and climate. We present extensive and nearly continuous global ammonia measurements made by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) from the Aqua satellite to identify and quantify major persistent and episodic sources as well as to characterize seasonality. We examine the 13-year period from September 2002 through August 2015 with a retrieval algorithm using an optimal estimation technique with a set of three, spatially and temporally uniform a priori profiles. Vertical profiles show good agreement (∼ 5–15 %) between AIRS NH3 and the in situ profiles from the winter 2013 DISCOVER-AQ (DISCOVER-Air Quality) field campaign in central California, despite the likely biases due to spatial resolution differences between the two instruments. The AIRS instrument captures the strongest consistent NH3 concentrations due to emissions from the anthropogenic (agricultural) source regions, such as South Asia (India/Pakistan), China, the United States (US), parts of Europe, Southeast (SE) Asia (Thailand/Myanmar/Laos), the central portion of South America, as well as Western and Northern Africa. These correspond primarily to irrigated croplands, as well as regions with heavy precipitation, with extensive animal feeding operations and fertilizer applications where a summer maximum and a secondary spring maximum are reliably observable. In the Southern Hemisphere (SH) regular agricultural fires contribute to a spring maximum. Regions of strong episodic emissions include Russia and Alaska as well as parts of South America, Africa, and Indonesia. Biomass burning, especially wildfires, dominate these episodic NH3 high concentrations.

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Ravhuhali, K. E., V. Mlambo, T. S. Beyene, and L. G. Palamuleni. "Effects of soil type on density of trees and nutritive value of tree leaves in selected communal areas of South Africa." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i1.10.

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This study aimed to describe the distribution and nutritive value of woody species growing in clay-loamy and red-brown sand from selected localities of North West, South Africa. Three 2.2 km transects, radiating from homesteads, which served as replicates, were established at each of four selected grazing areas. Nine 10 × 10 m homogenous vegetation units (HVU), 20 m apart, were marked in each transect. Woody plant density, height and canopy cover (CC), were recorded, and chemical properties and degradability via in vitro ruminal fermentation of harvested leaves were measured. Raisin bush (Grewia flava), Buffalo thorn (Ziziphus mucronata) and Camel thorn (Vachellia erioloba) were the common species across both soil types. Soil type influenced (P <0.05) plant density, CC, total tree equivalent (TTE) and plant height. Areas with red-brown sandy soil had higher (P <0.05) total plant density (827.7 plant/ha), CC (9.6%) and TTE (2886.4 TTE/ha) than those with clay-loamy soil. Vachellia erioloba leaves in clay-loamy soil had the highest (P <0.05) crude protein content (151.2 g/kg DM). Leaves of Searsia lancea species that were harvested from both the clay-loamy and red-brown sandy soils had the highest (P <0.05) amounts of condensed tannins (0.915 AU550/200 mg and 0.917 AU550/200 mg, respectively). Searsia lancea leaves had the lowest (P <0.05) in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability values in both soil types. The leaves of Z. mucronata and G. flava leaves have potential as protein supplements for ruminants owing to their higher crude protein content and in vitro ruminal N degradability. Keywords: canopy cover, feeding value, plant height, semi-arid, species diversity, tree equivalent

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Holmes, Richard T., Bernhard D. Frauenknecht, and Morné A. Du Plessis. "Breeding System of the Cape Rockjumper, a South African Fynbos Endemic." Condor 104, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.188.

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Abstract Breeding ecology and behavior of the Cape Rockjumper (Chaetops frenatus), a ground-nesting passerine endemic to the mountain fynbos of South Africa, were studied for three years near Cape Town. Breeding groups occupied exclusive 4–11 ha territories, and consisted of a breeding pair and often 1–2 additional individuals, which were usually, but not exclusively, offspring of the adult pair from the preceding breeding season. Supernumerary individuals of both sexes participated in territorial defense and alarm calling and in the feeding of nestlings and fledglings of the breeding pair. Supernumerary females also helped with nest building and incubation. These findings confirm earlier suppositions that the Cape Rockjumper is a socially monogamous, cooperative-breeding species, with offspring remaining in their home territory for at least one year during which they assist their parents in raising additional offspring. New information is also presented on other aspects of the breeding biology of this little-studied species. Sistema Reproductivo de Chaetops frenatus, un Ave Endémica de los Fynbos de Sudáfrica Resumen. Durante tres años se estudió la ecología reproductiva de Chaetops frenatus, un paserino que anida en el suelo, y que es endémico de los fynbos montañosos de Sud-Africa, en las cercanías de Cape Town. Los grupos reproductivos ocupan de forma exclusiva territorios de 4–11 ha, y están compuestos por una pareja reproductiva y en muchos casos con 1 a 2 individuos adicionales, que muchas veces, aunque no siempre, constituyen la progenie del par adulto de la época reproductiva anterior. Individuos supernumerarios de ambos sexos participan en la defensa del terrirorio con cantos de alerta, así como en la alimentación de los polluelos y volantones del par reproductivo. Las hembras supernumerarias también ayudan en la construcción del nido e incubación. Estos hallazgos confirman suposiciones anteriores que Ch. frenatus es un ave monógama social de reproducción cooperativa, cuya descendencia permanece en el territorio parental por lo menos un año, período durante el cual asisten a sus progenenitores en criar a la siguiente camada. Se presenta además nueva información sobre otros aspectos de la biología reproductiva de esta especie tan poco estudiada.

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Mbajiorgu, C. A., J. W. Ng`ambi, and D. Norris. "Effect of Time of Initiation of Feeding after Hatching and Influence of Dietary Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Productivity, Mortality and Carcass Characteristics of Ross 308 Broiler Chickens in South Africa." International Journal of Poultry Science 6, no. 8 (July 15, 2007): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2007.583.591.

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Wells, Kathleen, Andrew Butterworth, and Ngaio Richards. "A review of secondary pentobarbital poisoning in scavenging wildlife, companion animals and captive carnivores." Journal of Veterinary Forensic Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jvfs.v1i1.128307.

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Sodium pentobarbital is a veterinary drug commonly employed to euthanize different animal species humanely. Cases of secondary pentobarbital poisoning have been documented in scavenging wildlife, companion animals and captive carnivores. Since the extent of such poisonings remains mostly unknown, a review was undertaken to consolidate cases published, recorded, only locally reported or shared anecdotally. A questionnaire was distributed to veterinary surgery and wildlife rehabilitation centers, and zoos. About 125 cases affecting 432 animals across the US, Canada, the UK, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Germany and France were collated, with 76.8% obtained outside the published literature. Our findings support that pentobarbital poisoning affects a range of wild species (e.g., griffon vultures, canids) and companion animals (especially dogs and captive carnivores), and although a known source of toxicosis, pentobarbital-related poisonings continue to present day. Carcass disposal methods were considered in regard to associated incidents of secondary poisoning. Wild scavengers and companion animals were mainly affected after feeding on livestock carcasses that were insufficiently buried or left uncovered. Captive carnivores were accidentally poisoned after being fed pentobarbital-euthanized animals. Euthanized carcasses of stranded whales, provision of euthanized carcasses to dogs at hunt kennels, sourcing of meat from fisheries and laboratories, and use of barbiturates in baits to deliberately harm wildlife emerged as noteworthy sources of risk or exposure. The ongoing presence of pentobarbital residues in pet food as a threat to companion animals was incidentally considered. Additional recommendations for follow-up research, to increase awareness of this issue and prevent exposure, were suggested.

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Hilken, G., J. Dimigen, and F. Iglauer. "Growth of Xenopus laevis under different laboratory rearing conditions." Laboratory Animals 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367795780740276.

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Since the European frogs ( Rana spp.) have fallen under the German endangered species regulation, Xenopus laevis (South African Clawed Frog) is being used increasingly in animal research and education. Optimal growth rates and homogeneity of groups have not necessarily been attained as little statistical analysis of growth data has been available. Following metamorphosis, an as yet not understood variability of growth is exhibited by X. laevis. In this study the effect of environmental factors on this variability was determined. Feeding, population density, background colouring, water temperature, the availability of hiding places, water level and water care were each examined separately. Development of body weight and body length were recorded. A definite correlation between the feeding programme, population density, cover and water care on the one hand and growth on the other were seen. Of lesser importance were water temperature, water level and background colouring. The observed variability of growth is assumed to also be of ethological origin.

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Mariotti, Elena, Francesca Parrini, Cornelius J. Louw, and Jason P. Marshal. "What grass characteristics drive large herbivore feeding patch selection? A case study from a South African grassland protected area." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 37, no. 4 (July 22, 2020): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2020.1768146.

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40

Marston, Christopher G., David M. Wilkinson, Matt Sponheimer, Daryl Codron, Jacqui Codron, and Hannah J. O’Regan. "‘Remote’ behavioural ecology: do megaherbivores consume vegetation in proportion to its presence in the landscape?" PeerJ 8 (February 19, 2020): e8622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8622.

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Examination of the feeding habits of mammalian species such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) that range over large seasonally dynamic areas is exceptionally challenging using field-based methods alone. Although much is known of their feeding preferences from field studies, conclusions, especially in relation to differing habits in wet and dry seasons, are often contradictory. Here, two remote approaches, stable carbon isotope analysis and remote sensing, were combined to investigate dietary changes in relation to tree and grass abundances to better understand elephant dietary choice in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. A composited pair of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper satellite images characterising flushed and senescent vegetation states, typical of wet and dry seasons respectively, were used to generate land-cover maps focusing on the forest to grassland gradient. Stable carbon isotope analysis of elephant faecal samples identified the proportion of C3 (typically browse)/C4 (typically grass) in elephant diets in the 1–2 days prior to faecal deposition. The proportion of surrounding C4 land-cover was extracted using concentric buffers centred on faecal sample locations, and related to the faecal %C4 content. Results indicate that elephants consume C4 vegetation in proportion to its availability in the surrounding area during the dry season, but during the rainy season there was less of a relationship between C4 intake and availability, as elephants targeted grasses in these periods. This study illustrates the utility of coupling isotope and cost-free remote sensing data to conduct complementary landscape analysis at highly-detailed, biologically meaningful resolutions, offering an improved ability to monitor animal behavioural patterns at broad geographical scales. This is increasingly important due to potential impacts of climate change and woody encroachment on broad-scale landscape habitat composition, allowing the tracking of shifts in species utilisation of these changing landscapes in a way impractical using field based methods alone.

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Karczmarski, Leszek. "Conservation and management of humpback dolphins: the South African perspective." Oryx 34, no. 3 (July 2000): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00120.x.

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AbstractPopulation biology and socio-ecology of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis were investigated during a 3-year study period in the Algoa Bay region, South Africa. The dolphins inhabit a narrow strip of coastal waters, mostly less than 15 m deep. Groups are small (mean = 7 animals) and their daily activities concentrate around shallow rocky reefs—the primary feeding grounds. Dependence on these restricted, shallow-water habitats is evident throughout the year. Site fidelity is generally weak and is subject to seasonal migration, although female site fidelity seems to be related to reproductive stage. Births occur predominantly in summer. The social system is highly fluid, structured to some degree by sex and age, ‘matesearching’ behaviour being the most likely male reproductive strategy. The dolphins inhabiting Algoa Bay are part of a substantially larger population that uses a considerable length of the coastal zone. Estimated population parameters are generally low, as are modelled population growth rates, and an increase in the population size seems unlikely. Humpback dolphins appear to be vulnerable to negative environmental pressure and the alteration/destruction of inshore habitats is probably among the greatest threats to them. Conservation of this species should be given high priority and be seen as an important part of integrated coastal zone management. Establishment of multiple-use management areas with controlled ecotourism and several priority sites declared as strict reserves seems to be the most effective conservation approach. In order to be successful, conservation and management policies need to recognize the needs and lifestyles of the local inhabitants.

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Webb, E. C., J. Allen, and S. D. Morris. "Effects of non-steroidal growth implant and dietary zilpaterol hydrochloride on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs." South African Journal of Animal Science 48, no. 4 (May 31, 2018): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v48i4.1.

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The effects of steroidal growth implants alone or in combination with β-adrenergic agonist feed additives have not been studied thoroughly in mutton sheep in South African feedlot conditions. This study investigated the effects of a non-steroidal growth implant zeranol (Ralgro®), alone or in combination with zilpaterol hydrochloride (Zilmax®), on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and selected meat quality traits in 160 SA Mutton Merino ram lambs fed in a commercial feedlot. The experimental design consisted of two Ralgro treatment groups x two Zilmax treatments x two Zilmax feeding periods x 20 animals per treatment group. Lambs were randomly allocated to eight treatment groups, of which one half were implanted with Ralgro after arrival, followed by feed supplementation with Zilmax at two Zilmax feeding periods during the finisher phase, compared with negative control treatments (e.g. no Ralgro or Zilmax; Ralgro + no Zilmax; or no Ralgro + Zilmax). All lambs were fed the grower ration traditionally used by the commercial feedlot, which contained 16.89% crude protein (CP) and 2.94 Mcal/kg dry matter (DM). Zilmax was supplemented in the feed at 40 mg per animal per day and fed for 18 days or 25 days, plus three days withdrawal. Lambs that did not receive the Zilmax treatment were fed the basal diet without Zilmax feed supplementation. Ralgro significantly increased average daily gains (ADG) and cold carcass mass (CCM) of lambs. Lambs supplemented with Zilmax during the finisher phase had higher ADG, greater CCM and increased dressing percentage by ca.1.1% compared with those in the control group. Lambs fed Zilmax for 25 days had higher CCM than those fed for 18 days. The duration of the Zilmax treatment also decreased hide weight, fat thickness and shear force values (tenderness). Zilmax increased ADG and CCM in lambs, particularly if combined with Ralgro implants during the growing phase. The results from this study indicate that the combination of Ralgro implants with Zilmax feed supplementation during the finisher phase had additive effects and increased ADG and CCM of feedlot lambs.Keywords: Growth performance, meat quality, South African Mutton Merino, sheep, Ralgro®, Zilmax®

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TRACY, JAMES L., and THOMAS O. ROBBINS. "Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix-feeding Diorhabda elongata (Brullé, 1832) species group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Galerucini) and analysis of their potential in biological control of Tamarisk." Zootaxa 2101, no. 1 (May 11, 2009): 1–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2101.1.1.

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The primarily Palearctic Diorhabda elongata species group is established for five Tamarix-feeding sibling species(tamarisk beetles): D. elongata (Brullé, 1832), D. carinata (Faldermann, 1837), D. sublineata (Lucas, 1849) REVISEDSTATUS, D. carinulata (Desbrochers, 1870), and D. meridionalis Berti & Rapilly, 1973 NEW STATUS. Diorhabdakoltzei ab. basicornis Laboissière, 1935 and D. e. deserticola Chen, 1961 are synonymized under D. carinulata NEWSYNONYMY. Illustrated keys utilize genitalia, including male endophallic sclerites and female vaginal palpi andinternal sternite VIII. Distribution, comparative biogeography, biology, and potential in biological control of Tamarix inNorth America are reviewed. Diorhabda elongata is circummediterranean, favoring Mediterranean and temperate forestsof Italy to western Turkey. Diorhabda carinata resides in warm temperate grasslands, deserts, and forests of southernUkraine south to Iraq and east to western China. Diorhabda sublineata occupies Mediterranean woodlands from Franceto North Africa and subtropical deserts east to Iraq. Diorhabda carinulata primarily inhabits cold temperate deserts ofMongolia and China west to Russia and south to montane grasslands and warm deserts in southern Iran. Diorhabdameridionalis primarily occupies maritime subtropical deserts of southern Pakistan and Iran to Syria. Northern climatypesof D. carinulata are effective in Tamarix biological control, especially in the Great Basin desert. Diorhabda elongata isprobably best suited to Mediterranean woodlands of northern California. Northern climatypes of D. carinata may be bestsuited for central U.S. grasslands. Diorhabda sublineata, D. meridionalis, and southern climatypes of D. carinata and D. carinulata may each be uniquely suited to areas of the southwestern U.S.

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SEEMAN, OWEN D., EVERT E. LINDQUIST, and ROBERT W. HUSBAND. "A new tribe of tarsonemid mites (Trombidiformes: Heterostigmatina) parasitic on tetrigid grasshoppers (Orthoptera)." Zootaxa 4418, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4418.1.1.

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Podotarsonemini tribe nov. (Tarsonemidae: Acarapinae), with one nominate genus Podotarsonemus gen. nov., is proposed for seven new species of tarsonemid mites collected from the hindwings of pygmy grasshoppers of the family Tetrigidae (Orthoptera). The new tribe is placed within the tarsonemid subfamily Acarapinae on the basis of several morphological synapomorphies, as well as on parasitism of insects. In light of this new tribe, a revised description of the Acarapinae is provided, as are full tribal, generic and species descriptions for the Podotarsonemini, and a key to species. In view of Podapolipidae, the sister family of Tarsonemidae, consisting entirely of obligatory parasitic mites, the distinction between the two constituent sister families of Tarsonemoidea as well as the ancestral feeding habits of that superfamily are considered. These mites and their host grasshoppers were collected from Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, southern India, Japan, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and two localities in north-eastern Australia. This distribution suggests that the Podotarsonemini are an ancient lineage of Tarsonemidae that radiated on the Gondwanan Tetrigidae during the Jurassic.

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Ron, Tamar, S. Peter Henzi, and Uzi Motro. "Do Female Chacma Baboons Compete for a Safe Spatial Position in a Southern Woodland Habitat?" Behaviour 133, no. 5-6 (1996): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00549.

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AbstractIn this study troop of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) at Mkuzi Game Reserve, Zululand, South-Africa, it is suggested that risk of predation and competition over safe spatial position had more importance and effect on female behaviour than did competition for food. Only 6.4% of all agonistic events were over food patches and no significant correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and proportion of time spent feeding, feeding bout length or diet composition. Parameters of reproductive success, such as inter-birth intervals and infant mortality were not correlated with female dominance rank. Female mortality, however, was related to dominance rank and all of the five females who disappeared during the study were low-ranking. Four of the five females disappeared after troop fission. There is circumstantial evidence supporting the suggestion that predation by leopards is the main cause of mortality of females at Mkuzi. High levels of female aggression were recorded, with almost no occurrences of support coalitions. Most of the aggression took place among similar ranking females, or was directed by the top ranking toward the lowest ranking females. Most of the female-to-female agonistic encounters were in a social context, and more than half were over a spatial position next to other adult troop members. Aggression among females increased after troop fission. It is suggested that the higher-ranking females may be better protected from predation, through access to more central spatial positions in the troop. Indeed, a positive correlation was found between a female's dominance rank and the time spent next to other adult troop members. It may be that avoiding food competition by keeping larger distances from others, while foraging, was translated in lower ranking females to a cost of higher predation risk.

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Young, Christopher, Tyler R. Bonnell, Leslie R. Brown, Marcus J. Dostie, Andre Ganswindt, Stefan Kienzle, Richard McFarland, S. Peter Henzi, and Louise Barrett. "Climate induced stress and mortality in vervet monkeys." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (November 2019): 191078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191078.

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As the effects of global climate change become more apparent, animal species will become increasingly affected by extreme climate and its effect on the environment. There is a pressing need to understand animal physiological and behavioural responses to climatic stressors. We used the reactive scope model as a framework to investigate the influence of drought conditions on vervet monkey ( Chlorocebus pygerythrus ) behaviour, physiological stress and survival across 2.5 years in South Africa. Data were collected on climatic, environmental and behavioural variables and physiological stress via faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs). There was a meaningful interaction between water availability and resource abundance: when food availability was high but standing water was unavailable, fGCM concentrations were higher compared to when food was abundant and water was available. Vervet monkeys adapted their behaviour during a drought period by spending a greater proportion of time resting at the expense of feeding, moving and social behaviour. As food availability decreased, vervet mortality increased. Peak mortality occurred when food availability was at its lowest and there was no standing water. A survival analysis revealed that higher fGCM concentrations were associated with an increased probability of mortality. Our results suggest that with continued climate change, the increasing prevalence of drought will negatively affect vervet abundance and distribution in our population. Our study contributes to knowledge of the limits and scope of behavioural and physiological plasticity among vervet monkeys in the face of rapid environmental change.

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Mpanza, Thamsanqa Doctor Empire, Abubeker Hassen, and Abiodun Mayowa Akanmu. "Evaluation of Stylosanthes scabra Accessions as Forage Source for Ruminants: Growth Performance, Nutritive Value and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111939.

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Feed shortage is the main cause of poor production performance in livestock under smallholder farmer’s in South Africa. Therefore, this study evaluated the growth performance, nutritive value and in vitro ruminal fermentation of Stylosanthes scabra accessions in climatic condition of Pretoria, South Africa as potential forage sources in order to improve feed quality and subsequently livestock production. Stylosanthes scabra accessions were planted in 6 m2 plots following a complete randomized block design with three replicates per accession. The plants were allowed to grow to full maturity after which forage was harvested and yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristic were determined. Forage yield of accessions ranged between 4.3 to 5.3 t ha−1 in dry matter (DM), and only twelve accessions were identified to be adaptable over the three-year evaluation under rain-fed. Accessions 140, 9281, 11,252, 11,595, 11,604 and 11,625 were consistent in terms of forage yield over the three years. Significant differences among accessions were observed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), IVOMD, metabolizable energy, metabolizable energy yield, gas production, total phenols, total hydrolysable tannins and total condensed tannins. Principal component and clustering analysis showed that accessions 11,255 and 11,625 are distinct in their characteristics as compared to the rest of the accessions, and both accessions are suitable forage source for animals since they contain low NDF with good forage production and crude protein content. However, there is a need for further study to integrate these accessions into the feeding systems in order to improve livestock production.

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AKINGBADE, A. A., I. V. NSAHLAI, and C. D. MORRIS. "The effects of Leucaena leucocephala on semen quality, fertility and reproductive performance of dihydroxy pyridone-adapted South African Nguni goats." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 2 (September 2002): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960200240x.

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The effects of feeding Leucaena leucocephala on semen quality and fertility were examined using four dihydroxy pyridone (DHP)-adapted (21.0, 26.5, 27.0 and 31.0 kg) and four DHP-unadapted (28.0, 31.0, 40.0 and 44.0 kg) South African indigenous Nguni bucks (mature male goats). The DHP-adapted bucks were assigned to air-dried Leucaena leucocephala forage (LL; Leucaena group) while the unadapted ones were maintained on a cereal-based concentrate diet (C; concentrate group) containing 122 g crude protein (CP)/kg over an 84-day period. Buck semen samples were collected on days 0 and 77 of the study. On the last day of the study (day 84), bucks in the Leucaena group were divided into two equal subgroups; a subgroup was assigned to Leucaena leucocephala-grass pasture (LGP) with ten does (mature female goats) while the second subgroup was assigned to natural pasture (NP) with nine does. Similarly, the two concentrate subgroups were separately assigned to mate nine and ten does on LGP and NP plots, respectively. The proportions of normal semen on both groups were not significantly different. However, semen quality on LL treatment increased significantly (P = 0.004) between days 0 and 77 and probably explains the significant (P<0.01) difference between the fertility rates of bucks on both treatments. There was no evidence that feeding LL was detrimental to semen quality and fertility of bucks and to conception among females mated by the bucks fed the forage; perhaps due to the fact that the bucks had adapted to DHP as a result of the DHP-degrading rumen bacteria (Synergistes jonesii) that were transferred to them by the does. Synergistes jonesii is known to be capable of detoxifying mimosine and its toxic metabolites to innocuous compounds.

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Faber, Mieke, and AJS Benadé. "Nutritional status and dietary practices of 4–24-month-old children from a rural South African community." Public Health Nutrition 2, no. 2 (February 1999): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980099000233.

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AbstractObjectivesTo assess the nutritional status and dietary practices of 4–24-month-old children (under-twos) in a rural South African community.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingA low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km north-west of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.SubjectsChildren (n= 115), 4–24 months old who attended growth monitoring posts in the area.ResultsOf these under-twos, 37.3% had low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 μg dl−1), 65.2% were anaemic, 43.2% had serum ferritin levels < 10 μgl−1(an indicator of low iron stores) and 15.3% were stunted. Breastfeeding was initiated by 99% of mothers. At the time of the survey, 80% of infants in the 4–12-month-old category and 56.9% of children in the 12–24-month-old category were being breastfed. Solid foods were introduced at 3.6 ± 0.8 months. Food intake reflected a high intake of carbohydrate-rich foods, and irregular intakes of fruit and vegetables, especially those rich in vitamin A. Foods of animal origin were not consumed regularly. Of these under-twos, 15.9% experienced an episode of diarrhoea during 2 weeks prior to the survey.ConclusionThese under-twos had a poor vitamin A and iron status. Nutrition education, intervention programmes and feeding schemes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus on the quality of the diet, rather than quantity.

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Rodríguez, Jonatan, Ana Novoa, Adolfo Cordero-Rivera, David M. Richardson, and Luís González. "Biogeographical comparison of terrestrial invertebrates and trophic feeding guilds in the native and invasive ranges of Carpobrotus edulis." NeoBiota 56 (May 14, 2020): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.56.49087.

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Plant invasions impact on biodiversity by altering the composition of native communities by disrupting taxonomic and functional diversity. Non-native plants are often released from their natural enemies, which might result in a reduction of the attack of primary consumers. However, they can also be exposed to the attack of new herbivores that they might not be able to tolerate. Hence, invertebrate communities can be influenced by invasive non-native plants, which in turn modify interactions and change environmental conditions. In this study, we examined the compositional and trophic diversity of invertebrate species, comparing ecosystems with and without the plant species Carpobrotus edulis in coastal areas in its native (South Africa) and introduced (Iberian Peninsula) ranges. Results show that C. edulis has a clear impact on invertebrate communities in its non-native range, reducing their abundance in invaded areas, and particularly affecting certain trophic groups. Invasive C. edulis also alters the invertebrate diversity by not only reducing abundance but also by altering species composition. Overall, the physical dominance of C. edulis modifies the co-occurrence of invertebrate assemblages, reducing the number of trophic groups and leading to substantial effects on primary consumers. Results suggest that the lack of natural enemies might be an important driver of the expansion of C. edulis in its introduced range. Further work is needed to examine long-term changes caused by non-native plants on invertebrate assemblages and the subsequent modification of biological interactions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal feeding – South Africa'

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