Academic literature on the topic 'Animal Helminthiasis'

The forecast of epizootic situation on main animal helminthiases in the Russian Federation in the year 2016 is presented. Regular monitoring of epizootic situation on main animal helminthiases allow to conclude that the development of epizootic process at helminthiasis is affected by environmental factors: condition of pastures, water basins, weather and climate, especially in current pasture season, whichrequires the antiparasitic treatments.

In this study, we aimed to establish the prevalence and risk factors relating to gastrointestinal helminthiasis, and to characterize the sanitary management practiced among sheep herds in the Sertão region of the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, based on factors that condition the ways of controlling these parasites in these herds. The research was carried out between April and July 2012. We visited 54 farms, where fecal and blood samples were individually collected from 465 animals. On each farm, a questionnaire was applied to gather information on variables relating to potential risk factors. The prevalence of sheep gastrointestinal helminthiasis in the region was 75.9%. At least one animal tested positive for this helminthiasis on 53 (98.1%) of the 54 farms evaluated. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) analysis showed the following infection burdens: 51.8% with mild infection, 27.1% moderate infection, 9.9% heavy infection and 11.2% fatal infection. Among the sheep farms visited, anthelmintics were used on 81.5% (p <0.05). The most relevant risk factor in this study was the farm area, because it defines the area available for grazing animals. Properties with many animals and little pasture area, which are the most abundant type in the Sertão region of Paraíba, tend to have high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, because the animals are more prone to reinfection. The Sertão region of Paraíba presents high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis among sheep, and the farm area is the most relevant risk factor for the development of these parasites.

A ten-year (1996-2005) record of treatment report on diagnosed ruminant diseases in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State was evaluated to determine the prevalence and seasonality of the major ruminant diseases in the southwestern part of Nigeria. A total of 6880 ruminants comprising 114 cattle, 3312 sheep and 3454 goats were treated. Trypanomosis, Pneumonia, and Malnutrition showed seasonal fluctuation while Helminthiasis, Ectoparasitism, Gastro-Enteritis, Kata and Dystocia were distributed throughout the year. Helminthasis (3126 cases) had a seasonal occurrence of 31.99%, 31.54%, 11.89% and 29.01% for the hot-dry , hot-humid rainy, hot humid non-rainy and cool-humid rainy seasons respectively. During the hot-dry season, Trypanosomosis (19.29%) and malnutrition (3.51%) in cattle, Helminthiasis (14.31% and 11.87%) in sheep and goats respectively were the major problems. Ectoparasition (6.76% and 7.53%) and Kata (5.86% and 5.79%) in the sheep and goats respectively were the major problems during the hot-humid rainy season. Helminthiasis (3.51%) Gastro-Enteritis (3.51%) and Toxaemia/Septicaemia (3.51%) in cattle, Helminthiasis (4.23% and 5.91%), Ectoparasitism (2.60% and 1.74%) and Kata (3.02% and 2.72%) in sheep and goats respectively were the major problems during the hot-humid non-rainy season. Pneumonia (5.265) and Helminthasis (3.51%) in cattle, Helminthasis (13.90% and 11.60%), Kata (4.90% and 7.53%), Ectoparasitism (3.51% and 5.21%) and Pneumonia (2.42% and 1.80%) in sheep and goats respectively were the major diseases that occurred in the cool humid rainy season. The relevance of this report to effective control of measures for the ruminant enterprise in southwestern Nigeria is also highlighted.

AbstractAt the beginning of the new millennium, helminth infections continue to be prevalent, particularly among impoverished populations. This study attempts to create the first health informatics model of helminthiasis in Thailand. The authors investigate how a health informatics model could be used to predict the control and eradication in a national control campaign. Fish-borne helminthiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini remains a major public health problem in many parts of South-East Asia, including Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia. The epicentre of this disease is located in north-east Thailand, where high prevalence coexists with a high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA). The current report was conducted to determine a mathematical model of surveillance for helminthiasis while also using a geographic information system. The fish-borne helminthiasis model or the predicted equation was Y1 = 3.028 + 0.020 (elevation) – 2.098 (clay). For soil-transmitted helminthiasis, the mathematical model or the predicted equation was Y2 = −1.559 + 0.005 (rainfall) + 0.004 (elevation) − 2.198 (clay). The Ministry of Public Health has concluded that mass treatment for helminthiasis in the Thai population, targeting high-risk individuals, may be a cost-effective way to allocate limited funds. This type of approach, as well as further study on the correlation of clinical symptoms with environmental and geographic information, may offer a novel strategy to the helminth crisis.

A survey of the helminth parasites of pigs in the Delta area of Nigeria was carried out. Faecal samples obtained from the rectum of the pigs were examined for helminth ova by using the sedimentation method. Structured questionnaires were also used to get information on some epizootiological factors from pig farmers. Of the 1,140 faecal samples examined, 3.8% was positive for trematode infection while 47.5% was positive for nematode infection. Among the nematode parasite identified, Ascaris suum was found to predominate (43.8% of the total). Poor sanitation was found to be the major factor predisposing pigs to helminth infections in the area. It was therefore concluded that since pig is an important livestock to the inhabitants of the area, there is the need to regularly organize programmes that will educate the farmers on the proper keeping of the animal for maximum productivity.

The paper demonstrates the prospects of applying Arabinogalactan for mechanochemical modification of physicochemical and biological properties of antihelminthic substance. The study evaluates the parasitocidal effect of ivermectin (IVER) and albendazole (ABZ) compounds with Arabinogalactan (AG) in the form of solid dispersions (RD) in sheep intestinal helminthiasis. The authors tested compositions of new specimens with the active substance (DV) of ivermectin with three batches of arabinogalactan from different manufacturers in the ratio of 1:10 and compositions of IVER+ABZ+AG in the ratio of 1:1:10. The experiments on parasitocidal activity of compositions in intestinal helminthiasis were carried out on spontaneously invaded sheep in Shebala district of the Republic of Altai, where 16 experimental and 2 control groups of animals were arranged following the principle of analogues. The sheep received the specimens on an individual basis: as a water suspension orally; composition of IVER+AG dosed as 0,1; 0,05 and 0,025 mg per a kilo of animal weight; composition of IVER+ABZ+AG - in calculation of IVER+ABZ - 0,1 and 0,2 mg of water suspension, albendazole 1, 2, 3 and 5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight. The experiment has shown that parasitocidal activity of laboratory samples of mechanical compositions of ivermectin and different in degree of purification of AB lots do not differ significantly. It is supposed that parasitocidal compositions can be used for non-pharmacopoeia AG samples of animals, which will reduce significantly the cost of the specimen. The efficiency of the composition of IVER+AG dosed 0.1 mg per 1 kg of animal weight is significantly higher than that of the initial specimen. Mechanical composition IVER+ABZ+AH dosed 0.2 mg of hemectin and 2 mg of albendazole per a kilo of animal weight is highly effective (100%) against sheep intestinal helminths and it assumes the possibility of significant (five times) decrease of AHZ dose in the composition with AH without loss of helmintocidal activity.

Цель и задачи исследования: изучение особенностей послеубойной диагностики и ветеринарно-санитарной оценки мяса и продуктов убоя животных при гельминтозах; анализ результатов ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы лаборатории продовольственного рынка «Тотем» Кировского района города Красноярска за 2016–2019 гг. Для анализа использовали данные годовых отчетов лаборатории ветсанэкспертизы рынка (форма № 5-вет), а также методику осмотра туш и органов свиней и крупного рогатого скота. В ходе исследования определено, что за период с 2016 по 2019 г. в лаборатории ветсанэкспертизы рынка осмотрено всего 21 353 туши убойных животных, из них 7 575 туш крупного рогатого скота и 13 778 туш свиней. Выявлено, что по причине гельминтозных болезней выбракована 1 туша крупного рогатого скота и 42 органа, а также 10 органов от свиных туш. При этом наибольший процент выбраковки продуктов убоя крупного рогатого скота был по причине дикроцелиоза и составил 83,7 % (36 случаев) от общего количества выявленных в тушах гельминтозов, а наименьший – при цистицеркозе – 2,3 % (1 случай). Процент выбраковки органов при фасциолезе составил 7 % (3 случая), при других инвазионных болезнях – 7 % (3 случая). Процент выбраковки продуктов убоя свиней от общего числа инвазионных болезней по причине цистицеркоза тенуикольного составил 70 % (7 случаев), метастронгилеза – 20 % (2 случая), дикроцелиоза – 10 % (1 случай). Вопрос о путях реализации продуктов убоя животных при инвазионных болезнях решали согласно действующим Правилам ветсанэкспертизы. Пораженные внутренние органы (печень, легкие) и одна туша утилизированы, непораженные – выпущены в реализацию.

In the past 20 years, boron has been identified as an essential trace element for animals and humans but also as an increasingly important industrial pollutant. We examined first whether boron influenced survival of the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri. Female Balb/c mice were fed deficient (0.1 mug B/g), marginal (2.0 mug B/g) or control (12.0 mug B/g) diets, and infected with third-stage larvae. Although liver boron concentrations did not differ among diet groups, dietary boron deficiency impaired survival of the parasite and modulated a broad range of cytokines and chemokines. On the other hand, infection history altered liver mineral concentrations. Second, we examined whether elevated boron concentrations would exert toxic effects on H. bakeri in vitro. Boron toxicity was evidenced by reduced motility, fecundity, infectivity and survival. Feeding stages and free-living stages were more sensitive than non-feeding stages and parasitic stages respectively in a dose-dependent manner.

Both major histocompatibility genes (MHC) and infection have been shown to influence urinary odours in mice, and mice may use MHC-associated odours to detect kin for the purpose of choosing communal nesting partners, or to avoid mating with close relatives. Additionally, mice may use infection-related odours to avoid mating with sick individuals or those genetically susceptible to infection. I tested the above theories using urine as the source of odour. In a series of odour preference experiments, employing two MHC-congenic strains of mice (B10 and B10.Q), I tested the proposition that females prefer MHC-similar female odours when choosing female relatives as nesting partners, and that females prefer MHC-disparate male odours for the purpose of disassoratative mating. I found that females did not display a preference for MHC-similar female odours or MHC-disparate male odours. However, when B10.Q male urine donors were infected with 100 L3 larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda), both strains of female displayed a significant preference for the odours of uninfected B10 males. To determine whether female odour preference for uninfected males extended to actual mate choice, I subsequently examined female mate choice in a controlled setting. Using CD-1 outbred mice, I found that females preferred to mate with uninfected males over males subclinically infected with 200 L3 of H. polygyrus , as evidenced by first ejaculation preferences. In this experiment, males were tethered, and as such, male dominance interactions were prevented. Thus, in the final experiment, to assess whether male dominance interactions influenced female mate choice, in addition to infection, I tested female mate choice in a seminatural setting, which allowed for social interactions to occur. In this study, paternity was ascertained through DNA analysis and the resulting data indicated that neither male dominance status nor infection had a substantial impact on fema
Overall, the data do not support the theory that MHC-based preferences occur through urinary odours. However, the results do substantiate previous findings regarding female preferences for the odours of uninfected males. Furthermore, data from the controlled mate choice assay indicate that female odour preference for uninfected males extends to actual mate choice. Conversely, in the seminatural setting neither dominance nor infection prevailed as factors driving female mate choice. I suggest that this may be a consequence of the structural complexity of my arenas.

Trois especes de nematodes haemonchinae parasitent les ruminants domestiques en mauritanie. Chacune des trois especes a developpe des adaptations pour survivre dans un milieu sub-desertique en mauritanie. Dans tous les cas, la survie au cours de la saison seche est importante (survie au stade adulte et/ou arret du developpement des larves) et pour le parasite des bovins, la conquete de nouveaux hotes est un atout majeur

Les invasions biologiques sont de plus en plus fréquentes, avec des conséquences importantes sur la biodiversité et la santé humaine. Étudier les mécanismes qui les expliquent permet simultanément (i) d’envisager des stratégies efficaces de contrôle et de prévention et (ii) d’étudier divers processus écologiques et évolutifs sur des échelles de temps contemporaines. Plusieurs hypothèses basées sur le parasitisme et l’immunité des hôtes sont proposées pour expliquer le succès des espèces envahissantes. Ainsi, au cours de l’invasion, les hôtes exotiques (1) perdraient leurs parasites naturels (Enemy Release, ER), (2) transfèreraient leurs parasites exotiques aux hôtes natifs (Spill-Over, SO) et/ou (3) amplifieraient les cycles des parasites natifs au sein des hôtes locaux (Spill-Back, SB). En relation avec ces changements dans les interactions hôtes-parasites, l’hypothèse EICA (Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability) prédit une modulation des ressources de l’hôte envahissant via un investissement moins important dans les réponses immunitaires coûteuses (inflammation) au profit de réponses immunitaires beaucoup moins coûteuses (réponses médiées par les anticorps) et de capacités de reproduction et de dispersion des populations sur le front d’invasion. Le but de ma thèse est de tester ces prédictions dans le cadre de deux invasions actuellement en cours au Sénégal : celles du rat noir Rattus rattus et de la souris domestique Mus musculus domesticus, deux espèces envahissantes majeures tant par leurs impacts (économique, sanitaire, écologique) que par leur distribution quasiment mondiale. Mes travaux se basent sur un dispositif d’échantillonnage en populations naturelles et sur le développement d’approches comparatives le long d’un gradient d’invasion pour chacune des deux espèces exotiques. Les patrons de structure (prévalence, abondance, richesse) de deux communautés de parasites (helminthes gastro-intestinaux, bactéries pathogènes) et les profils immunitaires (réponses médiées par les anticorps naturels, inflammation) des rongeurs commensaux exotiques (M. m. domesticus, R. rattus) et/ou natifs (Mastomys spp.) ont été comparés pour des localités situées dans des régions anciennement envahies (depuis plus de 100 ans), récemment envahies (depuis moins de 30 an : front d’invasion), et non envahies. Mes résultats montrent des variations dans la structure des communautés de parasites et les réponses immunitaires des hôtes natifs et exotiques. Les tendances observées, aussi bien pour les communautés de parasites que pour les composantes immunitaires étudiées le long des deux routes d’invasion, attestent de patrons globalement plus complexes qu’attendu sous les hypothèses de départ, suggérant l’existence de relations complexes entre caractéristiques des communautés d’hôtes et de parasites, investissement immunitaire, conditions environnementales et invasions biologiques. Des approches expérimentales doivent être envisagées afin de déterminer les conséquences et les mécanismes sous-jacents aux différents phénomènes observés
Biological invasions are increasingly phenomenon worldwide having deleterious impacts on biodiversity and human health. Studying the mechanisms explaining them allows both (i) to define efficient strategies for controlling and preventing invaders and (ii) to study ecological and evolutionary processes at contemporary scales. Some major hypotheses rely on parasitism and host immunity to explain invasion success. Thus, exotic host populations (1) may benefit of an " Enemy Release " (ER) through impoverishment of their original parasite communities, and may affect native hosts by (2) transferring exotic parasites (Spill-Over, SO) and/or (3) by increasing transmission risk of native parasites (Spill-Back, SB). In turn, according to the refined “Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability” (EICA) theory, invasive populations should experience immune trade-offs by favouring less expensive antibody-mediated responses over costly inflammation, to increase their competitive ability (dispersion, reproduction). The aim of my thesis is to test these predictions along the invasion routes of two commensal exotic species in Senegal, the domestic mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus). These rodent species are considered to be major invasive species worldwide inducing high economic, sanitary and ecological damages. My research is based on comparative analyses along one invasion route for each invasive species. We focused on gastrointestinal helminths and pathogenic bacteria as parasite communities, and inflammation and natural antibody-mediated responses as immune estimates. Comparisons were performed for invasive and/or native (Mastomys spp.) rodents between localities of long-established invasion (100-200 years ago), recent invasion (10-30 years ago; invasion front), and non-invaded localities. My findings showed variations along both invasion routes in parasite community structure and immune patterns, but in a more complex way than expected under the initial predictions. The heterogeneity of changes observed highlights the existence of particular relations between host and parasite traits, host immune investment, environmental conditions and biological invasions. Further experimental works are needed to assess the consequences and mechanisms underlying the changes observed along both invasion routes