Journal articles: 'Animal Sex Behavior'

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Ferrero, David M., and Stephen D. Liberles. "Animal Behavior: Shifting Neural Circuits with Sex Hormones." Current Biology 23, no. 14 (July 2013): R621—R623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.007.

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Morell, V. "ANIMAL BEHAVIOR: Guppy Sex and Gluttony Guided by Orange Glow." Science 295, no. 5561 (March 8, 2002): 1816b—1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5561.1816b.

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McGuire, Betty, Kentner Fry, Destiny Orantes, Logan Underkofler, and Stephen Parry. "Sex of Walker Influences Scent-marking Behavior of Shelter Dogs." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040632.

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Interactions with humans influence the behavior and physiology of other animals, and the response can vary with sex and familiarity. Dogs in animal shelters face challenging conditions and although contact with humans typically reduces stress and behaviors associated with stress, evidence indicates that shelter dogs react differently to unfamiliar men and women. Given that some aspects of canine scent-marking behavior change under fearful conditions, we examined whether sex of an unfamiliar walker would influence scent-marking behavior of 100 shelter dogs during leash walks. Male dogs urinated at higher rates when walked by unfamiliar women than when walked by unfamiliar men; female dogs urinated at similar rates when walked by unfamiliar women and unfamiliar men. Sex of walker influenced urinary posture in male dogs, but not in female dogs. Both male and female dogs were more likely to defecate when walked by unfamiliar women than by unfamiliar men. Based on our findings that shelter dogs behave differently in the presence of unfamiliar men and women, we suggest that researchers conducting behavioral studies of dogs record, consider in analyses, and report the sex of observers and handlers as standard practice. We also recommend recording the sex of shelter staff present at behavioral evaluations because the results of these evaluations can impact dog welfare.

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JANOUSEK, BOHUSLAV, and MARTINA MRACKOVA. "Sex chromosomes and sex determination pathway dynamics in plant and animal models." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 100, no. 4 (July 15, 2010): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01470.x.

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Gochfeld, Michael. "Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology." Toxicologic Pathology 45, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623316677327.

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Sex, the states of being female or male, potentially interacts with all xenobiotic exposures, both inadvertent and deliberate, and influences their toxicokinetics (TK), toxicodynamics, and outcomes. Sex differences occur in behavior, exposure, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics, accounting for female–male differences in responses to environmental chemicals, diet, and pharmaceuticals, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Often viewed as an annoying confounder, researchers have studied only one sex, adjusted for sex, or ignored it. Occupational epidemiology, the basis for understanding many toxic effects in humans, usually excluded women. Likewise, Food and Drug Administration rules excluded women of childbearing age from drug studies for many years. Aside from sex-specific organs, sex differences and sex × age interactions occur for a wide range of disease states as well as hormone-influenced conditions and drug distribution. Women have more ADRs than men; the classic sex hormone paradigm (gonadectomy and replacement) reveals significant interaction of sex and TK including absorption, distribution, metabolisms, and elimination. Studies should be designed to detect sex differences, describe the mechanisms, and interpret these in a broad social, clinical, and evolutionary context with phenomena that do not differ. Sex matters, but how much of a difference is needed to matter remains challenging.

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Cristancho, Ana G., Natalia Tulina, Amy G. Brown, Lauren Anton, Guillermo Barila, and Michal A. Elovitz. "Intrauterine Inflammation Leads to Select Sex- and Age-Specific Behavior and Molecular Differences in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010032.

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Sex-specific differences in behavior have been observed in anxiety and learning in children exposed to prenatal inflammation; however, whether these behaviors manifest differently by age is unknown. This study assesses possible behavioral changes due to in utero inflammation as a function of age in neonatal, juvenile, and adult animals and presents potential molecular targets for observed differences. CD-1 timed pregnant dams were injected in utero with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/animal) or saline at embryonic day 15. No differences in stress responses were measured by neonatal ultrasonic vocalizations between LPS- and saline-exposed groups of either sex. By contrast, prenatal inflammation caused a male-specific increase in anxiety in mature but not juvenile animals. Juvenile LPS-exposed females had decreased movement in open field testing that was not present in adult animals. We additionally observed improved memory retrieval after in utero LPS in the juvenile animals of both sexes, which in males may be related to a perseverative phenotype. However, there was an impairment of long-term memory in only adult LPS-exposed females. Finally, gene expression analyses revealed that LPS induced sex-specific changes in genes involved in hippocampal neurogenesis. In conclusion, intrauterine inflammation has age- and sex-specific effects on anxiety and learning that may correlate to sex-specific disruption of gene expression associated with neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

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Ferreira, Helena, Ana Catarina Sousa, José Sereno, João Martins, Miguel Castelo-Branco, and Joana Gonçalves. "Sex-Dependent Social and Repetitive Behavior and Neurochemical Profile in Mouse Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder." Metabolites 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010071.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors. ASD presents a 3:1 ratio of diagnosed boys and girls, raising the question regarding sexual dimorphic mechanisms underlying ASD symptoms, and their molecular basis. Here, we performed in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in juvenile male and female Tsc2+/− mice (an established genetic animal model of ASD). Moreover, behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations during social and repetitive tasks were analyzed. We found significant sexual dimorphisms in the levels of metabolites in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Further, we observed that female mutant animals had a differential social behavior and presented an increase in repetitive behavior. Importantly, while mutant females displayed a more simplified communication during social tasks, mutant males exhibited a similar less complex vocal repertoire but during repetitive tasks. These results hint toward sex-dependent alterations in molecular and metabolic pathways, which can lead to the sexual dimorphic behaviors and communication observed in social and repetitive environments.

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Pollo, Pietro, and Michael M. Kasumovic. "Let's talk about sex roles: what affects perceptions of sex differences in animal behaviour?" Animal Behaviour 183 (January 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.10.016.

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Larivière, Serge, Vance Lester, and Wanda Gorsuch. "Sex Ratio, Body Mass, and Harvest Rates for Five Sympatric Mammalian Carnivores in the Canadian Prairies." Canadian Field-Naturalist 124, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v124i3.1074.

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We assessed sex ratio, body mass, and harvest rates for 5 species of carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) collected in southern Saskatchewan, Canada during spring and summer 1999-2001. Overall, 647 adult carnivores were collected; captures consisted mostly of Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis, 50.7% of captures, 2.6±0.6 kg), Raccoon (Procyon lotor; 28.3%, 6.5±1.3 kg), American Badger (Taxidea taxus, 8.2%, 7.7±1.5 kg), Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, 7.7%, 4.6±0.6 kg), and Coyote (Canis latrans, 5.1%, 11.0±1.5 kg). Sex ratio (M:F) of captures was male-biased for Raccoon (2.5:1), Striped Skunk (1.7:1), but did not differ from 1:1 for American Badger (2.3:1), Coyote (1.7:1), or Red Fox (2.2:1). For both Striped Skunk and Raccoon, the temporal variation in sex ratio of captures suggests that males were more vulnerable to capture early in the spring than females. Harvest rates were highest for Striped Skunks (range 0.8-2.2 animals/km2) followed by Raccoons (0.4-1.3 animals/km2), American Badgers (0.2-0.5 animal/km2), Red Foxes (0.2-0.4 animal/km2), and Coyotes (0.1-0.4 animals/km2).

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Janicke, Tim, Ines K. Häderer, Marc J. Lajeunesse, and Nils Anthes. "Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom." Science Advances 2, no. 2 (February 2016): e1500983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500983.

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Since Darwin’s conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female behavior, morphology, and physiology. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that anisogamy imposes stronger sexual selection on males, which, in turn, drives the evolution of conventional sex roles in terms of female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. Although this paradigm forms the cornerstone of modern sexual selection theory, it still remains untested across the animal tree of life. This lack of evidence has promoted the rise of alternative hypotheses arguing that sex differences are entirely driven by environmental factors or chance. We demonstrate that, across the animal kingdom, sexual selection, as captured by standard Bateman metrics, is indeed stronger in males than in females and that it is evolutionarily tied to sex biases in parental care and sexual dimorphism. Our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that Darwin’s concept of conventional sex roles is accurate and refute recent criticism of sexual selection theory.

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Palanza, Paola, and Stefano Parmigiani. "How does sex matter? Behavior, stress and animal models of neurobehavioral disorders." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 76 (May 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.037.

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de Flamingh, Alida, Ashley Coutu, Alfred L. Roca, and Ripan S. Malhi. "Accurate Sex Identification of Ancient Elephant and Other Animal Remains Using Low-Coverage DNA Shotgun Sequencing Data." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 4 (February 27, 2020): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400833.

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Sex identification of ancient animal biological remains can benefit our understanding of historical population structure, demography and social behavior. Traditional methods for sex identification (e.g., osteological and morphometric comparisons) may be ineffective when animal remains are not well preserved, when sex distinguishing characteristics have not yet developed, or where organisms do not exhibit sex-associated phenotypic dimorphisms. Here we adapt a method developed for human sex determination so that it can be used to identify the sex of ancient and modern animal taxa. The method identifies sex by calculating the ratio of DNA reads aligning to the X chromosome to DNA reads aligning to autosomes (termed the Rx ratio). We tested the accuracy of this method using low coverage genomes from 15 modern elephants (Loxodonta africana) for which sex was known. We then applied this method to ancient elephant ivory samples for which sex was unknown, and describe how this method can be further adapted to the genomes of other taxa. This method may be especially useful when only low-coverage genomic data are obtainable. Furthermore, because this method relies on only the X and not the Y chromosome, it can be used to determine the sex of organisms for which a reference genome was obtained from a female or for which only the X chromosome is reported. Such taxa include the domestic cat, sheep, goat, and horse; and non-domesticated animals such as the Sumatran orangutan, western lowland gorilla and meerkat.

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Giménez-Llort, Lydia, and Virginia Torres-Lista. "Social Nesting, Animal Welfare, and Disease Monitoring." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041079.

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The assessment of welfare and disease progression in animal models is critical. Most tools rely on evaluating individual subjects, whereas social behaviors, also sensitive to acute illness, chronic diseases, or mental health, are scarcely monitored because they are complex and time-consuming. We propose the evaluation of social nesting, a species-typical behavior naturally occurring in standard housing conditions, for such behavioral monitoring. We provide an example of its use to evaluate social deficits and the long-term effects of neonatal tactile-proprioceptive sensorial stimulation from postnatal day 1 to 21, in male and female adult 3xTg-AD mice for Alzheimer’s disease compared to sex- and age-matched non-transgenic (NTg) counterparts with normal aging. Social nesting was sensitive to genotype (worse in 3xTg-AD mice), sex (worse in males), profile, and treatment (distinct time to observe the maximum score and incidence of the perfect nest). Since social nesting can be easily included in housing routines, this neuroethological approach can be useful for animal welfare, monitoring the disease’s progress, and evaluating potential risk factors and effects of preventive/therapeutical strategies. Finally, the noninvasive, painless, simple, short time, and low-cost features of this home-cage monitoring are advantages that make social nesting feasible to be successfully implemented in most animal department settings.

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Mattei, Jennifer H., Mark A. Beekey, Adam Rudman, and Alyssa Woronik. "Reproductive behavior in horseshoe crabs: Does density matter?" Current Zoology 56, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.5.634.

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Abstract While the four species of horseshoe crabs share many common reproductive traits with respect to their reproductive systems, they do differ with respect to their mating behavior (monogamy vs. polygynandry). Past research has attributed these differences to a number of factors including: spawning densities, operational sex ratios (OSR's), male condition (or age), environmental and/or genetic factors, or a combination thereof. Mating behaviors in the three Asian horseshoe crab species (Tachypleus gigas, T. tridentatus, and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) with low spawning densities and 1:1 operational sex ratios are typically monogamous. In Limulus polyphemus, mating behavior is more variable ranging from monogamy to polygynandry. Here we provide evidence, through a long term behavioral study, that variation in mating behavior is influenced by population density in L. polyphemus. Our study population on two beaches in Connecticut (Long Island Sound) have a spawning density 400 times less than that found in Delaware Bay (0.002 females/m2 vs. 0.8 females/m2) but similar operational sex ratios. Between 90%-95% of all spawning females in CT were paired with only one male, thus exhibiting monogamous behavior. In contrast, between 30 and 60% of spawning females in Delaware Bay have more than one mate and produce clutches of eggs with multiple paternities. Male condition played no role in mating behavior in CT populations. We also observed that on average 18% of the females on the spawning beaches are single. These results suggest that population density is an important condition that determines mating behavior. Also, low population density may lead to decreased mate finding ability and lost opportunities for spawning.

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Dalmau, Antoni, Alfred Ferret, and Xavier Manteca. "Vigilance behavior of pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica: Effect of sex and position in the herd." Current Zoology 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.2.232.

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Abstract The Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is a mountain-dwelling ungulate with an extensive presence in open areas. Optimal group size results from the trade off between advantages (a reduction in the risk of predation) and disadvantages (competition between members of the herd) of group living. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of group living may vary depending on the position of each individual within the herd. Our objective was to study the effect of central vs. peripheral position in the herd on feeding and vigilance behavior in male and female Pyrenean chamois and to ascertain if a group size effect existed. We used focal animal sampling and recorded social interactions when a focal animal was involved. With males, vigilance rate was higher in the central part of the group than at the periphery, probably due to a higher density of animals in the central part of the herd and a higher probability of being disturbed by conspecifics. With females, vigilance rate did not differ according to position in the herd. Females spent more time feeding than males, and males showed a higher frequency of the vigilance behavior than females. We did not observe a clear relationship between group size and vigilance behavior. The differences in vigilance behavior might be due to social interactions.

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Adkins-Regan, Elizabeth. "Hormones and the development of sex differences in behavior." Journal of Ornithology 148, S1 (August 1, 2007): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0188-3.

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Larimer, Samantha C., Robert Powell, and John S. Parmerlee. "Effects of structural habitat on the escape behavior of the lizard, Anolis gingivinus." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 4 (2006): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806778877086.

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AbstractKnowledge of escape behavior contributes to an understanding of a species' natural history and provides insights into the physical capabilities of that animal in a natural setting. Using an "approach stick" to standardize the "threat" to which an animal responded, we examined reactions of the Anguillian anole, Anolis gingivinus. As in other anoles, A. gingivinus allowed relatively close approaches, followed by the behaviors of squirreling, running, jumping, or combinations thereof. The most important factors determining which action was taken were the diameter of the lizard's perch and the direction the lizard was facing. Amount of sun exposure also had an effect on behavior, whereas sex of individuals did not. Some visual aspect of the putative predator also had an effect, determining in part the distance at which the animal fled.

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Santollo, Jessica, Derek Daniels, Micah Leshem, and Jay Schulkin. "Sex Differences in Salt Appetite: Perspectives from Animal Models and Human Studies." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010208.

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Salt ingestion by animals and humans has been noted from prehistory. The search for salt is largely driven by a physiological need for sodium. There is a large body of literature on sodium intake in laboratory rats, but the vast majority of this work has used male rats. The limited work conducted in both male and female rats, however, reveals sex differences in sodium intake. Importantly, while humans ingest salt every day, with every meal and with many foods, we do not know how many of these findings from rodent studies can be generalized to men and women. This review provides a synthesis of the literature that examines sex differences in sodium intake and highlights open questions. Sodium serves many important physiological functions and is inextricably linked to the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis. Indeed, from a motivated behavior perspective, the drive to consume sodium has largely been studied in conjunction with the study of thirst. This review will describe the neuroendocrine controls of fluid balance, mechanisms underlying sex differences, sex differences in sodium intake, changes in sodium intake during pregnancy, and the possible neuronal mechanisms underlying these differences in behavior. Having reviewed the mechanisms that can only be studied in animal experiments, we address sex differences in human dietary sodium intake in reproduction, and with age.

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Ralls, Katherine, Brian B. Hatfield, and Donald B. Siniff. "Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-060.

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Foraging behavior was studied in 38 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) implanted with radio transmitters. The observed foraging behavior of instrumented individuals was similar to that of uninstrumented otters observed in previous studies: dive duration varied with prey type but not with prey size, dive success was highest for small prey, and the length of surface intervals increased with prey size. However, telemetry revealed that some otters foraged farther offshore and made longer dives than was indicated by visual observations. Individuals within age–sex classes varied in several aspects of foraging behavior, including the duration of dives and length of surface intervals. There were no overall differences between the dive durations or surface intervals during the day and during the night, though some individuals had longer dives or surface intervals during either the day or the night. There were differences in the foraging behavior of the various age–sex classes, the most striking being those between juvenile males and females. Juvenile males foraged much farther offshore [Formula: see text] in deeper water [Formula: see text] than other otters and made long dives during both the day [Formula: see text] and the night [Formula: see text]. Juvenile females fed for longer periods than other otters.

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Hodes, Georgia E. "Sex, stress, and epigenetics: regulation of behavior in animal models of mood disorders." Biology of Sex Differences 4, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2042-6410-4-1.

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Bartolommei, Paola, Cristina Bencini, Andrea Bonacchi, Stefania Gasperini, Emiliano Manzo, and Roberto Cozzolino. "Difficulty in visual sex identification: a case study on bank voles." Mammalia 83, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0170.

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Abstract The present study aims at quantifying the error in visual sexing of live-trapped bank voles and evaluating if animal body weight and experience of field workers affected the ability to determine the sex of voles. The error in sex attribution involved 25.6% of non-reproductive individuals, pointing out the need to validate the field sex identification. Body weight of voles did not affect the ability of trappers to visually discriminate the sex of animals. Field workers had similar percentages of error independently of their expertise in vole sexing but they also showed a sex-bias in wrongly sexed individuals.

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Holekamp, Kay E., and Scott Nunes. "Seasonal variation in body weight, fat, and behavior of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-202.

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Annual cycles of activity and reproduction were documented in a population of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) in coastal California. Behavior, body mass, and reproduction were monitored in marked individuals between November 1983 and January 1986 through regular focal animal observation and livetrapping. Mass measures for reproductive tracts and gonadal fat pads were concurrently collected from a separate population of animals sacrificed in the laboratory. Mass and feeding behavior varied with sex and age. Surface activity, body weight, fat pad mass, and food consumption appeared to be closely related in this population. Fat pad mass was greater in nonreproductive than in reproductively active members of both sexes, as was body mass among males. Female body mass was greatest during pregnancy. Comparisons among reproductive status groups within each sex revealed significant differences in feeding, resting, vigilance, locomotor activity, and social behavior. Comparison with other populations suggested that S. beecheyi is highly variable with respect to demography, seasonal activity, timing of reproduction, and social behavior.

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Palestis, Brian G. "The role of behavior in tern conservation." Current Zoology 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 500–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.4.500.

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Abstract Behavioral research has long had an important role in the conservation of terns (Aves: Sternidae). Habitat management and restoration of breeding colony sites depends on knowledge of the cues used to select colony and nest sites. For example, conspecific attraction with playback and decoys is commonly used to bring terns to suitable colony sites and habitat modification is often used to increase the availability of suitable nest sites. Tern colonies are interconnected by dispersal, and a metapopulation approach is needed for effective management. Population dynamics are therefore affected by behaviors that influence the frequency of movement among colony sites: site fidelity, natal and breeding dispersal, and group adherence. The monogamous breeding system of terns should keep effective population size similar to census population size, but variation in sex ratios (likely resulting from sex differences in behavior) and in parental quality can result in a smaller than expected effective population size. In addition to the behavior of terns, knowledge of the behavior of predators on terns contributes to management plans, because predator behavior can sometimes be manipulated and predation is often performed by only a few specialized individuals. Other examples of links between tern behavior and conservation are also briefly reviewed, such as behavioral toxicology research and studies of behavioral responses to human disturbance and manmade structures. More work is needed on the behavior of migratory terns at staging sites, stopover sites and wintering grounds, and on the behavior of less well-studied species and species in less well-studied geographic regions [Current Zoology 60 (4): 500–514, 2014].

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Sweanor, Patricia Y., and Finn Sandegren. "Winter behavior of moose in central Sweden." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-026.

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We studied the social behavior of moose (Alces alces alces) in central Sweden during late winter in 1983 and 1984. We observed 119 groups during 797 pair-hours. Moose formed temporary groups [Formula: see text] where individual distances were 50 m or less. Most feeding and resting activities in multimembered groups were synchronized. Grouped moose interacted agonistically at a mean rate of 0.18 interactions per pair-hour. Group associations and interaction rates were dependent on the sex class of moose involved. A concentrated food site of naturally occurring browse did not increase interaction rates or group sizes. No one sex class won interactions at a higher rate than any other. Common threatening actions of moose were lowering the head, positioning the ears downward, and looking directly at and moving towards an opponent. Common losing responses were positioning the ears backward, lowering the head, looking away, and stepping away from an instigator.

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Mitchell, G., Steve Towers, Susan Soteriou, Cara Schumer, Lynne Kenney, Kevin Gusé, and Lisa Dillin. "Sex differences in behavior of endangered mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster)." Primates 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02380855.

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Martasian, Paula J., and Susan B. Goldstein. "Students' Beliefs about Animal Researchers as a Function of Researchers' Sex." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3 (December 1997): 803–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.803.

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Students responded to one of four written descriptions of professors who varied by sex and type of research (human or animal). A 2 (sex of target) × 2 (type of research) × 2 (sex of participant) analysis of variance was computed for an agentic scale and a communal scale. These scales assessed, respectively, orientation toward tasks and orientation toward relationships. The researchers of human behavior were rated as more communal than the animal researchers. The female researchers were rated as more agentic than the male researchers. No interaction between research area and sex of target was found. A content analysis of open-ended responses to the four stimulus descriptions supported the finding that the human researcher was rated as more communal than the animal researcher. This study suggests that students' beliefs about professors are influenced by the professors' area of research. The discussion addresses the implications of this finding for students' evaluations of animal researchers as instructors.

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Henry, Bill. "The Relationship between Animal Cruelty, Delinquency, and Attitudes toward the Treatment of Animals." Society & Animals 12, no. 3 (2004): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568530042880677.

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AbstractPrevious research has identified a relationship between acts of cruelty to animals other than humans and involvement in other forms of antisocial behavior. The current study sought to extend these findings by examining this relationship among a sample of college students using a self-report delinquency methodology. In addition, the current study explored the relationship between a history of observing or engaging in acts of animal cruelty and attitudes of sensitivity/concern regarding the treatment of nonhuman animals. College students (n = 169) enrolled in an Introduction to Psychology course comprised the sample. Results indicated that those participants who observed acts of animal cruelty and those who participated in acts of animal cruelty had higher scores on a self-report delinquency scale than did those who had never observed or participated in acts of animal cruelty. Observation of acts of animal cruelty interacted with sex to predict attitudes toward the treatment of animals. Observation of animal cruelty and par ticipation in animal cruelty affected delinquency scores independently. The current study discusses implications and directions for future research.

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Fultz, Amy, Akie Yanagi, Sarah Breaux, and Leilani Beaupre. "Aggressive, Submissive, and Affiliative Behavior in Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) During Social Integration." Animals 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182421.

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Chimp Haven is a sanctuary for chimpanzees being retired from biomedical research and from facilities that can no longer care for them. Chimpanzees often live in smaller groups in captive settings; however, Chimp Haven integrates them into larger, more species-typical groups. Social integrations, the process of introducing unfamiliar chimpanzees to one another, are often complex in terms of logistics and can be stressful due to the territorial nature of the animals, reduced space in captivity, and the fact that these situations are engineered by humans. From 2005 to 2015, Chimp Haven conducted 225 social integrations including 282 chimpanzees (male: n = 135; female: n = 147). Each integration involved 2 to 26 chimpanzees (mean = 9) and their age ranged from < one year old to 59 years old (mean = 30). We collected data ad libitum during the first 60 min after doors were opened between unfamiliar chimpanzees. The chimpanzees’ affiliative, aggressive, and submissive behaviors were examined, comparing the subject’s sex, rearing history, location/enclosure type, and group size impacts on these behaviors. The subject’s sex, location, and group size were associated with the frequency of affiliative behaviors observed during social integration. All variables except for group size were associated with the frequency of aggressive behavior. The frequency of submissive behavior differed based on the subject’s sex, rearing history, and group size. We were unable to make comparisons between successful and unsuccessful integrations, as most of these integrations were successful.

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Pluháček, J., J. Bartošová, and L. Bartoš. "Suckling behavior in captive plains zebra (Equus burchellii): Sex differences in foal behavior1." Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-1982.

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Lozada, Claudia C., Gustavo Toro, and Courtney L. Daigle. "PSXVI-18 Heifers are from Venus, steers are from mars: Sex differences in social behaviors in drylot housed brahman cattle exposed to a cattle brush." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.407.

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Abstract Sex differences in cattle productivity and efficiency have been established, yet an empirical examination of how sex influences cattle social behavior in dry lots is absent. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of sex on the performance of social behaviors and brush use in drylot-housed Brahman yearling steers (n = 2 pens; 19 steers/pen) and heifers (n = 2 pens; 15 heifers/pen). Cattle were video recorded from 8:00 to 20:00 for 71 d, and to date, d 1 has been decoded using continuous observations. Video was decoded for social behavior for 15 minutes of every 30 minutes using continuous observations. Average bout duration (sec), total duration per day (sec), and bout frequency of allogrooming, bar licking, tongue rolling, and brush utilization were recorded for each pen. Frequency was recorded for headbutting and mounting. Data were normalized, and the differences between sexes for each behavior were evaluated with a t-test (PROC TTEST). Average bout duration, bout frequency, and total duration for allogrooming (P > 0.15), bar licking (P > 0.63), and brush use (P > 0.78) and bout frequency for brush displacement (P > 0.78) and headbutt (P > 0.76) did not differ between sexes. Heifers tended (P = 0.09) to perform more bunk displacements than steers (heifers: 94.5 ± 64.5 count/pen/d; steers: 29 ± 3 count/pen/d). Steers performed more mounts than heifers (P < 0.0001; steers: 2.5 ± 0.5 mounts/pen/d; heifers: 0 ± 0 mounts/pen/d). This preliminary evaluation suggests that sexes may differ in the prevalence and type of social behaviors performed while housed in drylots, yet inclusion of more data will confirm these early observations.

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Leclercq, Sébastien, Julien Thézé, Mohamed Amine Chebbi, Isabelle Giraud, Bouziane Moumen, Lise Ernenwein, Pierre Grève, Clément Gilbert, and Richard Cordaux. "Birth of a W sex chromosome by horizontal transfer of Wolbachia bacterial symbiont genome." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (December 6, 2016): 15036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608979113.

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Sex determination is a fundamental developmental pathway governing male and female differentiation, with profound implications for morphology, reproductive strategies, and behavior. In animals, sex differences between males and females are generally determined by genetic factors carried by sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are remarkably variable in origin and can differ even between closely related species, indicating that transitions occur frequently and independently in different groups of organisms. The evolutionary causes underlying sex chromosome turnover are poorly understood, however. Here we provide evidence indicating that Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts triggered the evolution of new sex chromosomes in the common pillbug Armadillidium vulgare. We identified a 3-Mb insert of a feminizing Wolbachia genome that was recently transferred into the pillbug nuclear genome. The Wolbachia insert shows perfect linkage to the female sex, occurs in a male genetic background (i.e., lacking the ancestral W female sex chromosome), and is hemizygous. Our results support the conclusion that the Wolbachia insert is now acting as a female sex-determining region in pillbugs, and that the chromosome carrying the insert is a new W sex chromosome. Thus, bacteria-to-animal horizontal genome transfer represents a remarkable mechanism underpinning the birth of sex chromosomes. We conclude that sex ratio distorters, such as Wolbachia endosymbionts, can be powerful agents of evolutionary transitions in sex determination systems in animals.

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Creelman, E., and A. E. Storey. "Sex Differences in Reproductive Behavior of Atlantic Puffins." Condor 93, no. 2 (May 1991): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368955.

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Darnell, Michael Zachary, Kenna K. Fowler, and Pablo Munguia. "Sex-specific thermal constraints on fiddler crab behavior." Behavioral Ecology 24, no. 4 (2013): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/art006.

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Boeuf, Burney J. Le, Patricia A. Morris, Susanna B. Blackwell, Daniel E. Crocker, and Daniel P. Costa. "Diving behavior of juvenile northern elephant seals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-181.

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We describe and review the development of the diving and foraging pattern of northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, during migrations over the first 2 years of life. The diving pattern and migratory tracks of 23 juveniles, 9–27 months of age, from Año Nuevo and Piedras Blancas, California, were recorded with attached time–depth recorders and Argos satellite tags. The seals exhibited a general diving pattern like that of adults, diving deep (373 ± 77 m per dive (mean ± SD)), long (15.2 ± 2.6 min per dive), and continuously (88.7 ± 2.7% of the time submerged while at sea). Level of performance increased with age and experience up to 2 years of age, the end of the fourth migration, when modal diving performance was equal to that of adults. Juveniles migrated north to the waters west of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, moving more slowly and not as far as adults. By the third trip to sea, males began to exhibit more flat-bottomed dives than females, a sex difference observed in adults, suggesting that males supplement a diet of pelagic organisms with benthic prey. These data and related observations of elephant seals suggest that the greatest physiological changes enabling an animal to dive occur near the rookery following weaning, before the first trip to sea; transition to a pelagic existence is difficult, as reflected by high mortality during the first migration; improvement of diving skills continues up to 2 years of age; and sex differences in foraging behavior and foraging location, similar to those seen in adults, are evident before the seals reach 2 years of age.

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Hilderbrand, G. V., and H. N. Golden. "Body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0205.

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We used deuterium water dilution to estimate body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Nelchina Basin, Alaska. Body mass differed between sexes throughout the year but did not vary within sex. Mean fat mass and mean energy content were highest in both sexes in the spring. Mean lean mass was lowest in both sexes in the spring. Body mass and lean body mass were positively related to animal age in both males and females up to age 6–8 years. There was no relationship between body fat content and animal age in either sex except in older animals. Thus, growth beyond age 2 consists primarily of lean mass. Body mass of reproductively active females was greater than nonreproductively active females in the spring but not in summer or fall. Deuterium should be allowed to circulate in the wolf for at least 120 min to ensure complete equilibration regardless of season, sex, age, or reproductive status.

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Eaton, G. Gray, Deanne F. Johnson, Barbara B. Glick, and Julie M. Worlein. "Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) social development: Sex differences in Juvenile behavior." Primates 27, no. 2 (April 1986): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382594.

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Wójcik, Anna, and Kinga Powierża. "The Influence of Breed, Sex, Origin and Housing Conditions on Undesirable Behaviors in Ancient Dog Breeds." Animals 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051435.

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Abnormal repetitive behaviors often pose problems for dog owners. Such behaviors are considered undesirable if they pose a nuisance or a danger to humans. Ancient dog breeds are intelligent, sociable, active, boisterous and need regular outdoor exercise, but are also independent and reluctant to follow commands. This study aimed to identify factors (breed, sex, origin, housing conditions) and situations that contribute to undesirable behaviors, such as aggression towards humans and other dogs/animals, separation anxiety, excessive vocalization, and oral and locomotion behaviors in Akita, Alaskan Malamute, Basenji, Samoyed and Siberian husky. Undesirable behaviors in dogs were analyzed based on the results of 897 questionnaires. Breed influenced aggressive behavior towards other dogs/animals, aggression towards humans, undesirable oral and locomotion behaviors, and excessive vocalization. Aggressive behaviors were more prevalent in females than in males. Housing conditions were linked with aggression towards other dogs/animals, aggression at mealtime, and excessive vocalization. Undesirable behaviors were most frequently reported in Akitas, Siberian huskies and Samoyeds, and they were more prevalent in males than in females and dogs living indoors with or without access to a backyard. Aggressive behaviors towards other dogs and animals, excessive vocalization and undesirable motor activities posed the greatest problems in ancient dog breeds.

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Stewart, Fiona A., and Jill D. Pruetz. "Sex Bias and Social Influences on Savanna Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) Nest Building Behavior." International Journal of Primatology 41, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 849–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00157-4.

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AbstractMany primates show sex differences in behavior, particularly social behavior, but also tool use for extractive foraging. All great apes learn to build a supportive structure for sleep. Whether sex differences exist in building, as in extractive foraging, is unknown, and little is known about how building skills develop and vary between individuals in the wild. We therefore aimed to describe the nesting behavior of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Fongoli, Senegal to provide comparative data and to investigate possible sex or age differences in nest building behaviors and nest characteristics. We followed chimpanzee groups to their night nesting sites to record group (55 nights) and individual level data (17 individuals) on nest building initiation and duration (57 nests) during the dry season between October 2007 and March 2008. We returned the following morning to record nest and tree characteristics (71 nests built by 25 individuals). Fongoli chimpanzees nested later than reported for other great apes, but no sex differences in initiating building emerged. Observations were limited but suggest adult females and immature males to nest higher, in larger trees than adult males, and adult females to take longer to build than either adult or immature males. Smaller females and immature males may avoid predation or access thinner, malleable branches, by nesting higher than adult males. These differences suggest that sex differences described for chimpanzee tool use may extend to nest building, with females investing more time and effort in constructing a safe, warm structure for sleep than males do.

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Wright, John C., and Marc S. Nesselrote. "Classification of behavior problems in dogs: Distributions of age, breed, sex and reproductive status." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19, no. 1-2 (December 1987): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(87)90213-9.

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Lieggi, Christine, Allan V. Kalueff, Christian Lawrence, and Chereen Collymore. "The Influence of Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Factors on Reproducibility and Replicability in Aquatic Animal Models." ILAR Journal 60, no. 2 (2019): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz019.

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Abstract The publication of reproducible, replicable, and translatable data in studies utilizing animal models is a scientific, practical, and ethical necessity. This requires careful planning and execution of experiments and accurate reporting of results. Recognition that numerous developmental, environmental, and test-related factors can affect experimental outcomes is essential for a quality study design. Factors commonly considered when designing studies utilizing aquatic animal species include strain, sex, or age of the animal; water quality; temperature; and acoustic and light conditions. However, in the aquatic environment, it is equally important to consider normal species behavior, group dynamics, stocking density, and environmental complexity, including tank design and structural enrichment. Here, we will outline normal species and social behavior of 2 commonly used aquatic species: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Xenopus (X. laevis and X. tropicalis). We also provide examples as to how these behaviors and the complexity of the tank environment can influence research results and provide general recommendations to assist with improvement of reproducibility and replicability, particularly as it pertains to behavior and environmental complexity, when utilizing these popular aquatic models.

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Kazmaier, Richard T., Eric C. Hellgren, and David R. Synatzske. "Patterns of behavior in the Texas tortoise, Gopherus berlandieri: a multivariate ordination approach." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-092.

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We compared the distribution of 19 categories of behavior exhibited by 47 adult Texas tortoises (Gopherus berlandieri) over 3 years with the use of detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). DCA revealed a gradient from passive to active behavior along axis 1. Tortoises were more active in 1994 and less active in 1996. This pattern was likely due to the extremely hot and dry conditions in 1996. Year was the most significant variable explaining variability in behavior when sex, age, size, year, and grazing treatment (pastures grazed versus ungrazed by cattle) were used as environmental variables in CCA. Age, size, and grazing treatment were not significant variables in CCA. Tortoises used proportionally more burrows, shallow surface depressions termed pallets, and cavity pallets, and ate more cactus in 1996. More foraging and active behaviors, like courtship, were observed in 1994. Sex was a significant variable in explaining behavioral variability after the effects of year were controlled for. Males tended to exhibit more active behaviors than females. Our analyses suggested that the grazing regime used in Chaparral Wildlife Management Area did not affect the patterns of behavior exhibited by this protected tortoise.

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Saiyed, Sana T., Lydia M. Hopper, and Katherine A. Cronin. "Evaluating the Behavior and Temperament of African Penguins in a Non-Contact Animal Encounter Program." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060326.

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Animal ambassador programs are increasingly prevalent in zoos, yet few studies have investigated their impact on animal welfare. We assessed the effects of an ambassador program on the behavior of a colony (N = 15) of zoo-housed African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) and evaluated whether individual characteristics were predictive of participation. Behavioral data were collected for 16 weeks and included 43 “penguin encounters”, during which zoo visitors entered a designated portion of the penguins’ enclosure. When comparing colony behavior following encounters to behavior during a matched control period lacking an encounter, we found no significant difference between affiliative or aggressive behaviors, suggesting that the encounters did not disrupt interactions in the colony. The same was true when comparing behavior preceding the encounter to a matched control period, indicating that any anticipatory period was similarly non-disruptive. Space use during encounters suggested comfort near visitors. We also measured penguin temperament on the shy-bold continuum by recording the birds’ response to novel objects and found that penguins’ temperament, sex, and age were predictive of participation. We concluded that this program had a neutral or positive impact on penguin welfare and considered the findings in relation to aspects of the ambassador program that provided penguins with control over their involvement.

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Li, Peng-Hui, Wen-Bo Li, Bo-Wen Li, Ya-Dong Li, Xi Wang, and Jin-Hua Li. "Positional Behavior and Substrate Use in Wild Tibetan Macaques." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060767.

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Body size and individual development significantly affect positional behavior and substrate use. However, only a few studies have been conducted on immature wild macaques. We studied wild Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) inhabiting Mt. Huangshan, China, to explore the degree of interspecific variation in positional behavior in relation to body weight and individual development. From September 2020 to August 2021, we used instantaneous scan sampling (duration 5 min, interval 10 min) to record age–sex groups, locomotions, postures, and substrate attributes. The results showed that Tibetan macaques used terrestrial substrates in nearly two-thirds of the recorded observations. The main postural modes were sitting and quadrupedal standing. The main locomotor modes were quadrupedal walking and climbing among all age–sex group records. Positional behavior and substrate use in adults only significantly differed from those in juveniles and infants. Although adult males were larger than the other age–sex groups, they did not climb and bridge more frequently than the other age–sex groups. The frequency of climbing, leaping, and suspension was significantly higher in juveniles than in adults. In addition, adult males used terrestrial and larger substrates more frequently, while juveniles and infants used arboreal substrates and terminals more frequently than adult males during traveling and feeding. We hypothesize that the more positional behavioral spectrum of Tibetan macaque juveniles’ may be related to rapid skeletal muscle development. These results suggest that differences in interspecific positional behavior may be caused by the individual development and survival needs of individuals, rather than just body size.

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Bernstein, Irwin S., Peter G. Judge, and Thomas E. Ruehlmann. "Sex differences in adolescent rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Behavior." American Journal of Primatology 31, no. 3 (1993): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350310305.

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Banik, Ratan K., Young Cheol Woo, Soo Seog Park, and Timothy J. Brennan. "Strain and Sex Influence on Pain Sensitivity after Plantar Incision in the Mouse." Anesthesiology 105, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200612000-00025.

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Background A small surgical incision in mouse glabrous hind-paw skin induces short-lasting guarding behavior and mechanical and heat hyperalgesia-like behaviors, which imitate human postoperative pain. The increasing popularity of this animal model in drug discovery necessitates the understanding of genetic and sex influence on this animal model. Methods The authors examined pain behaviors on DBA2, C57Bl/6, and 129X1/SvJ mice and male and female DBA2 mice before and after plantar incision. Results The baseline nociceptive responses of these strains were similar, with a few exceptions. Heat responses were different between DBA2 and C57Bl/6 mice, and responses to one filament, 14.0 mN, were intermittently different. Sex did not greatly influence baseline responses. After plantar incision, these three strains of mice were not different in the development of guarding behaviors. Heat responses were only different on postincision day 3 (129X1/SvJ vs. C57Bl/6 mice); otherwise, they were the same. The responses to the series of von Frey filaments were the same after incision in the three strains. Sex did not influence incision-induced pain behaviors in DBA2 mice. Conclusion Although several studies postulated that mouse strain influences pain models, the authors' data indicate that such influence on incisional pain is negligible. This suggests that studies using an incision and knockout mice resulting from 129 strain mutation in a C57BL/6 strain background should have modest influence. The lack of sex differences in incisional pain may encourage researchers to use both male and female subjects in their studies.

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Moschilla, Joe A., Joseph L. Tomkins, and Leigh W. Simmons. "Sex-specific pace-of-life syndromes." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz055.

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Abstract The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis considers an animal’s behavior, physiology, and life history as nonindependent components of a single integrated phenotype. However, frequent deviations from the expected correlations between POLS traits suggest that these relationships may be context, and potentially, sex dependent. To determine whether the sexes express distinct POLS trait covariance structures, we observed the behavior (mobility, latency to emerge from a shelter), physiology (mass-specific metabolic rate), and life history (life span, development time) of male and female Australian field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus). Path analysis modeling suggested that POLS trait covariation differed between the sexes. Although neither sex displayed the complete integration of traits predicted by the POLS hypothesis, females did display greater overall integration with a significant negative correlation between metabolic rate and risk-taking behavior but with life-history traits varying independently. In males, however, there was no clear association between traits. These results suggest that T. oceanicus do indeed display sex-specific trait covariance structures, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging sex in assessments of POLS.

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Bouchebti, Sofia, Fernando Cortés-Fossati, Ángela Vales Estepa, Maria Plaza Lozano, Daniel S. Calovi, and Sara Arganda. "Sex-Specific Effect of the Dietary Protein to Carbohydrate Ratio on Personality in the Dubia Cockroach." Insects 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13020133.

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Animal personality, defined by behavioral variations among individuals consistent over contexts or time, is shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, nutrition can play an important role. The Geometric Framework of Nutrition has promoted a better understanding of the role of the macronutrient proportion in animal development, survival, reproduction, and behavior, and can help to disentangle its modulatory effect on animal personality. In this study, we investigated the effects of protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratio in the personality of the cockroach Blaptica dubia. Newly emerged adults were fed over a period of eight weeks on five different diets varying in their P:C ratio and their diet consumption, mass variation, survival, exploratory behavior, and mobility were assessed. We found that females, unlike males, were able to regulate their nutrient intake and preferred carbohydrate-rich diets. Females also gained more body mass and lived longer compared to males. In addition, their behavior and mobility were not affected by the diet. In males, however, high-protein diets induced a bolder personality. We suggest that the sex-specific effects observed on both survival and behavior are related to the nutrient intake regulation capacity and might improve the species’ fitness in adverse nutritional conditions.

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Paukner, Annika, and Stephen J. Suomi. "Sex differences in play behavior in juvenile tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)." Primates 49, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-008-0095-0.

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Paukner, Annika, and Stephen J. Suomi. "Sex differences in play behavior in juvenile tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)." Primates 50, no. 3 (June 17, 2009): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-009-0149-y.

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Soma, Kiran K., Noel A. Alday, Michaela Hau, and Barney A. Schlinger. "Dehydroepiandrosterone Metabolism by 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 Isomerase in Adult Zebra Finch Brain: Sex Difference and Rapid Effect of Stress." Endocrinology 145, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 1668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0883.

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Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a precursor to sex steroids such as androstenedione (AE), testosterone (T), and estrogens. DHEA has potent effects on brain and behavior, although the mechanisms remain unclear. One possible mechanism of action is that DHEA is converted within the brain to sex steroids. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase (3β-HSD) catalyzes the conversion of DHEA to AE. AE can then be converted to T and estrogen within the brain. We test the hypothesis that 3β-HSD is expressed in the adult brain in a region- and sex-specific manner using the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), a songbird with robust sex differences in song behavior and telencephalic song nuclei. In zebra finch brain, DHEA is converted by 3β-HSD to AE and subsequently to estrogens and 5α- and 5β-reduced androgens. 3β-HSD activity is highest in the diencephalon and telencephalon. In animals killed within 2–3 min of disturbance, baseline 3β-HSD activity in portions of the telencephalon is higher in females than males. Acute restraint stress (10 min) decreases 3β-HSD activity in females but not in males, and in stressed animals, telencephalic 3β-HSD activity is greater in males than in females. Thus, the baseline sex difference is rapidly reversed by stress. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of 1) brain region differences in DHEA metabolism by 3β-HSD, 2) rapid modulation of 3β-HSD activity, and 3) sex differences in brain 3β-HSD and regulation by stress. Songbirds are good animal models for studying the regulation and functions of DHEA and neurosteroids in the nervous system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal Sex Behavior'

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