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1
Clark, Christopher J. "Ways that Animal Wings Produce Sound." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 696–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab008.
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Synopsis There are at least eight ways that wings potentially produce sound. Five mechanisms are aerodynamic sounds, created by airflow, and three are structural sound created by interactions of solid surfaces. Animal flight is low Mach (M), meaning all animals move at <30% of the speed of sound. Thus in aerodynamic mechanisms the effects of air compressibility can be ignored, except in mechanism #1. Mechanism #1 is trapped air, in which air approaches or exceeds Mach 1 as it escapes a constriction. This mechanism is hypothetical but likely. #2 is Gutin sound, the aerodynamic reaction to lift and drag. This mechanism is ubiquitous in flight, and generates low frequency sound such as the humming of hummingbirds or insect wing tones. #3 is turbulence-generated atonal whooshing sounds, which are also widespread in animal flight. #4 are whistles, tonal sounds generated by geometry-induced flow feedback. This mechanism is hypothetical. #5 is aeroelastic flutter, sound generated by elasticity-induced feedback that is usually but not always tonal. This is widespread in birds (feathers are predisposed to flutter) but apparently not bats or insects. Mechanism #6 is rubbing sound (including stridulation), created when bird feathers or insect wings slide past each other. Atonal rubbing sounds are widespread in bird flight and insects; tonal stridulation is widespread in insects. #7 is percussion, created when two stiff elements collide and vibrate, and is present in some birds and insects. Mechanism #8 are tymbals and other bistable conformations. These are stiff elements that snap back and forth between two conformations, producing impulsive, atonal sound. Tymbals are widespread in insects but not birds or bats; insect cuticle appears predisposed to form tymbals. There are few examples of bat wing sounds: are bats intrinsically quiet, or just under-studied? These mechanisms, especially Gutin sound, whooshes, and rubbing (#2, #3, and #6) are prominent cues in ordinary flight of all flying animals, and are the “acoustic substrate” available to be converted from an adventitious sound (cue) into a communication signal. For instance, wing sounds have many times evolved into signals that are incorporated into courtship displays. Conversely, these are the sounds selected to be suppressed if quiet flight is selected for. The physical mechanisms that underlie animal sounds provide context for understanding the ways in which signals and cues may evolve.
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Chen, Yi-Chuan, and Gert Westermann. "Twelve-month-old infants learn crossmodal associations between visual objects and natural sounds in ecologically valid situations." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x647504.
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Infants are able to learn novel associations between visual objects and auditory linguistic labels (such as a dog and the sound /dɔg/) by the end of their first year of life. Surprisingly, at this age they seem to fail to learn the associations between visual objects and natural sounds (such as a dog and its barking sound). Researchers have therefore suggested that linguistic learning is special (Fulkerson and Waxman, 2007) or that unfamiliar sounds overshadow visual object processing (Robinson and Sloutsky, 2010). However, in previous studies visual stimuli were paired with arbitrary sounds in contexts lacking ecological validity. In the present study, we create animations of two novel animals and two realistic animal calls to construct two audiovisual stimuli. In the training phase, each animal was presented in motions that mimicked animal behaviour in real life: in a short movie, the animal ran (or jumped) from the periphery to the center of the monitor, and it made calls while raising its head. In the test phase, static images of both animals were presented side-by-side and the sound for one of the animals was played. Infant looking times to each stimulus were recorded with an eye tracker. We found that following the sound, 12-month-old infants preferentially looked at the animal corresponding to the sound. These results show that 12-month-old infants are able to learn novel associations between visual objects and natural sounds in an ecologically valid situation, thereby challenging our current understanding of the development of crossmodal association learning.
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Butler, Shane. "Animal listening." Journal of Interdisciplinary Voice Studies 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jivs_00035_1.
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The ‘Elegy on the Nightingale’ is a curious Latin poem of uncertain (but probably post-classical) date and authorship that is transmitted by several medieval manuscripts. It offers a catalogue of animal sounds rich in what linguists call iconicity, and literary scholars, onomatopoeia: to read these verses aloud is to imitate the sounds being described. The poem begins in address to the nightingale of its title, praised for her ability to make music by mimicking all she hears. By the end has the poem itself done the same? For all their playfulness, the verses strike at the heart of our own theoretical commonplaces, starting with the supposed arbitrariness of the sign, always unsettled by such examples, exceptional though they may be. So too did the writing down of non-human sounds preoccupy ancient linguists, who sought to segregate them from language proper. Nevertheless, it is difficult to deny that these sound-words conjure what they name, especially since, in many cases, it is only our ability to match their sounds to animals we can still hear that enables us to know what the poem is saying. What happens to our understanding of the poetic text as a transcription of human speech or song when we take it seriously as a recording of non-human sound? And even more dramatically, what happens to our understanding of human language when we strive (as this poem strives, albeit surreptitiously) to listen with non-human ears? With some help from the animal imaginings of Jakob von Uexküll, this article attempts some preliminary answers.
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Sales, G. D., K. J. Wilson, K. E. V. Spencer, and S. R. Milligan. "Environmental ultrasound in laboratories and animal houses: a possible cause for concern in the welfare and use of laboratory animals." Laboratory Animals 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367788780746188.
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Many laboratory animals are known to be sensitive to sounds (ultrasounds) beyond the nominal upper limit (20 kHz) of the human hearing range. Sources of sound in laboratories and animal houses were examined to determine the extent of ambient ultrasound. Of 39 sources monitored, 24 were found to emit ultrasonic sounds. Many of these (e.g. cage washers and hoses) also produced sound in the audible range. Running taps, squeaky chairs and rotating glass stoppers created particularly high sound pressure levels and contained frequencies to over 100 kHz. The oscilloscopes and visual display units investigated provided particular cause for concern as they emitted sounds that were entirely ultrasonic and therefore were apparently silent. Ambient ultrasound therefore appears to be common in laboratories and animal houses. It is suggested that its effect on laboratory animals should be investigated and guidelines on acceptable levels be formulated.
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Hopkins, Carl D., Michelangelo Rossetto, and Ann Lutjen. "A Continuous Sound Spectrum Analyzer for Animal Sounds." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 34, no. 3 (April 26, 2010): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01804.x.
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Gong, Yutang. "Animal speech and singing synthesis model based on So-VITS-SVC." Applied and Computational Engineering 68, no. 1 (June 6, 2024): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/68/20241430.
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Currently, when researchers in deep learning and neural network technology have made significant progress, the author makes a new bold attempt to apply the technical principles of speech and singing synthesis with artificial intelligence to the field of animal speech and singing synthesis, using So-VITS-SVC4.0 framework, which was originally designed for human voice synthesis. Taking dogs as an example of a species and putting datasets of their sounds to use, the author is committed to capturing its sound characteristics and vocalization through model training and generating synthetic sounds with a high degree of similarity. This research may not only contribute to a deeper understanding of how animals communicate, but also open up new possibilities for animal sound art and music creation. With the continuous progress and improvement of technology, synthetic animal speech and singing by artificial intelligence may play an increasingly important role in zoological research and entertainment, bringing new perspectives and possibilities for communication between humans and animals.
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Erisman, Brad E., and Timothy J. Rowell. "A sound worth saving: acoustic characteristics of a massive fish spawning aggregation." Biology Letters 13, no. 12 (December 2017): 20170656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0656.
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Group choruses of marine animals can produce extraordinarily loud sounds that markedly elevate levels of the ambient soundscape. We investigated sound production in the Gulf corvina ( Cynoscion othonopterus ), a soniferous marine fish with a unique reproductive behaviour threatened by overfishing, to compare with sounds produced by other marine animals. We coupled echosounder and hydrophone surveys to estimate the magnitude of the aggregation and sounds produced during spawning. We characterized individual calls and documented changes in the soundscape generated by the presence of as many as 1.5 million corvina within a spawning aggregation spanning distances up to 27 km. We show that calls by male corvina represent the loudest sounds recorded in a marine fish, and the spatio-temporal magnitude of their collective choruses are among the loudest animal sounds recorded in aquatic environments. While this wildlife spectacle is at great risk of disappearing due to overfishing, regional conservation efforts are focused on other endangered marine animals.
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Bennett, Granger, and Jim McLoughlin. "Underwater noise impact assessment and the hearing response of marine animals." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09105.
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The ability of a marine animal to hear anthropogenic (man-made) sound underwater is affected by the animal’s auditory bandwidth and its sensitivity to sound of different frequencies within that bandwidth. Auditory bandwidths for marine animals vary from species to species and may or may not coincide with, or overlap, human auditory bandwidths. For example, turtles are not able to hear some sounds that are clearly audible to humans, while dolphins can hear sounds that are beyond the range of human hearing. Therefore, underwater noise impacts assessments for marine animals need to take into account both the spectral content of the anthropogenic noise and the auditory bandwidths of the various species under consideration. This paper demonstrates how the auditory bandwidth and sensitivity of marine animals to sounds of different frequencies can affect the outcomes of impact assessments. The analysis is supported by results from underwater noise modelling and noise measurements.
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Kładoczny, Piotr. "Co łączy i dzieli nazwy odgłosów zwierząt i ludzi?" Zoophilologica, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/zoophilologica.2020.06.18.
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The article provides is a comparison of the names of human and animal sounds, which belong to a larger collection of vocabulary that defines the world of auditory perceptions. The historical, grammatic and semantic regularities are identical to them. Differences are noticed in detailed meanings and in the pragmatic of these names, which includes among other things, a much higher incidence of the names of human sounds. Linguistic relativism is more closely covered by the names of animal sounds. The widespread use of animal names for sounds in relation to humans is accompanied by regular negative value and the expression of contempt against the person designated as sound performer.
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Bylieva, Daria. "Artificial Intelligence as an Intermediary Between animals and Humans." Ideas and Ideals 16, no. 2-1 (June 26, 2024): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2024-16.2.1-102-120.
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The development of technology has changed the position of animals in the modern world in various aspects. However, only the achievements of artificial intelligence in the field of natural languages indicated the possibility of reaching a new level of understanding and relationship with animals. Modern technologies have made it possible to isolate and fi x animal sounds and collect a huge array of audio and video data, and the experience of translation, even in the absence of parallel texts, has indicated the potential for using artificial intelligence to analyze animal sounds. Despite numerous difficulties, including those associated with the difference in the worldview of animals and humans, there are already precedents for translation from the language of animals. The article analyzes the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in conditions of limited data and its current use in the field of animal communication. If for domestic and farm animals, researchers rely on the interpretation of meanings or emotions, then for wild animals, scientists compare sounds and behavior, and rely on the potential of artificial intelligence in solving unstructured problems. Although a number of recent studies report high reliability of “translation” from the language of animals, the very possibility of testing the effectiveness is difficult. Nevertheless, the accelerating emergence of new solutions that facilitate the recognition of the voices of specific animals, the classification of sounds and actions of different animals, etc., indicate the possibility of a qualitative leap in the understanding of animals in the near future. Success in the field of interpretation of animal sounds can lead not only to progress in a large number of areas related to the animal world, but also to a change in the status and position of the animal. At the same time, the achievements raise ethical questions related to the possibility of using new technologies to the detriment of animals and people.
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Bennett, Dawn D. "Making Sense of Animal Sounds." Science News 127, no. 20 (May 18, 1985): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3969447.
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Simmons, Andrea. "Animal Bioacoustics: Sounds and soundscapes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, no. 4 (April 2014): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4877107.
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Akamatsu, Tomonari. "A review of the effect of various type of artificial sounds to odontocetes." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 6496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0959.
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Reactions of bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins, false killer whales, Risso's dolphins, Dall's porpoises to artificial underwater sounds were observed for developing countermeasures to reduce by-catch on gill nets. Related papers published during 1980-1995 in Japan were re-visited. Various sound projectors having dominant frequencies from 2 kHz to 200 kHz with source levels reaching up to 200dB re 1μPa. Reactions of dolphins and porpoises to the sounds were observed in a pool, a net enclosure, or an open sea. Clear escaping reactions from a sound source were observed by sounds with exposed level above 170dB at the subject animal. Reactions to sounds below 160dB were not stable. The dolphins got accustomed to the sound after multiple projections. On the other hand, frequency and amplitude modulated sounds seemed to be effective even if the sound pressure level was about 120dB. Efficacy of acoustic pingers to control wild dolphins and porpoises was limited. The exposure level to change behavior was estimated above 170dB that depends on the source level of a device and distance to the animal. Acclimation for the sounds by dolphins and porpoises were not negligible. Avoiding successive transmission and amplitude/frequency modulations induced behavioral reactions.
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Kraut, Michael A., Jeffery A. Pitcock, Vince Calhoun, Juan Li, Thomas Freeman, and John Hart. "Neuroanatomic Organization of Sound Memory in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (November 2006): 1877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1877.
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The neural interface between sensory perception and memory is a central issue in neuroscience, particularly initial memory organization following perceptual analyses. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify anatomic regions extracting initial auditory semantic memory information related to environmental sounds. Two distinct anatomic foci were detected in the right superior temporal gyrus when subjects identified sounds representing either animals or threatening items. Threatening animal stimuli elicited signal changes in both foci, suggesting a distributed neural representation. Our results demonstrate both category- and feature-specific responses to nonverbal sounds in early stages of extracting semantic memory information from these sounds. This organization allows for these category-feature detection nodes to extract early, semantic memory information for efficient processing of transient sound stimuli. Neural regions selective for threatening sounds are similar to those of nonhuman primates, demonstrating semantic memory organization for basic biological/survival primitives are present across species.
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Krzyżanowski, Wojciech. "What Does the Lyrebird Hear? Trouble With Birdsong in the Anthropocene." Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ, no. 52 (1) (2022): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23537094kmmuj.22.006.15650.
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Human-made noise pollutes the Earth further every day. It is important to investigate how that process affects the whole biosphere. I present a symbolic case of the Australian lyrebird, which is a songbird that mimics the sounds of its surroundings. Today its songs sound like chainsaw and other heavy machinery. All animal species are polluted by human noise to some extent. There are many studies about sonic perception in animals, but it seems that this knowledge is still hardly popularised. The phenomenon of sharing sounds between humans and other animals may also be better understood by new approaches to studies on cultural evolution.
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Lewis, James W., William J. Talkington, Aina Puce, Lauren R. Engel, and Chris Frum. "Cortical Networks Representing Object Categories and High-level Attributes of Familiar Real-world Action Sounds." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 2079–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21570.
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In contrast to visual object processing, relatively little is known about how the human brain processes everyday real-world sounds, transforming highly complex acoustic signals into representations of meaningful events or auditory objects. We recently reported a fourfold cortical dissociation for representing action (nonvocalization) sounds correctly categorized as having been produced by human, animal, mechanical, or environmental sources. However, it was unclear how consistent those network representations were across individuals, given potential differences between each participant's degree of familiarity with the studied sounds. Moreover, it was unclear what, if any, auditory perceptual attributes might further distinguish the four conceptual sound-source categories, potentially revealing what might drive the cortical network organization for representing acoustic knowledge. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test participants before and after extensive listening experience with action sounds, and tested for cortices that might be sensitive to each of three different high-level perceptual attributes relating to how a listener associates or interacts with the sound source. These included the sound's perceived concreteness, effectuality (ability to be affected by the listener), and spatial scale. Despite some variation of networks for environmental sounds, our results verified the stability of a fourfold dissociation of category-specific networks for real-world action sounds both before and after familiarity training. Additionally, we identified cortical regions parametrically modulated by each of the three high-level perceptual sound attributes. We propose that these attributes contribute to the network-level encoding of category-specific acoustic knowledge representations.
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Gardner, William James, and Tommy J. Martin. "Methods and apparatus for producing animal sounds to lure animals." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116, no. 6 (2004): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1853001.
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Chot, Mathiang, and Huiming Zhang. "Spatial separation between two sounds affects the timing of action potentials elicited by the sounds in the rat's auditory midbrain neurons." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023397.
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Timing of action potentials (i.e., spikes) elicited by sounds is used by auditory neurons to encode and process acoustic information. In the presence of multiple sounds, the timing of sound-driven spikes is dependent on the temporal, spectral, and spatial relationships among the sounds. We used two tone bursts with different frequencies to form a train of stimuli that were presented at a random odor and a constant rate. Such a train was used to mimic two competing sounds that occurred at the same (50%) probability or a novel sound (i.e., a low probability oddball sound) that was interleaved with a frequently occurring background sound (i.e., a high probability standard sound). We used the rat as an animal model to study how the spatial relationship between two sounds affected the timing of spikes elicited by the sounds in individual neurons in the auditory midbrain. Results indicate that a lower probability of sound presentation led to a higher temporal precision of the timing of the first spike elicited by the sound and the timing could be affected by a spatial separation between two sounds. These results are important for understanding neural mechanisms responsible for hearing in a natural acoustic environment.
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Zhang, Sunan, Jianyan Tian, Amit Banerjee, and Jiangli Li. "Automatic Recognition of Porcine Abnormalities Based on a Sound Detection and Recognition System." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12975.
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Abstract. With the rapid development of large-scale breeding, manual long-term monitoring of the daily activities and health of livestock is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, the application of bio-acoustics to automatic monitoring has received increasing attention. Although bio-acoustical techniques have been applied to the recognition of animal sounds in many studies, there is a dearth of studies on the automatic recognition of abnormal sounds from farm animals. In this study, an automatic detection and recognition system based on bio-acoustics is proposed to hierarchically recognize abnormal animal states in a large-scale pig breeding environment. In this system, we extracted the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and subband spectrum centroid (SSC) as composite feature parameters. At the first level, support vector data description (SVDD) is used to detect abnormal sounds in the acoustic data. At the second level, a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used to classify five kinds of abnormal sounds in pigs. Furthermore, improved spectral subtraction is developed to reduce the noise interference as much as possible. Experimental results show that the average detection accuracy and the average recognition accuracy of the proposed system are 94.2% and 95.4%, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed sound detection and recognition system was also verified through tests at a pig farm. Keywords: Abnormal sounds, MFCC, SSC, States of pigs, SVDD.
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Blesdoe, Ellen K., and Daniel T. Blumstein. "What is the sound of fear? Behavioral responses of white-crowned sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys to synthesized nonlinear acoustic phenomena." Current Zoology 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.4.534.
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Abstract Fear and anxiety may be adaptive responses to life-threatening situations, and animals may communicate fear to others vocally. A fundamental understanding of fear inducing sounds is important for both wildlife conservation and management because it helps us understand how to design repellents and also how (and why) animals may be negatively impacted by anthropogenic sounds. Nonlinear phenomena—sounds produced by the desynchronization of vibrations in a sound production system—are commonly found in stress-induced animal vocalizations, such as in alarm calls, mobbing calls, and fear screams. There are several functional hypotheses for these nonlinear phenomena. One specific hypothesis is the unpredictability hypothesis, which suggests that because nonlinear phenomena are more variable and somewhat unpredictable, animals are less likely to habituate to them. Animals should, therefore, have a prolonged response to sounds with nonlinear phenomena than sounds without them. Most of the studies involving nonlinear phenomena have used mammalian subjects and conspecific stimuli. Our study focused on white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys ssp. oriantha) and used synthesized acoustic stimuli to investigate behavioral responses to stimuli with and without nonlinear phenomena. We predicted that birds would be less relaxed after hearing a stimulus with a nonlinear component. We calculated the difference from baseline of proportion of time spent in relaxed behaviors and performed pair-wise comparisons between a pure tone control stimulus and each of three experimental stimuli, including a frequency jump up, a frequency jump down, and white noise. These comparisons showed that in the 30‒60 s after the playback experiment, birds were significantly less relaxed after hearing noise or an abrupt frequency jump down an octave but not an abrupt frequency jump up an octave or a pure tone. Nonlinear phenomena, therefore, may be generally arousing to animals and may explain why these acoustic properties are commonly found in animal signals associated with fear [Current Zoology 60 (4): 534–541, 2014].
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Itatani, Naoya, and Georg M. Klump. "Animal models for auditory streaming." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1714 (February 19, 2017): 20160112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0112.
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Sounds in the natural environment need to be assigned to acoustic sources to evaluate complex auditory scenes. Separating sources will affect the analysis of auditory features of sounds. As the benefits of assigning sounds to specific sources accrue to all species communicating acoustically, the ability for auditory scene analysis is widespread among different animals. Animal studies allow for a deeper insight into the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory scene analysis. Here, we will review the paradigms applied in the study of auditory scene analysis and streaming of sequential sounds in animal models. We will compare the psychophysical results from the animal studies to the evidence obtained in human psychophysics of auditory streaming, i.e. in a task commonly used for measuring the capability for auditory scene analysis. Furthermore, the neuronal correlates of auditory streaming will be reviewed in different animal models and the observations of the neurons’ response measures will be related to perception. The across-species comparison will reveal whether similar demands in the analysis of acoustic scenes have resulted in similar perceptual and neuronal processing mechanisms in the wide range of species being capable of auditory scene analysis. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.
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Kim, Eunbeen, Jaeuk Moon, Jonghwa Shim, and Eenjun Hwang. "DualDiscWaveGAN-Based Data Augmentation Scheme for Animal Sound Classification." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042024.
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Animal sound classification (ASC) refers to the automatic identification of animal categories by sound, and is useful for monitoring rare or elusive wildlife. Thus far, deep-learning-based models have shown good performance in ASC when training data is sufficient, but suffer from severe performance degradation if not. Recently, generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown the potential to solve this problem by generating virtual data. However, in a multi-class environment, existing GAN-based methods need to construct separate generative models for each class. Additionally, they only consider the waveform or spectrogram of sound, resulting in poor quality of the generated sound. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a two-step sound augmentation scheme using a class-conditional GAN. First, common features are learned from all classes of animal sounds, and multiple classes of animal sounds are generated based on the features that consider both waveforms and spectrograms using class-conditional GAN. Second, we select data from the generated data based on the confidence of the pretrained ASC model to improve classification performance. Through experiments, we show that the proposed method improves the accuracy of the basic ASC model by up to 18.3%, which corresponds to a performance improvement of 13.4% compared to the second-best augmentation method.
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Collier, Katie, Balthasar Bickel, Carel P. van Schaik, Marta B. Manser, and Simon W. Townsend. "Language evolution: syntax before phonology?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (August 7, 2014): 20140263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0263.
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Phonology and syntax represent two layers of sound combination central to language's expressive power. Comparative animal studies represent one approach to understand the origins of these combinatorial layers. Traditionally, phonology, where meaningless sounds form words, has been considered a simpler combination than syntax, and thus should be more common in animals. A linguistically informed review of animal call sequences demonstrates that phonology in animal vocal systems is rare, whereas syntax is more widespread. In the light of this and the absence of phonology in some languages, we hypothesize that syntax, present in all languages, evolved before phonology.
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Rika Kustina. "ONOMATOPE BAHASA DEVAYAN." Jurnal Metamorfosa 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/metamorfosa.v8i1.348.
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Onomatopoeia is the naming of objects or deeds by sound imitation. Imitation of sound does not only include animal, human, natural, or audible sounds, but also sounds that describe moving objects, collisions, or human feelings or emotions. In this study, onomatopoeia is the result of an imitation of sound (which is more or less the same as the original sound) and is arbitrary. This study aims to describe the Devayan language onomatopoeia of natural sounds, animal sounds and human voices. This type of research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source of this research is 7 community leaders of Simeulue, namely native speakers of the Devayan language in Simeulue Cut, data obtained from sounds imitated by the community. Data collection techniques used in this study were interview, record, see and note technique. The results showed that imitations of sounds originating from natural sounds were found to be around 26 imitations of sounds, including imitations of the sound "Falls" Druuhhmm! and the sound of "Thunder" geudamdum !. Furthermore, the sound of animals found about 25 sounds, such as imitation of the sound of "Buffalo" ongng ... a ... k !, the sound of "Rooster at dawn" my.ku..ut ...! and the sound of "Cats" meauu !. Finally, imitations of sounds originating from human voices found about 19 sounds, including imitation of human voice "sneeze" hacyhihh! The form of words contained in the mock sound data is a form of compounding morpheme to indicate a repetitive, prolongation of the voice that indicates activities and conditions that last long, and condensation of sounds that are marked with small letters that indicate something fast. They use these imitations in various conditions.
Abstrak
Onomatope adalah penamaan benda atau perbuatan dengan peniruan bunyi. Peniruan bunyi tersebut tidak hanya mencakup suara hewan, manusia, alam, atau suara yang dapat didengar saja, namun juga suara yang menggambarkan benda bergerak, benturan, maupun perasaan atau emosi manusia. Dalam penelitian ini, onomatope merupakan hasil tiruan bunyi (yang kurang lebih sama dengan suara aslinya) dan bersifat arbitrer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan onomatope bahasa Devayan suara alam, suara hewan dan suara manusia. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah 7 tokoh masyarakat Simeulue, yaitu penutur asli bahasa Devayan yang ada di Simeulue Cut, data diperoleh dari bunyi-bunyi yang ditirukan oleh masyarakat tersebut. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah teknik wawancara, rekam, simak dan catat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiruan bunyi yang berasal dari suara alam ditemukan sekitar 26 tiruan bunyi, diantaranya seperti tiruan suara “Terjun” Druuhhmm!, suara “Angin berhembus kencang” Ffeooff! dan suara “Guntur” geudamdum!. Selanjutnya, suara hewan ditemukan sekitar 25 tiruan bunyi, diantaranya seperti Tiruan suara “Kerbau” ongng…a..k!, suara “Ayam jantan waktu subuh” ku.ku..ut…! dan suara “Kucing” meauu!. Terakhir, tiruan bunyi yang berasal dari suara manusia ditemukan sekitar 19 tiruan bunyi, diantaranya seperti Tiruan suara manusia “Bersin” hacyhihh!, suara “Batuk” huk..uhuk!, dan suara “Waktu teriris pisau pada bagian jari tangan” auch!. Bentuk kata yang terdapat pada data tiruan bunyi adalah bentuk pemajemukan morfem untuk menunjukkan suatu yang berulang-ulang, pemanjangan suara yang menunjukkan aktivitas dan keadaan yang berlangsung lama, dan pemadatan suara yang ditandai dengan huruf kecil yang menunjukkan sesuatu yang cepat. Mereka menggunakan tiruan tersebut dalam berbagai kondidsi yang ada.
Kata Kunci: Onomatope, Bahasa, Devayan
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Clink, Dena J., Isabel Comella, and Maryam Zafar. "A remote lab exercise to introduce students to the fundamentals of bioacoustics using smartphones and R." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011211.
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Animals communicate through a variety of modalities including visual, auditory and chemical. Acoustic signals are particularly well suited for studying the evolution of animal communication due to the relative ease in which sounds can be recorded and analyzed. Therefore, a thorough overview of acoustic communication is a fundamental aspect of any animal behavior course. The purpose of this lab exercise is to introduce students to bioacoustics, or the study of animal sounds and their habitats. For the field component, students use their smartphones to collect focal recordings of target animals as well as collect acoustic data that will be used to investigate variation in soundscapes at different times (e.g. dawn and dusk) and/or different locations (e.g., urban versus rural). The computer lab component utilizes the R programming environment to import sound files and visualize differences in acoustic data using both spectrograms and principal component analysis biplots. The computer lab exercises are meant for undergraduate students with relatively little coding background but could be easily adapted for students of different skill levels. All materials needed to use and modify the course materials are openly available on GitHub, which should remove any financial barriers for students or instructors.
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Suied, Clara, Marie Magnin, Sabine Langlois, Patrick Susini, and Stephen McAdams. "Fast Detection for Natural Animal Sounds." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2934629.
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Sales, G. D., S. R. Milligan, and K. Khirnykh. "Sources of Sound in the Laboratory Animal Environment: A Survey of the Sounds Produced by Procedures and Equipment." Animal Welfare 8, no. 2 (May 1999): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021448.
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AbstractSounds in the laboratory and animal house environment were monitored for sound pressure levels over both low frequency (10Hz-l2.5kHz) and high frequency (12.5—70 kHz) ranges and were recorded for frequency analysis over the range 10Hz-100kHz. Forty sources of sound were investigated at 10 different sites. Sources included environmental control systems, maintenance and husbandry procedures, cleaning equipment and other equipment used near animals. Many of the sounds covered a wide frequency band and extended into the ultrasonic (> 20kHz) range. Sound levels produced by environmental control systems were generally at a low level. High sound pressure levels (SPLs) up to and exceeding 85dB SPL were recorded during cleaning and particularly high levels were recorded from the transport systems studied. Equipment such as a tattoo gun, a condensation extractor system, a high-speed centrifuge, and an ultrasonic disintegrator produced high levels of sound over a broad spectrum.As many laboratory animals are much more sensitive to a wider range of sound frequency than humans, it seems likely that the levels of sound reported here could adversely affect animals through physiological or behavioural changes, or may even cause sensory damage in extreme cases. There appear to have been no studies on the minimal threshold levels for such adverse responses, or on the long-term effects of exposure to the types of sounds recorded here. It is not yet possible to set realistic exposure limits for laboratory animals.
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Savel, Sophie, and Thierry Legou. "The Dog Soundscape: Recurrence, Emotional Impact, Acoustics, and Implications for Dog Observations and Dog–Human Interactions." Animals 14, no. 2 (January 16, 2024): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14020279.
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While numerous dog behavioral studies use environmental sounds, the dog soundscape remains undescribed. We proposed a list of 79 sounds classified into six categories: Dog, Dog accessories, Human, city and vehicles, Garden, countryside and weather, and Household. In a survey, 620 dog owners scored the frequency of their dog’s exposure to, and thus, the recurrence of, each of the 79 sounds, from never to daily. The survey results also extended to about 25 sounds the number of acknowledged sounds that are likely to elicit stress or fear, that is, negative emotional sensitivity, in dogs. Sound recurrence and emotional sensitivity were not correlated, showing no beneficial effect of frequent exposure to, and no deleterious effect of scarcity of, sound events. We suggest that for the sake of dog welfare, researchers, veterinarians, trainers, and owners may limit dogs’ exposure to the sensitive sounds identified in the study during their dog observations and dog–human interactions. A corpus of 84 sounds was collected. The sounds were spectrally analyzed by determining their F0 and 10 dB bandwidth parameters. At the lowest sound frequencies, where canine hearing is poorest, negative emotional sensitivity was generally low. At the middle and high sound center frequencies/F0s, sensitivity greatly varied from lowest to highest, which is incompatible with both the general assumption and dog auditory detection thresholds. How emotional sensitivity relates to F0 (pitch) and hearing sensitivity remains undetermined. Finally, we suggest that future behavioral audiometric studies of dogs may maximize the spectral spread of each sound while minimizing the spectral overlap between sounds so as to reduce both the testing duration and the risk of inadvertently targeting or, conversely, missing frequency-dependent hearing impairments.
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Cato, Douglas H. "From ocean ambient noise to soundscape ecology." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0022889.
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Ambient noise in the ocean has been studied for more than 80 years but recently there has been a tendency to use the word “soundscape” for what appears to be the same phenomenon. Ambient noise is usually defined as the background noise from all sources, excluding sounds from individual identifiable sources and is an important limitation on sonar performance and the use of sound by marine animals. The term “soundscape” has been used for decades outside of underwater acoustics with varying definitions depending on the application. Probably the most relevant is “soundscape ecology,” which comes from terrestrial ecology and includes the acoustic interaction between animals and between animals and their environment. A soundscape, therefore, includes all sounds in an environment, not just the background or ambient noise. Sounds from individual identifiable sources may have particular interest to marine animals especially if they are from conspecifics, predators, or prey. This paper discusses the value of applying the broader concepts of soundscapes and soundscape ecology to the underwater environment, the advantages of recognizing the distinction between soundscapes and ambient noise and the importance of soundscape ecology in understanding animal acoustic behavior and the effects of anthropogenic noise.
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Rosyadi, Naila Nabila, and Nur Hastuti. "Contrastive Analysis of Onomatopoeic Use in Nursery Rhymes as Children’s Environmental Sounds Recognition in Japanese and Indonesian." E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235903014.
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Nursery rhymes play a role in children’s language development and help them recognize and express the environmental sounds or sounds around them. Onomatopoeia or imitation words are often found in nursery rhymes. Every country has a different language, so it has different phonetic sounds to express onomatopoeia. In this research, the author will contrast the onomatopoeic use in Japanese and Indonesian nursery rhymes. The theory and classification of onomatopoeia used in this research are combinations proposed by Akimoto (2002) and Kaneda (1978). This qualitative research used the listening and note-taking methods from Youtube videos. The analysis data used in this research are the referential matching method. The result from the research data shows that in Japanese nursery rhymes, onomatopoeia is the sound of nature, the sound from an object, the sound of a human, the sound of an animal, object condition, object movement, human movement, animal movement, and human emotion are found. Meanwhile, in Indonesian nursery rhymes found, almost all types of onomatopoeia in Japanese are found except for the class of the sound of a human, object movement, and human emotion are not found.
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Buxton, Rachel T., Amber L. Pearson, Claudia Allou, Kurt Fristrup, and George Wittemyer. "A synthesis of health benefits of natural sounds and their distribution in national parks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 14 (March 22, 2021): e2013097118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013097118.
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Parks are important places to listen to natural sounds and avoid human-related noise, an increasingly rare combination. We first explore whether and to what degree natural sounds influence health outcomes using a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. We identified 36 publications examining the health benefits of natural sound. Meta-analyses of 18 of these publications revealed aggregate evidence for decreased stress and annoyance (g = −0.60, 95% CI = −0.97, −0.23) and improved health and positive affective outcomes (g = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.09, 3.16). Examples of beneficial outcomes include decreased pain, lower stress, improved mood, and enhanced cognitive performance. Given this evidence, and to facilitate incorporating public health in US national park soundscape management, we then examined the distribution of natural sounds in relation to anthropogenic sound at 221 sites across 68 parks. National park soundscapes with little anthropogenic sound and abundant natural sounds occurred at 11.3% of the sites. Parks with high visitation and urban park sites had more anthropogenic sound, yet natural sounds associated with health benefits also were frequent. These included animal sounds (audible for a mean of 59.3% of the time, SD: 23.8) and sounds from wind and water (mean: 19.2%, SD: 14.8). Urban and other parks that are extensively visited offer important opportunities to experience natural sounds and are significant targets for soundscape conservation to bolster health for visitors. Our results assert that natural sounds provide important ecosystem services, and parks can bolster public health by highlighting and conserving natural soundscapes.
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Tellechea, Javier S., Franco Teixeira-de Mello, Iván Gonzalez-Bergonzoni, and Nicolás Vidal. "Sound production and pectoral spine locking in a Neotropical catfish (Iheringichthys labrosus, Pimelodidae)." Neotropical Ichthyology 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011005000041.
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Catfishes may have two sonic organs: pectoral spines for stridulation and swimbladder drumming muscles. The aim of this study was to characterize the sound production of the catfish Iheringichthys labrosus. The I. labrosus male and female emits two different types of sounds: stridulatory sounds (655.8 + 230 Hz) consisting of a train of pulses, and drumming sounds (220 + 46 Hz), which are composed of single-pulse harmonic signals. Stridulatory sounds are emitted during abduction of the pectoral spine. At the base of the spine there is a dorsal process that bears a series of ridges on its latero-ventral surface, and by pressing the ridges against the groove (with an unspecialized rough surface) during a fin sweep, the animal produce a series of short pulses. Drumming sound is produced by an extrinsic sonic muscle, originated on a flat tendon of the transverse process of the fourth vertebra and inserted on the rostral and ventral surface of the swimbladder. The sounds emitted by both mechanisms are emitted in distress situation. Distress was induced by manipulating fish in a laboratory tank while sounds were recorded. Our results indicate that the catfish initially emits a stridulatory sound, which is followed by a drumming sound. Simultaneous production of stridulatory and drumming sounds was also observed. The catfish drumming sounds were lower in dominant frequency than stridulatory sounds, and also exhibited a small degree of dominant frequency modulation. Another behaviour observed in this catfish was the pectoral spine locking. This reaction was always observed before the distress sound production. Like other authors outline, our results suggest that in the catfish I. labrosus stridulatory and drumming sounds may function primarily as a distress call.
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Lalor, Julia, and Bruce A. Young. "Sound production in the eastern hognose snake, Heterodon platyrhinos (Serpentes: Colubridae): Does it snore?" Amphibia-Reptilia 19, no. 4 (1998): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853898x00061.
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AbstractHeterodon platyrhinos normally produces sounds as one part of its elaborate defensive behavior. This species has a distinctive quadriphasic sound, reflecting the underlying triphasic ventilatory pattern of snakes. Heterodon produces sound during both inhalation and exhalation; in both cases the sounds span a broad frequency range (from approximately 1,000 to 11,000 Hz, with frequencies below 3,500 Hz having higher amplitudes. Temporal congruence between sound production and deflection of a strain gauge mounted over the external nares of unrestrained H. platyrhinos provide the first experimental evidence for sound production through the nasal passageway in snakes.
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Böjrk, E., T. Nevalainen, M. Hakumäki, and H. M. Voipio. "R-weighting provides better estimation for rat hearing sensitivity." Laboratory Animals 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367700780457518.
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Since sounds may induce physiological and behavioural changes in animals, it is necessary to assess and define the acoustic environment in laboratory animal facilities. Sound studies usually express sound levels as unweighted linear sound pressure levels. However, because a linear scale does not take account of hearing sensitivity-which may differ widely both between and within species at various frequencies-the results may be spurious. In this study a novel sound pressure level weighting for rats, R-weighting, was calculated according to a rat's hearing sensitivity. The sound level of a white noise signal was assessed using R-weighting, with H-weighting tailored for humans, A-weighting and linear sound pressure level combined with the response curves of two different loudspeakers. The sound signal resulted in different sound levels depending on the weighting and the type of loudspeaker. With a tweeter speaker reproducing sounds at high frequencies audible to a rat, R- and A-weightings gave similar results, but the H-weighted sound levels were lower. With a middle-range loudspeaker, unable to reproduce high frequencies, R-weighted sound showed the lowest sound levels. In conclusion, without a correct weighting system and proper equipment, the final sound level of an exposure stimulus can differ by several decibels from that intended. To achieve reliable and comparable results, standardization of sound experiments and assessment of the environment in animal facilities is a necessity. Hence, the use of appropriate species-specific sound pressure level weighting is essential. R-weighting for rats in sound studies is recommended.
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Kładoczny, Piotr. "Co łączy nazwy dźwięków ze świadomością językową?" Język a Kultura 28 (May 5, 2021): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.28.5.
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Names of sound can be used to assess language awareness. Their psycholinguistic aspect is observed in the case of teaching small children language. The second aspect is descriptive and registering in nature, and is related to the knowledge of words. Some names of sounds take on a stylistic character and their use is sometimes assessed by others. Names of animal sounds that have a secondary reference to humans have a negative character, as do names of sounds that are used secondarily as speaking names. The sociolinguistic aspect is associated with the names of sounds typical of cer-tain backgrounds and used in a certain geographical area. The last manifestation of linguistic awareness regarding the names of sounds is related to communicative and discursive usage, i.e. applied to particular situations, persons, and a subject matter of an utterance. One can also see a manifestation of creative activity of people in the area of sound names. Artists and creative individuals not only use well-known names of sounds, but they also create completely new ones.
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Colligan, Thomas, Kayla Irish, Douglas J. Emlen, and Travis J. Wheeler. "DISCO: A deep learning ensemble for uncertainty-aware segmentation of acoustic signals." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 26, 2023): e0288172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288172.
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Recordings of animal sounds enable a wide range of observational inquiries into animal communication, behavior, and diversity. Automated labeling of sound events in such recordings can improve both throughput and reproducibility of analysis. Here, we describe our software package for labeling elements in recordings of animal sounds, and demonstrate its utility on recordings of beetle courtships and whale songs. The software, DISCO, computes sensible confidence estimates and produces labels with high precision and accuracy. In addition to the core labeling software, it provides a simple tool for labeling training data, and a visual system for analysis of resulting labels. DISCO is open-source and easy to install, it works with standard file formats, and it presents a low barrier of entry to use.
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Garstang, Michael, and Michael Kelley. "Understanding Animal Detection of Precursor Earthquake Sounds." Animals 7, no. 12 (August 31, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani7090066.
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Larsson, Matz. "Incidental sounds of locomotion in animal cognition." Animal Cognition 15, no. 1 (July 12, 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0433-2.
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Bailey, Win. "The resurgence of animal communication? Sounds great!" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, no. 4 (April 2003): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)00038-1.
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Du, Xiaodong, Fengdan Lao, and Guanghui Teng. "A Sound Source Localisation Analytical Method for Monitoring the Abnormal Night Vocalisations of Poultry." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092906.
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Due to the increasing scale of farms, it is increasingly difficult for farmers to monitor their animals in an automated way. Because of this problem, we focused on a sound technique to monitor laying hens. Sound analysis has become an important tool for studying the behaviour, health and welfare of animals in recent years. A surveillance system using microphone arrays of Kinects was developed for automatically monitoring birds’ abnormal vocalisations during the night. Based on the principle of time-difference of arrival (TDOA) of sound source localisation (SSL) method, Kinect sensor direction estimations were very accurate. The system had an accuracy of 74.7% in laboratory tests and 73.6% in small poultry group tests for different area sound recognition. Additionally, flocks produced an average of 40 sounds per bird during feeding time in small group tests. It was found that, on average, each normal chicken produced more than 53 sounds during the daytime (noon to 6:00 p.m.) and less than one sound at night (11:00 p.m.–3:00 a.m.). This system can be used to detect anomalous poultry status at night by monitoring the number of vocalisations and area distributions, which provides a practical and feasible method for the study of animal behaviour and welfare.
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Hough, Jack, Kenneth J. Dormer, Mary Meikle, R. Stan Baker, and Tom Himelick. "Middle Ear Implantable Hearing Device: Ongoing Animal and Human Evaluation." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 6 (November 1988): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948809700613.
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The first five patients have been permanently implanted with an electromagnetic middle ear implantable hearing device. Hearing tests were performed at the time of operation and at 8 weeks postoperatively with a coil held at the isthmus of the ear canal. All patients reported clear, high fidelity sound, as proven by speech discrimination scores. Improvements were seen in all frequencies, including 4,000 Hz. Improvement in pure tones as tested with an audiometer monitoring sounds amplified by a 3-V sound processor was as high as 50 dB sound pressure level. That which remains to be done is the final design of a compact, wearable sound processor with filtering and signal-processing capabilities to meet the needs of the sensorineural hearing-impaired population.
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Somervuo, Panu, Patrik Lauha, and Tapio Lokki. "Effects of landscape and distance in automatic audio based bird species identification." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0020153.
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The present work focuses on how the landscape and distance between a bird and an audio recording unit affect automatic species identification. Moreover, it is shown that automatic species identification can be improved by taking into account the effects of landscape and distance. The proposed method uses measurements of impulse responses between the sound source and the recorder. These impulse responses, characterizing the effect of a landscape, can be measured in the real environment, after which they can be convolved with any number of recorded bird sounds to modify an existing set of bird sound recordings. The method is demonstrated using autonomous recording units on an open field and in two different types of forests, varying the distance between the sound source and the recorder. Species identification accuracy improves significantly when the landscape and distance effect is taken into account when building the classification model. The method is demonstrated using bird sounds, but the approach is applicable to other animal and non-animal vocalizations as well.
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Robbins, Robert, and E. Kim McCreery. "African wild dog pup vocalizations with special reference to Morton's model." Behaviour 140, no. 3 (2003): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903321826666.
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AbstractAfrican wild dog (Lycaon pictus) pup vocalizations were studied in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe for weeks 3 through 7 of the socialization period. Here we present the vocal repertoire, including the use of repetitive and mixed sounds, and investigate the extent to which the emerging sound system of Lycaon conforms to predicted design features of Morton's (MS) motivation-structural rules. Features of the pup sound system are highlighted by comparison with adults and other social canids. Data were collected at three den sites (litter sizes: 8, 8, and 9) of two study packs. A total of 1903 vocalizations were classified, and eight vocal classes and seven subclasses were identified. Although all sounds identified persist into adulthood, observations indicate a delayed onset in some vocal classes, including both the lowest (i.e. rumbles) and highest (i.e. twitters) frequency sounds. As predicted by the (MS) model, pups invested heavily in high frequency, harmonic care/social soliciting sounds (91%, N = 1586 unmixed vocalizations), however, no clear association between acoustic structure and sound repetition was found. Significantly more repetition was heard in all vocal classes with the exception of moans and barks. Intra-pack aggression is generally muted in this obligate social carnivore suggesting that repetition may be a low cost strategy to induce social outcomes and obtain food. The patterning of mixed vocalizations (N = 317) was consistent with the (MS) model. Given the high degree of cooperation necessary for individual survival, the predominant use of cross-mixed sounds may serve to minimize conflict as pups begin to form relationships with littermates and adults. Noisy/noisy sounds were exceptionally rare. Comparative data suggest a relationship between the early patterning of mixed sounds and species-specific social organization in canids.
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Fernandes, Danilo Camargo, and Daniel Cunha Passos. "The voices of an alleged mute: sound emissions in a Tropidurus lizard." Behaviour 158, no. 8-9 (May 3, 2021): 819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10092.
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Abstract Although the major Squamata lineages are primarily oriented by chemical or visual sensory systems, many lizards are able to use acoustic information and several species produce sounds. However, while gekkotans are renowned by their complex vocal repertoires, sounds of other lizards are much less known. Herein we characterize the sounds emitted by individuals of Tropidurus catalanensis (Tropiduridae) from southeastern Brazil in response to threat stimuli. Our results revealed that the acoustic display was consistently emitted by adult individuals. The typical sound emission consisted of a single click, very short in duration, and without frequency modulation. This is the first report of sound emission by Tropidurus lizards, expanding the knowledge on the behavioural repertoire of the genus, and contributing to understanding the extension of sound emission in lizards.
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JANICKA, WIKTORIA, IZABELA WILK, and MAGDALENA RYŻAK. "Horses’ perception of a threat posed by sounds of different origin." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78, no. 08 (2022): 6672–2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6672.
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The aim of the study was to assess the behavioural reaction and emotional arousal of warmblood horses in response to sounds of different origin, and to classify those sounds into neutral ones, those causing a behavioural change and those causing a behavioural and physiological stress response. We tested the hypothesis that the perception of a sound as neutral or potentially threatening does not simply depend on the sound origin per se, but rather on the context in which the sound occurrs (predictability), additionally enhanced by the novelty effect. Recordings of 40 sounds, known (KS) and unknown (US), from four groups: anthropogenic (AS), neutral animal (NAS), predator (PS), and inanimate environment sounds (IES), were played to 20 warmblood horses remaining in their familiar paddock. The duration, frequency or occurrence of certain behaviours (e.g. walking, feeding, standing alert, stopping current activity), the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured. The horses’ reactions were rather weak and short-term. Most of the sounds resulted in distraction (increase in alertness). The horses ate less, walked and stood alert longer, and had a higher HR after certain sounds were played. The strongest stress response (physiological and behavioural) to NAS, mostly US, was observed. PS caused behavioural disturbance, but no cardiac activity changes. The weakest responses were observed for AS and IES. Modern, stable-kept horses remain vigilant to auditory stimuli in their environment and differentiate their responses to different sounds. The perception of a threat posed by sounds depends on their unpredictability and novelty.
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Yack, Jayne E., Brianna H. Raven, Michelle B. Leveillee, and Mairelys Naranjo. "What Does an Insect Hear? Reassessing the Role of Hearing in Predator Avoidance with Insights from Vertebrate Prey." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 1036–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa097.
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Synopsis Insects have a diversity of hearing organs known to function in a variety of contexts, including reproduction, locating food, and defense. While the role of hearing in predator avoidance has been extensively researched over the past several decades, this research has focused on the detection of one type of predator-echolocating bats. Here we reassess the role of hearing in antipredator defense by considering how insects use their ears to detect and avoid the wide range of predators that consume them. To identify the types of sounds that could be relevant to insect prey, we first review the topic of hearing-mediated predator avoidance in vertebrates. Sounds used by vertebrate prey to assess predation risk include incidental sound cues (e.g., flight sounds, rustling vegetation, and splashing) produced by an approaching predator or another escaping prey, as well as communication signals produced by a predator (e.g., echolocation calls, songs) or nonpredator (e.g., alarm calls). We then review what is known, and what is not known, about such sounds made by the main predators and parasitoids of insects (i.e., birds, bats, terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates) and how insects respond to them. Three key insights emerged from our review. First, there is a lack of information on how both vertebrate and insect prey use passive sound cues produced by predators to avoid being captured. Second, while there are numerous examples of vertebrate prey eavesdropping on the calls and songs of predators and nonpredators to assess risk, there are currently no such examples for eared insect prey. Third, the hearing sensitivity of many insects, including those with ears considered to be dedicated to detecting bats or mates, overlaps with both sound cues and signals generated by nonbat predators. Sounds of particular relevance to insect prey include the flight sounds and calls of insectivorous birds, the flight sounds of insect predators and parasitoids, and rustling vegetation sounds of birds and terrestrial predators. We conclude that research on the role of insect hearing in predator avoidance has been disproportionally focused on bat-detection, and that acoustically-mediated responses to other predators may have been overlooked because the responses of prey may be subtle (e.g., ceasing activity, increasing vigilance). We recommend that researchers expand their testing of hearing-mediated risk assessment in insects by considering the wide range of sounds generated by predators, and the varied responses exhibited by prey to these sounds.
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Díaz, Sebastián, and Antonieta Labra. "Exploring Sound Emission of the Lizard Pristidactylus valeriae." Animals 13, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13243813.
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Lizards, except geckos, are generally considered voiceless organisms, although some species emit oral sounds. For most of these “vocal lizards”, however, there is almost no information on the characteristics of the sounds, precluding exploration of the functionality and evolution of the sounds. Pristidactylus are known as “grunter lizards” since individuals emit oral sounds under predation risk. We explored the characteristics of the sounds emitted by P. valeriae, recording 17 adults and 1 juvenile when they were threatened and captured by a predator. Only adults emitted sounds with open mouths and displayed aggressive postures, e.g., biting attempts. These sounds correspond to hisses, which lack amplitude or frequency modulation. The lizards emitted longer hisses when threatened than when captured by the predator, which may provide honest information on individuals’ ability to escape. In addition, males may experience higher distress during threats since their hisses had higher aggregate entropy than those of the females. Finally, hissing has been documented in four of the five Leiosauridae genera, the family to which Pristidactylus belongs, suggesting that sound emission is ancestral to the family.
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Piitulainen, Roosa, and Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas. "Music for Monkeys: Building Methods to Design with White-Faced Sakis for Animal-Driven Audio Enrichment Devices." Animals 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101768.
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Computer systems for primates to listen to audio have been researched for a long time. However, there is a lack of investigations into what kind of sounds primates would prefer to listen to, how to quantify their preference, and how audio systems and methods can be designed in an animal-focused manner. One pressing question is, if given the choice to control an audio system, would or could primates use such a system. In this study, we design an audio enrichment prototype and method for white-faced sakis that allows them to listen to different sounds in their regular zoo habitat while automatically logging their interactions. Focusing on animal-centred design, this prototype was built from low fidelity testing of different forms within the sakis’ enclosure and gathering requirements from those who care for and view the animal. This process of designing in a participatory manner with the sakis resulted in an interactive system that was shown to be viable, non-invasive, highly interactive, and easy to use in a zoo habitat. Recordings of the sakis’ interactions demonstrated that the sakis triggered traffic audio more than silence, rain sounds, zen, and electronic music. The data and method also highlight the benefit of a longitudinal study within the animals’ own environment to mitigate against the novelty effect and the day-to-day varying rhythm of the animals and the zoo environment. This study builds on animal-centred methods and design paradigms to allow the monitoring of the animals’ behaviours in zoo environments, demonstrating that useful data can be yielded from primate-controlled devices. For the Animal-Computer Interaction community, this is the first audio enrichment system used in zoo contexts within the animals own environment over a long period of time that gives the primate control over their interactions and records this automatically.
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Rountree, Rodney A., and Francis Juanes. "First attempt to use a remotely operated vehicle to observe soniferous fish behavior in the Gulf of Maine, Western Atlantic Ocean." Current Zoology 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.1.90.
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Abstract Underwater sound and video observations were made at noon, sunset, and midnight in sand, gravel, and boulder habitat in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, Gulf of Maine, USA in October 2001 using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Seventeen species of fish and squid were observed with clear habitat and time differences. Observations of feeding behavior, disturbance behavior, and both interspecific and intraspecific interactions provided numerous opportunities for potential sound production; however, sounds were recorded only during a single dive. Although high noise levels generated by the ROV and support ship may have masked some sounds, we conclude that fish sound production in the Gulf of Maine during the fall is uncommon. The recorded fish sounds are tentatively attributed to the cusk Brosme brosme. Cusk sounds consisted variously of isolated thumps, widely spaced thump trains, drumrolls, and their combinations. Frequency peaks were observed at 188, 539, and 1195 Hz. Use of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) as a passive acoustic observation platform was problematic due to high ROV self-noise and the ROV's inability to maintain a fixed position on the bottom without thruster power. Some fishes were clearly also disturbed by ROV noise, indicating a potential ROV sampling bias. Based on our observations, we suggest that new instruments incorporating both optic and passive acoustic technologies are needed to provide better tools for in situ behavioral studies of cusk and other fishes.
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Kaatz, Ingrid M., and Donald J. Stewart. "Bioacoustic variation of swimbladder disturbance sounds in Neotropical doradoid catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae, Auchenipteridae): Potential morphological correlates." Current Zoology 58, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.1.171.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Swimbladder disturbance sounds of doradoid catfishes (Doradidae and Auchenipteridae) demonstrated striking waveform and spectrographic variation. We surveyed sounds of 25 doradoid species in 20 genera comparing these to sounds of four vocal outgroup catfish families. Sounds were either continuous waveforms (lacking interpulses) or pulsed (groups of pulses repeated at fixed temporal intervals). This is the first evidence for swimbladder calls with fixed interpulse patterns in catfishes. Vocal mechanism components that were similar between doradids and auchenipterids included: swimbladder shape, swimbladder dimensions and sonic muscle-somatic index. Morphological traits that showed variation among taxa and were evaluated for potential correlates of call diversity are: 1) diverticula (marginal outpocketings of the swimbladder with no connection to inner ear) and 2) elastic spring apparatus Müllerian rami (ESA-Mr). Within the doradid subfamilies and within the Auchenipteridae most species differed significantly in dominant frequency with frequency ranges overlapping to some extent for most. Doradid swim-bladder diverticula did not explain dominant frequency variation within the doradoid superfamily. Some doradids with conical ESA-Mr had the highest dominant frequency sounds. Auchenipterids included both relatively lower and higher dominant frequency sound producers but lacked diverticula and had discoidal ESA-Mr. Comparing a phylogeny of doradoid genera with out-group taxa, we infer that complex diverticula and conical ESA-Mr are derived characters within the Doradidae. Species representing outgroup families produced either continuous lower dominant frequency sounds (aspredinids, mochokids and pseu-dopimelodids) or pulsed higher dominant frequency sounds (pimelodids).