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1
Chan, Kin Wing (Ray). "Politics of smell: Constructing animal waste governmentality and good farming subjectivities in colonial Hong Kong." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 6 (March 30, 2020): 1055–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654420914320.
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This paper examines the governmentality of colonial Hong Kong throughout the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on the implementation of the Livestock Waste Control Scheme (1987–1997), the production of normative waste treatment knowledge, the spatial control of farming practices and the resulting subjectivity in the construction of the ‘environmentally friendly farmer’ identity. These themes are examined by analysing archival materials and conducting in-depth interviews with two Pig Farmers Association representatives and 19 pig farmers. This paper argues that the colonial government of Hong Kong relied on environmental ordinances and zoning regulations, livestock waste demonstration projects and socially constructed perceptions of olfactory acceptability as major technologies of governance in the creation of ‘environmentally friendly’ pig farmers. Through being exposed to these technologies, pig farmers learned and internalised a particular concept of what constitutes appropriate animal waste management and treatment. This paper shows how the concept of being ‘environmentally friendly’ contributes to the creation and use of ‘good farming’ subjectivities when modernising pig farmers’ waste management practices.
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McNitt, Jan, and Ron Kepford. "Developing a new regulatory paradigm to address the impacts of diffuse pollution attributable to agriculture." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0559.
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To control pollution attributable to livestock operations, the statutory and regulatory scheme of the US Clean Water Act focuses on implementing structural controls to contain animal waste. While the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is empowered only to regulate point sources, existing authority may be extended to regulate diffuse runoff associated with certain livestock facilities. Current water pollution abatement programs, however, have not responded to the differences inherent in diffuse pollution and the land management strategies necessary to control and abate its impacts. The Planned Intervention Micro-watershed Approach (PIMA) recognizes this distinction, offering a method of refining land management strategies while keeping existing point source pollution regulation and enforcement mechanisms in place. Within a limited time frame, producers have flexibility to develop and implement cost-effective management practices that achieve environmental goals. Planned intervention is integrated with a micro-watershed approach to watershed management which uses small, hydrologically discrete areas to target diffuse pollution sources and direct intervention efforts. This approach utilizes local stakeholder input and participation to create a bottom-up, community-based institutional framework for addressing diffuse pollution from agricultural sources that satisfies water quality objectives.
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Veres, A. A., M. M. Kryvyi, V. P. Slavov, Yu P. Polupan, V. G. Кеbkо, L. O. Dedova, and I. I. Murzha. "EFFECTIVENESS OF FEEDING DRY BREWERS GRAINS TO REPAIR HEIFERS OF THE JERSEY BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.02.
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Introduction. An important reserve for increasing the profitability and competitiveness of livestock production would be solving the problem of feed protein deficiency in animal feeding. Significant contribution to the solution of this problem can be made by using high-protein waste of oil extraction (meal, cake), alcohol (bard), brewing (brewers grains) industries for feeding purposes.
Since the liquid brewers grains is poorly preserved and easily spoiled, especially during the summer, and its transportation over long distances requires large costs, in this regard, there is a current problem of drying the liquid brewers grains and its usage as a high-protein fodder for feeding animals in dry form as part of animal mixed fodder.
The purpose of our research is to study the effectiveness of feeding dry brewers grains to repair heifers of the Jersey breed.
Research materials and methods. Research on the feeding dry brewers grains effectiveness was carried out on repair heifers of the Jersey breed at the age from 2 to 12 months on the basis of the farm SE “Dan-milk” in Cherniakhiv district of Zhytomyr region. Dry brewers grains produced by private joint-stock company (PJSC) “Obolon” were used for the research.
Research result. The content of crude protein in 1 kg of dry brewers grains, which was used in scientific and economic research, was 24.46%, or 244.6 g per 1 kg of dry brewers grains.
In order to study the effectiveness of feeding dry brewers grains, three groups of repair heifers of the Jersey breed were formed for the research, 8 heads each, according to the following scheme: one control group of repair heifers, and the other two were research groups.
According to the research scheme, the control group of repair heifers received a standard grain mixture without dry brewers grains. The difference in the feeding of repair heifers of research groups consisted in different levels of feeding dry brewers grains, which was included in the grain mix of the II research group in the amount of 15%, and the III research group - in the amount of 20%.
As a result of the research, there was an increase in the average daily gains of the II research group heifers, which ration included 15% of dry brewers grains in the mixture composition: for the period from 2 until 6 months – up to 0.811 kg against 0.786 kg, for a period from 6 until 12 months – up to 0.671 kg against 0.657 kg, for a period from 2 until 12 months – up to 0.727 kg against 0.709 kg in the control group.
At the age from 9 and 12 months of cultivation of repair heifers of the II research group, which grain mixture included 15% of dry brewers grains, there was a tendency of the main body measurements increase: height at the withers, chest girth and oblique torso length, compared with the repair heifers of the control group. In heifers of the III research group, which ration included 20% of dry brewers grains of the grain mixture, the main body measurements were lower than in heifers of the control and II research groups.
While studding main hematological indicators of the repair heifers of the control and research groups at the age of 6 and 12 months of cultivation, it was found that the inclusion of 15% of dry brewers grains in the grain mixture of the ration of the repair heifers of the II research group improved their passage of biosynthetic processes and the use of nitrogen, which indicates a tendency to increase in their blood total protein content compared to the control group primarily due to globulins, which indicates an improvement of immune-protective properties in the heifers of this group. The increase in the content of total protein and globulins against the control group in the heifers of the III research group, grain mixture for which included 20% of dry brewers grains, was manifested to a lesser degree.
Summary. The inclusion of dry brewers grains in the grain mixture of the rations of repair heifers of the Jersey breed of the II research group in the amount of 15% of the total weight of the grain mixture, provided an increase in their average daily gains compared to the repair heifers of the control group and amounted to for the period from 2 until 6 months – 3.2%, for the period from 6 until 12 months – 2.1%, for the period from 2 until 12 months –2.6% with a tendency to increase the main measurements at the age of 9 months: height at the withers up to 104.0 cm against 103.5 cm, chest girth – 142.8 cm against 141.4 cm, oblique torso length – 131.8 cm against 131.4 cm in the control group.
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Akari, Maiko, and Yoshitaka Uchida. "Survival Rates of Microbial Communities from Livestock Waste to Soils: A Comparison between Compost and Digestate." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2021 (January 29, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6645203.
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Livestock waste-based products, such as composted manure, are often used in crop production systems. The products’ microbial characteristics differ depending on animal waste treatment methods used (e.g., biogas production/composting). The question remains whether different livestock waste-based products differently impact soil microbiota. A pot experiment with five treatments (control, chemical fertilizer, digestate + chemical fertilizer, wheat straw compost + chemical fertilizer, and woodchip compost + chemical fertilizer) was conducted to compare the survival rates of microbial communities from digestate and composted manure, after their application to agricultural soil. Potatoes were planted in each pot. The changes in soil pH, the concentration of ammonium and nitrate, and the microbial community properties were monitored after 1, 6, 10, and 14 weeks of the application of livestock waste-based products. The application of composted manure, especially woodchip compost, showed a relatively more extensive impact on the soil microbial community structure than the other treatments. Woodchip compost contained a relatively more abundant and diverse bacterial community than digestate, and its family-level bacterial community structure was similar to that of the soil. These characteristics might determine the extent of the impact of livestock waste-based products on soil microbial communities. Digestate markedly influenced the inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soils but did not affect the soil microbial community. In conclusion, the survival rate of microbes of livestock waste-based products varies depending on the product type. Further investigation is needed to fully understand their impact on soils’ microbial functions.
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Muchlis, Dirwan, and Nurcholis. "Sustainable Livestock Development In The Border Of Merauke Region Based On Environment." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187303010.
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The purpose of this research is to provide information on sustainable livestock strategies with regard to the environment and social of Papua local communities in the process of cattle breeding process. In addition to increasing the productivity of local livestock, it is required the efficiency of the use of feed materials derived from agricultural waste. This policy should be supported with innovation and technology. Data collection method of this research using two types of data that is primary data and secondary data, primary data obtained from interviews of 30 breeders and the determination of respondents is conducted by way of purposive sampling. Secondary data were obtained from the Livestock Service Office of Merauke Regency, Department of Food Crops and Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The field survey results show that in addition to the field grass as the main feed, all breeders use agricultural waste as forage for livestock feed and use little palm oil waste. Types of agricultural waste used are rice straw, sweet potato straw, corn stalks and leaves, and groundnut straw. The highest agricultural waste production is corn stalk and leaves and banana waste both based on fresh produce and dry ingredients. In addition to the most common maintenance pattern is extensively and the best livestock development sites are in elikobel. Site selection based on various things such as location of topography, suboptimal land use, integration pattern optimization, developing local livestock such as poultry and pigs. The conclusion of this research is the strategy of development of sustainable livestock in border area can be conducted in elikobel district with various records such as the need of government policy related to environmentally careful livestock integration system, improving feed innovation and technology, livestock breeding, reproduction technology, and animal disease control to increase productivity and production of local livestock.
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Charmley, E., D. Nelson, and F. Zvomuya. "Nutrient cycling in the vegetable processing industry: Utilization of potato by-products." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-118.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Canada and the United States totals approximately 30 × 106 Mg yr-1. Approximately half of this is unsuitable for human consumption. This potato by-product comprises cull potatoes and potato processing waste (PPW). Liquid waste from processing plants can be applied to agricultural land. With strict environmental monitoring and control, crops such as corn (Zea mays L.), vegetables and grass can be used to divert large volumes of liquid waste. Solid waste and culls have traditionally been put in landfills or disposed of on agricultural land as a fertilizer. However these can be diverted from landfill sites or agricultural land and used as a high-quality animal feed, principally in beef feedlots. Research has shown that PPW can replace corn and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain without negative effects on growth of beef cattle or meat quality. Indeed, efficiency of animal growth per unit diet intake is improved. These effects have been observed with diets containing up to 80% PPW. Results to date suggest that PPW is a valuable livestock feed ingredient and has no deleterious effects on beef quality. In areas where PPW is available, feeding to beef cattle represents a viable alternative to other disposal options. Key words: Potato, processing waste, by-product, cattle, land disposal
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SKYBA, МYKOLA, OLEKSANDR MISIATS, A. POLISHUK, VOLODYMYR MISIATS, and MYKOLA RUBANKA. "SYSTEM OF ADAPTIVE FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SPEED OF ROTATION OF THE ASYNCHRONOUS THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC MOTOR OF THE ROTOR CRUSHER DRIVE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 295, no. 2 (May 2021): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-295-2-139-146.
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The analysis of a design and the principle of work of modern rotary crushers for crushing of waste of polymeric materials is carried out. Ways of possible improvement of the existing equipment for crushing of waste of polymeric materials are defined. The principles of automation of the rotary crusher drive are formulated. The structural scheme of the frequency control system of the rotor crusher drive is developed. The analysis of operation of asynchronous three – phase motors at frequency control of speed of rotation is carried out. The mechanical characteristics of the electric drive of the rotary crusher are determined. The methodological and theoretical bases of the study are the main provisions of strength of materials, theoretical mechanics and the theory of electric drive. The paper for the first time uses a comprehensive approach to the study of the grinding process of polymeric materials, which takes into account the dependence of their physical and mechanical properties on the conditions of the process, as well as kinematic and electrical characteristics of the equipment. The object of research is the technological process of mechanical grinding of light industry waste in rotary crushers. The subject of the study is the electric drive of a rotary crusher for processing polymer waste. The expression for calculation of mechanical characteristics of asynchronous electric motors according to their passport data is received that allows to calculate modes of work of drives of crushers at various power frequencies and various control laws. The use of frequency control of the electric drive of the rotary crusher for the processing of waste polymeric materials from light industry will increase the reliability of its operation. The research results can be used in the design of new and modernization of existing structures of rotary crushers for grinding waste polymeric materials.
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Pilip, Larisa V., and Maria E. Kazakova. "Chemical method of eliminating odors in commercial pig production." Butlerov Communications 62, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-62-4-88.
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According to the Federal Waste Classification Catalogue swine manure and slurry are classified as hazardous wastes of class 3. When stored these wastes emit various gases into the atmosphere including greenhouse gases. It is possible to solve this problem by using a chemical approach. For binding pollutants of acidic nature it is proposed to use sodium hypochlorite showing the properties of bases, while for the substances having basic properties it is possible to use sulfuric acid. The distinctive feature of this method is the technology of using the wastes of chemical industry. This paper proposes and justifies the technological scheme of the chemical method for cleaning the air polluted by emissions from industrial pig enterprises. The research was performed under laboratory conditions, taking into account the technological specifics of pig industry. In the course of the study, gravimetric and potentiometric methods were used. The object of the study was native manure obtained from 4-month-old pigs. In the experiment, we used waste sulfuric acid and alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite produced By "HaloPolymer Kirovo-Chepetsk". The handbook of best available methods in pig industry recommends using low-waste technologies, while it is possible to use waste products from local chemical enterprises for recycling agricultural waste. The technological solution will make it possible to reduce the concentration of odorigenic substances in the air of livestock premises, to eliminate odors from ventilation emissions, to reduce the toxicity of manure effluent and to process toxic fresh pig manure into granular organic fertilizer. The introduction of this scheme into industrial pig farming will dramatically reduce the amount of malodorous animal waste, significantly reduce odor pollution and improve the environmental situation in the areas adjacent to pig farms.
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Hernández Rodríguez, Ofelia Adriana, César Humberto Rivera Figueroa, Elías E. Díaz Ávila, Dámaris L. Ojeda Barrios, and Víctor M. Guerrero Prieto. "Plant and livestock waste compost compared with inorganic fertilizer: nutrient contribution to soil." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 35, no. 4 (October 8, 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v35i4.198.
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El uso de desechos de ganado y residuos vegetales, como fuente de nutrientes y material orgánico para el suelo, puede representar una alternativa viable para evitar daños riesgosos para el agroecosistema, derivados del uso de fertilizantes químicos. El presente estudio fue conducido en 2013, en condiciones de invernadero en la FACIATEC-UACH, Chihuahua, México. Se evaluó la contribución al suelo de los macronutrientes NO3-, P=, K+, Ca++, Mg++ y Na+, a partir de cuatro compostas elaboradas de (a) estiércol de bovinos, (b) excremento de gallina, (c) aserrín y (d) esquilmo de maíz, los cuales fueron comparados con urea como fertilizante sintético y un control sin fertilizante. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y se realizó el análisis de varianza mediante el paquete estadístico SAS (Statistical Analysis System), versión 9.3.1; la comparación múltiple de medias se realizó mediante el procedimiento de Tukey (α = 0.05). Los resultados sugieren que cinco de los tratamientos de compostas incrementaron la concentración de NO3-, en los cuales el estiércol de gallina superó signif icativamente al de bovinos en su aportación de los macronutrientes NO3- y P=; del mismo modo, las compostas elaboradas a partir de aserrín tuvieron un efecto signif icativo sobre el NO3- y superaron a los que contenían esquilmos de maíz. La concentración de Ca++ y Mg++ en los suelos donde se aplicó la composta, fue menor en comparación con aquellos tratados con urea, aunque el contenido de Na+ en los tratamientos de composta superó estadísticamente a la de aquellos tratados con fertilizantes inorgánicos. Esta evidencia sugiere que el uso de fertilizantes orgánicos, ya sea de origen animal o vegetal, es una fuente benéf ica para los nutrientes del suelo con alto potencial en la agricultura sostenible.
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Bryukhanov, A. Yu, E. V. Vasilev, E. V. Shalavina, and R. A. Uvarov. "Methods for Solving Environmental Problems in Livestock and Poultry Farming." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 13, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2019-13-4-32-37.
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In the Northwestern Federal District, the main agricultural source of environmental pollution is the disposal of organic waste (manure and litter), which accounts for a risk of 85 percent. The problem of ensuring environmental safety requires appropriate solutions based on modern intelligent machine technologies, means of monitoring and controlling technological processes of organic waste disposal. (Research purpose) To provide rationale for combined methods of solving environmental problems in animal and poultry farming. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the environmental impact of machine technologies used in livestock and poultry farming. The studies were carried out by assessing environmental risks and the sustainability of agroecosystems, applying methods and techniques for assessing the best available technologies, and studying the main prospects of developing intelligent digital technologies. (Results and discussion) The authors have identified the main methods of solving the environmental problems associated with large farm enterprises, including the calculation, design and system operation of the best available technologies for agricultural production. They have proposed a technical tool in the form of a bioreactor for the disposal of organic waste, capable of reducing manure and litter processing period in 60 times and providing automated flow and process control with online registration of production and environmental indicators. They have described an intelligent system for monitoring and utilizing organic waste, including a conceptual framework for establishing modular centers for deep processing. (Conclusions) The authors have proved that the implementation of modern methods for ensuring effective and environmentally safe agricultural production requires the establishing of experimental plot sites for complex research and demonstration of a “machine technology – monitoring – management” system. It has been proposed that a site of the VIM agrobiotechnological cluster should be established at a pilot livestock complex enterprise in the Leningrad Region. The authors have identified promising areas of research to ensure the transition of agricultural production to a new technological structure that implements the principles of Smart Farming to provide for the disposal of at least 510 million tons of agricultural organic waste a year.
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Carvalho, Camila Paiva de, and Lilian Cristiane Pisano. "Resíduos Pecuários: uma Avaliação em Indústria de Alimentos do Município de Bauru-SP." Ensaios e Ciência: C. Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde 21, no. 2 (November 7, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2017v21n2p105-109.
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Diferentes estudos, realizados por diversas áreas, indicam que os resíduos orgânicos gerados nas atividades pecuárias causam impactos ao meio ambiente. O alto índice de gases poluentes, emitidos pelos dejetos de animais, potencializa o efeito estufa, intensifica os fenômenos meteorológicos e contribui para as alterações climáticas. Efluentes gerados nas atividades pecuárias contêm altos níveis de contaminantes, alterando as propriedades da água, comprometendo a biota aquática, rios e solo. A recuperação de efluentes e resíduos orgânicos promove o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, entretanto o seu mau uso e desperdício compromete sua conservação. Na busca de diminuir a toxidade dos dejetos, empresas geradoras de resíduos focam em atingir padrões para o descarte, desconsiderando a qualificação de profissionais e novas técnicas, que possibilitem a recuperação e reciclagem dos resíduos orgânicos. No presente estudo, foi observado que embora a empresa atenda aos padrões no controle do lançamento de poluentes, há carência em estratégias que levem o aumento da reutilização, ambientalmente saudável, dos resíduos gerados. Notou-se um baixo nível de tecnologia aplicada na recuperação de efluentes. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo é propor melhorias no manejo e destinação dos resíduos orgânicos pecuários. Espera-se despertar a importância em desenvolver melhorias nas ações existentes relacionadas à conscientização ambiental.Palavras-chave: Resíduos. Impactos Ambientais. Manejo. Conscientização.AbstractDifferent studies in several areas indicate that the organic waste generated in farming activities cause environmental impacts. The high rate of polluting gases emitted by animal waste potentiate the greenhouse effect, intensify the meteorological phenomena and contribute to climate change. Effluent generated in livestock activities contain high contaminant levels changing the properties of water, affecting aquatic biota, rivers and soil. The recovery of organic waste effluents promotes sustainable use of natural resources, but its misuse and waste undermines conservation. In seeking to reduce the waste toxicity, waste-generating companies focus on achieving standards for the disposal disregarding the professionals’ qualification and new techniques that allow the recovery and recycling of organic waste. In this study, it was observed that although the company complies witth standards regarding the pollutants launch control they lack strategies that lead to an increase in reusing environmentally sound the waste generated. It was noted a low level of technology applied in the effluents recovery. Thus, the objective of the study is to propose improvements in the management and disposal of livestock organic waste. It is expected to awaken the importance of developing improvements to existing actions related to environmental awareness.Keywords: Waste. Environmental impacts. Management. Awareness.
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Bryukhanov, A. Yu, H. Huhta, E. V. Shalavina, E. A. Vorobyeva, and N. S. Vasileva. "The Ecological Status of Livestock and Poultry in the Border Regions of Russia and South-East Finland." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-1-4-9.
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Intensifi cation of agricultural production increases the burden on the environment. Modern management and planning of agricultural activity requires a comprehensive assessment of the environmental status of the industry. (Research purpose) To develop recommendations for improving the environmental safety of agricultural production based on the implementation of the best available technologies, methods for monitoring and controlling technological processes for the disposal of organic animal waste. (Materials and methods) The authors studied agricultural enterprises, their specialization and production capacities, technologies for manure and litter utilization. The studies included an assessment of enterprises according to the criteria approved in the recommendations of Helsinki Commission for the Baltic Sea. The authors used standard methods for processing statistical, fi eld and personal data. (Results and discussion) The authors conducted a state analysis of the agro-industrial complex of Leningrad Region in terms of the organic waste formation from animal husbandry and poultry farming, and evaluated the potential for their use. They studied 142 large complexes, which produce more than 90 percent of livestock and poultry products. The average livestock density in Leningrad Region is 2.2 conventional heads per hectare of cultivated agricultural land. They showed that there are 22,200 households in southern Finland, 79 percent of which are plant growing enterprises that are engaged in small-scale production. They took into account the specifi c features of the studied territories in terms of nutrient load and proposed a system of environmental impact regulation. (Conclusions) The authors developed 4 main recommendation sections to reduce the risks of biogenic environmental pollution: the development of an industrial environmental control system based on technological regulations; mastering the system of regional monitoring and coordination of work with organic fertilizers; adoption and implementation of a program of livestock enterprises technological and technical modernization in terms of the organic waste disposal; creation of demonstration platforms for environmental specialists advanced training in the implementation of modern technological solutions.
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Varelas. "Food Wastes as a Potential new Source for Edible Insect Mass Production for Food and Feed: A review." Fermentation 5, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5030081.
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About one-third of the food produced annually worldwide ends up as waste. A minor part of this waste is used for biofuel and compost production, but most is landfilled, causing environmental damage. Mass production of edible insects for human food and livestock feed seems a sustainable solution to meet demand for animal-based protein, which is expected to increase due to rapid global population growth. The aim of this review was to compile up-to-date information on mass rearing of edible insects for food and feed based on food wastes. The use and the potential role of the fermentation process in edible insect mass production and the potential impact of this rearing process in achieving an environmentally friendly and sustainable food industry was also assessed. Food waste comprises a huge nutrient stock that could be valorized to feed nutritionally flexible edible insects. Artificial diets based on food by-products for black soldier fly, house fly, mealworm, and house cricket mass production have already been tested with promising results. The use of fermentation and fermentation by-products can contribute to this process and future research is proposed towards this direction. Part of the sustainability of the food sector could be based on the valorization of food waste for edible insect mass production. Further research on functional properties of reared edible insects, standardization of edible insects rearing techniques, safety control aspects, and life cycle assessments is needed for an insect-based food industry.
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BUDU-AMOAKO, EBO, SPENCER J. GREENWOOD, BRENT R. DIXON, HERMAN W. BARKEMA, and J. T. MCCLURE. "Foodborne Illness Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia from Livestock." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 1944–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-107.
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Waterborne outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia are well documented, while the public health implications for foodborne illness from these parasites have not been adequately considered. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are common in domestic livestock, where young animals can have a high prevalence of infection, shedding large numbers of oocysts and cysts. Molecular epidemiological studies have advanced our knowledge on the distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in specific livestock. This has enabled better source tracking of contaminated foods. Livestock generate large volumes of fecal waste, which can contaminate the environment with (oo)cysts. Evidence suggests that livestock, particularly cattle, play a significant role in food contamination, leading to outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. However, foodborne giardiasis seems to originate primarily from anthroponotic sources. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are underreported because of the limited knowledge of the zoonotic potential and public health implications. Methods more sensitive and cheaper are needed to detect the often-low numbers of (oo)cysts in contaminated food and water. As the environmental burden of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from livestock waste increases with the projected increase in animal agriculture, public health is further compromised. Contamination of food by livestock feces containing Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts could occur via routes that span the entire food production continuum. Intervention strategies aimed at preventing food contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia will require an integrated approach based on knowledge of the potential points of entry for these parasites into the food chain. This review examines the potential for foodborne illness from Cryptosporidium and Giardia from livestock sources and discusses possible mechanisms for prevention and control.
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Данкевич, Н. І. "Вплив кормових добавок із морських гідробіонтів на продуктивність каченят-бройлерів." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2018.03.27.
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Представлено результати досліджень кормових добавок із морських гідробіонтів, білково-мінераль-ної та мінеральної, виготовлених за розробленими нами технологіями, які підтверджені патентами України на корисну модель: № 42687 «Спосіб одержання кормової добавки з морських гідробіонтів для птиці» від 10.07.2009; № 34634 «Спосіб одержання кормової добавки з морських гідробіонтів для птиці» від 11.08.2008. Їх використанні в кількості 10 % у раціоні каченят-бройлерів позитивно впливає на продуктивність каченят, не знижує приріст живої маси, сприяє збереженню каченят при вирощуванні та незначним середньодобовим приростам живої маси.
Recently the production of livestock production has decreased in the country. It accounts for the reduction of animal and bird livestock, fodder production, the proportion of protein-mineral food of animal origin. In this regard the problem of surching alternative animal feed resources is becoming particularly important. Sea hydrobionts possessing sustainable proteins and valuable biodiversity crucial for growth and development of animals and birds are suggested to be one of such precious sources. Using sea hydrobiont forage in poultry farming is of crucial importance as it is one of the fastest-growing branches of animal industry.
The purpose of the research in view of the above, the tusk is to consider the impact sea hydrobiont additives on broiler ducks productivity.
The study focuses on sea hydrobiont additives both protein-mineral and mineral produced according to our own designed technology by means of shredding mussels primary processing and agrarian wastes (iodine).
The study of sea hydrobionts impact on broiler ducks productivity was carried out under existing instructions and regulatory documents.
In accordance with the study methodology control and test groups of ducks were provided with staple ration for 8 days (aged from 12 to 20 days). From the 21st day till the end of the period (60 days in total) their ration was enreached by paste-like additives in the amount of 10 % to the staple ration. We used the additives in 2 ways: 10 % replacement of the staple ration with additives and adding extra 10 % of additives to enreach the staple ration.
In the course of the study it was found that using protein-mineral hydrobiont additives has a positive effect on broiler ducks growth regardless the way used. The 10 % replacement of the staple ration with hydrobiont additive does not reduce body weight gain which made up 100.4 % in the test group of ducks. Adding extra 10 % of protein-mineral additive to the ration increases the intensity of body weight gain by 6.9 %, relative growth rate and survival rate of ducks by 5.6 %.
The impact of mineral additive on ducks productivity when raised them according to our scheme is less but at the same time it contributes to ducks growth and development. The 10 % replacement of the ration with mineral additive does not have a big impact on growth and development.
But adding extra 10 % of mineral to the ration increases the intensity of live body weight gain by 4.9 % compared to the control group of ducks. The growth rate and conservation rate are also increased by 3.9 %.
Sea hydrobiont additives produced according to our own technology can be used when raising broiler ducks as non-traditional source of proteins and minerals for staple ration. Enreaching the ration of ducks by protein-mineral additive in the amount of 10 % or replacing the ration by the same amount of the additive allows to increase their body weight gain by 6.9 % as well as relative growth and conservation rate. Enreaching the ration by mineral additive increases body weight gain of ducks by 4.9 %. The 10 % replacement with such an additive does not effect their productivity.
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KIRSANOV VLADIMIR V, VLADIMIR V. "STRUCTURAL AND LOGISTIC MODEL OF MATERIAL FLOWS ON DIGITALLIVESTOCK FARM." Agricultural engineering, no. 5 (2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2020-5-26-32.
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The problems of the digitalization of livestock enterprises are closely related to the construction of models and algorithms describing the functioning of individual technological processes and subsystems united by a common control system. Based on the cluster approach, three groups of tasks for the intellectualization and digitalization of objects in livestock breeding are formulated: 1) recognition of images of biological objects and models of their group and individual behavior, 2) genomic assessment of farm animals, prediction of their genetic potential, with the possibility of better adaptation to technologies and specifi c economic conditions, 3) multi-agent management of automated and robotic technical means. The authors initialized the video images of biological objects, developed a structural and functional model of a complex biotechnical system “Man-Machine-Animal”, including automated workstations of key specialists, signal receiving-and-transmitting base stations, technological modules for animal service (feeding, watering, milking, microclimate, etc.), representing local biotechnical systems. The paper presents a structural-and-logistic “funnel” model of a livestock farm functioning. The model includes vectors of incoming material fl ows, outgoing production fl ows and outgoing byproducts (production waste) described using appropriate formalizations. The authors provide the structural typifi cation of technological modules and subsystems for their mathematical analysis and subsequent digital transformation of livestock farms.
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Artakhov, A. B. "Entomo-Industry of Hermetia Illucens." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 4 (July 21, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-4-61-70.
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Innovation in production use of insects allows us to speak about entomo-industry, which could cause in the future a drop in the relative cost of food. On the basis of biotechnology by using the fly Hermetia illucens the article draws theoretical and applied economic conclusions. Larvae of this fly by eating organic wastes during a few days can grow in hundred times and become a feed for animals, a basis for medicine or even a nutritious supplement, while their waste can become a fertilizer (zoo-humus). From means of labour they turn into the subject of labour with selfreproduction and solution to ecological problem, which can create the added value. In traditional livestock breeding fast transformation does not take place and animal acts mainly as the subject or means of labour. Commercialization of the technology can be achieved through development of module equipment for each of 9 processes and this can make it possible to purchase it stage by stage, depending on the need and resources. Due to this fact competitive advantage for technological entrepreneurship can be provided that can take one of the following three types: in the narrow sense (developing and selling equipment), in the broad sense (manufacturing the product with own equipment) and mixed one (manufacturing and selling of the equipment and finished product, joint work of the developer and user of the equipment). The author designed a synthetic graphic business-model of entomo-technological entrepreneurship. Logical schemes of waste treatment were put forward: centralized and decentralized. It was found out that for agricultural waste the decentralized scheme is more appropriate, as it implies treatment at the place of shaping and economizing on transportation. In Russia the process of commercialization of biotechnologies with the use of Hermetia illucens started in 2015, which is proven by patent activity. However, the market develops rather slowly.
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Medina-Pizzali, Maria Luisa, Stella M. Hartinger, Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich, Anika Larson, Maribel Riveros, and Daniel Mäusezahl. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Rural Settings in Latin America: A Scoping Review with a One Health Lens." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 9837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189837.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rural Latin America is not fully understood. The transmission pathways are partially known since research predominantly focuses on the urban hospital setting. The contribution to AMR from environmental factors is usually only mentioned in large-scale animal production. To understand the state of the literature on AMR in rural LA, we carried out a scoping review using the One Health (OH) perspective. OH recognises the concomitant contributions and interconnectedness of humans, animal, and the environment, thus, we used the OH perspective to select those articles adopting a holistic view of the problem. We searched original articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in four peer-reviewed databases and included 21 publications in the analysis. We charted data on bibliometrics, design, data collection sources, and instruments. We identified the human, animal, and environmental contributions to AMR in rural locations, and information gaps on AMR transmission routes and AMR drivers. Intensive and non-intensive animal production systems and agricultural practices were the most frequently found human contributions to AMR. Poultry, swine, cattle, and fish were the most frequent livestock mentioned as sources of AMR bacteria. Animal carriage and/or transfer of AMR determinants or bacteria was recognised as the primary contribution of livestock to the problem, while water, soil, and farming were predominant environmental contributions. We found that only 1 article out of 21 considered the OH approach as a framework for their sampling scheme, whereas 5 out 21 discussed all the three OH components. There were hardly any descriptions of humans or human waste as reservoirs for AMR in rural locations, and rural health centres or hospitals and wildlife were not represented. No studies identified mining as an anthropogenic activity driving AMR. More OH-oriented studies, with emphasis on molecular approaches—for identification and comparison of AMR genes—are sorely needed to understand better the existence of a network of interconnected transmission routes in rural Latin America and provide efficient strategies to prevent further AMR emergence.
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Paliy, Anatoliy, Andriy Paliy, K. V. Ishchenko K. V., and S. A. Mikhalchenko. "TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR SANITARY PROCESSING OF FOOTWEAR AND CLOTHES OF LIVESTOCK WORKERS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 125 (2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2021-125-130-140.
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Effective control of the quality and safety of livestock products is possible only with the implementation of a scientifically grounded complex of veterinary and sanitary and general economic measures. The goal of our work was to develop effective ways to sanitize clothing and footwear of workers in the livestock industry. The studies were carried out following the current methodological approaches that are used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Based on the results of the research carried out, two methods and one device have been developed to ensure a high level of veterinary and sanitary measures in animal husbandry. It has been proven that for the sanitization of clothing of workers in the animal husbandry industry, it is effective to use a disinfectant, which includes the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid (0.09–0.36%), adipic acid (0.01–0.04%), sodium bicarbonate (0.01–0.04%), sodium carbonate (0.003–0.01%), water (99.887–99.55%) when exposed for 30 minutes. For disinfection of workers' footwear, it is advisable to use disinfectants filled with a disinfectant that contains dichlorantin (0.021–0.21%), 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (0.0164–0.164%), a dispersant (0.012–0.12%), anionic surfactants (0.005–0.05%), corrosion inhibitor (0.01–0.1%), filler (0.0356–0.356%) and water (99.9–99.0%). An innovative device for cleaning and disinfection is proposed - a shoe disinfector, which consists of a waterproof box with a bottom wider than the top, filled with a disinfectant solution, a branch pipe for removing waste solution, a brush shaft, which is fixed in the upper part of the waterproof box, an electric motor with a rotational speed 2 rev/s., Which serves as a drive shaft brush, control panel with a start button and a stop button. The proposed developments complement the existing regulations on veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock farms and complexes.
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Hasanah, Himmatul, Joelal Achmadi, Eko Pangestu, and Ali Agus. "Supply Production of Water Spinach Waste as a Supplement and Fermentability Feed Ruminant in Klaten District, Indonesia (Case Study at Dry Season 2018)." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8788.
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This study aims to sup determine the utilization of water spinach as a substitute for forage sources, digestibility, and feed degradation. Klaten Regency is one of the producers of water spinach that has the potential to be developed as the center for producing the largest water spinach at the regional level and has a role as one of supporting the needs of ruminant animal feed at regional and regional levels during the dry season. The method used is a survey, sampling technique with stratified random sampling. The conclusion of the results of this study is the total supply of the use of water spinach reached the level of 20% resulting in higher total gas production, although it did not show a significant difference in VFA digestibility and production in vitro compared to the control. Feed digestibility increased with the addition of water spinach in a feed with a productivity average of 2.05 tons/ha of 3,947 ha of land area. The scheme (chain) of the supply of dried water spinach straw material is 41.25% for privately owned ruminants, and 58.75% is sold to middlemen by being sold to farmers outside the Klaten Regency area.
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Migdał, W., B. Zivkovic, and Ł. Migdał. "Promotion of animal products as opportunity for further development of breeding." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 4 (2011): 1407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1104407m.
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In order to ensure safety of meat and meat products as well as necessary repeatability of products quality throughout the food chain, raw materials producers are required to ensure appropriate condition for production (both crops and breeding). It obligates to implementation and application systems such as: Good Agriculture Practise (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), Good Higiene Practice (GHP), and for intermediary companies participating in raw materials trade mandatory implementation of GHP and GMP system as well as HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point), QACP (Quality Assurance Control Points), ISO 9001, ISO 22000. In 1987 was established ISO9000 series of standards by International Organization of Standardization for concerning quality management and quality assurance. In this system quality control is continuous and take place at every step from design through production to waste disposal. Application of management systems requires reconstruct and expansion of information flow?s channel between processing (meat processing plant) and raw materials suppliers (breeders of animal of slaugters) regarding rules of preparation and implication of feeds and drugs. Ensuring repeatability quality of producing meat products demand managing by meat processing plant or appointed to this institution, breeders audit and monitoring of livestock and crops. For proper functioning of quality management systems is necessary ensure highest quality in whole chain food, ie from farm to table. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) is quality management system, for food production process, which was imtroduce by UE Directive No. 92/46 and is valid in Poland mainly so that the producer can become a reliable supplier of food on the EU market. Adjustment of Polish law to European Union regulations require many activities including the dissemination of the principles of GMP and implementation of HACCP system in food processing (according to Directive EU 93/94/ECC in foodstuffs hygiene). HACCP system is considered as most effective and most efficient tool in ensure high standard of hygiene condition of production and food processing. Generally, HACCAP system can be described as procedures designed to identify the health hazards of food and the risk of their occurrence during all stages of food production and distribution. This is system, which controls and protects risks relevant to consumers safety and their health protect protection. HACCP protects consumer interests giving him assurance of safety and high health quality of purchased food products. The manufacturer is convinced that he did everything to provide product that is safe for human health. A characteristic property of these systems is integration of quality management and food safety, and taking over the supervision and control throughout the food chain according to the principle "from farm to fork"(from farm to fork, from stable to table).
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Hill, J. "Recycling biosolids to pasture-based animal production systems in Australia: a review of evidence on the control of potentially toxic metals and persistent organic compounds recycled to agricultural land." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 8 (2005): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04264.
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Biosolids from municipal waste water treatment are commonly used in agriculture as a source of nutrients, organic matter, and irrigation. There is, however, concern that the use of biosolids on pasture can lead to an accumulation of potentially toxic metals (PTM) and persistent organic compounds (POC) in the surface layers of soil and associated herbage that can be ingested by grazing livestock. This review examines the following two key questions. Is the use of these materials in an agricultural setting safe and practical? Is the use of biosolids safe in all climates, on all soils, and is it sustainable over the long term? To answer these important questions, the Australian regulatory framework is examined in light of similar legislation in Europe and the United States on the basis of scientific evidence that underpins the published limits, contaminant gradings, annual loadings, and prescribed restrictions on the use of biosolids in agriculture. The review concludes that the regulatory frameworks currently enacted at State level suffer from a lack of data to underpin the risk assessments conducted to prevent transfer of PTM and POC to the human food chain from livestock production and the basis of published thresholds is poorly defined. The important areas of future research are identified as studies on acquisition and transfer of PTM and POC to grazing animals and the subsequent effect of attenuation of the pollutant on the human food chain, the validation and acceptance of methods to quantify POC in biosolids, the effect of recycling of biosolids on the economic performance of pasture-based agriculture, and the market perception of animal products produced from land receiving biosolids.
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Tsai, Wen-Tien. "Regulatory Promotion and Benefit Analysis of Biogas-Power and Biogas-Digestate from Anaerobic Digestion in Taiwan’s Livestock Industry." Fermentation 4, no. 3 (July 24, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation4030057.
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The objectives of this paper were to summarize the status of the livestock (pig and cattle) industry and its waste management in Taiwan. The Water Pollution Control Act authorized the reuse of liquor and digestate from anaerobic digestion (AD) as fertilizers for agricultural lands on 24 November 2015. A large number of official databases and literature have been surveyed and analyzed to address the characterization of the biogas (AD-based) digestate and the potential benefits of biogas-to-power in Taiwan. On the promulgation of the Act, the central ministries have jointly managed the applications of livestock farms for reusing the AD-based liquor and digestate as fertilizers for farmlands. The survey findings revealed that the biogas digestate from a pig farm in Taiwan contained significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other soil nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. However, it is necessary to control zinc present in the biogas digestate from pig-raising farms. A preliminary analysis based on 123 large-scale pig farms with a total of 1,223,674 heads showed the annual benefits of methane reduction of 6.1 Gg, electricity generation of 3.7 × 107 kW-h, equivalent electricity charge saving of 4.0 × 106 US$, and equivalent carbon dioxide mitigation of 152.5 thousand tons (Gg). Obviously, the integration of AD and biogas-to-power for treating animal manure is a win-win option for livestock farms to gain environmental, energy, and economic benefits.
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Franco, Ademir, Marcos Omir Marques, and Wanderley José de Melo. "Sugarcane grown in an oxisol amended with sewage sludge and vinasse: nitrogen contents in soil and plant." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 4 (2008): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000400013.
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Sewage sludge is a residue from waste water treatment plants and vinasse is a main effluent from alcohol distilleries. The main differences between them are observed in the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) contents. Sewage sludge is poor in K, and the vinasse in N. This research was carried out to evaluate sewage sludge and vinasse effects on the nitrogen contents of the plant-soil system and the effects of their application on planted-cane and 1st. ratoon-cane under field conditions, on a Typic Haplustox, in Pontal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, using the sugarcane cultivar SP81-3250. A randomized blocks experimental design was used with 13 treatments and three replications. The results were organized in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme (three residue forms, two application modes and two rates of N or K) and a control treatment (mineral fertilization). Sewage sludge provided the highest N plant contents and the highest residual N soil contents. Sewage sludge and vinasse can replace mineral fertilization for both planted-cane and 1st. ratoon-cane.
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Mulumpwa, M. "The potential of insect meal in improving food security in Malawi: an alternative of soybean and fishmeal in livestock feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 4 (December 7, 2018): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0090.
Full textAbstract:
It is reported that fish contribute 70% of the animal protein intake in Malawi. This may be currently lower, as per capita fish consumption is reported to have declined by 58% from 14 kg/person/year in the 1970s to 8.12 kg/person/year in 2014. The situation poses a serious national nutrition problem, if not put under control. The Malawi Government and other stakeholders were therefore prompted to promote fish farming to supplement the fish that are provided from capture fisheries on the market. Currently, Malawi Development Cooperation (MALDECO) Aquaculture is a prominent commercial aquaculture company in Malawi, with just above 6,000 small-scale farmers. Feed is a challenge due to the high prices of soybean and imported fishmeal. Most small-scale fish farmers use maize bran to feed their fish, but this is nonviable as it results in low yield and abandonment of fish farming by most farmers. This study seeks to provide information in search of a solution to address feed challenges in the fish sector. A literature review was conducted on approaches being used by fish farmers and current efforts to resolve these challenges, and the information gained was used to outline a roadmap for solving livestock feed challenges at household level in Malawi. It was observed that using waste from the farmyard, farmers could culture insects which have high protein content than soybean and highly digestible than fish meal. Insects can deal with environmental pollution by utilising waste. Incorporation of insect meal in fish feed can replace soybean and fish meal, hence turning the fish industry around in Malawi by making it more productive. The goal of making fish products adequately available on the market may rely on the potential of incorporating insect meal in fish feed. Insect inclusion in fish feed has a potential for increasing fish consumption per capita in Malawi, hence improving food security. However, challenges to be resolved are food acceptance, food safety issues and legislation, which can be dealt with by the coordination of government, industry and academia.
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Machtinger, Erika T., and Edwin R. Burgess. "Evaluation of Filth Fly Species Composition and Abundance Using Two Monitoring Methods in Swine Confinement Housing." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 1812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa104.
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Abstract Concentrated swine production can produce large amounts of accumulated waste that may serve as development sites for pest flies. Filth flies are not only a nuisance but can also interfere with animal growth and production and are capable of mechanically transmitting many pathogens to swine on confinement facilities. In addition to production and health concerns, high populations of filth flies developing on concentrated animal facilities may subject producers to nuisance litigation. While litigation against livestock producers associated with pest filth flies has become more frequent and high profile, information on the filth fly fauna in swine facilities in the United States is limited. In this study, filth fly species diversity and population fluctuations were monitored with spot and sticky cards in one sow facility and two finishing facilities in North Carolina. House flies Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) were the dominant species followed by black dump flies Hydrotea (Ophyra) aenescens Weidemann (Diptera: Muscidae). A difference was seen in total spots on cards placed in more central barn locations than towards the outer walls in the sow facility but not the finishing facilities. Mean spots at only one of the finishing facilities exceeded the conventional control threshold of 100 spots/week, in May and June. Fly numbers decreased naturally in the following months, suggesting that standard control thresholds may not accurately inform filth fly control efforts in swine production. Due to their complementary nature, both spot and sticky cards placed in representative locations throughout barns are recommended. However, more swine-specific information is needed for optimizing monitoring methods.
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Spiridonov, Anatoliy, Kseniya Anisimova, Nadezhda Glavatskih, and Mihail Yurkov. "DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY INSTALLATION FOR DRYING FLIES LARVAS OF HERMETIA ILLUCENS IN A VIBRATION-LIQUIDED LAYER." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-81-85.
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One of the modern and promising areas for the disposal of food waste and agricultural waste from plant and animal origin is the use of larvae of Black stratiomys flies (Hermetia illucens) with the subsequent receipt of them high-quality natural protein feed for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, etc. Use larvae in live frozen and dried state. Drying allows you to increase the shelf life and get a more concentrated feed. However, most drying methods are characterized by high energy intensity of the process with varying degrees of preservation of the properties of the feedstock. One of the methods for drying larvae is drying in a vibro-fluidized bed in an infrared field generated by a gas mixture. To implement this method, a laboratory setup has been developed. A closed perforated container with larvae, which performs vertical vibrations, is installed in the working chamber. The oscillation frequency is selected depending on the degree of drying. At the bottom of the chamber is a gas infrared generator fed by a propane-butane mixture from a cylinder. To create a steady flow, an exhaust fan is installed in the upper part of the working chamber. Temperature control in the upper and lower parts of the working area is carried out by thermocouples. During the experiments, the drying regimes and the rate of moisture evaporation were clarified. The moisture content of the dried material was measured over the entire drying period. The energy consumption for moisture evaporation was controlled. As a result, the energy intensity and productivity of the heat and moisture transfer process are determined. The larvae of Black stratiomys flies dried by this method have a dense texture, a homogeneous structure, and a tan color.
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Meals, D. W., and R. B. Hopkins. "Phosphorus reductions following riparian restoration in two agricultural watersheds in Vermont, USA." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 9 (May 1, 2002): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0203.
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Achievement of management goals for Lake Champlain (Vermont/New York, USA and Quebec, Canada) will require significant reductions of phosphorus (P) loads from agriculture, the dominant diffuse source in the basin. Cost-effective P reduction strategies must be based on reliable treatment techniques beyond basic erosion control and animal waste storage practices. The Lake Champlain Basin Agricultural Watersheds National Monitoring Program (NMP) Project evaluates the effectiveness of low-cost livestock exclusion, streambank protection, and riparian restoration practices in reducing concentrations and loads of diffuse-source pollutants from grazing land at the watershed level. Treatment and control watersheds in northwestern Vermont have been monitored since 1994 according to a paired-watershed design. Monitoring includes continuous stream discharge recording, flow-proportional sampling for total P and other pollutants, and documentation of land use and agricultural management activities. Strong statistical calibration between the control and treatment watersheds has been achieved. Landowner participation in the land treatment program was entirely voluntary and all treatments were 100% cost-shared by the project and cooperators. Installation of riparian fencing, alternative water supplies, protected stream crossings, and streambank bioengineering was completed in 1997 at a cost of less than US$40,000. The paired-watershed design was effective in controlling for the influence of extreme variations in precipitation and streamflow over six years of monitoring. Two years of post-treatment data have documented significant reductions in P concentrations and loads from both treated watersheds. Reductions of ∼20% in mean total P concentration and ∼20–50% in mean total P load have been observed, with greater reductions occurring in the watershed receiving more extensive treatment. The effectiveness of riparian zone restoration in P reduction tended to be lower during periods of very high runoff, especially outside the growing season.
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Ibatullin, M., and D. Mykytyuk. "Manufacturing of organic swine production: external experience and challenges for Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (148) (May 30, 2019): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-148-1-30-41.
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The main factors that stimulate the management development of organic forms are systematized: the deterioration of the overall ecological situation, the increase in the demand for environmentally friendly products, the possibilities for expanding the export of organic products, allows obtaining higher profit levels, etc. The approaches to legal regulation of organic products production in foreign countries and Ukraine have been generalized, which allowed to compare the order of organic products production (raw materials) of plant and animal origin, certification of organic farms and bringing organic products to the market. It is substantiated that there is a need to establish a state monitoring of the pig products quality, which should include: regular inspection of the self-inspection plan; inspection of the industrial premises sanitary condition, adjoining territories, vehicles, forages, fodder additives and ingredients; testing of equipment, materials, substances and technological additives in contact with meat raw materials. It has been proved that the frequency and procedure for state monitoring is ensured taking into account the analysis and assessment of the risks associated with the maintenance of animals and the receipt of meat raw materials. It is generalized that the strategic priorities of the organic pig production development is to increase the production of pig slaughter products, accordingly, it requires levers substantiation of the economic regulation to stimulate the producers of the sector in this direction. To sum up, there is a need to develop standards for the certification of animal origin organic products, namely, it is advisable to delimit the production of organic products (raw materials) and inorganic production in the regulatory and legal framework; utilization of waste and by-products of plant and animal origin in the process of organic products production, etc. It is proved that the low demand of consumers in the domestic market makes producers of organic products, including pigs, to focus on the markets of other countries. Measures to motivate foreign investors in the production of organic meat in Ukraine could become one of the most effective instruments for the intensification of organic pig production, and in the future, it could deliver its supplies to foreign markets, but realize it itself. It is obvious that in this approach there is a possibility of increasing value added in the supply chain of organic pig production, provided that the domestic processing capacity of organic produce and organic meat products is adjusted internally. Key words: organic pig breeding, organic livestock breeding, state regulation, control, ecology.
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Lokapirnasari, Widya Paramita, Oky Setyo Widodo, and Emy Koestanti. "Potensi Bakteri Lactococcus sp. dan Lactobacillus sp. untuk Peningkatan Kualitas Limbah Kulit Kacang Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Pakan [Potential of Lactococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. Bacteria for Quality Improvement of Peanut Peel Waste as Alternative Feed Ingredients]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 10, no. 1 (June 2, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v10i1.8547.
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AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk menterminasi peningkatan kandungan nutrien dalam fermentasi makanan yang terdapat dari kulit kacang sebagai bahan pakan alternatif untuk ternak dan ikan. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga perlakuan dan lima replikasi P0: kulit kacang+isolat 0%; P1: kulit kacang+1% Lactococus sp. ; P2 : kulit kacang+1% Lactobacillus sp. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 5 hari dalam keadaan aerob. Hasil menunjukan bahwa terdapat berdedaan yang signifikan antara perlakuan (p<0,05). Penggunaan isolat Lactococcus sp. dan Lactobacillus sp. dapat meningkatkan kandungan nutrient dari limbah kulit kanang. Terdapat penurunan aerob mentah dari 3,80 sampai 7,70% terdapat peningkatan elestrak nitrogen bebas dari 3,925 sampai 4,38% terdapat peningkatan kandungan energi pencernaan 7.13% sampai 9.30%. berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengguna 1% Lactococcus sp. dan 1% Lactococcus sp. dapat meningkatkan nilai nutrisi di limbah kulit kacang yang dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif bahan pakan ternak dan ikan. AbstractThis study aims to determine the increasing of nutrient content in the fermentation of feed stuff derived from peanut wastes as an alternative feed material for livestock and fish. The study consisted of three treatments and five replications, namely P0: peanut peel + 0% isolate, P1: peanut peel + 1% Lactococcus sp, P2: peanut peel +1% Lactobacillus sp. The fermentation process was carried out for 5 days under a facultative anaerobic condition. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments (p <0.05). The use of Lactococcus sp and Lactobacillus sp isolates can increase the nutritional content of peanut peel wastes. There was a decrease in crude fiber content (CF) of 3.80 to 7.70%, there was an increase of Nitrogen free extract (NFE) of 3.925 to 4.38%, there is an increase in digestible energy (DE) content of 7.13% to 9.30%, there was the increasing metabolizable energy (ME) of 7.13% to 9.12% compared to control. Based on the results it can be concluded that the using of 1% Lactococcus sp and 1% Lactobacillus sp. can increase nutritional value of peanut peel waste that can be used as an alternative ingredients of animal and fish.
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Yang, Shi Feng, and Ya Juan Liu. "Research of the Harmful Gas Detection and Control System in Dairy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.600.
Full textAbstract:
This design constructs the harmful gas detection and automatic control system for NH3 and H2S in the dairy, which based on the electronic nose and LabVIEW virtual instrument technology development platform. This control system tests the harmful gas concentration of NH3 and H2S through the semiconductor gas sensor MQ-137 and MQ-136; The NH3 and H2S concentration change into the corresponding signals through the A/D conversion chip, for the signal acquisition and processing; The system realize the functions of the harmful gas concentration of real-time data acquisition, display, storage, which used graphical programming language LabVIEW, and control the harmful gas concentration intelligently and automation. This control system has the advantages of high sensitivity, reliable work and the good effectAnimal husbandry is an important part of the agricultural economy, and the breeding industry of milk cows is an important part of animal husbandry, the dairy not only provide in a large number of high-quality milk products but also provide the community with a large number of employment opportunities, improving the living quality, promoting the social economic development. It has played an important role for social progress. [1] With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standard, the demand of dairy products increasing promote the rapid development of the dairies. In recent years, the development of dairy industry is rapid, and the number of cows and milk products is total in the world, and industry development direction change into the scale, intensive and professional barn feeding level. But it also appeared some problems. As is known to all, the modern animal husbandry production of four elements is variety, feed nutrition, environment management and disease prevention, the importance of livestock environment also gradually cause the attention of the authorities. These are two reasons, one is that the environment pollution by the cows excrement is more serious, becoming a new pollution source. If these excrement is not managed properly, it will affect the sustainable development of the breeding industry of milk cows, even threat to the human’s health; The other is that a lot of peculiar smell harmful gas is produced by these waste, such as NH3,H2S. These will hazard the cow health. Dairy environment control is the key measures which should be meet the cow the best growth needs and improve the production level. Good control of the dairy is the guarantee to improve the environment dairy production capacity, get higher economic benefits and environmental benefits. Therefore, the harmful gas concentration is controlled effectively of the dairy, it is important significance for the growth of cows and milk production, give full play to its production potential and achieve high yield, high efficiency. [2] This paper used electronic nose, LabVIEW and single-chip microcomputer technology, it design the dairy harmful gas effective control system, realized the dairy real-time data acquisition and automatic control, improve the work efficiency and reliability.
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Murzha, I. I., V. G. Кеbkо, Yu P. Polupan, M. G. Porhun, L. O. Dedova, and I. M. Zazulya. "LIVE WEIGHT, SAFETY, SLAUGHTER YIELD AND MEAT QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKENS WHEN FED WITH COMBINED BLOOD-FEATHER FEED ADDITIVE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 56 (December 4, 2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.56.09.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. In recent years, the production of feed additives of animal origin in Ukraine has declined sharply, and the cost of imported additives is very high. At the same time, in our country, the industry of industrial poultry farming has recently received intensive development, in particular, the cultivation and processing of broiler chickens for meat. At the same time, a significant amount of non-food waste from poultry slaughter in many poultry farms is not processed for feed purposes.
Currently, an urgent problem is the organization of processing of non-food waste of poultry for feed purposes at poultry farms of industrial type of cultivation for meat of broiler chickens, primarily from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials. Processing of these wastes for feed purposes will not only give the opportunity to increase the production of high-grade protein feed, but also to significantly improve environmental safety.
The purpose of our research is to study the meat productivity, safety, slaughter yield and quality of broiler chicken meat when feeding a combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials.
Materials and methods of research. Development of an innovative technological line for the production of a combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials was carried out in LLC "Complex Agromars" (village of Havrylivka, Vyshgorod district of Kyiv region), and research on the effectiveness of feeding a combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed raw materials was performed in the production conditions of LLC "Bila Hora" Sniatynskyi district of Ivano-Frankivsk region.
Research result. Development of innovative technological line was carried out in cooperation with engineering and technical staff of LLC "Complex Agromars". The innovative technological line is designed and installed using devices and mechanisms of the company "Haarslev Industries".
In order to study the effectiveness of feeding a combined blood-feather feed additive for the experiment, four groups of broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 cross were formed, 50 heads in each, according to the following scheme: one group of broiler chickens was taken as a control group, and the next three groups – as research groups.
Cultivation of broiler chickens in the experiment was carried out according to the traditional technology of feeding on standard compound feeds adopted in industrial broiler poultry farming, which, depending on the age and growth of chickens, includes 3 phases: "Start" – 14 days, "Growth" – 18 days, "Finish" – 12 days.
According to the scheme of experience, the control group of chickens received standard feed without blood-feather feed additive. The difference in feeding of the broiler chickens of the experimental groups was in different levels of feeding with experimental combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed feather raw materials, which, depending on the age and growth of chickens, included in the feed of the I group from 4 to 12%, of the II group – from 3 to 10%, of the III group – from 2 to 8%.
As a result of the studies it was found that at the end of the experiment at 44-day age the average live weight of broiler chickens of the control group was 2630 g, of the experimental group I – 2885 g, of the group II –2790 g, of the group III – 2680 g.
For 44 days of experience the following amounts died: in the control group – 2 chickens, in the experimental group I – 1 chicken, in the group II – no chickens, in the group III – 1 chicken.
Slaughter of broiler chickens and meat tasting was carried out in the company "Bilyi Bereh" of Ternopil region at the age of 44 days.
It was established that the average slaughter yield of 1 carcass of broiler chicken meat was: in the control group – 1920, in the experimental group I – 2106 g, in the group II – 2037 g, in the group III – 1956 g.
The difference in quality of meat of broiler chickens of control and experimental groups by results of tasting was not revealed.
Summary:
In LLC "Complex Agromars" (village of Havrylivka, Vyshgorod district of Kyiv region) designed and implemented an innovative technological line for production of ecologically safe combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed feather raw materials from non-food waste slaughter of broiler chickens when growing for meat.
In the course of scientific and economic experiment it was found that the inclusion in the standard traditional feed in different phases of cultivation of broiler chickens for meat of about 4 to 12% of the combined feed additive from blood and hydrolyzed feather raw materials increased their average live weight from 2630g in the control group to 2885 g, and the average slaughter yield of 1 meat carcass – from 1920 g in the control group to 2106 g.
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Sassenrath, G. F., J. M. Schneider, R. Gaj, W. Grzebisz, and J. M. Halloran. "Nitrogen balance as an indicator of environmental impact: Toward sustainable agricultural production." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 3 (May 2, 2012): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000166.
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AbstractEfficient nutrient use is critical to ensure economical crop production while minimizing the impact of excessive nutrient applications on the environment. Nitrogen (N) is a key component of agricultural production, both as an input to support crop production and as a waste product of livestock production. Increasing concern for future sustainability of agricultural production and preservation of the natural resource base has led to the development of nutrient budgets as indicators and policy instruments for nutrient management. Nutrient budgets for N have been developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as agri-environmental indicators to compare the evolving conditions in member states, and are also used by the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) to develop nutrient management plans. Here, we examine the crop and animal production systems, drivers impacting management choices, and the outcome of those choices to assess the utility of gross annual N balances in tracking the progress of management decisions in minimizing the environmental impact of agricultural production systems. We use as case studies two very different agronomic production systems: Mississippi, USA and Poland. State and country level data from the US Department of Agriculture and OECD databases are used to develop data for the years 1998–2008, and gross annual N balances are computed. Examination of agricultural production practices reveals that the gross annual N balance is a useful tool in identifying differences in the magnitude and trends in N within agricultural systems over large areas. Significant differences in the magnitude of the N budget were observed between the highly diversified, small-scale agriculture common to Poland, and the large-scale, intensive agriculture of Mississippi. It is noted that use of N balance indices can be problematic if the primary intent is to reveal the impact of economic drivers, such as crop prices, or management choices, such as tillage or crop rotation. Changes in cropping systems in response to commodity prices that improve N balance can be masked by detrimental growing conditions, including edaphic, biotic and weather conditions, that are outside of the producers’ control. Moreover, use of large area-scale indices such as country or state-wide balances may mask the severity of localized nutrient imbalances that result from regionalized production systems that overwhelm the nutrient balance, such as confinement livestock production. Development of a policy to address environmental impact and establish sustainable production systems must consider the year-to-year variability of drivers impacting agricultural production, and the spatial heterogeneity of nutrient imbalance.
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Okanović, Đorđe, Milutin Ristić, Veljko Đukić, Šandor Kormanjoš, Vesna Matekalo-Sverak, and Zvonko Nježić. "New Regulations and Sustainable Solutions Removal of by-Products of Slaughtered Livestock." Quality of Life (Banja Luka) - APEIRON 3, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/qol1101038o.
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The environment is now threatened by the creation and accumulation of waste materials in all branches of industrial production and in the meat industry. The importance of harmless removal of animal waste increases with the intensification of animal breeding and with the development of meat processing plants.. Problem solution of harmless removal of animal origin waste products has the big importance. It is irreplaceable, namely preventive veterinary and sanitary measure used in control of livestock diseases and zoonosis. Nowadays, it has a big role in environment protection. In the world, the best way of harmless removal of animal waste from meat industry as well as died animals is exactly their collecting and utilization (for feed production, chemical industry and fuel), depending on raw material structure and its characterization, their processing in special plants with modern equipment and technology.It was emphasized that objects for animal waste processing should be treated from the two aspects: as processing plants serving for the environment protection and as possible environment polluters.
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Cadena, Hector B. "Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Agricultural Practices in the Malagos Watershed, Davao City, Philippines." IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation 18, no. 1 (March 2, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7718/ijec.v18i1.1112.
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This study describes the agricultural production practices of the farmers in the Malagos Watershed, Davao City, Philippines. This was done given the new trends in Ecoagriculture and Permaculture principles. The different Agricultural practices were described and assessed in terms of sustainability. Sustainable Agriculture is the production of food and other farm products in ways that protect the environment, public health and animal welfare. Practices need to be modified if they are causing damage to these factors instead. As to crops planted, which included cereals, vegetables and fruits, sustainability was rated fair. Tools and equipment used together with the method of cultivation were rated highly sustainable. Fertilizers used and method of fertilizer application which was mostly (40%) commercial fertilizers applied through basal and broadcast method, were rated sustainable. The method of irrigation, which was mostly rainfed, was assessed as highly sustainable. The method of pests and disease control was the only practice rated poor since commercial chemical spray were commonly used and one potentially harmful to people and the environment. Harvesting method, which was mostly by handpicking, was rated highly sustainable. Their methods of storage, product disposal and waste disposal were all classified as fairly sustainable. Concerning livestock production, almost all of their practices, including, type of animal raised, method of animal housing, feeds used, method of watering, method of product disposal and method of waste disposal, all rated fairly sustainable. Only the method of feeding, which mostly used dry feeds instead of free grazing, was graded sustainable. Crop production and livestock production in the Malagos Watershed averaged quite acceptable. It is, therefore, recommended that these practices be improved, maintained and monitored so that the agricultural practices in the Malagos Watershed would remain viable in the future. This study is the first attempt at assessing the sustainability of Agricultural practices of Indigenous peoples habituating the Malagos Watershed.
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Ugolini, Luisa, Donatella Scarafile, Roberto Matteo, Eleonora Pagnotta, Lorena Malaguti, Luca Lazzeri, Monica Modesto, Alice Checcucci, Paola Mattarelli, and Ilaria Braschi. "Effect of bioactive compounds released from Brassicaceae defatted seed meals on bacterial load in pig manure." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, June 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14321-7.
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AbstractAnimal manure application to soils is considered to be one of the main cause of antibiotic and bacterial pathogen spread in the environment. Pig livestock, which is the source of one of the most used fertilizer for cultivated land, is also a hotspot for antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Besides harsh chemical and physical sanitization treatments for the abatement of antibiotics and bacterial load in livestock waste, more sustainable and environmentally friendly strategies need to be considered. In this context, the use of natural substances which are proved useful for pest and disease control is currently under exploration for their role in the reduction of bacterial pathogen population. Among these, plants and derived products from the Brassicaceae family, characterized by the presence of a defensive glucosinolate-myrosinase enzymatic system, have been successfully exploited for years in agriculture using the so-called biofumigation technique against crop diseases. Although the application of biofumigation to suppress a range of soil borne pests has been well documented, no studies have been examined to reduce bacterial population in animal waste. In the present study, the release and the antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds deriving from different Brassicaceae defatted seed meals against pathogens and bacterial population in pig manure is addressed. Rapistrum rugosum and Brassica nigra defatted seed meals were found to be the most active products against tested pathogens and able to significantly reduce the bacterial load in the manure.
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Sapsuha, Yusri, Nurhasanah Nurhasanah, Indah Rodianawati, and Hasriani Ishak. "PEMANFAATAN TANAMAN HERBAL SEBAGAI PHYTOBIOTIK PADA KELOMPOK PETERNAK BROILER DI DESA AKEKOLANO KECAMATAN OBA UTARA UNTUK MENDORONG KETERSEDIAAN DAGING BROILER ORGANIK DI PROVINSI MALUKU UTARA." Edupreneur: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat bidang Kewirausahaan 1, no. 2 (June 2, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.36412/edupreneur.v1i2.358.
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The purpose of the is to maximize the use of agricultural and fisheries wastes in North Maluku as broiler feed in order to reduce the price of feed, as well as utilizing herbs such as turmeric nutmeg leaf (Myristica frangrans Houtt) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L) as a substitute for phytobiotic antibiotics for organic broiler to obtain a healthy and safe for consumption. Extensive use of antibiotics lead to residues in livestock products. Microbial resistance in human pathogens to antibiotics is a major public health problem. The livestock industry must reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production and seek other alternatives for disease control to replace the use of antibiotics. Herbs can be used as a substitute for antibiotics phytobiotic. The results showed that the use of waste of agriculture and fisheries activities as well as herbs in broiler feed can increase productivity and reduce production costs Keywords: organic broiler, phytobiotic, antibiotics, feed plan
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Maria Puspham Grace.M, Rajithra.R, V.Ilakkiya, and Dr. B. Dhanalakshmi. "Effect of Different Animal Organic Manures on the Biometric and Nutrient Parameters of Coriandrum sativumL." EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), June 30, 2021, 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra7522.
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In recent years, use of livestock manure and marine bio-waste has been advocated in integrated nutrient management (INM) system in vegetable crops. Poultry manure is an excellent organic fertilizer, is concentrated source of nitrogen and other essential nutrients. In the present study the culinary herb Coriandrum sativum which has medicinal property was selected as experimental plant whose biometric parameters were analyzed in different treatment pots amended with different organic poultry and fish manure. The productivity of Coriander is influenced by several factors such as soil, varieties, fertilizer management, and also various agro techniques used for growing crop. With this context in the present experimental study two animal wastes converted to organic manure by Eudrilus eugeniae-Worm into poultry and fish manure in organic farm of Rajapalayam District was purchased and amended in 2kg garden soil in selected ratios namely 25% (T2), 50%(T3),75%(T4) and 100%(T5). (T1) was maintained as control in which no amendment was made. Corainder seed were purchased from TNAU, Coimbatore. The experimental findings pertaining to the present investigation reveals the effect of poultry manure has been higher than fish manure on the growth parameters and NPK of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). So the ultimate goal is to develop farming systems that are productive, energy conserving, environmentally sound conserving of natural resources such as soil and water and thus ensure food safety and quality. KEYWORDS: Manure, Coriander, Poultry and Eudrilus euginae
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Hasted, Teri-Lyn, Shayan Sharif, Patrick Boerlin, and Moussa Sory Diarra. "Immunostimulatory Potential of Fruits and Their Extracts in Poultry." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (May 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.641696.
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The impact of antibiotic use for growth promotion in livestock and poultry production on the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria led to the ban of this practice in the European Union in 2006 and a restriction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture in Canada and the United States of America. There is a high risk of infectious diseases such as necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens, and colibacillosis due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in antimicrobial-free broiler chickens. Thus, efficient and cost-effective methods for reducing AMU, maintaining good poultry health and reducing public health risks (food safety) are urgently needed for poultry production. Several alternative agents, including plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been investigated for their potential to prevent and control diseases through increasing poultry immunity. Many studies in humans reported that plant flavonoids could modulate the immune system by decreasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, and proliferation. Fruits, especially berries, are excellent sources of flavonoids while being rich in nutrients and other functionally important molecules (vitamins and minerals). Thus, fruit byproducts or wastes could be important resources for value-added applications in poultry production. In the context of the circular economy and waste reduction, this review summarizes observed effects of fruit wastes/extracts on the general health and the immunity of poultry.
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Yu, Haipeng, Kiho Lee, and Gota Morota. "Forecasting dynamic body weight of nonrestrained pigs from images using an RGB-D sensor camera." Translational Animal Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab006.
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Abstract Average daily gain is an indicator of the growth rate, feed efficiency, and current health status of livestock species including pigs. Continuous monitoring of daily gain in pigs aids producers to optimize their growth performance while ensuring animal welfare and sustainability, such as reducing stress reactions and feed waste. Computer vision has been used to predict live body weight from video images without direct handling of the pig. In most studies, videos were taken while pigs were immobilized at a weighing station or feeding area to facilitate data collection. An alternative approach is to capture videos while pigs are allowed to move freely within their own housing environment, which can be easily applied to the production system as no special imaging station needs to be established. The objective of this study was to establish a computer vision system by collecting RGB-D videos to capture top-view red, green, and blue (RGB) and depth images of nonrestrained, growing pigs to predict their body weight over time. Over a period of 38 d, eight growers were video recorded for approximately 3 min/d, at the rate of six frames per second, and manually weighed using an electronic scale. An image-processing pipeline in Python using OpenCV was developed to process the images. Specifically, each pig within the RGB frame was segmented by a thresholding algorithm, and the contour of the pig was identified to extract its length and width. The height of a pig was estimated from the depth images captured by the infrared depth sensor. Quality control included removing pigs that were touching the fence and sitting, as well as those showing extremely distorted shape or motion blur owing to their frequent movement. Fitting all of the morphological image descriptors simultaneously in linear mixed models yielded prediction coefficients of determination of 0.72–0.98, 0.65–0.95, 0.51–0.94, and 0.49–0.93 for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-d ahead forecasting, respectively, of body weight in time series cross-validation. Based on the results, we conclude that our RGB-D sensor-based imaging system coupled with the Python image-processing pipeline could potentially provide an effective approach to predict the live body weight of nonrestrained pigs from images.
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Kurki, Päivi, Elina Nurmi, Iina Haikarainen, Riitta Savikurki, Janne Kaseva, Kaija Hakala, and Elena Valkama. "Crushed bark as a novel soil conditioner for organic plant production." Italian Journal of Agronomy 16, no. 2 (June 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1781.
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Due to the reduction of cattle farming, the Finnish agricultural sector currently needs solutions to replace animal manure with new sustainable alternatives. This problem is especially acute for organic farms, which need livestock manure to improve soil fertility and soil organic carbon (SOC) to sustain yield. On the other side, plywood manufacturers aim to find ways to reuse waste fractions such as sandy, wet spruce bark waste. To address both issues, a new soil conditioner was developed from crushed bark (CB) and approved for organic farming by the Finnish Food Authority. To test the advantages of CB in organic wheat production, we conducted a two-year field experiment on a farmer’s field in Mikkeli (Finland) on loamy sand with moderate soil fertility (C 3.5%, C/N ratio 17, pH 6.2). CB (organic matter 80%, C/N ratio 78, pH 5.7-6.0) at 40 t ha–1 was applied either in the first year of the experiment or in both years. In addition to CB, half the plots received base ash (4 t ha–1) obtained from a power plant using wood to maintain the optimal soil pH. All plots were fertilised annually with commercial organic fertilisers. The control plots received no CB or base ash. A one-year application of CB with base ash statistically significantly increased the grain yield by 800 kg ha–1 and grain N uptake by about 10 kg ha–1 in the following growing season compared with the control. In terms of grain yield quality, a one-year application of CB with or without base ash already showed an improvement of 1000 seed weight by 2 g in the first year, and the effect was even more pronounced in the second year of the experiment. Hectolitre weight was increased in the following year after application of CB with base ash. In contrast, a two-year application of CB either alone or with base ash caused no changes in grain yield, N uptake, or yield quality compared with the control. The results indicate that the use of spruce CB with a high C/N ratio as soil conditioner in a large amount may be beneficial in terms of yield and quality when it is applied only once, but not twice in successive years. Future studies need to focus on the long-term residual effects of CB on productivity, as well as soil parameters such as SOC, cation exchange capacity, and soil microbial activity.
Highlights - Crushed bark (C/N ratio 78) - a side stream of plywood manufacture - was tested in a two-year organic field experiment. - A one-year (40 t ha–1) application of crushed bark with base ash increased yield and the quality of organic wheat. - Residual effects of a one-year application were pronounced. - Crushed bark application in two successive years provided no benefits for organic wheat production.