Relevant bibliographies by topics / Animal weapons

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Animal weapons'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Animal weapons"

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Berglund, Anders. "Why are sexually selected weapons almost absent in females?" Current Zoology 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.564.

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Abstract In sex role reversed species, predominantly females evolve sexually selected traits, such as ornaments and/or weapons. Female ornaments are common and their function well documented in many species, whether sex role reversed or not. However, sexually selected female weapons seem totally absent except for small wing spurs in three jacana species, present in both males and females. This poor female weaponry is in sharp contrast to the situation in species with conventional sex roles: males commonly have evolved sexually selected weapons as well as ornaments. At the same time, females in many taxa have naturally selected weapons, used in competition over resources or in predator defence. Why are sexually selected weapons then so rare, almost absent, in females? Here I briefly review weaponry in females and the function of these weapons, conclude that the near absence of sexually selected weapons begs an explanation, and suggest that costs of sexually selected weapons may exceed costs of ornaments. Females are more constrained when evolving sexually selected traits compared to males, at least compared to those males that do not provide direct benefits, as trait costs reduce a female’s fecundity. I suggest that this constraining trade-off between trait and fecundity restricts females to evolve ornaments but rarely weapons. The same may apply to paternally investing males. Whether sexually selected weapons actually are more costly than sexually selected ornaments remains to be investigated.
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Dmowska, Lucyna, Bartłomiej J. Bartyzel, Sławomir Paśko, Grzegorz Bogiel, and Michał Borusiński. "Tissue damage in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) caused by pneumatic weapon in imaging and ballistic studies." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.2.05.

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The widespread availability of legal pneumatic weapons is commonly abused to hurt animals. Determining the shotgun based on animal injuries is complex and requires the knowledge of gunshot wounds and animal tissues. In this study, a detailed gunshot wound analysis was conducted on bird carcasses. An attempt was made to examine damaged soft and hard tissues in Japanese quail. A ballistic device of low energy was used. It was found that the shot of an average velocity of 83 m · s–1 thoroughly penetrates a bird carcass of an average mass of 205.5 g. A head or a neck shot with the same velocity can lead to immediate death. The shot velocity of 110 m · s–1 generates enough energy to move a carcass. These prove how dangerous the weapon is when used to harm small animals. Further studies may contribute to creating a model of bird injuries produced by various shots and result in strict law on possession of low-energy pneumatic weapons in Poland.
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Emlen, Douglas J. "The Evolution of Animal Weapons." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, no. 1 (December 2008): 387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173502.

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Woodman, T. E., S. Chen, Z. Emberts, D. Wilner, W. Federle, and C. W. Miller. "Developmental Nutrition Affects the Structural Integrity of a Sexually Selected Weapon." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (June 12, 2021): 723–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab130.

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Abstract Males in many species engage in physical combat over access to mates, and sexual selection has led to the evolution of weapons to enhance contest performance. The size of these often-elaborate structures is known to be exquisitely sensitive to nutrition. However, we know very little about the degree to which nutrition affects other attributes of animal weapons that can be crucial to fighting. In this study, we investigated the impact of natural dietary variation on weapon structural integrity in a fighting insect, Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Males in this species display their enlarged, spiny hind legs to other males, and these legs serve as weapons in aggressive physical contests where they are used to strike and squeeze opponents. N. femorata feeds on the fruit of prickly pear cactus and sets up territories on this plant. In North Central Florida the prickly pear Opuntia mesacantha ssp. lata blooms and begins to produce fruits in April and May. N. femorata has multiple, overlapping generations while the green fruits slowly ripen over the next several months. We examined insects reaching adulthood at two nearby time points in this range, June and July, to test the influence of the nutrition provided by ripening green cactus fruit on weapon size and its ability to resist puncture. We also raised insects on cactus with red, ripe fruit for comparison. We found a striking effect of cactus fruit phenology on weapons. Insects raised with the more mature green fruit (those in the second cohort) had 71% larger weapon area and 4.4 times greater puncture resistance than those raised on the early green fruit (those in the first cohort). In contrast, insects raised on red, ripe fruit were moderate in size, had high puncture resistance, and they changed little phenotypically from the first to second cohort. Increased structural integrity of the hind femur weapon was associated with the increased body size that came with better nutrition. This pattern highlights that cuticle thickness increased or its material properties changed when weapons were larger. Importantly, effects of nutrition on puncture resistance also transcended size. Insects of the same size had greater structural integrity if they received superior nutrition. Sexually selected weapons are often used as visual signals to conspecifics before fights, and this work hints that the size of the weapons may be a poor signal of weapon performance when nutrition is variable.
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Bobrov, V. V., and N. N. Moor. "DEPICTION OF THE DEER IN TAGAR WEAPON DECORATION." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-12-21.

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The paper is devoted to the depiction of deer in the decoration of Tagar weapons. Such images are not numerous, much fewer than the deer images on other types of Tagar inventory. However, in terms of expression and diversity the deer images in the decoration of Tagar weapons are not inferior and even superior to those in other extant categories of items. The paper presents the experience of systematizing animal style decoration of Tagar weapons based on such features as the type of weapon, animal posture and image style. The authors revealed the stylistic traditions of images dating back to Arjan-Mayemir traditions, images on deer stones of the Sayan-Altai and Mongolian-Trans-Baikal type, as well as the impact of the Scythian art from Tuva and Altai. Styles of deer depiction in knife decoration were correlated with blade types. It was possible to determine that some of the images with depictive signs of the early Scythian tradition were performed on items related to the later stages of Tagar culture, indicating the duration of the early Scythian traditions along with new versions of images.
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Mills, Charles D., Klaus Ley, Kurt Buchmann, and Johnathan Canton. "Sequential Immune Responses: The Weapons of Immunity." Journal of Innate Immunity 7, no. 5 (2015): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380910.

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Sequential immune responses (SIR) is a new model that describes what ‘immunity' means in higher animals. Existing models, such as self/nonself discrimination or danger, focus on how immune responses are initiated. However, initiation is not protection. SIR describes the actual immune responses that provide protection. SIR resulted from a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of immune systems that revealed that several very different types of host innate responses occur (and at different tempos) which together provide host protection. SIR1 uses rapidly activated enzymes like the NADPH oxidases and is present in all animal cells. SIR2 is mediated by the first ‘immune' cells: macrophage-like cells. SIR3 evolved in animals like invertebrates and provides enhanced protection through advanced macrophage recognition and killing of pathogens and through other innate immune cells such as neutrophils. Finally, in vertebrates, macrophages developed SIR4: the ability to present antigens to T cells. Though much slower than SIR1-3, adaptive responses provide a unique new protection for higher vertebrates. Importantly, newer SIR responses were added on top of older, evolutionarily conserved functions to provide ‘layers' of host protection. SIR transcends existing models by elucidating the different weapons of immunity that provide host protection in higher animals.
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FRANZ, DAVID R. "Foreign Animal Disease Agents as Weapons in Biological Warfare." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894, no. 1 FOOD AND AGRI (December 1999): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08051.x.

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Guo, Xiaomeng, and Reuven Dukas. "The cost of aggression in an animal without weapons." Ethology 126, no. 1 (October 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12956.

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Gradascevic, Anisa, Ivan Soldatovic, Anes Joguncic, Miroslav Milosevic, and Nermin Sarajlic. "Appearance and characteristics of the gunshot wounds caused by different fire weapons - animal model." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 148, no. 5-6 (2020): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh191212020g.

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Introduction/Objective. Gunshot residue (GSR) on the skin of a victim are important evidence, with far better precision, for reconstructive questions in the forensic investigation of cases involving gunshot wounds. The aim of this experimental study was to analyze if there was any significant difference in macroscopic characteristics of wounds that were caused with different types of weapons from three different distances. Methods. This study was conducted at the Department of Ballistic and Mechanoscopic Expertise, Federal Police Directorate. Experiments were done on pigskin and 55 samples were made. Shooting was conducted using a system for safe firing. Samples of the pigskin were shot by firing projectiles from four different weapons and from three different distances, (contact wound, five centimetres and 10 centimetres). Results. At the contact range, wounds caused by automatic rifle had horizontal, vertical diameters larger than those made by pistols. Diameters on the wounds that were caused with different pistols, were similar. At the range of five centimetres, the narrowest part of contusion ring significantly differs even through pistol wounds. Diameters at the range of 10 centimetres are in favor of these results. Gunpowder residue scattering area was statistically different depending of type of weapon (p = 0.004). Conclusion. Wound diameters and surface area are useful for differentiation between pistol and rifle caused wounds. It is unsecure method for determination of pistol caliber or fire range. GSR have much greater potential for future analyses, but even GSR cannot be used to determine pistol caliber.
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Vander Linden, Abby, and Elizabeth R. Dumont. "Intraspecific male combat behaviour predicts morphology of cervical vertebrae in ruminant mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1915 (November 13, 2019): 20192199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2199.

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Cranial weapons of all shapes and sizes are common throughout the animal kingdom and are frequently accompanied by the evolution of additional traits that enhance the use of those weapons. Bovids (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope) and cervids (deer) within the mammal clade Ruminantia are particularly well known for their distinct and varied cranial appendages in the form of horns and antlers, which are used as weapons in intraspecific combat between males for access to mates. Combat in these species takes many forms, including head-on collisions (ramming); stabbing an opponent's head or body with horn tips (stabbing); rearing and clashing downwards with horns (fencing); or interlocking antlers or horns while vigorously pushing and twisting (wrestling). Some aspects of weapon and skull morphology have been linked to combat behaviours in bovid and cervid species, but the contribution of postcranial structures that support these weapons, such as the neck, has not been explored. To investigate the role of the neck in intraspecific combat, we quantified biomechanically relevant linear variables of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) from males and females of 55 ruminant species. We then used phylogenetic generalized least-squares regression to assess differences among species that display primarily ramming, stabbing, fencing and wrestling combat styles. In males, we found that wrestlers have longer vertebral centra and longer neural spines than rammers, stabbers or fencers, while rammers have shorter and wider centra and taller neural spine lever arms. These results suggest a supportive role for the cervical vertebrae in resisting forces generated by male–male combat in ruminant mammals and indicate that evolutionary forces influencing cranial weapons also play a role in shaping the supporting anatomical structures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animal weapons"

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Rossin, Alexander. "Skeppet - På färd mot evigheten." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79688.

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The boat-burials in Scandinavia presents several rich findings in the form of boats, possession and their owners. These boat-burials are reviewed in this work through a lens of maritime archaeology, to connect the possible roles held by the boat itself in context with the placement and nature of the burial gifts deposited around and inside the vessel. The burial grounds in Vendel, Valsgärde, Tuna I Badelunda, Ultuna and Old Uppsala are presented to compare and create context between findings to define a common tradition and cosmology involving the boat-burials in question.
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Monikander, Anne. "Våld och vatten : Våtmarkskult vid Skedemosse under järnåldern." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-37585.

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This thesis examines the wetland sacrifices that were performed in Northern Europe in the Iron Age. Skedemosse on central Öland is the largest wetland sacrifice in Sweden and was the site of a cult which sacrificed animals and humans. Between the late second century and well into the fifth century the place was also used for large sacrifices of military equipment. New radiocarbon dates has shown that the place functioned as a ritual place from the Pre Roman Iron Age and into the Late Viking Age. Both in the Iron Age and later wetlands seem to have been both venerated and feared and the thesis discusses why this came to be, and how it can be seen in the archaeological material. A smaller part of the sacrificial site of Skedemosse was selected for a closer study and it was possible to establish several depositions which appear to have been treated slightly different from each other. The investigations of the animal sacrifices have focused on the horses as they are the most common animal. The horse was an important mythological animal in the Iron Age and they were equally important in the cult. The horses in Skedemosse were eaten in ritual meals, and it is possible that some of them took part in ritual races along the ridge east of the former lake.  Such races were called skeið and the name Skedemosse may be derived from this word. Skedemosse is also rare because the remains of ca 38 people have been found in it. Some of these people have suffered a violent death. They are compared to other bog bodies from northern Europe and the follow a similar pattern to those; In the Pre Roman Iron Age mainly women and children were sacrificed and after the first century AD mainly men ended up in the lake.
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Prat, Nicolas. "Prédiction des lésions pulmonaires lors d’un impact balistique non pénétrant." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10262.

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Les impacts non transfixiants sur les gilets pare-balles sont responsables de lésions non pénétrantes potentiellement létales, regroupées sous le terme d’effets arrière (Behind Armor Blunt Trauma : BABT). De telles lésions fermées se retrouvent également lors d’impacts thoraciques de projectiles d’Armes à Létalité Réduite cinétiques (ALRc). Afin d’améliorer le pouvoir protecteur des protections balistiques et de mieux maitriser le pouvoir vulnérant des ALRc, il est nécessaire de définir un critère lésionnel permettant de prédire l’importance des lésions en cas de traumatisme thoracique fermé de type balistique. Ce critère se doit d’être bien corrélé à la gravité du traumatisme, et de pouvoir être facilement transposable à l’ensemble des systèmes d’évaluation des protections balistiques et des ALRc. La gravité du traumatisme a été définie ici par le volume de la contusion pulmonaire. L’utilisation de cette valeur nécessitait le recours au modèle animal. Or, nous avons démontré que le thorax du modèle porcin n’offrait pas le même comportement biomécanique lors de l’impact que le thorax de l’adulte jeune. Nous avons donc développé un critère, l’impulsion de pression intrathoracique maximale (PImax), basé sur la mesure de la pression intrathoracique lors de l’impact, et donc indépendant du comportement biomécanique de la paroi thoracique vis-à-vis de ses effets sur le poumon. Ce critère très bien corrélé avec le volume de la contusion pulmonaire, quelque soit le type d’impact thoracique balistique (ALRc ou BABT), a l’avantage de pouvoir être transposable aux autres moyens d’évaluations balistiques tels que les modèles numériques ou mécaniques de thorax, afin de s’affranchir de l’expérimentation animale
When non-penetrating, impacts on bulletproof jackets can lead to potentially lethal blunt injuries known as behind armor blunt trauma (BABT). Impacts of less lethal kinetic weapons (LLKW) can also lead to such injuries. To both improve the protection capabilities of the BPJ and better comprehend the ounding potential of the LLKW, we need to design a wounding criterion to predict the injury severity of ballistic blunt thoracic trauma. In one hand, this criterion has to be well correlated with the severity of the injuries, and in the other hand, it has to be easily used with all the LLKW and BPJ assessment systems in use. First, we defined the pulmonary contusion volume as the severity of the injuries. Studying the pulmonary contusion involves the use of animal experiments. But we demonstrated that the biomechanics of the chest wall are different in animals and young adults. Then, we developed the maximum pressure impulse criterion (PImax). As it is based on the intrathoracic pressure measure during the blunt impact, it is independent from the chest wall behavior. This criterion can be used with the other assessment tools as the numerical simulation mechanical chest surrogates. This can help to reduce the use of animal experiments, which is more and more expensive, heavy and questionable on the ethical aspect
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Pearson, Graham S. "BTWC Security Implications of Human, Animal and Plant Epidemiology." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/780.

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Books on the topic "Animal weapons"

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Underwater weapons. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Press, 1996.

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Weapons animals wear. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Press, 1996.

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Riehecky, Janet. Poisons and venom: Animal weapons and defenses. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.

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Camouflage and mimicry: Animal weapons and defenses. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.

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Mitchell, Susan K. Animals with wicked weapons: Stingers, barbs, and quills. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2009.

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Spines, horns, and armor: Animal weapons and defenses. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.

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Teeth, claws, and jaws: Animal weapons and defenses. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.

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Rake, Jody Sullivan. Speed, strength, and stealth: Animal weapons and defenses. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.

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Sharp and sticky stuff. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Press, 1996.

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Animals keeping safe. New York: Random House, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Animal weapons"

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Webster, John G. "Animal Studies." In TASER® Conducted Electrical Weapons: Physiology, Pathology, and Law, 85–108. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85475-5_7.

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Millett, P. D. "CHAPTER 11. The Future of Chemical Weapons: Advances in Anti-animal Agents." In Preventing Chemical Weapons, 312–31. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010092-00312.

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Chan, Theodore C., and Gary M. Vilke. "CEW Research Models: Animal and Human Studies." In TASER® Conducted Electrical Weapons: Physiology, Pathology, and Law, 109–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85475-5_8.

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Hugh-Jones, Martin. "Reporting Outbreaks of Animal Diseases." In Maximizing the Security and Development Benefits from the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 41–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0472-5_3.

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Milam, Erika Lorraine. "The Human Animal." In Creatures of Cain, 102–12. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181882.003.0006.

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This chapter turns to the work of Konrad Lorenz. Primarily interested in the scientific study of animal behavior, Lorenz believed that understanding how and why animals behave the way they do would shed light on the predicament of human behavior and the problem of nuclear escalation. Whereas Ardrey had lumped together hunting, cannibalism, and murderous rage into a single entity that defined humanity, Lorenz carefully distinguished the hunger associated with the killing of other species for food (an interspecific behavior) from (intraspecific) aggression inherent to killing a member of one's own species. Hunters and warriors were not the same thing—and between them, Lorenz was interested in only the latter. One of the deepest intellectual splits between Ardrey and Lorenz concerned the timing and causality of man's relationship with tools of war: whereas Ardrey insisted that the accidental discovery of weapons drove our intellectual and social development as humans (the weapon made the man), Lorenz flipped these, asserting the far more commonly held belief that early humans self-consciously developed weapons as tools for hunting.
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Martin, James. "History of Biological Agents as Weapons." In Biodefense Research Methodology and Animal Models, Second Edition, 1–14. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11523-2.

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Barash, David P. "The Natural World." In Threats, 7–46. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055295.003.0002.

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This chapter examines how threats, counterthreats, warnings, feints, and deceptions are found throughout the natural world, in the daily lives of animals and even plants. Indeed, these can be seen in plants with thorns and poisons, as well as in animals growling, roaring, baring teeth, showing and exaggerating their weapons (or pretending to have weapons), misrepresenting their ferocity, puffing themselves up, and generally seeking to intimidate their rivals or potential predators. The chapter then considers the role of honesty versus deception: the evolution of warning coloration, whereby brightly colored poison arrow frogs, for example, inform would-be predators that eating them would be a bad idea; and mimicry, in which animals who are not themselves especially dangerous resemble others that are harmful to their predators and thus gain protection via the “empty threat” the former conveys. This, in turn, speaks to the intriguing question of whether a given threat is real or fake, honest or dishonest, and what difference—if any—this makes. The chapter also explains the hawk–dove model of the variations of animal threat, and looks at vocal threats and animal eavesdropping.
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Price, Max D. "From Paleolithic Wild Boar to Neolithic Pigs." In Evolution of a Taboo, 27–47. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197543276.003.0003.

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Wild boar are dangerous animals that Paleolithic peoples hunted infrequently for the first million years of human-suid contact. Projectile weapons, nets, and the domestication of dogs allowed Natufian hunter-gatherers (12,500–9700 BC) to find in wild boar a reliable source of food. By the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (9700–8500 BC), human populations had developed close relationships with local wild boar. Intensive hunting or perhaps game management took place at Hallan Çemi in Anatolia, and the introduction of wild boar to Cyprus by at latest 9400 BC indicates the willingness of humans to capture and transport wild boar. At the same time, the presence of sedentary villages and the waste they produced likely attracted wild boar to human habitats. These early relationships between people and suids—game management and commensalism—evolved over the course of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic into full-fledged animal husbandry that, by around 7500 BC, had selected for domestic pigs.
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Regis, Ed. "Project 112." In Science, Secrecy, and the Smithsonian, 70—C6.P81. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197520338.003.0006.

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Abstract Quoting from declassified government documents, the chapter describes the several steps by which the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP) came into being. It was authorized by US president John F. Kennedy and his defense secretary, Robert McNamara. They wanted to do a total re-examination of the nation’s abilities to wage warfare and to avoid reliance on nuclear bombs. As part of this effort, McNamara authorized a study of chemical and biological warfare: this was the so-called Project 112, which would be implemented by the Deseret Test Center. Under the provisions of Project 112, it would be the Smithsonian’s role to discover which islands of the Pacific were most suitable for biological weapons tests, while the bioweapons tests themselves would be conducted by members of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense). The chapter also describes the origin of the army’s requirement that the weapons tests pose no hazards to the human, animal, or plant life or have protracted effects on the environment. Finally, the chapter shows that recent scientific studies of the transmissibility of diseases by wild birds make it doubtful that infected birds flying to human population centers could cause widespread disease or deaths.
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"Animals as Weapons." In Animals and Criminal Justice, 205–16. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315082301-18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Animal weapons"

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Самашев, З. "SHIMAILY – A NEW LOCATION OF PETROGLYPHS IN EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN." In Труды Сибирской Ассоциации исследователей первобытного искусства. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-202-01433-8.301-315.

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В статье приводятся сведения о петроглифах урочища Шимайлы на территории Тарбагатайского района Восточно-Казахстанской области Республики Казахстан. Наскальное искусство этого памятника охватывает время от эпохи бронзы до раннего средневековья. Основные мотивы изображений бронзового века антропоморфная фигура, зооморфные изображения, колесница, знаки-символы и предметы вооружения. Основу звериного образа наскальных изображений Шимайлы бронзового века составляет триада рогатых животных: бык, горный козел/архар, олень. В репертуар петроглифов эпохи бронзы входят также и другие травоядные животные, хищные звери и птицы. Последние представлены изображениями дрофы, которые чаще всего включены в состав многофигурных композиций. Хищники представлены фигурами волков, которые преследуют или терзают парнокопытных. К переходному периоду от эпохи бронзы к раннему железному веку в Шимайлы относятся образы птицеголовых или клювастых оленей, идентичные фигурам на так называемых оленных камнях. К раннесакскому и развитому сакскому периодам относятся изображения оленей поджарых, в летящей позе и/или стоящих на кончиках копыт, с большими глазами, ветвистыми откинутыми назад рогами. Зафиксированы тамги средневековых народов. The article includes new information on the petroglyphs of the Shimaily (Tarbagatai district of the East Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The imagery of this rock art site is related to the period from the Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages. The main images of the Bronze Age are an anthropomorphic figure, numerous zoomorphic images, a chariot, depictions of weapons, signs and symbols. Animal images are basically represented by the figures of bulls, mountain goats and deer. Other herbivores are also depicted as well as predators and birds. The latter are represented by images of bustards, which are most often included in the multi-figure compositions. Predators are mostly wolves that shown in the scenes of pursuing or tormenting the artiodactyls. Another series of images in Shimaily refers to the transitional period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. These are birdheaded or beaked deer, identical to the figures depicted on the so-called deer stones. The Early Saka and developed Saka periods include a series of typical deer figures: theiy are lean, flying and/or standing on the tips of the hoofs, with large eyes, with branchy antlers thrown back. The tamga-signs of the medieval peoples are also recorded in Shimaily.
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Cook, J. "HUNT THE SYMBOL. SOME THOUGHTS ON IMAGE MAKING, IMAGES AND SIGNS IN THE PALAEOLITHIC." In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.10.

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The expression symbolic behaviour has become a familiar term in the archaeological literature of the last twenty-five years. It is generally used to refer to surviving evidence for the use of colour, ornaments, image making and signs to distinguish them from the material remains of subsistence activities. Understanding what such items represented symbolically to the makers is unknown but it is a reasonable assumption that symbolizing or making thoughts visible as objects, images or signs was generally intended to influence relationships between people, to sustain relationships with the environment and establish relationships with spiritual powers. In this respect, symbolic labour, the effort of producing symbolic items, is a worthwhile activity that is a vital part of the social and economic viability of human groups. Consequently, images and signs need to be considered in context and in relation to the diverse activities indicated by other artefacts and remains. This paper uses objects from different times and cultures to review these aspects of image making, images and signs. It poses more questions than it offers answers. A 1.4 million-year-old handaxe from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania is used to consider the significance of the materialization of thoughts into objects and the shaping of objects beyond utilitarian requirements and with unnecessary symmetry. Is this symbolic behaviour in the Early Stone Age Did natural selection favour tool using hominins who were able to combine the functions of the brains amygdala to memorize, interpret and process all kinds of sensory signs in seconds and instantly make behavioural reactions with new responses connected to planning, creativity and other executive functions driven by the pre-frontal cortex Did a developing function of symbolising thought improve social bonding and contribute to the survival of early hominin groups who were the hunted rather than the hunters Is it correct to regard symbolic behaviour as an evolutionary threshold rather than part of the long continuum of human evolution The talk will refer briefly to other objects from the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe and include discussion of the image of a creature that does not exist in nature, the Lion Man from Stadel Cave, Germany, and the significance of deliberate breakage as a sign or symbol, animal images associated with signs, as well as marked tools and weapons from the French Magdalenian.
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Przekwas, Andrzej, V. C. Chancey, X. G. Tan, Z. J. Chen, P. Wilkerson, A. Zhou, V. Harrand, C. Imielinska, and D. Reeves. "Development of Physics-Based Model and Experimental Validation of Helmet Performance in Blast Wave TBI." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206839.

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Explosive devices are the main weapon of terrorist attacks and a cause of major injuries to Soldiers and civilians. Recent military medical statistics show that a significant percentage of Soldiers injured in explosion events endures blast wave traumatic brain injury (BW-TBI). In the last few years, better understandings of BW-TBI mechanisms and of improved injury protection have become of paramount importance. Most studies have taken the conventional approach of animal testing, in vitro brain tissue study, and analysis of clinical data. These, while useful and necessary, are slow, expensive, and often non-conclusive. Physiology-based mathematical modeling tools of blast wave brain injury will provide a complementary capability to study both BW-TBI mechanisms and the effectiveness of protective armor.
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Saw, Chaw Yeh, and Hsiao Mei Goh. "The Rock Art in Kinta Valley, West Malaysia: A synthesis Lukisan Gua di Lembah Kinta, Semenanjung Malaysia: Satu sintesis." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-10.

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This paper presents a synthesis of the new rock art mapping project in the Kinta Valley of West Malaysia. Through our collaboration with Kinta Valley Watch, we have successfully located more than 30 new rock art sites between 2019 and June 2021. The rock art is represented by both red and black paintings, with a wide variety of motifs including anthropomorph, zoomorph, botanic, watercraft, weapon, animal rider, handprint, geometric shape, line art, and other abstract design. This discovery is instrumental to the contemporary rock art research in Malaysia and demonstrated a collective effort in rock art research through long-term collaboration with the local stakeholders. Kertas kerja ini merupakan satu sintesis hasil daripada projek pemetaan lukisan gua di Lembah Kinta, Semenanjung Malaysia. Melalui kolaborasi dengan organisasi tempatan iaitu Kinta Valley Watch, kami telah mengenalpasti lebih daripada 30 lokasi lukisan gua antara tahun 2019 dan 2021. Antara bentuk lukisan gua yang dijumpai termasuklah antropomor ik ( igura manusia), zoomor ik ( igura haiwan), tumbuh-tumbuhan, perahu, senjata, penunggang haiwan, gambar tangan, geometrik, seni garisan dan simbol abstrak. Jumpaan ini amat berharga untuk kajian lukisan gua di Malaysia dan memaparkan satu usaha bersama demi kajian lukisan gua melalui kolaborasi jangka panjang dengan komuniti tempatan.
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