Journal articles: 'Animal weapons'

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Berglund, Anders. "Why are sexually selected weapons almost absent in females?" Current Zoology 59, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.564.

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Abstract In sex role reversed species, predominantly females evolve sexually selected traits, such as ornaments and/or weapons. Female ornaments are common and their function well documented in many species, whether sex role reversed or not. However, sexually selected female weapons seem totally absent except for small wing spurs in three jacana species, present in both males and females. This poor female weaponry is in sharp contrast to the situation in species with conventional sex roles: males commonly have evolved sexually selected weapons as well as ornaments. At the same time, females in many taxa have naturally selected weapons, used in competition over resources or in predator defence. Why are sexually selected weapons then so rare, almost absent, in females? Here I briefly review weaponry in females and the function of these weapons, conclude that the near absence of sexually selected weapons begs an explanation, and suggest that costs of sexually selected weapons may exceed costs of ornaments. Females are more constrained when evolving sexually selected traits compared to males, at least compared to those males that do not provide direct benefits, as trait costs reduce a female’s fecundity. I suggest that this constraining trade-off between trait and fecundity restricts females to evolve ornaments but rarely weapons. The same may apply to paternally investing males. Whether sexually selected weapons actually are more costly than sexually selected ornaments remains to be investigated.

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Dmowska, Lucyna, Bartłomiej J. Bartyzel, Sławomir Paśko, Grzegorz Bogiel, and Michał Borusiński. "Tissue damage in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) caused by pneumatic weapon in imaging and ballistic studies." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.2.05.

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The widespread availability of legal pneumatic weapons is commonly abused to hurt animals. Determining the shotgun based on animal injuries is complex and requires the knowledge of gunshot wounds and animal tissues. In this study, a detailed gunshot wound analysis was conducted on bird carcasses. An attempt was made to examine damaged soft and hard tissues in Japanese quail. A ballistic device of low energy was used. It was found that the shot of an average velocity of 83 m · s–1 thoroughly penetrates a bird carcass of an average mass of 205.5 g. A head or a neck shot with the same velocity can lead to immediate death. The shot velocity of 110 m · s–1 generates enough energy to move a carcass. These prove how dangerous the weapon is when used to harm small animals. Further studies may contribute to creating a model of bird injuries produced by various shots and result in strict law on possession of low-energy pneumatic weapons in Poland.

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Emlen, Douglas J. "The Evolution of Animal Weapons." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, no. 1 (December 2008): 387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173502.

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Woodman, T. E., S. Chen, Z. Emberts, D. Wilner, W. Federle, and C. W. Miller. "Developmental Nutrition Affects the Structural Integrity of a Sexually Selected Weapon." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (June 12, 2021): 723–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab130.

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Abstract Males in many species engage in physical combat over access to mates, and sexual selection has led to the evolution of weapons to enhance contest performance. The size of these often-elaborate structures is known to be exquisitely sensitive to nutrition. However, we know very little about the degree to which nutrition affects other attributes of animal weapons that can be crucial to fighting. In this study, we investigated the impact of natural dietary variation on weapon structural integrity in a fighting insect, Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Males in this species display their enlarged, spiny hind legs to other males, and these legs serve as weapons in aggressive physical contests where they are used to strike and squeeze opponents. N. femorata feeds on the fruit of prickly pear cactus and sets up territories on this plant. In North Central Florida the prickly pear Opuntia mesacantha ssp. lata blooms and begins to produce fruits in April and May. N. femorata has multiple, overlapping generations while the green fruits slowly ripen over the next several months. We examined insects reaching adulthood at two nearby time points in this range, June and July, to test the influence of the nutrition provided by ripening green cactus fruit on weapon size and its ability to resist puncture. We also raised insects on cactus with red, ripe fruit for comparison. We found a striking effect of cactus fruit phenology on weapons. Insects raised with the more mature green fruit (those in the second cohort) had 71% larger weapon area and 4.4 times greater puncture resistance than those raised on the early green fruit (those in the first cohort). In contrast, insects raised on red, ripe fruit were moderate in size, had high puncture resistance, and they changed little phenotypically from the first to second cohort. Increased structural integrity of the hind femur weapon was associated with the increased body size that came with better nutrition. This pattern highlights that cuticle thickness increased or its material properties changed when weapons were larger. Importantly, effects of nutrition on puncture resistance also transcended size. Insects of the same size had greater structural integrity if they received superior nutrition. Sexually selected weapons are often used as visual signals to conspecifics before fights, and this work hints that the size of the weapons may be a poor signal of weapon performance when nutrition is variable.

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Bobrov, V. V., and N. N. Moor. "DEPICTION OF THE DEER IN TAGAR WEAPON DECORATION." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-12-21.

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The paper is devoted to the depiction of deer in the decoration of Tagar weapons. Such images are not numerous, much fewer than the deer images on other types of Tagar inventory. However, in terms of expression and diversity the deer images in the decoration of Tagar weapons are not inferior and even superior to those in other extant categories of items. The paper presents the experience of systematizing animal style decoration of Tagar weapons based on such features as the type of weapon, animal posture and image style. The authors revealed the stylistic traditions of images dating back to Arjan-Mayemir traditions, images on deer stones of the Sayan-Altai and Mongolian-Trans-Baikal type, as well as the impact of the Scythian art from Tuva and Altai. Styles of deer depiction in knife decoration were correlated with blade types. It was possible to determine that some of the images with depictive signs of the early Scythian tradition were performed on items related to the later stages of Tagar culture, indicating the duration of the early Scythian traditions along with new versions of images.

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Mills, Charles D., Klaus Ley, Kurt Buchmann, and Johnathan Canton. "Sequential Immune Responses: The Weapons of Immunity." Journal of Innate Immunity 7, no. 5 (2015): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000380910.

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Sequential immune responses (SIR) is a new model that describes what ‘immunity' means in higher animals. Existing models, such as self/nonself discrimination or danger, focus on how immune responses are initiated. However, initiation is not protection. SIR describes the actual immune responses that provide protection. SIR resulted from a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of immune systems that revealed that several very different types of host innate responses occur (and at different tempos) which together provide host protection. SIR1 uses rapidly activated enzymes like the NADPH oxidases and is present in all animal cells. SIR2 is mediated by the first ‘immune' cells: macrophage-like cells. SIR3 evolved in animals like invertebrates and provides enhanced protection through advanced macrophage recognition and killing of pathogens and through other innate immune cells such as neutrophils. Finally, in vertebrates, macrophages developed SIR4: the ability to present antigens to T cells. Though much slower than SIR1-3, adaptive responses provide a unique new protection for higher vertebrates. Importantly, newer SIR responses were added on top of older, evolutionarily conserved functions to provide ‘layers' of host protection. SIR transcends existing models by elucidating the different weapons of immunity that provide host protection in higher animals.

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FRANZ, DAVID R. "Foreign Animal Disease Agents as Weapons in Biological Warfare." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 894, no. 1 FOOD AND AGRI (December 1999): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08051.x.

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Guo, Xiaomeng, and Reuven Dukas. "The cost of aggression in an animal without weapons." Ethology 126, no. 1 (October 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12956.

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Gradascevic, Anisa, Ivan Soldatovic, Anes Joguncic, Miroslav Milosevic, and Nermin Sarajlic. "Appearance and characteristics of the gunshot wounds caused by different fire weapons - animal model." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 148, no. 5-6 (2020): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh191212020g.

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Introduction/Objective. Gunshot residue (GSR) on the skin of a victim are important evidence, with far better precision, for reconstructive questions in the forensic investigation of cases involving gunshot wounds. The aim of this experimental study was to analyze if there was any significant difference in macroscopic characteristics of wounds that were caused with different types of weapons from three different distances. Methods. This study was conducted at the Department of Ballistic and Mechanoscopic Expertise, Federal Police Directorate. Experiments were done on pigskin and 55 samples were made. Shooting was conducted using a system for safe firing. Samples of the pigskin were shot by firing projectiles from four different weapons and from three different distances, (contact wound, five centimetres and 10 centimetres). Results. At the contact range, wounds caused by automatic rifle had horizontal, vertical diameters larger than those made by pistols. Diameters on the wounds that were caused with different pistols, were similar. At the range of five centimetres, the narrowest part of contusion ring significantly differs even through pistol wounds. Diameters at the range of 10 centimetres are in favor of these results. Gunpowder residue scattering area was statistically different depending of type of weapon (p = 0.004). Conclusion. Wound diameters and surface area are useful for differentiation between pistol and rifle caused wounds. It is unsecure method for determination of pistol caliber or fire range. GSR have much greater potential for future analyses, but even GSR cannot be used to determine pistol caliber.

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Vander Linden, Abby, and Elizabeth R. Dumont. "Intraspecific male combat behaviour predicts morphology of cervical vertebrae in ruminant mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1915 (November 13, 2019): 20192199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2199.

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Cranial weapons of all shapes and sizes are common throughout the animal kingdom and are frequently accompanied by the evolution of additional traits that enhance the use of those weapons. Bovids (cattle, sheep, goats, antelope) and cervids (deer) within the mammal clade Ruminantia are particularly well known for their distinct and varied cranial appendages in the form of horns and antlers, which are used as weapons in intraspecific combat between males for access to mates. Combat in these species takes many forms, including head-on collisions (ramming); stabbing an opponent's head or body with horn tips (stabbing); rearing and clashing downwards with horns (fencing); or interlocking antlers or horns while vigorously pushing and twisting (wrestling). Some aspects of weapon and skull morphology have been linked to combat behaviours in bovid and cervid species, but the contribution of postcranial structures that support these weapons, such as the neck, has not been explored. To investigate the role of the neck in intraspecific combat, we quantified biomechanically relevant linear variables of the cervical vertebrae (C1–C7) from males and females of 55 ruminant species. We then used phylogenetic generalized least-squares regression to assess differences among species that display primarily ramming, stabbing, fencing and wrestling combat styles. In males, we found that wrestlers have longer vertebral centra and longer neural spines than rammers, stabbers or fencers, while rammers have shorter and wider centra and taller neural spine lever arms. These results suggest a supportive role for the cervical vertebrae in resisting forces generated by male–male combat in ruminant mammals and indicate that evolutionary forces influencing cranial weapons also play a role in shaping the supporting anatomical structures.

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Fea, Murray P., Romain P. Boisseau, Douglas J. Emlen, and Gregory I. Holwell. "Cybernetic combatants support the importance of duels in the evolution of extreme weapons." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20200254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0254.

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A current evolutionary hypothesis predicts that the most extreme forms of animal weaponry arise in systems where combatants fight each other one-to-one, in duels. It has also been suggested that arms races in human interstate conflicts are more likely to escalate in cases where there are only two opponents. However, directly testing whether duels matter for weapon investment is difficult in animals and impossible in interstate conflicts. Here, we test whether superior combatants experience a disproportionate advantage in duels, as compared with multi-combatant skirmishes, in a system analogous to both animal and military contests: the battles fought by artificial intelligence agents in a computer war game. We found that combatants with experimentally improved fighting power had a large advantage in duels, but that this advantage deteriorated as the complexity of the battlefield was increased by the addition of further combatants. This pattern remained under the two different forms of the advantage granted to our focal artificial intelligence (AI) combatants, and became reversed when we switched the roles to feature a weak focal AI among strong opponents. Our results suggest that one-on-one combat may trigger arms races in diverse systems. These results corroborate the outcomes of studies of both animal and interstate contests, and suggest that elements of animal contest theory may be widely applicable to arms races generally.

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FEAKES, D. "The Biological Weapons Convention." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 36, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.36.2.2679.

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Searle, Alaric. "War Elephants and Early Tanks: A Transepochal Comparison of Ancient and Modern Warfare." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 77, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 37–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2018-0002.

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AbstractAlthough scholars have in the past dismissed the claim that war elephants were the »tanks of the ancient world«, a closer examination of the similarities between the two weapons reveals some remarkable parallels. In fact, a comparison shows that many of the counter-measures in anti-elephant warfare in antiquity had parallels in anti-tank warfare in the Great War. More importantly, the upward spiral of increased weapon power, followed by defensive countermeasures, then an increase in the protective armour added to the »weapons system«, is a process which can be observed in the evolution of both war elephants and early tanks. The comparison raises questions about the dominant narrative in the history of the tank, largely instigated by J. F. C. Fuller, namely, that its invention represented a revolution in the history of warfare since it spelled the transition from animal and human muscular power to machine power. This article seeks to explain why Fuller always avoided drawing comparisons between war elephants and tanks; and, it argues that specific types of military phenomena can be identified which recur in different historical epochs.

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Kjellström, Rolf. "Traditional Saami hunting in relation to drum motifs of animals and hunting." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 14 (January 1, 1991): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67199.

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The focus of this paper is on the traditional Saami hunting in relation to the animal and hunting motifs on their drum, more specifially the southern Saami drums. One may wonder if it is possible for anyone to interpret a picture unconditionally. One has a certain ground of one's own to stand on and the question arises of whether this is the correct position, when -as in the present case — we approach another culture. We naturally include the experiences of our own culture in interpretations of another culture. The animal which is the commonest species on the southern Saami drums, is the reindeer. Other animals that occur are elks, wolves, beavers, foxes, snakes, among others. Considering the Saamis' hunting weapons, the most important of these were the bow and arrow, and the spear or spear shaft. Of these weapons it is the bow which is most often portrayed on drums. Also some trapping implement like a gin may appear on a drum, but in general we have little or no information about hunting or trapping methods at all.

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Kjellström, Rolf. "Different ways of classifying drums with reference to illustrations and positioning of drum illustrations." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 14 (January 1, 1991): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67200.

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The focus of this paper is on the traditional Saami hunting in relation to the animal and hunting motifs on their drum, more specifially the southern Saami drums. One may wonder if it is possible for anyone to interpret a picture unconditionally. One has a certain ground of one's own to stand on and the question arises of whether this is the correct position, when -as in the present case — we approach another culture. We naturally include the experiences of our own culture in interpretations of another culture. The animal which is the commonest species on the southern Saami drums, is the reindeer. Other animals that occur are elks, wolves, beavers, foxes, snakes, among others. Considering the Saamis' hunting weapons, the most important of these were the bow and arrow, and the spear or spear shaft. Of these weapons it is the bow which is most often portrayed on drums. Also some trapping implement like a gin may appear on a drum, but in general we have little or no information about hunting or trapping methods at all.

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deVries, Maya S., Kaitlyn B. Lowder, and Jennifer R. A. Taylor. "From Telson to Attack in Mantis Shrimp: Bridging Biomechanics and Behavior in Crustacean Contests." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab064.

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Synopsis In the spirit of this symposium on the physical mechanisms of behavior, we review mantis shrimp ritualized fighting, from the telson to the attack, as an inspiring example of how the integration of biomechanics and behavioral research can yield a penetrating narrative for how animals accomplish important activities, including agonistic actions. Resolving conflicts with conspecifics over valuable resources is an essential task for animals, and this takes an unusual form in mantis shrimp due to their powerful raptorial appendages. Decades of field and laboratory research have provided key insights into the natural agonistic interactions of diverse mantis shrimp species, including how they use their raptorial weapons against one another in telson sparring matches over cavities. These insights provided the foundation for functional morphologists, biomechanists, and engineers to work through different levels of organization: from the kinematics of how the appendages move to the elastic mechanisms that power the strike, and down to the structure, composition, and material properties that transmit and protect against high-impact forces. Completing this narrative are studies on the defensive telson and how this structure is biomechanically matched to the weapon and the role it plays in ritualized fighting. The biomechanical understanding of the weapon and defense in mantis shrimp has, in turn, enabled a better understanding of whether mantis shrimp assess one another during contests and encouraged questions of evolutionary drivers on both the arsenal and behavior. Altogether, the body of research focused on mantis shrimp has presented perhaps the most comprehensive understanding of fighting, weapons, and defenses among crustaceans, from morphology and biomechanics to behavior and evolution. While this multi-level analysis of ritualized fighting in mantis shrimp is comprehensive, we implore the need to include additional levels of analysis to obtain a truly holistic understanding of this and other crustacean agonistic interactions. Specifically, both molting and environmental conditions are often missing from the narrative, yet they greatly affect crustacean weapons, defenses, and behavior. Applying this approach more broadly would generate a similarly profound understanding of how crustaceans carry out a variety of important tasks in diverse habitats.

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Yang, X., and M. G. Carter. "Transgenic animal bioreactors: A new line of defense against chemical weapons?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 35 (August 22, 2007): 13859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706163104.

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Pant, Satish C., and Vinay Lomash. "Sulphur Mustard Induced Toxicity, Mechanism of Action and Current Medical Management." Defence Life Science Journal 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.1.10089.

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Sulphur mustard (SM), chemically, bis (2-chloroethyl) sulphide is a bifunctional alkylating agent that causes cutaneous blisters in human or animals. It was first used in the World War I. Since then, there have been 11 conflicts where SM allegedely had caused mass distruction. Additionally, discarded weapons and stockpiles periodically come to surface during agricultural or fishing activities leading to serious injury. Concerns for threat to modern societies by the serious effects of SM, agreements to ban its production and the use has been made as per 1993 chemical weapons convention (CWC) and agent destruction programs. This short review attempts to discuss the histroy, chemical nature, mechanism of toxicity, toxicokinetics, animal models used for SM induced skin and systemic lesions, pathogenesis of SM induced lesions including medical countermeasures for SM toxicity.

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Micińska, Magdalena. "ANIMAL TRAPS - EU AND NATIONAL REGULATIONS WITH SPECIFIC EMPHASIS ON THE AGREEMENT ON INTERNATIONAL NORMS OF HUMANE ANIMAL CAPTURE." Studia z zakresu nauk prawnoustrojowych. Miscellanea VIII, z. 2 (December 7, 2018): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0365.

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Animal traps have always accompanied man, with whom the primary people organized the first hunts. Along with the development of hunting art, traps gradually gave way to specialized hunting weapons. However, the use of animal traps on a large scale still occurs in countries that are world exporters of fur and skins of wild animals - Canada, Russia and the USA. Driven by expressed in art. 13 TFEU with the principle of animal welfare, the European Union has introduced a number of regulations to ensure humane catches in member countries as well as in third countries exporting skin and fur. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current legal situation in Poland with regard to the implementation of EU legislation on humane trap standards, with particular regard to the obligations contained in the agreement concluded between the European Community, Canada and the Russian Federation on 22 July 1997 - on international humane trapping standards . Keywords - EU, Poland, Russia, Canada, USA, animal welfare, humane animal protection, snare, poaching, animal species protection, hunting, animal traps, hunting, trapping, hunting law.

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Geetha, R. V., Anitha Roy, S. Senthilkumar, A. S. B. Bhaskar, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "A Concept of a Probable Autoinjector for Bio-threat Agents." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10699.

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Chemical and biological weapons can be used during conflicts and by terrorists to injure or kill humans and animals. Chemical weapons contain toxic chemicals and biological weapons contain pathogenic organisms. With proper protective equipments and training, the lethal effects of chemical and biological warfare agents can be minimised. First aid kit is available that contain detection, decontamination and medical protection for chemical warfare agents including autoinjectors, for rapid administration and faster absorption of drugs. The autoinjectors are safe and available for life saving drugs like atropine sulphate and pralidoxime chloride (nerve agent poisoning), epinephrine (anaphylaxis), diazepam (seizures) and sumatriptan (migraine). For bio-threat agents doxycycline alone is available as a broad spectrum antibiotic in the first aid kit. Majority of the bacterial agents are gram negative and hence amikacin drug cartridge was developed for the existing autoinjector. The advantage of amikacin is its safety, stability, can be given prophylactically and supplemented with other antibiotics when medical attention arrives. The usability and tolerability of amikacin administered repeatedly through autoinjector was studied using various haematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in animal models. The results are promising and as there is no antibiotic autoinjector available, amikacin autoinjector can be considered for bio-threat agents.

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Mermigka, Glykeria, Maria Amprazi, Adriani Mentzelopoulou, Argyro Amartolou, and Panagiotis F. Sarris. "Plant and Animal Innate Immunity Complexes: Fighting Different Enemies with Similar Weapons." Trends in Plant Science 25, no. 1 (January 2020): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.008.

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Hughes, Melissa, Tucker Williamson, Kathleen Hollowell, and Rachel Vickery. "Sex and Weapons: Contrasting Sexual Dimorphisms in Weaponry and Aggression in Snapping Shrimp." Ethology 120, no. 10 (July 2, 2014): 982–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12270.

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Burchfield, Keri B. "The Nature of Animal Crime: Scope and Severity in Chicago." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 14 (July 13, 2017): 1904–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717719515.

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This study sought to contribute to our sociological understanding of animal crime. Using Chicago Police Department data that include primary and secondary charges of all animal crimes between 2009 and 2012, findings indicate that most animal crime offenders were male, African American or Hispanic, and under 35 years. When other crimes were committed with animal crime, they were likely drug or weapons offenses. Juveniles arrested for animal crimes tended to commit more severe animal crimes than adult offenders. Finally, regression results indicated that race was positively related to animal crime severity, while concurrent drug offenses were inversely related to animal crime severity. Implications for theory, research, and policy are discussed.

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Poxton, Ian R. "Bacteria as biological weapons: The war of the flea." Biochemist 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02602007.

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Since ancient times, centuries before the term ‘biological warfare’ had been coined and before Pasteur and Koch had developed the germ theory of disease, bacteria have been used as weapons. For example; in 1343 an invading Mongol army threw plague-infested bodies over the walls of a besieged city in Northern Italy to cause outbreaks of the Black Death (plague)1. It was common practice to put animal carcasses into wells or watercourses to pollute a water supply.

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OSTFELD, RICHARD S. "Parasites as weapons of mouse destruction." Journal of Animal Ecology 77, no. 2 (March 2008): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01364.x.

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Wallin, Arūnė, Živilė Lukšienė, Kęstutis Žagminas, and Genė Šurkienė. "Public health and bioterrorism: renewed threat of anthrax and smallpox." Medicina 43, no. 4 (April 9, 2007): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina43040034.

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Bioterrorism is one of the main public health categorical domains. According to sociological analytics, in postmodern society terrorism is one of the real threats of the 21st century. While rare, the use of biological weapons has a long history. Recently, anthrax has been evaluated as one of the most dangerous biological weapons. Naturally occurring anthrax in humans is a disease acquired from contact with anthrax-infected animals or anthrax-contaminated animal products. Usually anthrax infection occurs in humans by three major routes: inhalational, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal. Inhalational anthrax is expected to account for most serious morbidity and most mortality. The clinical presentation of inhalation anthrax has been described as a two-stage illness. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis. Antibiotics, anthrax globulin, corticosteroids, mechanical ventilation, vaccine are possible tools of therapy. Smallpox existed in two forms: variola major, which accounted for most morbidity and mortality, and a milder form, variola minor. Smallpox spreads from person to person primarily by droplet nuclei or aerosols expelled from the oropharynx of infected persons and by direct contact. In the event of limited outbreak with few cases, patients should be admitted to the hospital and confined to rooms that are under negative pressure and equipped with high-efficiency particulate air filtration. In larger outbreaks, home isolation and care should be the objective for most patients. Progress in detection, suitable vaccines, postexposure prophylaxis, infection control, and decontamination might be serious tools in fight against the most powerful biological weapon. To assure that the public health and healthcare system can respond to emergencies, the government should direct resources to strengthen the emergency-response system, create medication stockpiles, and improve the public health infrastructure.

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Weiss, Robin A. "The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2001. Animal origins of human infectious disease." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 957–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0838.

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Since time immemorial animals have been a major source of human infectious disease. Certain infections like rabies are recognized as zoonoses caused in each case by direct animal–to–human transmission. Others like measles became independently sustained with the human population so that the causative virus has diverged from its animal progenitor. Recent examples of direct zoonoses are variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease arising from bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. Epidemics of recent animal origin are the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some retroviruses jump into and out of the chromosomal DNA of the host germline, so that they oscillate between being inherited Mendelian traits or infectious agents in different species. Will new procedures like animal–to–human transplants unleash further infections? Do microbes become more virulent upon cross–species transfer? Are animal microbes a threat as biological weapons? Will the vast reservoir of immunodeficient hosts due to the HIV pandemic provide conditions permissive for sporadic zoonoses to take off as human–tohuman transmissible diseases? Do human infections now pose a threat to endangered primates? These questions are addressed in this lecture.

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GANZYUK, ANDRYI, ANATOLYI HORDIEIEV, OLEG KRAVCHUK, and VITOR KRAVCHUK. "APPLICATION OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ANGLE OF EXHIBITION AND SHAPE OF THE BLADE OF A BLADE COLD COLL." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 307, no. 2 (May 2, 2022): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-307-2-110-113.

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Forensic science, as an object of forensics, is a system of technical means, methods and techniques based on a set of scientific and technical provisions used to identify, collect, study evidence, which will contribute to the effectiveness of crime detection and investigation. The purpose of this work is to acquaint a wide range of experts with the achievements of the team of authors and to consider the possibilities of developing and implementing new domestic tools for photofixation and innovative way to determine the angle and shape of the blade, as one of the technical characteristics of bladed melee weapons. research. The successful conduct of forensic research largely depends on the state of development of their theoretical foundations and technical equipment, which is the basis for practical activities. That is why at present the study of current problems of methodology and technical organization of the examination of bladed melee weapons is becoming more important. The experience of application of various technical means and methods of measuring the sharpening angle of the blade is analyzed, the search for analogues is carried out, the shortcomings of the available equipment are established and the value of sharpening angle measurement error is estimated in different ways. A patent search of the database was conducted, which revealed the opportunities and shortcomings of existing technical solutions. It is established that from practical experience there are different forms of sharpening at the intersection of the blade of a cold weapon. The main dimensional characteristics and structure of the blade and its individual elements are analyzed. An innovative method with the use of modern innovative equipment for determining the angle of sharpening and angles of inclination of the blade using modern CAD software products on a personal computer is proposed. Describes the design of equipment for photography when lighting the object of study from below. As an example of application of the offered method of measurement the process of step-by-step actions of the expert at carrying out expert researches of the cold blade weapon and results of definition of an angle of sharpening and angles of inclination of a blade of a sample is resulted.

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Young, J. M., C. Allen, T. Coutinho, T. Denny, J. Elphinstone, M. Fegan, M. Gillings, et al. "Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria as Biological Weapons – Real Threats?" Phytopathology® 98, no. 10 (October 2008): 1060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-10-1060.

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At present, much attention is being given to the potential of plant pathogens, including plant-pathogenic bacteria, as biological weapons/bioterror weapons. These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably and there is need for care in their application. It has been claimed that clandestine introduction of certain plant-pathogenic bacteria could cause such crop losses as to impact so significantly on a national economy and thus constitute a threat to national security. As a separate outcome, it is suggested that they could cause serious public alarm, perhaps constituting a source of terror. Legislation is now in place to regulate selected plant-pathogenic bacteria as potential weapons. However, we consider it highly doubtful that any plant-pathogenic bacterium has the requisite capabilities to justify such a classification. Even if they were so capable, the differentiation of pathogens into a special category with regulations that are even more restrictive than those currently applied in quarantine legislation of most jurisdictions offers no obvious benefit. Moreover, we believe that such regulations are disadvantageous insofar as they limit research on precisely those pathogens most in need of study. Whereas some human and animal pathogens may have potential as biological or bioterror weapons, we conclude that it is unlikely that any plant-pathogenic bacterium realistically falls into this category.

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Grocock, C., R. McCarthy, and DJ Williams. "Ball Bearing (BB) Guns, Ease of Purchase and Potential for Significant Injury." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 88, no. 4 (July 2006): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588406x98630.

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INTRODUCTION Ball bearing guns are used in the UK for war games, but they have the potential to cause severe injury if used incorrectly. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search was made for availability of these weapons, the ease of purchase and the potential for tissue damage. RESULTS These weapons are widely available on the Internet and are easy to purchase with no security checks. Once fully charged, an electric BB gun is capable of penetrating a cadaveric animal model at distances up to 5 m (1 m = 25 mm penetration, 3 m = 20 mm penetration, 5 m = 15 mm penetration). CONCLUSIONS BB guns are not toys and have a significant potential to cause injury.

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Popescu, Diana, Marius Necșulescu, Lucia Ionescu, Simona Bicheru, Gabriela Dumitrescu, and Viorel Ordeanu. "Capabilities of identification and confirmation of bacterial biological agents." Romanian Journal Of Military Medicine 119, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2016.119.3.2.

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Military Medical Service is able for detection, identification and confirmation of biological agents; it is part of medical protection against CBRN weapons. We are specialized capabilities for in vitro tests, under construction, the maximum containment laboratory designed for work with Risk Group Microorganisms. An efficient primary containment system must be in place, consisting of oneor a combination of the following: Class III safety cabinet laboratory, passage of two doors, suit, laboratory, controlled access, controlled air system. Negative pressure in the facility, supply and exhaust air must be HEPA-filtered, decontamination of effluents, sterilization of waste and materials, airlock entry ports for specimens, materials and animals must be provided etc. Complementary is an Animal facility for in vivo tests. This is suitable for work with animals that are deliberately inoculated with microorganisms in Risk Group.

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Cadena, V. "NEWTS USE RIBS AS LETHAL WEAPONS." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 4 (January 29, 2010): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.036400.

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Khorasani, Manouchehr Moshtagh. "La lanza: el arma principal en la tradición marcial iraní." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 4, no. 4 (July 14, 2012): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i4.152.

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In martial tradition, spears and lances have always played a very important role as main weapons on the battlefield, as exemplified through Iranian military history. Its reach and cheap production were important factors for establishing formations of soldiers equipped with spears and lances. Additionally, the combat techniques of spears and lances were relatively easy and one could learn the techniques of spearfighting and lancefighting much easier than other weapons, such as swords. The first part of the article describes some types of spears and lances that were used in the Islamic period of Iran. Then the method of carrying a spear/lance is analyzed and additionally some offensive techniques, feinting techniques, attacking techniques to the animal carrying the opponent, and defensive techniques using spears/lances are described as documented by Persian manuscripts.

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Defoirdt, Tom. "Antivirulence Therapy for Animal Production: Filling an Arsenal with Novel Weapons for Sustainable Disease Control." PLoS Pathogens 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2013): e1003603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003603.

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Chornyi, H. "MICROTRACES IN THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORIST NATURE CRIMES." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 22, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2020.05.

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The article is devoted to study of problems of microtraces classification at the general theoretical and scientific forensic level with subsequent extrapolation to microtraces which form a typical trace evidence picture of forensic characteristics in terrorist nature crimes. The analysis of scientific approaches to the definition of microtrace allows us to identify and outline main features typical for this definition, namely: small size; small amount of substances and materials: invisible or faintly visible under normal conditions of observation; peculiarities of their detection, record, seizure and research. The classification of microtraces based on various grounds is provided. Thus, according to organization of matter (form of physical embodiment), microtraces (microparticles) are divided into: single physical formations (individual physical bodies with a stable form); substances (materials) that do not take the from of an individual body (liquids, powdered substances). In accordance with immediate source of origin, micro-objects are classified into two large groups: parts of natural origin (from natural objects); parts separated from objects that are largely processed or man-made. In the first group, four subgroups must be distinguished: microtraces that have separated from the human body; micro-objects from animal; microparticles from plants; micro-objects of mineral nature. When considering micro-objects in conjunction with carrier objects, they are differentiated by a trace-forming object and the type of contact with the carrier: overlay; inclusion; layering. It is noted that the most typical ways of committing terrorist nature crimes are the use of firearms, cold weapons and the use of explosive weapons and / or explosives. Taking into account the fact that manufacture, possession and use of explosive weapons or explosives for the investigation of crimes of this category affects the criminal law qualification, tactics of individual investigative actions (eg site inspection, search, etc.). Microtraces can be classified according to conditions and time of their formation into the following groups: formation of microtraces that are associated with illegal manufacture, acquisition, storage, sale of explosive weapons or explosives; microtraces of preparation of explosive weapons directly before the explosion; microtraces of explosive weapons. The analysis of the essence of these situations allowed the author to establish and provide an appropriate list of typical microtraces in investigation of terrorist nature crime.

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Manniello, M. D., A. Moretta, R. Salvia, C. Scieuzo, D. Lucchetti, H. Vogel, A. Sgambato, and P. Falabella. "Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential weapons to counteract the antibiotic resistance." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 78, no. 9 (February 17, 2021): 4259–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03784-z.

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AbstractMisuse and overuse of antibiotics have contributed in the last decades to a phenomenon known as antibiotic resistance which is currently considered one of the principal threats to global public health by the World Health Organization. The aim to find alternative drugs has been demonstrated as a real challenge. Thanks to their biodiversity, insects represent the largest class of organisms in the animal kingdom. The humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are released into the insect hemolymph after microbial infection. In this review, we have focused on insect immune responses, particularly on AMP characteristics, their mechanism of action and applications, especially in the biomedical field. Furthermore, we discuss the Toll, Imd, and JAK-STAT pathways that activate genes encoding for the expression of AMPs. Moreover, we focused on strategies to improve insect peptides stability against proteolytic susceptibility such as D-amino acid substitutions, N-terminus modification, cyclization and dimerization.

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Ayaz, Muhammad Mazhar, Muhammad Mudasser Nazir, Muhammad Saleem Akhtar, Mubashir Aziz, Kamal Niaz, Tanveer Ahmad, Haroon Ahmad, and Ahsan Sattar Sheikh. "Coronavirus: A Practicing Veterinarian Prospective." International Journal of Coronaviruses 1, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3473.

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COVID19 is posing threat cosmopolitically encompassing more than 200 countries and making threat to entire population globally as pandemic. The cats, dogs and bovine are at threat which are close partner to human population. The veterinarians specially practicing are at risk when they encounter the sick animals. This study focus to the Pakistani veterinarian where animal population is under estimated or sometimes census is not performed. As Current population of domestic animals in Pakistan consist of 23.34 million buffaloes, 22.42 million cattle, 24.24 million sheep, 49.14 million goats, and with a huge population of dogs and cats without official census which may pose a threat to innocent population and even more a practicing veterinarian and veterinary paramedics are more at threat, if god forbids. There is need for further investigation its role and zoonotic perspective. Regarding practicing field veterinarians fighting without weapons against mass destructing pathogen and making vulnerability on wide.

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Kaján, Győző L., Andor Doszpoly, Zoltán László Tarján, Márton Z. Vidovszky, and Tibor Papp. "Virus–Host Coevolution with a Focus on Animal and Human DNA Viruses." Journal of Molecular Evolution 88, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-019-09913-4.

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Abstract Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire tree of life. It is hypothesised that viruses might have contributed to the formation of the first cellular life form, or that even the eukaryotic cell nucleus originates from an infection by a coated virus. The continuous struggle between viruses and their hosts to maintain at least a constant fitness level led to the development of an unceasing arms race, where weapons are often shuttled between the participants. In this literature review we try to give a short insight into some general consequences or traits of virus–host coevolution, and after this we zoom in to the viral clades of adenoviruses, herpesviruses, nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, polyomaviruses and, finally, circoviruses.

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Golden, Joseph W., Christopher D. Hammerbeck, Eric M. Mucker, and Rebecca L. Brocato. "Animal Models for the Study of Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Arenaviruses and Hantaviruses." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/793257.

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Human pathogenic hantaviruses and arenaviruses are maintained in nature by persistent infection of rodent carrier populations. Several members of these virus groups can cause significant disease in humans that is generically termed viral hemorrhagic fever (HF) and is characterized as a febrile illness with an increased propensity to cause acute inflammation. Human interaction with rodent carrier populations leads to infection. Arenaviruses are also viewed as potential biological weapons threat agents. There is an increased interest in studying these viruses in animal models to gain a deeper understating not only of viral pathogenesis, but also for the evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCM) to mitigate disease threats. In this review, we examine current knowledge regarding animal models employed in the study of these viruses. We include analysis of infection models in natural reservoirs and also discuss the impact of strain heterogeneity on the susceptibility of animals to infection. This information should provide a comprehensive reference for those interested in the study of arenaviruses and hantaviruses not only for MCM development but also in the study of viral pathogenesis and the biology of these viruses in their natural reservoirs.

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S, Chaturvedi. "The New Killer Pathogens: Bioweapons." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000144.

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Present century requires biological weapons or warfare agents due to several wars and multiple threats. Bioterrorism or biological warfare attack means using microorganism as bacterial, viral agents, toxins or infected samples to cause terror and pose a difficult public health challenge in population (man, animal or plants) when deliberately dispersed in an area. These can cause a large number of casualties, mortality, and morbidity that causes a serious problem in short est time.

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Khudiakov, Yu S., and A. Yu Borisenko. "Images Depicting Archers on Cholpon-Ata Petroglyphs in Kyrgyzstan." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0719-0722.

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The article is intended to study several images depicting archers embossed on stone boulders, located near the present settlement Cholpon-Ata, which is situated at the northern coast of Issyk-Kul Lake in the Kyrgyz Republic. These anthropomorphous characters are made on the surface of large boulders as a part of hunting scenes, or in a single fashion. The archers are displayed ready for shooting at disproportionally large figures of wild ungulate animals, mountain goats, and argali. They are performed in the animal style traditional for the Saki period Tian Shan petroglyphs supplemented with ornament elements, put on croup or on the largest part of the torso of these wild ungulate animals. Figures of hunters are depicted bearing bows in their hands. The images show compound bows and arrows with tips of different shapes. A single figure of a horseman is displayed riding a horse and holding bow with taken off bowstring, placed in the bow quiver. Weapons, bows, arrows of the ancient archers are shown in a position ready for shooting at various targets or in a stowed position. Bows are shown with concave shoulders in the firing direction and placed bowstrings. Separate bows are shown with shoulders tops oriented towards the firing direction. The tops of several arrows are highlighted. One of such tops is issued in a semicircular ending. Based on these images of bows and arrows, ancient nomads of the Scythian and Saki times in Tian Shan regarded bows and arrows as the main type of hunting weapon, and possibly used them for hunting widely.

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Moyer, Joshua K., and William E. Bemis. "Shark teeth as edged weapons: serrated teeth of three species of selachians." Zoology 120 (February 2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.007.

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Rodríguez, Rafael Lucas, and William G. Eberhard. "Why the Static Allometry of Sexually-Selected Traits Is So Variable: The Importance of Function." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 1290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz039.

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AbstractSexually-selected traits often show positive static allometry, with large individuals bearing disproportionately large structures. But many other sexually-selected traits show isometry or even negative allometry, with trait size varying relatively little with body size. We recently proposed that the functions of these traits (as aggressive signals, weapons, courtship signals, and contact courtship devices) determine their allometries. Positive allometry is generally favored for aggressive signals because aggressive signals are selected to emphasize body size (and thus fighting prowess). In contrast, the biomechanics of force application in weapons only sometimes select for positive allometry; the content of courtship signals is even less often related to body size; and contact courtship devices are selected to be relatively invariant across body sizes. Here we summarize the arguments in favor of this “functional allometry” hypothesis and expand a comparative test of its predictions. Our results indicate that sexual traits have the allometric slopes predicted by our hypothesis, regardless of which body part bears the structure.

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Knight, Kathryn. "Drag has not shaped mantis shrimp weapons." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. 21 (November 1, 2016): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151415.

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Jauchem, James R. "An Animal Model to Investigate Effectiveness and Safety of Conducted Energy Weapons (Including TASER® Devices)." Journal of Forensic Sciences 55, no. 2 (March 2010): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01308.x.

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Rahil, Zekrullah. "The Importance and Necessity of Dialogue of Civilizations: Increasing of human crisis around the world." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 06 (June 8, 2020): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i06.el04.

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The importance and necessity of dialogue among civilizations, is revealing as an undeniable need of 21th century, from one perspective, the unlimited competitions for producing ultra-advanced weapons, seriously threaten the global peace, but fortunately from other viewpoint, the modern technology could prepare unprecedented opportunities for launching and continuity of dialogue in different levels. The biggest steps toward a better and more peaceful world will be taken up, when the rationality be the supporter of important decisions and the argument replace the violent emotions. In ancient theology and philosophy, human being has known as the rational animal, who has the ability of thinking and expression of what he/she thinks, this distinctive characteristic has recognized as the main character of human which shows the mentality of human being basically different and transcendental, comparing to other animals on the earth.

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McCullough, Erin L., Chun-Chia Chou, and Patricia R. Y. Backwell. "Cost of an elaborate trait: a trade-off between attracting females and maintaining a clean ornament." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 5 (August 4, 2020): 1218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa072.

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Abstract Many sexually selected ornaments and weapons are elaborations of an animal’s outer body surface, including long feathers, colorful skin, and rigid outgrowths. The time and energy required to keep these traits clean, attractive, and in good condition for signaling may represent an important but understudied cost of bearing a sexually selected trait. Male fiddler crabs possess an enlarged and brightly colored claw that is used both as a weapon to fight with rival males and also as an ornament to court females. Here, we demonstrate that males benefit from grooming because females prefer males with clean claws over dirty claws but also that the time spent grooming detracts from the amount of time available for courting females. Males, therefore, face a temporal trade-off between attracting the attention of females and maintaining a clean claw. Our study provides rare evidence of the importance of grooming for mediating sexual interactions in an invertebrate, indicating that sexual selection has likely shaped the evolution of self-maintenance behaviors across a broad range of taxa.

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Simon, Alexander. "The competitive consumption and fetishism of wildlife trophies." Journal of Consumer Culture 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540517690571.

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This article argues that trophy hunting is not an ahistorical phenomenon. Hunting for sport became popular among US elites in the late 1800s. Since this time, in addition to animal trophies being displayed as evidence of one’s economic and cultural capital, these commodities have served as symbolic evidence of their owner’s courage, skill, and fortitude. Currently, the hunting industry (i.e. sporting goods retailers, weapons manufacturers, and advertising supported media) seeks to perpetuate and expand these perceptions. Displaying animal trophies is unlike many other forms of competitive consumption, such as displaying expensive jewelry, in that the hunting industry has attempted to create the often false perception that these commodities required their owners to conquer dangerous and cunning opponents. Trophy hunting is unlike many other sports, in that economic resources, as opposed to skill, are often the primary factor in determining one’s success. Therefore, the use values of animal trophies are fetishized.

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ZILINSKAS, R. A. "A brief history of biological weapons programmes and the use of animal pathogens as biological warfare agents." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 36, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.36.2.2662.

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Zimma, B. O., M. Ayasse, J. Teng�, F. Ibarra, C. Schulz, and W. Francke. "Do social parasitic bumblebees use chemical weapons? (Hymenoptera, Apidae)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 189, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-003-0451-x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal weapons'

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