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Journal articles on the topic 'Animal welfare'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Kilgour, Ron. "Animal welfare considerations — pastoral animals." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 33, no. 4 (April 1985): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1985.35161.

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2

Normando, Simona, Ilaria Pollastri, Daniela Florio, Linda Ferrante, Elisabetta Macchi, Valentina Isaja, and Barbara de Mori. "Assessing Animal Welfare in Animal-Visitor Interactions in Zoos and Other Facilities. A Pilot Study Involving Giraffes." Animals 8, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8090153.

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In recent years, awareness of the controversial aspects connected with wild animal-visitor interactions (AVIs) in zoos and other facilities has increased due to cultural changes. Therefore, the need to apply transparent procedures to evaluate AVIs programs in zoos and similar facilities has also increased. This study presents results of animal welfare’s assessment of a pilot test of a protocol based on six steps that aim to explore and assess the overall value of AVIs considering the impact both on animals and visitors. In the present paper, we discuss the multifaceted approach to animal welfare assessment during animal-visitor interactions, combining quantitative behavioural observations/analysis and a welfare risk-assessment procedure, which forms the basis of the six-step protocol. Pilot testing of said approach to animal welfare assessment involved giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in an Italian zoo. No change in behaviour, suggestive of an increased welfare risk to the animals, was found. The risk analysis reported overall low risks for welfare, whereas enclosure analysis highlighted that the enclosure was suitable for allowing interactions without jeopardising animal welfare, mainly because it allowed animals to choose whether to interact or withdraw from interactions without decreasing the space available to them.
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3

Clarke, Maxine. "Animal welfare: Protesters as laboratory animals." Nature 313, no. 6005 (February 1985): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313725b0.

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4

Chaohwei, Shih, and Peter Singer. "Animal Welfare." Harvard Review of Philosophy 25 (2018): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview2018251.

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5

Bekoff, Marc. "Animal Welfare." American Biology Teacher 56, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4449867.

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6

Kupfer, Julian, and Liz Mullineaux. "Animal welfare." BSAVA Companion 2022, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22233/20412495.0922.8.

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7

Doyle, Kevin. "Animal Welfare." Australian Veterinary Journal 78, no. 2 (February 2000): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10550.x.

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8

Hughes, Barry O. "Animal welfare." Nature 359, no. 6395 (October 1992): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359472b0.

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9

Tiplady, C. "Animal welfare." Australian Veterinary Journal 89, no. 12 (November 21, 2011): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00862.x.

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10

STEPHENS, MARTIN L. "Animal welfare." Nature 351, no. 6329 (June 1991): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/351685f0.

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11

Hughes, David. "Animal welfare." British Food Journal 97, no. 10 (November 1995): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070709510104529.

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12

Baker, Robert. "Animal Welfare." Australian Veterinary Journal 78, no. 10 (October 2000): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10384.x.

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13

Kennedy, David. "Animal Welfare." Agricultural Systems 74, no. 2 (November 2002): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(01)00090-7.

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14

Bekoff, Marc. "Animal welfare." New Scientist 201, no. 2690 (January 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(09)60085-3.

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15

Bekoff, Marc. "Animal welfare." Nature 371, no. 6493 (September 1994): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371099b0.

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16

Bonner, John. "Animal welfare." BSAVA Companion 2022, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22233/20412495.1222.26.

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17

Graef, Philipp. "Animal Welfare." Natur und Recht 42, no. 9 (September 2020): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10357-020-3726-x.

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18

Vucinic, Marijana, and Ivana Lazic. "Animal welfare assessment." Veterinarski glasnik 62, no. 1-2 (2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0802097v.

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The paper deals with animal welfare definitions and animal welfare assessment. Animal welfare is a prolonged mental state, resulting from how the animal experiences its environment over time. There are different methods for animal welfare assessment. The four basic criteria for animal welfare assessment are feeding, housing, health and appropriate behavior. Therefore, criteria used to assess animal welfare are not direct measures of the mental state but only parameters that need to be interpreted in terms of welfare. The immediate housing environment and feeding may influence animal welfare either positively, when most of the important requirements are respected, or negatively, when animals are exposed to various stress factors and unpleasant emotions that contribute to animal disease, injuries or inappropriate behavior. Therefore, animal welfare is a unique link between housing conditions, feeding and watering on one side, and animal health status and behavior on the other side.
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19

Browning, Heather, and Walter Veit. "Freedom and Animal Welfare." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041148.

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The keeping of captive animals in zoos and aquariums has long been controversial. Many take freedom to be a crucial part of animal welfare and, on these grounds, criticise all forms of animal captivity as harmful to animal welfare, regardless of their provisions. Here, we analyse what it might mean for freedom to matter to welfare, distinguishing between the role of freedom as an intrinsic good, valued for its own sake and an instrumental good, its value arising from the increased ability to provide other important resources. Too often, this debate is conducted through trading intuitions about what matters for animals. We argue for the need for the collection of comparative welfare data about wild and captive animals in order to settle the issue. Discovering more about the links between freedom and animal welfare will then allow for more empirically informed ethical decisions regarding captive animals.
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20

Langford, M. J. "Animal welfare and human welfare." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22, no. 2 (February 1989): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(89)90046-4.

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21

Jones, Peter, and Daphne Comfort. "Tourism Companies and Animal Welfare." ATHENS JOURNAL OF TOURISM 8, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajt.8-2-1.

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Animals play an important role in a wide range of tourism activities, and animal welfare is an increasingly important issue within the tourist industry. While there is a growing volume of research on animal welfare within tourism, little work has been published in the academic literature on how tourism companies address animal welfare. This exploratory paper looks to add to, and extend, that literature by providing a review of how seven tourism companies. have publicly addressed animal welfare. The paper reveals that four themes: corporate commitment to animal welfare; policies on specific animals and on experiences and contacts with animals; the role of various stakeholders in the value chain in addressing animal welfare; and monitoring and audit processes, illustrated the companies approach to animal welfare. The authors also raise a number of wider issues and offers some suggestions for future research agendas. Keywords: animal welfare, animal welfare statements, tourism companies, stakeholders, auditing
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22

Ameli, Katharina, Theresa F. Braun, and Stephanie Krämer. "Animal-Assisted Interventions and Animal Welfare—An Exploratory Survey in Germany." Animals 13, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13081324.

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Background: Animals play a crucial role in social occupational fields. The positive effects of animals are described in theory and practice. However, the significance of animal welfare in animal-assisted intervention settings has not yet been extensively researched, so that the aim of this explorative study was to investigate the perception and significance as well as the understanding of animal welfare and its implementation on the part of professionals working with animals. Methods: In the present project, 270 animal-assisted professionals from Germany were interviewed about their individual perceptions of animal welfare and their implementation of animal welfare with the help of questionnaires with closed questions (5-point agreement scale) and open questions. The quantitative data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS and MS Excel. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic coding. Results: The quantitative and qualitative results show that animal welfare poses high importance for people working in animal-assisted interventions. The structure and design of assignments, animal-related aspects and conditions, and education and knowledge are mentioned as generally relevant conditions for ensuring animal welfare from the perspective of animal-assisted intervention practitioners. In addition, different concrete courses of action to ensure animal welfare are described, which are characterized as stopping or changing the setting at different levels. Conclusions: Animal welfare plays a central role for professionals working with animals. However, further studies are necessary in order to record other animal welfare-relevant aspects in the animal-assisted interventions, depending on the respective animal species, and to examine the implementation of animal welfare-related measures.
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23

Massari, Catia Helena de Almeida Lima, Nadini Oliveira Martins, Angela Faustino Jozala, Denise Grotto, and Marli Gerenutti. "Laboratory animal welfare:." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 55, no. 4 (March 20, 2019): e145008. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.145008.

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Reproductive and developmental toxicology has focused on the need to approach the effects of organism exposure to various drugs during pregnancy after the mid-50’s, when the thalidomide tragedy stroke humanity. In recent decades, this area of study has developed a lot due to animal testing, raising awareness on the need to improve the quality of life of such animals. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how the science of animal welfare can improve scientific research as a whole, including the reproductive and developmental toxicology fields, by emphasizing environmental enrichment in animal facilities. To do so, we conducted an integrative literature review on several quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that are applicable to toxicology studies. Here, we present evidence that environmental enrichment improves animal welfare and prevents or reduces the negative effects of captive housing, which must be a principle of toxicological research for ethical, legal and scientific reasons.
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24

Orihuela, A. "Animal welfare and sustainable animal production." Advances in Animal Biosciences 7, no. 2 (October 2016): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470016000157.

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This paper describes the basic principles of animal behavior and how these concepts can be applied to the management and care of farm animal species in a sustainable way. Several examples about how the behavior of animals can be used to increase production and welfare understanding animal needs while solving farm problems, are mentioned. Topics covered include: fostering of orphans, explaining how to substitute dead lambs, or how to add extra lambs to ewes with single births; the breakdown of the cow–calf relationship, covering different forms of weaning, focusing on stress reduction as reproductive efficiency and productivity increases; handling system designs, explaining the basic principles of animal handling and how to leverage this knowledge in the design of facilities for the purpose of moving cattle efficiently, reducing at the same time the risk of injury in humans and animals; the behavior of sick animals, where the physiological processes in order to regain homeostasis through changes in animal behavior are explained, in addition to how those changes in behavior can be used to predict some diseases even before clinical signs appeared, or how these changes might be applied to assess the extent of the pain suffered by a particular individual; and finally, a miscellaneous section covering various behavioral aspects of management of productive animals.
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25

Kim, KilSoo, Woori Jo, and Gwang-Hoon Lee. "Why do we always care about the welfare of laboratory animals?" Open Access Government 39, no. 1 (July 7, 2023): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-36-10808.

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Why do we always care about the welfare of laboratory animals? Seasoned experts from the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K-MEDI hub) in South Korea share their research perspectives on the welfare of laboratory animals, including the issue of veterinary care. Awareness of animal ethics is changing and rising worldwide, and the concept of animal welfare importance is spreading rapidly. Generally, animal welfare involves not hurting, harassing or recklessly killing animals. In addition, animal welfare involves inducing positive changes in humans and animals, both physically and emotionally. Based on the research and discussion of Ruth Harrison’s claim in 1965, Britain began establishing various animal welfare measures. Subsequently, public opinion on animal welfare has spread widely across Europe.
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26

Boivin, X., J. Lensink, C. Tallet, and I. Veissier. "Stockmanship and Farm Animal Welfare." Animal Welfare 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026075.

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AbstractHuman factors (attitudes, personality traits, self-esteem, job satisfaction) strongly determine our behaviour towards animals, animal production and animal welfare. Recent studies have emphasised positive human contacts as indicators of a stockperson's positive attitude towards animals and towards animal welfare in general. Stockmanship can be improved by careful selection of people and/or by training. However, little is known of the biological basis of the effect of stock handling procedures on the welfare of animals. The animal's perception of the stockperson (based both on emotional responses and cognitive aspects such as anticipation, recognition and categorisation), and the existence of sensitive periods in an animal's life, need to be explored in more depth, especially under farm conditions. We need to consider the complexity of human behaviour (eg husbandry practices, balance between positive and negative interactions, predictability, controllability) and its effect on animal welfare from the animal's point of view throughout its whole life. This paper identifies the importance of positive human contacts for both animals and stockpeople, and highlights the challenge to maintain such positive contacts despite the trend in modern agriculture to increase the number of animals per stockperson. This requires better knowledge of animal genetics, socialisation to humans during sensitive periods, and management of the social group. We emphasise the ethical importance of the human-animal relationship in the context of farm animal welfare and productivity.
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27

Sato, S. "Animal products and animal welfare." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Clinics 32, no. 2 (2009): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4190/jjvc.32.98.

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28

Sumner, L. W. "Animal Welfare and Animal Rights." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 13, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/13.2.159.

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29

Lindberg, Cecilia. "Animal behaviour and animal welfare." Journal of Biological Education 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1995.9655413.

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30

Dolby, Nadine, and Annette Litster. "Animal Welfare and Animal Rights." Society & Animals 27, no. 5-6 (October 15, 2019): 575–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341493.

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AbstractVeterinarians routinely position themselves as the professionals who are most knowledgeable about non-human animals, and the public turns to them for guidance in matters of animal health and welfare. However, as research indicates, there is a considerable gap between what the public thinks veterinarians know and the actual veterinary curriculum. This study investigates the perspectives of veterinary students towards issues of animal welfare and animal rights, based on the results of a 2012 survey. Results indicate that veterinary students have limited and narrow understandings of both concepts, and that their knowledge is shaped by their professional socialization in veterinary education. Despite the enormous ethical complexity and diversity of philosophical perspectives that are inherent to both animal welfare and animal rights positions, veterinary students typically are not adequately prepared for a career that is located at the very center of these debates.
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31

Held, Suzanne D. E., and Marek Špinka. "Animal play and animal welfare." Animal Behaviour 81, no. 5 (May 2011): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.007.

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32

Mendl, M., O. Burman, K. Laughlin, and E. Paul. "Animal Memory and Animal Welfare." Animal Welfare 10, S1 (February 2001): S141—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600023587.

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AbstractRetrieved memories of emotionally laden events are likely to influence the ongoing emotional state and behaviour of animals. If animals consciously experience memories and/or associated emotions, then recall of aversive or pleasurable events will affect their welfare. Even if they do not, retrieval of these (non-conscious/implicit) memories may result in behaviour, such as attempts to escape, that could lead to injury and damage. There is growing evidence that emotionally laden events are more readily stored in memory than neutral ones, and that the neurophysiological basis of this, involving acute elevations of the classic stress hormones and the action of the amygdala, is similar in humans and other vertebrate species. Thus, in humans and animals, emotional memories are likely to be stored as priority information and may readily be retrieved in the presence of relevant cues. If so, an important practical goal is to minimize the chances of negative emotional memories being cued inappropriately, especially for animals in captivity. Disruption of memory formation and retrieval is also important in an animal welfare context. Chronic or very high elevations of stress hormones appear to have both short- and long-term effects on brain structure and function that can interfere with efficient storage of information. Environmental disturbances, including common husbandry procedures, can also disrupt memory formation through retroactive interference effects. Elevated stress levels may both increase the chances of retrieval of negative information while hampering the retrieval of positive or neutral information. These effects may lead to poor learning abilities, selective or disrupted memory retrieval, and consequent inappropriate behaviour with adverse welfare consequences. If we understand them, we may be able to recommend housing or husbandry procedures that minimize the likelihood of their occurrence.
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33

Houpt, Katherine A. "Animal behavior and animal welfare." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, no. 8 (April 15, 1991): 1355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1991.198.08.1355.

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Summary The value of behavioral techniques in assessing animal welfare, and in particular assessing the psychological well being of animals, is reviewed. Using cats and horses as examples, 3 behavioral methods are presented: (1) comparison of behavior patterns and time budgets; (2) choice tests; and (3) operant conditioning. The behaviors of intact and declawed cats were compared in order to determine if declawing led to behavioral problems or to a change in personality. Apparently it did not. The behavior of free ranging horses was compared with that of stabled horses. Using two-choice preference tests, the preference of horses for visual contact with other horses and the preference for bedding were determined. Horses show no significant preference for locations from which they can make visual contact with other horses, but they do prefer bedding, especially when lying down. Horses will perform an operant response in order to obtain light in a darkened barn or heat in an outside shed. These same techniques can be used to answer a variety of questions about an animal's motivation for a particular attribute of its environment.
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34

Nurse, Angus. "Mainstreaming after Lisbon: Advancing Animal Welfare in the EU Internal Market." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 22, Issue 3 (June 1, 2013): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2013008.

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This article traces the evolution of EU animal welfare law and policy. What scope do Member States have to protect the welfare of animals? Two recent United Kingdom judgments are considered in which animal welfare was condoned as providing a justifiable reason for restricting the free movement of goods. In the absence of an EU animal welfare policy underpinned by a legal basis on which to adopt animal welfare laws, to what extent have the EU institutions legislated in order to protect the welfare of animals. Post Lisbon, what is the significance of the incorporation of animal welfare as a value on which the EU is premised? To what extent can the internal market provision be utilised to legislate for animal welfare? What potential does mainstreaming animal welfare hold for the development of EU animal welfare policy and law, for the CJEU and for compliance with EU animal welfare standards?
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35

Thompson, Paul B. "Animal agriculture and the welfare of animals." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 226, no. 8 (April 2005): 1325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.1325.1.

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36

Eisen, Jessica. "Beyond Rights and Welfare: Democracy, Dialogue, and the Animal Welfare Act." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 51.3 (2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.51.3.beyond.

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The primary frameworks through which scholars have conceptualized legal protections for animals—animal “rights” and animal “welfare”—do not account for socio-legal transformation or democratic dialogue as central dynamics of animal law. The animal “rights” approach focuses on the need for limits or boundaries preventing animal use, while the animal “welfare” approach advocates balancing harm to animals against human benefits from animal use. Both approaches rely on abstract accounts of the characteristics animals are thought to share with humans and the legal protections they are owed as a result of those traits. Neither offers sustained attention to the dynamics of legal change in democratic states, including the importance of public access to the facts of animal lives, opportunities for affective storytelling, and multi-faceted public deliberation. This Article offers an alternative avenue for theorizing animal legal protections, drawing on Laurence Tribe’s articulation of law as governed by an “evolving ethic,” wherein successive shifts in legal and public consensus build upon one another in ways that are dynamic and not entirely unpredictable. Drawing on feminist, critical, and relational approaches to law and social change, this Article elaborates a vision of animal law as governed by an evolving ethic wherein legal transformation is deeply connected to the public availability of particular facts of animal use, emotional storytelling, and broader social relationships and power dynamics. The evolving ethic here proposed helps us to shift our focus from a precritical understanding of rights as hard boundaries to a view of rights as a product of dynamic social relationships; and to shift our focus from welfarist balancing calculations to more open-textured dialogue. By conceiving of animal law through the lens of the evolving ethic, we can break free of stale debates about the virtue of rights versus welfare and instead embrace both as tools in a dialogic toolbox deployed in a field of legal transformation that is better characterized by dynamism and dialogue than by teleological advancement toward a predefined goal. The Animal Welfare Act (AWA)—the central legal regime governing the experimental use of animals in the United States, forms the central case study. The AWA regime in its current form works to foreclose public deliberation over concrete cases. The history of this same regime, however, demonstrates that affective storytelling grounded in the particular facts of animal use has been a major driver of democratic legal change protecting animals used in experiments. This Article explores the current structure and historical development of the AWA scheme, demonstrating that the evolving ethic offers insights, beyond those allowed by rights and welfare approaches, into the practical dynamics of animal law and the shortcomings of the current AWA scheme. Informed by the evolving ethic and the AWA’s history of sociolegal transformation, this Article offers AWA law reform proposals that aim to facilitate public deliberation grounded in the concrete facts of animal use—including the introduction of ethical merit review of proposed experiments, changes in the applicable rules of standing, and product labeling. While each proposed reform may yield incremental improvements in the treatment of laboratory animals in the immediate term, the core insight of the evolving ethic is that there is a distinct value in the potential of such proposals to nourish public conversations rooted in particular stories of animal use—conversations that are likely to spur new questions and new conversations, none of which can be fully determined in advance.
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37

Whay, HR. "The journey to animal welfare improvement." Animal Welfare 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600031134.

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AbstractThe process of driving improvement in animal welfare has three stages: 1) assessment of animal welfare, 2) identification of the risk factors potentially leading to a compromise in animal welfare, and 3) interventions, in response to the risk factors, to bring about improvement in animal welfare. This process is applicable to animals farmed in commercial situations and for individual animals kept or worked in isolated environments. An impressive weight of knowledge has accumulated in the science of animal welfare assessment and this needs to be counterbalanced by development of mechanisms to actively improve welfare. In the case of animal welfare, interventions have to motivate the animal owner or carer to make changes to their own behaviour on behalf of a third party; the animal. This is a different situation from that described in the human health literature where interventions encourage people to take steps to improve their own well-being, thus benefiting themselves directly. The development of strategies to improve animal welfare require a multi-disciplinary approach including social scientists, psychologists and economists, however, the skills of animal welfare scientists are essential to ensure that interventions truly achieve improvements in animal welfare.
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38

Turner, Dennis C. "The Welfare of Cats. Animal Welfare." Veterinary Research Communications 29, no. 8 (November 2005): 745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-005-0001-9.

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39

Macdonald, David W. "Mitigating Human Impacts on Wild Animal Welfare." Animals 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2023): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13182906.

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Human activities negatively impact the welfare of wild vertebrates in many different contexts globally, and countless individual animals are affected. Growing concern for wild animal welfare, especially in relation to conservation, is evident. While research on wild animal welfare lags behind that focused on captive animals, minimising human-induced harm to wild animals is a key principle. This study examines examples of negative anthropogenic impacts on wild animal welfare, how these may be mitigated and what further research is required, including examples from wildlife management, biodiversity conservation, wildlife tourism and wildlife trade. Further, it discusses the relationship between animal welfare and biodiversity conservation, and synergies that may be achieved between these. Ultimately, it is discussed how the welfare of wild animals may be balanced with other priorities to ensure that welfare is afforded due consideration in interactions between people and wildlife.
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40

Danne, Michael, and Oliver Mußhoff. "Farmers’ Willingness to Accept Animal Welfare Practices: A Discrete Choice Experiment with German Pig Producers." German Journal of Agricultural Economics 71, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30430/gjae.2022.0158.

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Improving the welfare of animals is an important aim in livestock farming. Thereby, farmers’ willingness to implement animal welfare practices directly influences the welfare of animals. Therefore, this paper investigates pig farmers’ preferences and willingness to accept the implementation of animal welfare practices. We study individual preferences for specific animal welfare measures that are part of a hypothetical animal welfare program. The data are analyzed with a mixed logit model in WTA space and show that German pig farmers require statistically significant compensations for implementing animal welfare practices. We find evidence that farmers’ choices are driven by their trust in the consumers’ willingness to pay, their evaluation of the efficiency of specific animal welfare practices and farm characteristics. Our results further reveal that accounting for farmers’ preferences aids in understanding their willingness to implement specific animal welfare practices. Regarding the improvement of animal welfare these findings are highly relevant for politicians, food industry and producers in order to support animal welfare program design and to identify the costs of welfare improvements on the meat supply chain and future profitability.
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41

Brown, George E. "Animal Welfare Legislation." Science 230, no. 4730 (December 6, 1985): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4730.1106.b.

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42

ISHIKAWA, Hajime. "Animal Welfare : Introduction." Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 15, no. 1 (2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.15.1.

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43

KOHN, B. "Zoo animal welfare." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 13, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.13.1.764.

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44

Adams, David. "ANIMAL WELFARE COLUMN." Australian Veterinary Journal 79, no. 7 (July 2001): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb13006.x.

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45

PHILLIPS, CLIVE. "Animal welfare matters." Australian Veterinary Journal 82, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb14645.x.

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46

Wolfensohn, Sarah. "Applied animal welfare." Veterinary Record 177, no. 23 (December 12, 2015): 600.1–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.h6659.

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Thomas, Lewis H. "Wild animal welfare." Veterinary Record 178, no. 12 (March 18, 2016): 300.3–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i1568.

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Jones, Mark, and Alastair MacMillan. "Wild animal welfare." Veterinary Record 178, no. 8 (February 18, 2016): 195.3–195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.i967.

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Ramaswamy, N. S. "Draught animal welfare." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59, no. 1-3 (August 1998): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00122-1.

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Butterworth, A., D. Main, B. Whay, M. Miele, and A. Evans. "FARM ANIMAL WELFARE." Veterinary Record 157, no. 3 (July 16, 2005): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.3.96-a.

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