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McGrath, Timothy Stephen. "Behaving Like Animals: Human Cruelty, Animal Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-present." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11027.
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What does it mean to be cruel to an animal? What does it mean for an animal to suffer? These are the questions embedded in the term "cruelty to animals," which has seemed, at first glance, a well defined term in modern America, in so far as it has been codified in anti-cruelty statutes. Cruelty to animals has been a disputed notion, though. What some groups call cruel, others call business, science, culture, worship, and art. Contests over the humane treatment of animals have therefore been contests over history, ideology, culture, and knowledge in which a variety of social actors-- animal scientists, cockfighters, filmmakers, FBI agents, members of Congress, members of PETA, and many, many others--try to decide which harms against animals and which forms of animal suffering are justifiable. Behaving Like Animals examines these contests in the United States from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, focusing on four practices that modern American animal advocates have labeled cruel: malicious animal abuse, cockfighting, intensive animal agriculture, and the harming of animals on film. These case studies broadly trace the contours of American attitudes toward human cruelty and animal suffering over the last century. They also trace the historical
evolution of the ideas embedded in the term “cruelty to animals.” Cruelty to animals has been the structuring logic of animal advocacy for two centuries, and historians have followed its development through the nineteenth century as a constellation of ideas about human and animal natures, about cruelty and kindness, and about suffering and sentience—very old ideas rooted in western intellectual thought and given shape by nineteenth-century sentimental culture. Behaving Like Animals follows this historical and intellectual thread into the twenty-first century, and reveals how these old ideas adapted to modern and evolving regimes of knowledge, science, and law, as they became
thickly knotted in America’s varied and transforming social, cultural, intellectual, political, and legal contexts. That process has had varied and far-reaching implications in modern American culture, structuring social relations among Americans while shaping understandings of the place of animals in American society. Behaving Like Animals tells this history.
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Crawford, Kari L. "Organizational Compromise of Animal Protection and Welfare Laws." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1347565387.
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Aho, Ida. "Cats’ nine lives : European Union legislation on the trade of endangered animals and its effects on animal welfare." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450345.
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The issues raised in this thesis concern the adverse effects of EU's wildlife trade regulations, mainly the unequal treatment of captive and wild-born endangered animals. The nature of these regulations is analyzed from an animal law perspective. The purpose of the analysis is to determine whether the regulations are anthropocentric and, if so, what issues arise from it. Previous research has studied the legal personhood of animals in relation to animal welfare. This thesis continues that discussion by examining legal animal rights as a potential solution to the issues of wildlife trade. The analysis is pragmatic and employs a non-formalistic view of law. Consequentially, it uses a doctrinal and legal philosophical approach, meaning that sources outside of law are integral to the discussion. The results of the analysis show that EU’s wildlife trade regulations are anthropocentric and that this has led to severe issues regarding the welfare of endangered animals. In addition, the practical enforcement of the regulations has proven defective. Legal rights for animals seem to provide a viable solution to these issues, yet their practical implementation is complicated. The reasons for this are primarily financial and opinion-based. Therefore, a step-by-step approach, starting with limited fundamental rights and resulting in full legal personhood for animals, is recommended for this approach to be successful.
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Aguiar, Louise Maria Rocha de. "Animais de tração: a responsabilidade civil do estado pela sua omissão frente aos maus-tratos praticados contra essas espécies." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3748.
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A Constituição Federal de 1988 foi de fundamental importância para consagrar ao Poder Público a incubência de evitar que animais sejam submetidos aos maus-tratos ou atos decrueldade, devendo sempre agir para evitar e proibir essa exposição do animal.Trata-se de uma determinação incubida ao Estado, de forma que o mesmo não deve ser omisso, ou seja, deixar de cumprir essa regra constitucional. Todavia, a realidade mostra-se contrária ao preceito legal, principalmente quando se vislumbra a situação vivida pelos animais (equídeos) utilizados nos veículos de tração nas cidades brasileiras. São animais que vivem sendo maltratados e expostos a atos cruéis por parte de seus proprietários, como por exemplo o uso incondicional do chicote, que causa sérias feridas no animal, assim como a falta de cuidados básicos, como a oferta de água e alimentos necessários para manter a nutrição do animal, e, em nenhum momento, há uma atuação do Poder Público para proibir essa situação. Poucas são as cidades brasileiras que buscaram proibir o uso dessa atividade ou regrar de forma a garantir o bem-estar do animal, atendendo assim ao que determina a Constituição vigente, já que a grande maioria dos municípios não buscam nenhuma melhora para essa causa animal. Instala-se a dúvida se não seria a mudança do status jurídico do animal, para a condição de sujeito de direitos, a possível solução no fim da exploração dos animais. Na presente pesquisa será abordado a evolução histórica do pensamento humano sobre o animal, e em especial o animal de tração, os tipos de maus-tratos que essa espécie enfrenta no dia a dia, o tipo de responsabilidade civil que assume o Estado que age de forma omissa com essa situação e a importância do Poder Judiciário, Ministério Público e das Organizações Não-Governamentais na luta contra a exploração do animal de tração além da discussão da possibilidade de mudança da condição jurídica dos animais. Para o trabalho foi utilizado o método hermenêutico e a pesquisa bibliogáfica.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES
The Federal Constitution of 1988 was of fundamental importance to consecrate to the Public Power the incubation of preventing animals from being subjected to ill-treatment or acts of cruelty, and must always act to avoid and prohibit such exposure of the animal. This is a incubated determination to the State, so that it should not be omitted, that is, fail to comply with this constitutional rule. However, the reality is contrary to the legal precept, especially when we see the situation experienced by the animals (equidae) used in traction vehicles in Brazilian cities. They are animals that live being mistreated and exposed to cruel acts by their owners, such as the unconditional use of the whip, which causes serious injuries to the animal, as well as the lack of basic care, such as the supply of water and food necessary for maintain the animal's nutrition, and, at no time, there is an action of the Public Power to prohibit this situation. There are few Brazilian cities that have sought to prohibit the use of this activity or to regulate in a way that guarantees the welfare of the animal, thus fulfilling the requirements of the current Constitution, since the great majority of municipalities do not seek any improvement for this animal cause. The question arises whether it would not be the change of the legal status of the animal, for the condition of subject of rights, the possible solution at the end of the exploitation of the animals. In the present research the historical evolution of human thought about the animal, and especially the animal of traction, the types of mistreatment that this species faces in the day to day, the type of civil responsibility that assumes the state that acts of and the importance of the Judiciary, Public Ministry and Non- Governmental Organizations in the fight against the exploitation of traction animals, as well as discussing the possibility of changing the legal status of animals. For the work the hermeneutical method and the bibliographic search were used.
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Foy, Valencia Pierre Claudio. "Legal system and nature. Considerations on Law and nature." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115998.
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From some reflections on the man (culture) nature relationship, the paper arrives at a set of more specific considerations about nature and the legal system. These will allow sustaining some of their legal expressions: natural resources heritage, commons, and ecosystem, among others. To conclude, the theme of nature as subject will be discussed, complementing the discussion with the topic of the legal system and animals.A partir de unas reflexiones sobre la relación hombre (cultura) naturaleza, se arriba a un conjunto de consideraciones más específicas sobre el sistema jurídico y la naturaleza, las cuales permitirán sustentar algunas de sus expresiones jurídicas: recursos naturales patrimonio, commons, ecosistema entre otras. Finalmente se discute el tema de la naturaleza como sujeto, complementando la discusión con el asunto del sistema legal y los animales.
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Lombard, Chereé. "Animal welfare and the law : towards legal regulation of the welfare of laboratory animals in South Africa / Chereé Lombard." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8718.
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The current legal framework pertaining to animals does not sufficiently address the welfare of animals. The Animal Protection Act 71 of 1962 does not specifically regulate the welfare of animals contained in research laboratories. Animals utilized for experimental research purposes endure tremendous “unnecessary suffering” due to legislative inaptitude. Experimental animals suffer inherent abuses associated with experimental research because of the methods, procedures and processes relevant to the experiments. The most controversial method of experimental research is vivisection. The method of vivisection is not only invasive but also causes “unnecessary suffering” to animals. The non-inherent abuses animals suffer during confinement in a laboratory solely relates to uncontrolled and unregulated conduct of staff.
Continuing the application of the current legislative framework may also be detrimental to the health and well-being of humans. Animals are specifically utilized as objects of science in research laboratories. The data obtained from research experiments conducted on animals are for the benefit of humankind rather than the animals. Scientific research concluded that not only are invasive methods of research conducted on live animals generally regarded as useless but extrapolating data from animals to humans can also be misleading, unnecessary and dangerous. False results and questionable methodologies are some of the other problems that seem to require urgent attention. Ethically, neither human nor animal should be utilized at the expense of the other and therefore it would be reasonable to recommend that legislative reform takes place.
The human perception of animals in terms of the relationship we have with them is the reason why legislative inaptitude in terms of animal welfare exists. The current approach followed is the philosophy of Utilitarianism. Utilitarians believe that neither humans nor animals have rights but interests. Utilitarianism focuses on the permissibility of an act (the use of animals) by weighing the benefits of such an act to the costs suffered because of such act. If the benefits outweigh the costs suffered, the act is permissible. The application of Utilitarianism seems to be the crux of our legislative inaptitude. The human perception and view of animals must therefore be re-directed to develop a sufficient legal framework in terms of animal welfare. A solution offered is to apply an alternative interpretation to the concept of “dignity” (capabilities approach) and progressive realisation. In terms of this solution a species capabilities in terms of its value, capabilities and worth are considered. Inherent to its value, capabilities and worth, is its “dignity”. Once the alternative interpretation of “dignity” is acknowledged, the progressive realisation of its interests can be achieved.Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Johnson, Lisa. "Power, Knowledge, Animals." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/479.
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Although Foucault did not address the question of the animal, he asserted the assessment of whether a new politics of truth can be constituted as "the essential political problem" (1980, p. 134). Though the "essential political problem" may be considered as it relates to the politics of truth about animals, a Foucaultian perspective does not allow a prediction in response, other than the recognition that change may occur. What is understood to be "true" about animals may change if the relationships between events that exist at a given time ("conditions") require the emergence of a different way of knowing. This Foucaultian critique of thought about animals examines "truth" about animals as an historical contingency, variable according to the conditions that have allowed its production. This project contributes to the development of a theoretical context of the politics of truth about animals. The politics of truth about animals is understood to be the push and pull of knowledge generated and perpetuated about them, together with concurrent power apparatuses in support of that knowledge as well as the ever present resistance to that power. By applying and extending Foucault's theory of power -that is, that knowledge is a carrier of power, power is a perpetuator of knowledge, and all power relations have resistances - this work employs Foucault's archaeological method to uncover dominant and subjugated discourses about animals and to describe power-knowledge associated with statements about animals that are understood to convey true things. This project describes the changeable nature of "truth" about animals and, necessarily, the politics of it, since the politics of truth is understood to be propelled by whichever knowledge and associated power are then dominant. Statements in "error" are also examined as resistance to power-knowledge about animals. The project describes subjugated discourses about animals that have been understood in various times and places to have truth-telling powers or, at least, to have been understood as "error," which provided points of resistance to the dominant discourse. It describes the partial derivation of discourse about animals by examining dominant discourses (e.g., the discourse of law and the discourse of lines) and subjugated discourses (e.g., animals are not personal property, karmic discourse, transmigration of souls discourse, rational animal discourse). Additionally, it describes like disperse statements among different referents (i.e., slave, animal, woman) that comprise various discursive formations that have been understood at various times to have truth-telling power about different referents. Subjugated discourse sometimes emerges as new "truth," though no such prediction can be made. To illustrate the point, the project describes the emergence of the new academic field related to the question of the animal, which resurrects or draws from some subjugated discourse (e.g., animals are not personal property).
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Wang, Laura Li Ching. "Natural Law and the Law of Nature in Early British Beast Literature." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11234.
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In the tumultuous political environment of late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Britain, animal literature saw rapid development and innovation. Beast fable and epic, which already had a long tradition in Latin and French, gained new vigor and popularity in English and Scots renditions. Simultaneously, a new strain of political theory appeared in the vernacular. This dissertation makes a tripartite argument about the relationship between these two discourses. First, writers of literature and political theory alike struggled to reconcile an optimistic view of human society, inherent in the prevailing philosophical tradition of natural law, with the widespread corruption they witnessed in ecclesiastical and royal courts. The fruits of this struggle were darkly humorous works of beast epic and fable in the former case, and pragmatic political theory in the latter. Second, because of its literary character, beast literature actually proved more adventurous than political theory in demonstrating how one might use dissimulation to dominate the predatory world of politics, and in showing the moral and linguistic exhaustion that could result from such manipulation of others. Third, as political writers adapted their theories to reflect politics as it was actually practiced, they explicitly turned to beast literature for images and exempla, so that the animal characters of Aesopian fable and Reynardian epic stealthily crept into works of serious political inquiry.
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Hartwig, Wendy. "Legal status and protection of animals in South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/515.
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The animal welfare legislation that is discussed in this Dissertation is just a sample of the available legislation from the chosen foreign jurisdictions and South Africa. The chosen foreign jurisdictions were chosen as a lens to gain a needed perspective on South African animal welfare legislation. The legislation chosen for discussion falls within particular categories that are discussed fully in the later chapters.i Despite the fact that the animal rights and animal welfare movements are recorded to date back as far as 500B.C, the majority of jurisdictions throughout the world still consider animals to be property that can be bought, traded, hunted and after they are killed, their remains kept as trophies or souvenirs. Within these jurisdictions (which includes South Africa and the other four chosen foreign jurisdictions – Kenya, India, Switzerland and the United States of America) there is a demonstrated lack of proper enforcement of the animal welfare/animal anti-cruelty legislation, regulations and industry rules, which is made worse by the actions of uncaring, abusive and/or ignorant people. South Africa is no better or worse to the four chosen jurisdictions in that it has similar anti-cruelty/animal welfare legislation. The lack of proper enforcement of this animal welfare legislation in South Africa should be of great concern as many studies have indicated that there is a link between animal abuse/cruelty and ‘human’ abuse. The same studies also indicate that animal abusers are at a greater risk of becoming violent criminals or of committing a violent crime. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has noted that most serial killers in the USA had a history of torturing, abusing and killing animals before they moved on to torturing, abusing and/or killing humans in their adult life. Needed changes to the animal welfare legislation and how people view animals should be made in South Africa to ensure that welfare of animals is protected. For example, the Government could educate people about animal welfare in order to overcome any ignorance that may be the cause of animal pain and abuse, as well as strengthening existing animal welfare legislation. The eradication of ignorance, as well as a necessary change in the current animal welfare legislation, will help to create a real change in how people view and treat i Chapter 5 and 6. [iii] animals. People will come to realise that animals exist in their own right and that they were not created to serve or to be exploited by man.
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Richards, Georgina Ann. "The fundamental importance of morality to the patenting of animals under the European Patent Convention." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274424.
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Hermanrud, Emilia. "Violence and animals : Moral considerations cencerning injustice, the perception of hierarchy and EU law." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93991.
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Abstract The EU is seen as having one of the most progressive approaches to animals in the world by granting them the status of ‘sentient beings’ in law. This paper discusses this moral status and its prospects within the current legal system. Moral judgements, ideology and value-based assumptions permeate the law. By bringing these to light the debate may be broadened and roots to issues may be made more visible. The paper suggests that it is mainly the entrenched perception of a hierarchy that undermines attempts to progress the animal legal debate. The legislative acceptance of this hierarchy also seems to legitimize violence where ‘acceptable’ violence is seen as relative to an individual’s status in society. Chapter one presents the framework for EU laws pertaining to animals and how acceptable violence towards them is determined. Chapter two attempts to deconstruct the socially and legally accepted levels of violence towards animals used for food by criticizing and challenging the arguments given for using animals for this purpose. Chapter three presents some aspects of contradictory human moral behavior towards animals and how the construct of society might relate to this. Research in psychology and ideological inclinations in EU actions are presented as possible explanations for why the moral foundations of the laws remain amorphous. Chapter four presents some practical obstacles in the way of a fundamental shift in perception for society, followed by a discussion concerning an alternative ethical route that recognizes animals as a powerless group. The way forward is fraught with disagreement, but this paper suggests that the direction is clear.
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Lubelska-Sazanów, Małgorzata [Verfasser]. "Animals as specific objects of obligations under Polish and German law / Małgorzata Lubelska-Sazanów." Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, V&R unipress, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225073421/34.
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Behan, Maeveen. "Science and Lore in Animal Law." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194253.
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This dissertation employs techniques from folkecology to identify factors that have influenced lawmakers in their decision-making about animals. The purpose of this research is to understand the natural world as seen by lawmakers, identify and explain variation between lawmakers and scientists priorities, and, ultimately, consider ways to improve communication of understandings between these two cultures. The study is structured to follow Amadeo Rea's recommendation that scholars "note the etic while searching for the emic" (Rea 1998: xx) It compares priorities and then discusses findings to get at the question of meaning. What do different animals mean to lawmakers? What forces are operating when they make or interpret laws on behalf of animals? The answer "takes us into the realm of mythology," as Rea said it would (Rea 1998: xx), and provides an opportunity to consider the foundations of law and science, and the role of reason, narrative and imagination across the disciplines and across time, as lawmakers - who are keepers and shapers of their cultures -- continuously define and redefine what it means to be human, and what that means for other animals. Findings indicate that conservation efforts need to increase the cultural relevance of the natural world, rather than hope that science alone will change the ethic and priorities of lawmakers.
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Borges, Daniel Moura. "A declaração universal dos direitos dos animais: sua aplicação enquanto soft law e hard law." Faculdade de Direito, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/18719.
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O presente estudo analisa a possibilidade da imputação à Declaração Universal dos Direitos dos Animais a qualidade de Norma Jurídica. Para tanto, faz-se uma análise quanto à possibilidade das declarações internacionais serem fontes do direito internacional. Em seguida, observa-se de que maneira os documentos originados dessas declarações podem funcionar enquanto norma. O objetivo é analisar se a declaração proposta pela Liga Francesa dos Direitos dos Animais na sede da UNESCO em 1978 pode funcionar, imediatamente, como soft law e, mediatamente, como hard law. Para isso, faz-se uso do conceito de acoplamento estrutural, emprestado da Teoria dos Sistemas, para demonstrar de que maneira a interação entre os sistemas político e jurídico pode fazer surgir uma nova norma internacional, reconhecendo, para tanto, a necessidade da mudança do atual paradigma excessivamente antropocêntrico. Essa mudança é necessária para criar o ambiente social propício para criar o aumento da demanda pela ampliação da proteção animal.
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Ramiro, Daniel Pereira. "Vivissecção = uma disputa em sua regulamentação : das ruas ao parlamento." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279336.
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Orientador: Ronaldo Romulo Machado de AlmeidaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A presente dissertação busca rastrear o contradiscurso acerca da experimentação animal no sentido de elucidá-lo enquanto um movimento social. Toma como foco o trâmite da Lei Arouca, de recente aprovação no Congresso Nacional para regulamentar a vivissecção em todo território nacional. A partir desta lei o olhar se volta aos atores sociais envolvidos e às forças políticas conflitantes para esta questão de controvérsia científica. Paralelamente, outras manifestações práticas do contradiscurso serão seguidas a fim de enriquecer o material de análise para colocar em evidência os argumentos que concorrem para a construção simbólica do estatuto do animal de laboratório. Porém, não será perdido de vista o caráter mais amplo no qual o movimento antivivisseccionista está inserido, a saber, a luta contra a exploração dos animais não-humanos
Abstract: This dissertation intends to follow the counter-discourse on animal experimentation in order to elucidate it as a social movement. It is focused on the processing of Arouca Law, recently passed the Congress to regulate vivisection nationwide. From this law, the focus is on the social actors involved and the political conflicting forces for this matter of scientific controversy. In parallel, other practical manifestations of counter-discourse will be followed in order to enrich the material for analysis to highlight the arguments that contribute to the symbolic status of laboratory animals. However, the broader nature in which the antivivisection movement is inserted, namely the fight against the exploitation of nonhuman animals, will not be lost
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social
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Tanguay, Jacques H. "The animal purity laws of Leviticus 11." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.
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Khewu-Mokati, N. P. D. "The use of animals by African people (Blacks) : an ethical perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52584.
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Thesis (MPhil)-- Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This ethical case study of public slaughter has indicated that there is an urgent need to address the issue of public slaughter, because it has resulted in animosity and polarisation between black and white people living in the Goldfields. Black people feel that their rights are violated, and they are not protected by the government because they encounter problems when practising their rituals. White people feel that the government is not protecting them from the health hazards caused by black people. The ultimate aim of the study is to contribute to and amplify the existing body of knowledge with regard to the extent of the problem experienced by people in the Goldfields, its impact in their every day lives and to propose guidelines that will help when regulations governing environmental issues are drawn. In order to accomplish these aims the following objectives should be realised by this study: • South Africa is a multi-racial country so a uniting policy is needed. • Each culture is unique and it has a special value, so no culture must be marginalised. • The old policy needs to be revised and amendments made. • Identify the actual causes of these problems. Are they racist driven or are they driven by genuine health concerns? This ethical study also indicates that the following are central values that should inform decision-making: • Health. • Respect and tolerance. • Communication. • Participation. Transparency. • Commitment. Based on the findings from the research conducted it is clear that both clashing parties (black and white people) need to live in peace at the ultimate end although their description of peaceful life differs, so the following recommendations are made as to how to address and alleviate problems caused by public slaughter. • A formal meeting must be convened to discuss this critical issue. • Drafted proposals must be produced. • The proposals must be debated. • The proposal must be adopted. • The existing bylaws must be changed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie gevallestudie in etiek oor slagtery in die openbaar is bevind dat daar 'n dringende behoefte bestaan om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek, veralomdat dit in die verlede reeds tot spanning en polarisasie tussen swart en wit groepe in die Goudveld aanleiding gegee het. Swartmense voel dat hulle regte aangetas word en dat hulle nie genoegsaam deur die owerheid beskerm word om hulle rituele uit te voer nie. Witmense voel weer dat die owerheid hulle nie beskerm teen gesondheidsgevare wat geskep word deur swartmense nie. Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie ondersoek is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die uitbouing van bestaande kennis oor die omvang van die probleem wat mense in die Goudveld ondervind met slagtery in die openbaar, wat die impak daarvan is op die alledaagse lewens van mense, en om voorstelle aan die hand te doen wat gebruik kan word wanneer regulasies opgestel word oor omgewingskwessies soos hierdie. Om hierdie oogmerke te bereik sal die volgende punte in hierdie studie aandag ontvang: • Suid-Afrika is 'n veelrassige land, so 'n beleid word benodig wat mense verenig. • Elke kultuur is uniek en het 'n besondere waarde, dus geen kultuur mag gemarginaliseer word nie. • Die bestaande beleid moet hersien en aangepas word. • Die werklike oorsake van die probleme moet geïdentifiseer word. Is hulle rassisties van aard, of gebaseer op werklike gesondheidsoorweginge ? In hierdie etiese studie is ook vasgestel dat die volgende kern-waardes die proses van besluitneming behoort te beïnvloed: • Gesondheid. • Respek en verdraagsaamheid. • Kommunikasie. • Deelname. • Deursigtigheid. • Verbintenis ("commitment"). Vanuit die bevindinge van die navorsing is dit duidelik dat albei die botsende partye (swart- en witmense) uiteindelik in vrede met mekaar moet saamleef, alhoewel hulle omskrywings van 'n vreedsame lewe verskil van mekaar. Gevolglik is die volgende aanbevelings gemaak om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek: • 'n Formele byeenkoms moet saamgeroep word om die kritiese probleem te bespreek. • Skriftelike voorstelle moet vir so 'n byeenkoms opgestel word. • Die voorstelle moet bespreek word. • 'n Voorstel moet aanvaar word. • Die bestaande regulasies moet verander word.
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Kirszenblat, Joël. "L'animal en droit public." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0463.
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Les animaux, longtemps considérés comme des êtres appartenant au régime juridique des biens, tendent aujourd’hui à s’éloigner de cette catégorie. Si en France le droit leur refuse le statut de personne non-humaine, la qualification d’être sensible leur est toutefois attribuée et reconnue. Cette singularité juridique – où l’animal est à la fois un être vivant et appartient à la catégorie juridique des biens – a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux, et certains chercheurs sont parvenus à résoudre ces paradoxes. Toutefois, si l’animal a été abondamment abordé sous le prisme du droit privé, peu de travaux spécialisés ou d’ensemble ont été menés en droit public. Pourtant, il semble que l’étude de l’animal en droit public apporte des questionnements et des réponses tout aussi intéressantes. C’est ainsi que la présente thèse, « L’animal en droit public », a suivi deux choix principaux et complémentaires : celui de l’inventaire, puis celui de la théorisation. Enfin, le droit public offre de nouvelles perspectives dans la réalisation d’un véritable droit de l’animal. Cette construction, qui a pour principal résultat d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de déréification, et d’éviter certaines incohérences, permettrait une mise en avant des intérêts animaliers, notamment en les assimilant à un nouvel ordre sociétal à protéger ou en apportant une nouvelle approche dans la personnification des animaux. En outre, l’étude du droit public comparé nous offre des perspectives différentes dans la défense de la cause animale, notamment par le biais de la constitutionAnimals, which for a long time were legally classified as property, are nowadays beginning to be recategorised. Even if French law denies them the status of non-human persons, they are nonetheless recognized as being sentient. This legal oddity, in which animals are at one and the same time both living beings and property, has been the subject of numerous studies, and certain researchers have succeeded in resolving these paradoxes. However, if the status of animals has been frequently examined from a legal angle, little specific or overall research has been undertaken in the domain of public law. And yet, it appears that the study of animals in public law raises questions and answers that are equally interesting. That is why the present thesis, « Animals in public law », follows two main, complementary choices: that of being an inventory, and that of theorizing. Charting, first of all, the reality of the situation seems essential in order to facilitate doctrinal or jurisprudential interpretation. Secondly, this study has made possible the theorizing of certain judicial questions. Finally, public law offers new perspectives for the creating of a true system of laws concerning animals. This work, whose main outcome is to contribute new elements to dereification and to avoid certain inconsistences, would foreground animal interests – notably by placing animals in a new societal order to be protected, or by setting forth a new approach to the personification of animals. Moreover, the study of comparative public law offers us different perspectives in the defence of animal rights – notably through the constitution
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Leyton, Donoso Fabiola. "Bioética frente a los derechos animales: tensión en las fronteras de la filosofía moral." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/292240.
Full textAbstract:
La bioética es una disciplina emergente y en auge, que busca responder a las preguntas éticas que el desarrollo de la ciencia y la técnica abren a la sociedad. Una de estas preguntas, el trato que damos a los animales no humanos, está insuficientemente trabajada en este ámbito, prueba de ello es que existe muy escasa literatura en bioética referida al tema. El objetivo de esta tesis es profundizar en la cuestión de nuestra relación con los animales no humanos desde la filosofía moral, para presentar argumentos y propuestas que ayuden a la consolidación de este espacio en la bioética.
Con este fin, primero se contextualiza la bioética y la situación de los animales en dos ámbitos concretos en que la sociedad se beneficia de ellos: la ganadería industrial y la investigación con animales. A continuación se presentan cuatro teorías éticas que acogen la considerabilidad moral de los animales (utilitarismo, deontología, contractualismo e igualitarismo) y se discuten en relación a la ganadería y la experimentación. En el desarrollo de esta investigación, conceptos como sintiencia, especismo, bienestar animal y consentimiento son herramientas claves para el análisis teórico y práctico del tema. Finalmente, del análisis ético-normativo se derivarán nueve conclusiones que buscarán ser un aporte para la ampliación de la bioética hacia una bioética global, que considere a todos los seres sintientes que son afectados por el desarrollo científico y técnico.Bioethics is an emergent discipine that look for answer those ethical questions opened to society by the development of science and technology. One of these questions, the way we treat nonhuman animals, has been insufficiently worked in this field, proof of this is the very few literature on bioethics regarding the topic. The objective of this thesis is to examine the question of our relationship with nonhuman animals from some perspectives on moral philosophy, to present arguments and proposals to help to consolidate this overlooked area on bioethics. With this aim, bioethics is contextualized and the situation of nonhuman animals is presented in two specific ambits in which society benefits from them: factory farming and animal research. Then, four ethical theories which support the moral considerability of nonhuman animals are discussed in relation to livestock and experimentation. In the development of this research, concepts as sentience, speciesism, animal welfare and consent are key for the teorethical and practical analysis of the topic. Finally, the ethical-normative analysis will include nine conclusions as contribution to the expansion of bioethics towards a global bioethics, that considers all living beings that are affected by the scientific and technical development of our world.
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Caneparo, Camila Juliana Francisco. "Políticas públicas de proteção animal: o programa RDPA do município de Curitiba e sua efetividade perante o direito ambiental." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1003.
Full textAbstract:
O presente trabalho inicia-se com a pesquisa bibliográfica que permitiu a apresentação das disposições normativas acerca da proteção jurídica do meio ambiente, nela incluída os animais domésticos. O conjunto normativo pátrio e estrangeiro evoluiu quanto ao amparo ambiental, vislumbrando-se nova postura do Poder Público em decorrência dos atuais paradigmas da sociedade, que vem cada vez mais se preocupando com a preservação dos recursos ambientais e dos demais elementos ecológicos. Percebe-se que atualmente a garantia dos direitos dos animais não se restringe apenas aos silvestres e exóticos, mas resta consagrada a dos domésticos (como cães e gatos), principalmente pelas disposições constitucionais. No que diz respeito ao tema políticas públicas, é conceituado como o plano de ações governamentais para concretizar os direitos coletivos da sociedade, tendo sido discorrido especificamente acerca das políticas voltadas ao bem-estar dos animais domésticos, com a descrição de exemplos de ações implementadas em diversos locais. Por conseguinte, apresenta-se o programa Rede de Defesa e Proteção Animal do Município de Curitiba (RDPA), referenciando-se seu histórico, objetivos, ações e resultados por meio da pesquisa qualitativa. Diante desses dados, constata-se a efetividade do programa estudado à luz das disposições legais e principiológicas a ele aplicáveis, pois vem executando ações de cunho educacional como a propagação da Guarda Responsável e do Projeto Veterinário Mirim. Ainda, disponibiliza castração para famílias de baixa renda, consideradas vulneráveis pela FAS e em situação de risco para a COHAB, bem como para protetores independentes, medida que se mostra efetiva para diminuir a natalidade e não ocasiona sofrimento aos animais. Os maus-tratos têm sido combatidos principalmente por ações de fiscalização nos estabelecimentos que comercializam os animais, em que se averigua se há o atendimento à legislação. Por fim, o Município tem divulgado o evento Feira Amigo Bicho e cedido espaço no Parque Barigui para ONG’s e protetores levarem animais para serem doados. Foram apresentadas propostas para o aperfeiçoamento do programa ora estudado, como a averiguação de implantar a isenção fiscal para estimular comportamentos ecologicamente corretos e o custeio de ações do programa. Outra sugestão indicada, por exemplo, foi a análise da viabilidade de instaurar chamamento público por parte do ente municipal responsável pela RDPA para obtenção de patrocínio, em que as patrocinadoras divulgam suas logomarcas e em contrapartida custeiam castrações, vacinações e microchipagens.This dissertation begins with a bibliographic research that allowed the presentation of the legislative provisions concerning the legal protection of the environment, included domestic animals. The national and foreign laws evolved as environmental protection, with a new position of the Government due the current paradigms of the society, which increasingly is concerned with the preservation of environmental resources and other environmental elements. Currently it is noticed that the rights of animals are not only restricted to wild and exotic, but also to the domestics (dogs and cats), mainly by constitutional provisions. In relation to public policy subject, it is conceptualized as the governmental action plan to achieve the collective rights of society, having been specifically discoursed on policies focused at domestic animals welfare, with some examples of actions in several locations. Therefore, it is presented the DNAP Program of Curitiba (RDPA), referencing its history, objectives, actions and results through qualitative research. Given these data, it is noted the effectiveness of the studied program under the law and set of principles applicable to it, because it is implementing educational actions as the Responsible Guard and Veterinary Project Mirim (Young Officers). It also offers castration for families considered vulnerable by FAS and in situation of risk to COHAB and low income families, as well for independent protectors, effective measure to reduce the birth rate and does not cause suffering to animals. The maltreatments are being tackled mainly by enforcement actions in the establishments that sell animals, where it is examined if there is compliance with the law. Finally, Curitiba has divulged the event Feira Amigo Bicho (Animal Friend Fair) and ceded space in the Barigüi Park for NGOs and protectors take animals to be donated. Proposals for improving the program were presented, as the possibility of implementation of tax exemption to encourage environmentally friendly behaviors and the costing of program actions. Another suggestion indicated, for example, was the feasibility analysis of establish a public invitation by the municipal entity responsible for DNAP to obtain sponsorship, where the sponsors disclose their logos, but paying for castrations, vaccinations and microchips implants.
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Čenienė, Jurga. "Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais pagal Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių įstatymus." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_152607-72782.
Full textAbstract:
Magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas – baudžiamosios atsakomybės už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais samprata ir teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvos ir užsienio įstatymuose bei teismų praktikoje. Magistro baigiamajame darbe apžvelgiama gyvūnų apsaugos įstatymų ir žiauraus elgesio su gyvūnais kriminalizavimo istorinė raida. Analizuojami pasirinktų užsienio šalių (JAV, Rusijos Federacijos, Vokietijos Federacijos ir Europos Sąjungos) teisės aktai numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais, aptariamos tų šalių teisinės bazės spragos. Darbe nagrinėjami šiuo metu Lietuvoje galiojantys ir gyvūnų gerovę reglamentuojantys įstatymai ir tarptautinės sutartys. Atliekama detali LR Baudžiamojo kodekso 310 straipsnio, numatančio baudžiamąją atsakomybę už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais sudėties sisteminė analizė. Pasitelkiant teismų praktikos pavyzdžius loginio-analitinio ir lingvistinio (verbalinio) teisės aiškinimo metodų pagalba išryškinami šios teisės normos dispozicijos trūkumai ir pateikiami pasiūlymai kaip tuos trūkumus būtų galima pašalinti. Pateikiami pamąstymai ir pasiūlymai gyvūnų numarinimo (eutanazijos) problemos sprendimui bei nagrinėjamos LR Gyvūnų gerovės ir apsaugos įstatymo projekto nuostatos reglamentuojančios žiauraus elgesio su gyvūnais sampratą. Įvertinus šiame darbe formuluojamos problemos aspektus ginama hipotezė, kad dėl nepakankamai detalios teisinės reglamentacijos kyla praktinių baudžiamosios teisės normų taikymo už žiaurų elgesį su gyvūnais problemų.Subject of Master's thesis is the criminal responsibility for cruelty to animals and the concept of legal regulation in the Lithuanian and foreign laws, and in court practice too. The Master's thesis gives the historical review of evolution of criminalization of the legislation on protection of animals and ill treatment of them. In the Thesis the analysis of legal acts of selected foreign countries (USA, Russia, Germany and European Union) is made. Are analyzed the legal acts providing criminal sanction for ill treatment of animals, and are discussed the gaps of legal base of mentioned countries. In the Master's thesis the laws existing now in Lithuania and also international treaties which regulate welfare of animals are considered. It is made the detailed analysis of the contents of the Article 310 of the Criminal code of the Republic of Lithuanian, which provides the criminal responsibility for cruelty to animals. On examples of court practice by means of analytical and verbal methods of statutory interpretation of rules of law the shortcomings of a disposition of this legal norm come to light, and also ways of their emendation are offered. In the Master's thesis the suggestions for a solution of the problem of euthanasia of animals are provided, and also provisions of draft of the Republic of Lithuania Law on welfare and protection of animals regulating a concept of ill treatment of animals, are considered. Considering aspects of the problem formulated in this Master's... [to full text]
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Prisner-Levyne, Yann. "La protection de la faune sauvage terrestre en droit international public." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D086/document.
Full textAbstract:
La faune sauvage terrestre est actuellement confrontée a une sixième extinction de masse dont l’origine, contrairement aux extinctions des ères passées, est principalement anthropogénique. Suite à la prise de conscience de la communauté internationale dans les années 70, un nombre sans cesse croissant d’instruments juridiques ont été élaborés en vue de la protection de la faune sauvage terrestre sans pour autant parvenir à endiguer la disparition des espèces. A travers ce constat, c’est l’efficacité du régime juridique relatif à la protection de la faune sauvage terrestre qui est en cause. Le cœur du problème réside dans le fait que la faune sauvage terrestre est considérée comme une ressource naturelle. En ce sens, chaque État a compétence pour gérer, exploiter voire détruire les ressources en faune situées sur son territoire en vertu du principe de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles. Or, ce principe est en contradiction avec les réalités écologiques et biologiques dans la mesure où la faune sauvage terrestre, outre le fait qu’elle puisse être amenée a se déplacer sur le territoire de plusieurs États, participe à l’entretien d’écosystèmes ou à des processus biologiques qui dépassent bien souvent le cadre des frontières étatiques. L’exploitation des ressources en faune dans un État donné peut donc avoir des effets sur l’environnement des États tiers. En conséquence, la souveraineté des États sur leurs ressources en faune ne peut être absolue, ce que traduit imparfaitement le principe de non-utilisation dommageable du territoire dont l’application concrète et pratique à la faune sauvage terrestre reste incertaine eu égard à la difficile appréhension par le droit de la complexité des processus écologiques transfrontières. La faune sauvage terrestre ne devrait donc pas être soumise au même régime juridique que les ressources naturelles extractives qui sont invariablement situées sur le territoire d’un État donné et qui ne participent à l’entretien d’aucun écosystème ou processus biologique. Il serait sans doute plus pertinent d’envisager pour la faune sauvage terrestre un régime juridique comparable à celui qui s’applique à certains cours d’eau et bassins internationaux basé sur la Coopération. En effet, même s'il n’existe pas de régime juridique général applicable aux cours d’eau, ces derniers sont la plupart du temps considérés comme des ressources partagées de facto impliquant une gestion commune par les États riverains sans que la souveraineté de ces derniers soit remise en cause. Cette solution n’est pas celle qui prévaut actuellement en droit international. En effet, le régime actuel, entièrement construit autour du principe de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles se caractérise par sa fragmentation. Les obligations étatiques en matière de protection de la faune sauvage terrestre sont majoritairement d’origine conventionnelle. [...]Terrestrial wildlife is actually facing a sixth mass extinction which is mostly anthropogenic contrary to past mass extinctions. After the international community took notice of the problem in the 70s, an increasing number of legal instruments were adopted in order to protect terrestrial wildlife worldwide. Yet, wildlife populations continued to decline. Through this terrible assessment, it is the efficiency of the international legal regime of wildlife protection which needs to be questioned and scrutinized.The crux of the problem lies in the fact that terrestrial wildlife is considered as a natural resource. As such, each State has jurisdiction to manage, exploit, deplete, or even destroy wildlife resources located on their territory pursuant to the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. However, this principle is in contradiction with ecological and biological realities Indeed, terrestrial fauna, apart from the fact that it may move from one State to the other, is involved in the maintenance of ecosystems and other complex biological processes which effects are felt way outside the borders of a single State. As a result, the exploitation of wildlife resources in one State can have dire consequences on the environment of other States. As such, sovereignty over wildlife resources cannot be absolute which the principle of good neighbourliness imperfectly captures. Yet, it appears that the application of this principle in the context of the conservation of wildlife resources raises a certain number of uncertainties due to the difficulty to translate in legal terms the complexities of the ecological processes involved. Consequently, terrestrial wildlife should not be regulated by the same legal regime as the one applicable to extractive resources which are invariably located within the borders of a single State and are not part of any transnational ecological process. Maybe would it be more relevant to apply a legal regime similar to the one applicable to international waterways, most of them are considered as de facto shared resources implying a regime of common management between Riverine States without their respective sovereignty being challenged in any way. Yet this solution is not the one that prevails under international law as far as wildlife resources are concerned. The actual regime is entirely built around the principle of terrestrial sovereignty over natural resources where each State is responsible for implementing its international obligations in its own territory. [...]
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Cintrat, Maud. "La santé de l'animal d'élevage : recherche sur l'appréhension de l'animal en droit sanitaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0481/document.
Full textAbstract:
Étudier l’animal en droit permet de mettre en lumière les difficultés du droit à refléter tant sa réalité biologique que l’évolution de sa perception sociale. L’animal bouleverse les agencements traditionnels du droit, les catégories juridiques, y compris lorsqu’il est élevé par l’homme dans l’une des perspectives les plus utilitaristes qui soit : l’alimentation. L’analyse des règles de droit relatives à la santé de l’animal d’élevage a été conçue dans l’optique de déterminer si ces règles visent à satisfaire un intérêt « animalitaire ». Saisir les modalités de l’appréhension de la santé de cet animal par les règles de droit a permis de constater que, d’une part, ces règles voient leur emprise sur sa santé élargie et que, d’autre part, les sources de ces règles se sont étendues pour s’inscrire dans des organisations à vocation économique reflétant in fine son instrumentalisation par l’homme. C’est dans ce cadre que peut être mis en évidence un dualisme dans l’appréhension de l’animal à travers les règles de droit relatives à sa santé ; dualisme qui comporte, en germe, toute l’ambivalence de la question animale en droit. Saisi à la fois comme membre d’une collectivité et à la fois comme individu, l’animal d’élevage voit néanmoins la protection de sa santé soumise à la satisfaction d’intérêts anthropocentriquesStudying the animal under a legal perspective enables to highlight the issues faced by law to reflect not only its biological reality but also the evolution of its social perception. The animal disrupts the traditional legal layouts, legal categories, included when it is bred by man to achieve one of its most utilitarian goals: food. The analysis of the legislation relating to the health of the farmed animal has been designed with the intention to determine whether or not those rules aim to satisfy an “animalitarian” interest. Determining the terms under which animal health is apprehended by law has enabled to observe that, on the one hand, those rules enlarge their grip on their health and, on the other hand, the sources of those rules have been extended in order to fall within organizations with economic purpose, reflecting in fine its instrumentalization by man. In this framework, a dualism can be highlighted in the way the animal is apprehended through the legislation relating to its health. This dualism comprises the seeds of the whole ambivalence of the question of the animal in law. Caught altogether as a member of a collectivity and as an individual, the farmed animal nevertheless sees the protection of its health subject to the satisfaction of anthropocentric interests
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Filipecki, Ana Tereza Pinto. "Análise do modo de apropriação do marco regulatório do uso de animais na pesquisa científica no Brasil: estudo de caso da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4398.
Full textAbstract:
Após 13 anos de debate parlamentar, o governo federal instituiu em 8 de outubro
de 2008 uma nova ordem jurídico-administrativa através da Lei n.11.794 que foi
regulamentada em 15 de julho de 2009 com o Decreto 6.899. A nova legislação
introduziu modelos de condutas que antes não existiam, criou o Conselho Nacional de
Controle de Experimentação Animal (CONCEA) e tornou obrigatória a implantação de
Comissões de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUAs) pelas instituições que criam ou
utilizam animais para ensino e pesquisa. Partindo do pressuposto de que a Lei n.
11794/2008 é uma política pública regulatória de ciência, tecnologia e inovação em
saúde (CT&I/S), o objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que a implementação da política
regulatória em uma instituição pública federal de pesquisa em saúde é um processo
atravessado por relações transnacionais, pelas interpretações que os atores da pesquisa
fazem da Lei com base em suas práticas de trabalho, e pelas ações institucionais de
tradução local de outras políticas governamentais. O estudo contempla dois níveis de
descrição e análise complementares: o da formulação e o da implementação da política
regulatória na Fiocruz. O primeiro descreve e analisa o processo de tramitação do
Projeto de Lei que originou a Lei e sua regulamentação pelo CONCEA, até dezembro
de 2011. O segundo é um estudo de caso inspirado pela abordagem interpretativa,
centrado na tradução da Lei pelos pesquisadores, especialistas e gestores da Fiocruz em
relação às suas práticas de trabalho. A tese formulada resulta do seguinte percurso
metodológico: leitura do movimento de tradução dos interesses dos atores envolvidos
no jogo parlamentar do Congresso Nacional de formulação, discussão e aprovação da
Lei; delineamento do espaço institucional em que as interpretações dos pesquisadores
estão embebidas e que as políticas de CT&I/S são implementadas; leitura das ações e
dos programas em CT&I/S do MS para a Fiocruz entre 2004 e 2010; um ano de
observação participante nas reuniões da Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da
Fiocruz; entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 22 pesquisadores, gestores e especialistas
em animais de laboratório para compreender o enquadramento da Lei pelos atores nas
suas práticas de trabalho. Concluimos afirmando que a aproximação entre a pesquisa
pré-clinica e clínica é uma estratégia de contorno às restrições vivenciadas pelos
pesquisadores nos processos de trabalho com animais de pesquisa que se desenvolve no
cenário da pesquisa translacional e transnacional. O modelo animal é um dispositivo
que divide as comunidades instrumentais de pesquisadores biomédicos entre os que
utilizam e os que não utilizam animais. A governança da pesquisa biomédica com
animais de laboratório não está estabilizada no espaço institucional: as diferentes
comunidades instrumentais de usuários de animais, produtores de animais, gestores e
membros da CEUA estão em disputa.After 13 years of parliamentary debate, the Brazilian federal government instituted on October 8, 2008 a new legal and administrative order to regulate the use of animals in research and education. A federal law (Law n. 11794/2008), a federal decree (Decree n. 6899/2009) and three normative resolutions were enacted from 2008 to 2011. Among its clauses, the legislation creates the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and made mandatory the implementation of an Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) in institutions that breed or use animals for educational purposes and research. We describe and analyze the implementation of the new regulatory regime. Inspired by interpretative policy analysis, we asked how the regulated actors frame the legislation in relation to their work practices. That is, what is directing their attention? How do they interpret and understand the legislation? Do they form different interpretative communities to address the issues associated to the current legislation? Our findings are based on a year participant observation inside of a local CEUA, semi structured interviews (15 seniors researchers, 4 managers and 3 specialists) and document analysis. We concluded by stating that: 1) animal modelsare devices that divide the instrumental community of biomedical researchers in two sub communities: users and not users of research animals; 2) the new legal framework separates the instrumental community of animal users in two subcommunities that strive for diverse interests: research bench and field researchers, (3) the diversity of interpretations of the law associated with each instrumental community may be associated to the lack of regulation of sensitive topics such as surgical procedures and anesthetics, euthanasia and reuse of animals, 4) governance of biomedical research based on laboratory animals is not stabilized inside the institutional space: different instrumental communities of users of animals, livestock producers, managers and CEUAs members are in dispute; 5) the proximity between preclinical research and clinical practice is a strategy to outline the restrictions experienced by researchers in the process of working with research animals that develops in the setting of transnational and translational research.
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Fructuoso, González Iván. "Los animales y las medidas coercitivas de carácter procesal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672061.
Full textAbstract:
La configuració legal dels animals com a éssers sentents, a la llum de la declaració continguda en l’art. 13 de el Tractat de Funcionament de la Unió Europeu, contrasta amb la situació de l’animal-cosa de l’ordenament jurídic espanyol. Les reformes proposades en èpoques recents s’han centrat en el reconeixement dels animals com a éssers sentents; però, en matèria de Dret processal, no han anat més enllà de la declaració d’inembargabilitat de l’animal de companyia. En conseqüència, els animals poden ser objecte de mesures coercitives de caràcter processal, com l’embargament, el dipòsit, la intervenció i el decomís, i es poden veure afectats per altres mesures com ara llançaments, ordres de protecció i resolucions adoptades en processos de separació i divorci. Amb independència de la consideració de l’animal com ser que sent o com cosa, la seva naturalesa d’ésser viu li fa creditor d’una regulació específica que fugi de preceptes ideats per a objectes inanimats. En el present treball s’abordaran totes aquelles mesures de caràcter processal que puguin arribar a afectar un animal: embargament, dipòsit, intervenció i decomís, llançaments, resolucions adoptades en matèria de família i ordres de protecció. En tots aquests supòsits, es tractarà d’oferir una solució òptima basada en la normativa existent, intentant adaptar-la a l’especial naturalesa dels animals com a éssers vius. No obstant això, la inexistència d’un marc normatiu específic aboca a la necessària reforma de les lleis processals espanyoles. Per això, es conclourà el treball amb una proposta de modificació de determinats preceptes de les lleis d’enjudiciament civil i criminal, que recullin el supòsit particular que un animal sigui objecte d’una mesura coercitiva de caràcter processal.La configuración legal de los animales como seres sentientes, a la luz de la declaración contenida en el art. 13 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europeo contrasta con la situación del animal-cosa del ordenamiento jurídico español. Las reformas propuestas en épocas recientes se han centrado en el reconocimiento de los animales como seres sentientes; sin embargo, en materia de Derecho procesal, no han ido más allá de la declaración de inembargabilidad del animal de compañía. En consecuencia, los animales pueden ser objeto de medidas coercitivas de carácter procesal, como el embargo, el depósito, la intervención y el decomiso, y pueden verse afectados por otras medidas tales como lanzamientos, órdenes de protección y resoluciones adoptadas en procesos de separación y divorcio. Con independencia de la consideración del animal como ser sentiente o como cosa, su naturaleza de ser vivo le hace acreedor de una regulación específica que huya de preceptos ideados para objetos inanimados. En el presente trabajo se abordarán todas aquellas medidas de carácter procesal que puedan llegar a afectar a un animal: embargo, depósito, intervención y decomiso, lanzamientos, resoluciones adoptadas en materia de familia y órdenes de protección. En todos esos supuestos, se tratará de ofrecer una solución óptima basada en la normativa existente, intentando adaptarla a la especial naturaleza de los animales en tanto que seres vivos. Sin embargo, la inexistencia de un marco normativo específico aboca a la necesaria reforma de las leyes procesales españolas. Por ello, se concluirá el trabajo con una propuesta de modificación de determinados preceptos de las leyes de enjuiciamiento civil y criminal, que recojan el supuesto particular de que un animal sea objeto de una medida coercitiva de carácter procesal.
The legal configuration of animals as sentient beings, in the light of the proclamation contained in art. 13 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union contrasts with the situation of the animal-thing of the Spanish legal system. All the proposed reformations in recent times have focused on the recognition of the animals as sentient beings; however, in the matter of procedure law, they have go as far as declaring the company animals can´t be the object of a seizure. In essence, animals can be the object of procedural coercive measures like seizure, deposit and confiscation, and can be affected by other measures such as evictions, protection orders and rulings adopted in separation and divorce procedures. With independence of the animal’s recognition as sentient being or their consideration as things, their living being nature makes them creditors of a specific regulation running away from regulation conceived for inanimate objects. In the present work, all the procedural measures that may affect an animal will be covered and analyzed: seizure, deposit, confiscation, eviction, rulings adopted in family procedures and protection orders. In all those cases, we´ll try to offer a solution based on the actual legal system, attempting to adapt it to the special nature of the animals as living beings. However, the inexistence of a specific legal framework dooms to the necessary reformation of the Spanish procedural laws. Because of that situation, we´ll conclude this work with a proposal of reformation of the civil and criminal procedure laws that incorporates the particularity of the animals as object of procedural coercive measures.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Seguretat Humana i Dret Global
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Letourneau, Lyne. "Animal protection law in Great Britain : in search of the existing moral orthodoxy." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602287.
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Omnipresent in Western society, the idea of progress is commonly advanced in relation to the development of animal protection law in Great Britain. Essentially, it is argued that the law now recognises that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. From the concept of "animal as object" to that of "animal as person", indeed, the history of Western philosophical thinking bears witness to a progressive acknowledgement of animals (or, at least, of some animals) as full members of the moral community, along with all human beings. However, as political theorist Robert Garner argues in his book Animals, Politics and Morality, public policy is never simply a product of moral principles. Rather, influenced by pressure groups, it is the result of a process based on negotiation and compromise. That being the case, in the present thesis, I ask whether Great Britain has truly been the scene of moral progress through the development of animal protection law and to what extent one may speak of moral progress at all in relation to this area of law. Is animal protection law in Great Britain moving away from the traditional moral position that animals are exclusively means to human ends, thereby granting moral standing and equal moral status to animals The answer to this question lies with identifying the philosophical conception of the relations between humans and animals which is expressed through the body of animal protection law in this country. For animals' moral status within the law ensues directly from it. In the first chapter, following the great influence the position plays in the contemporary debate over our moral treatment of animals, I use Tom Regan's theory of animal rights to assess whether animal protection law in Great Britain reflects a conception of human-animal relations that is consistent with a recognition that animals possess moral rights. In the second chapter, I defend the view that animal protection law in Great Britain does not reflect utilitarianism - a position that has been popularised in animal ethics by moral philosopher Peter Singer. In the third chapter, building on the distinctive features of animal protection law in Great Britain which have emerged from the analysis in Chapters I and II, I contend that the law reflects "group egoism" - a form of consequentialism which falls between ethical egoism and utilitarianism. To be sure, what comes forth as the dominant position underlying animal protection law in Great Britain is that human beings protect animals only to the extent to which benefit is provided to them in return, or, at the very least, to the extent that so doing does not impinge on their interests in animal use. Does this position represent any kind of moral progress In the context of changing human attitudes towards animals and the development of animal protection law, I argue that it does. However, this moral progress carries no recognition that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. Far from doing away with the traditional position that animals are exclusively means to human ends, animal protection law in Great Britain fits in with this way of thinking and grants to animals an instrumental value only.
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Lee, Angela. "Seeding Sustainability Over Extracting Capital: Advancing a Vision for Technology Justice in the Canadian Agri-Food Sector." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42003.
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The detrimental consequences associated with industrial models of food production are becoming more difficult to ignore. In response, one dominant approach to mitigating the myriad environmental, social, and ethical harms relating to food has sought to increase the efficiency of agricultural outputs through scientific and technological innovation. Although technology certainly has some role to play in any vision of a sustainable future, technocratic approaches to problem solving are insufficient—and arguably inappropriate—for addressing many of the kinds of complex challenges that we face today.
There are recent indications that both agri-food law and policy and innovation policy are being taken more seriously in Canada, which creates an opportunity to reflect more deliberately on their ends and means. This dissertation explores the topic of how laws, policies, and other tools of governance can work to better align technological innovations in the agri-food sector with shared environmental goals and ethical aspirations. Taking a critical legal perspective closely informed by feminist insights and the work of existing, analogous justice movements, I examine several interlinkages between technology, law, the environment, and society to evaluate some of the failings of existing approaches to food systems transformation and to offer a contribution to the conversation about alternative pathways. Given the context-specific nature of food systems and food systems governance, my focus is primarily on Canada, but the universal importance of food in a globalized world renders some comparative and transnational discussion unavoidable.
I use case studies and discourse analysis to demonstrate that, when considered through a justice-oriented lens, several of the new and emerging technologies being championed in the agri-food sector may not be as beneficial as their proponents claim. Instead, they may serve to retrench injustice and cement existing, exploitative power structures, making them more difficult to challenge and change later down the line. Thus, if technologies are to serve public instead of private interests in the ways they are incentivized, designed, regulated, and used, we will need to see broad systemic and structural reforms informed by thoughtful shifts in our values and priorities, rather than merely reactive adjustments to our policies and practices. Though this undertaking will be difficult, it is not impossible; this dissertation offers one way to facilitate the process of seeding change for environmental sustainability and technological justice.
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Payo, Payo Ana. "Effects of environmental variability and perturbations on seabirds' population dynamics = Efectos de la variabilidad ambiental y las perturbaciones en la dinámica de poblaciones de las aves marinas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404751.
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The overarching aim of my thesis was to assess the role of environmental variability and specially of perturbations in the population dynamics of social vertebrates.
Our results emphasize the need to collect individual, population and metapopulation data at long term and large spatial scales. Such information is crucial to understand wild animal populations respond to environmental variability and perturbations.
We demonstrate that environmental variability and perturbations induce complex responses and lead to covariance processes within demographic traits at different spatio-temporal scales.
As expected for long-lived species, perturbations encouraged species to halt breeding investment in order to ensure future survival. However, under strong perturbation regimes an unknown population resilience threshold is surpassed and foregoing reproduction is insufficient to buffer population changes.
Cumulative effects of perturbations magnified population decreases across large spatio-temporal scales. Consecutive perturbations are potentially useful tools to effectively manage overabundant species. However, caution must be taken because their long-term consequences are still poorly understood.
Severe environmental conditions caused both lethal and non-lethal responses on populations. Non-lethal responses include changes in foraging behaviour, development cultural innovations such non-random dispersal movements or colonization of novel environments.
Individuals responded differentially to environmental variability and consecutive perturbations depending on their individual quality, age, experience and cohort of birth. Such differential responses resulted in severe selection filters and represent a structuring force — potentially destabilizing population dynamics.
Processes underlying the strong early-life selection pressures on early life survival are not limited to the rearing period, first winter is also critical. Consecutive cohort effects driven by density dependence and climate influence early-life survival of long-lived species, but that influence faded at older ages.
Experienced individuals act as an information repository. They are more likely to engage large distance dispersal and colonize new environments. Populations that include older individuals are more likely to be able to effectively and rapidly adapt to environmental change, at least in long lived, social species that exhibit social learning.
Colonisations are temporally and spatially unpredictable and respond to an accumulation of perturbations exceeding an unknown threshold for colonising new patches. The temporal mismatch between perturbations and colonisations events suggests that colonisers need a longer prospecting period to compensate for the lack of public information.
Non-lethal, density independent perturbations, such as predators’ presence, can drive changes in populations age structure and, therefore in the population reproductive value, through selection for young and inexperienced individuals with lower breeding success.
We provide strong evidences showing that consecutive perturbations, non-lethal effects and non-random individuals’ responses across different life stages are more important than previously thought. These results are especially relevant for understanding how populations will respond to the predicted increases in magnitude and frequency of perturbations as a consequence of global change.La tesis evalúa los efectos de la variabilidad ambiental y las perturbaciones en poblaciones naturales a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. Todos los resultados mostrados proporcionan información útil para el modelado poblacional y metapoblacional. En particular, proporcionamos fuertes evidencias que demuestran que las perturbaciones consecutivas, los efectos no letales y las respuestas diferenciales de los individuos a lo largo de las distintas etapas de la vida son más importantes de lo que se pensaba anteriormente. Estos resultados son especialmente relevantes para entender cómo las poblaciones naturales responderán a los incrementos previstos en la magnitud y la frecuencia de las perturbaciones como consecuencia del cambio global.
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Silva, Tagore Trajano de Almeida. "Animais em juízo." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10744.
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Esta dissertação trata da possibilidade de animais não-humanos irem a juízo reivindicar seus direitos perante os Tribunais. A idéia de animais estarem em juízo reivindicando seus direitos não é nova. Ao contrário data de períodos distantes. Porém, estes casos desencadeavam uma sensação de estranheza paa os operadores do direito que não sabiam lidar com esse tipo lide. O objetivo desta dissertação é de ser o fundamento teórico para uma mudança de concepção jurídica por parte destes operadores. Esta dissertação é a tentativa de reletir sobre conceitos jurídicos alicerçados, além de demonstrar de forma cuidadosa e consistente como os animais devem ter seus interesses reconhecidos e garantidos pelo ordenamento jurídico. Temas como sujeito de direito, personalidade jurídica e capacidade jurídica serão debatidos e esmiuçados sempre sob o prisma da teoria dos direitos dos animais.
Salvador
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Nava, Fischer Evelyn. "Discursive framings, normative preferences and the reception of global standards : the case of the regulation of South Indian animal food farming." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47676/.
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When talking about the importance of the agri-food production environment and the application of food safety and sanitary measures in it, a list of growing unfortunate related events come to mind such as: the rise of diseases coming from farming production, the rocketing of environmental degradation and overexploitation of genetic farmed pools, the economically important agri-food scares and overall, the opacity of agri-food production and regulation. This thesis examines the divergence between legal measures and legal application of global agri-food standards as a legitimacy crisis and has a twofold aim. First it aims to illustrate the role that regulatory legitimacy plays in effective compliance by studying the construction of regulatory legitimacy as a discursive practice. Second, and as a result of this the thesis asks how South Indian animal farming systems and international safety and sanitary measures construct their environmental normative legitimacy and introduce some implications for the animal farming/public health international debate. In this social constructivist approach, the thesis applies a combination of environmental discourse and framing analysis –discursive framings- to empirically study the construction of (non) formally binding norms in agri-food environments. These ´discursive framings´ it is argued, help represent the architectures of green compliance embedded in agro-environmental narratives, uncovered through the uses of language. In this way, framings help detect a variety of forms of (non) endorsement of safety and sanitary measures by regulatory stakeholders and with it, their role in ´racing standards to the top or to the bottom´ in agri-food regulation. An exploratory study comparing documents about safety and sanitary measures (believed to reinforce levels of safety and sanitary compliance in trade conflicts) in international dispute resolutions and interviews of key stakeholders in the field (believed to reflect safety and sanitary compliance in animal farming practice) in South India are conducted. The comparison of expected compliance between dispute formal documents and transcripts of actors under potential regulation provides insight into the discursive constitutions of legal and social safety and sanitary standards. It also informs on a number of counterproductive effects (cooptation, substitution or dilution of regulatory measures) when poor translation of normative preferences from global sanitary provisions of market access into the subnational agri-food environment begins to take place. The thesis empirically demonstrates how present public understandings of WTO-SPS Agreements in India have the potential to induce existent food safety and sanitary compliance into a race to the bottom increasing diseases from farmed animals in this country: given the consistent constellation of discursive voids that have left scientific knowledge out of agro-ecological and animal health present concerns, subnationally and internationally. The conceptual framework, the primary and secondary data and the analyses account for this complexity, namely, the convergences and voids left among discursive constellations of green compliance and their roles in existing models of agri-food regulation. Finally, the thesis presents the contributions to the study of Dryzek´s environmental discourses that a constructivist research like this can make to the study of legitimacy crises and efficacious regulation in general and between international market access, public health and the ago-environment in India (the case studied here) in particular.
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Kalén, Annika, and Ebba Hedlund. "European harmonization regarding exclusions from patentability for plant and animal varieties." Thesis, Örebro University, Department of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-483.
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Patent law has during time evolved from industrial inventions to also include intellectual inventions. Patentability has as well changed with time. For technology to be patentable it must be considered to be a technical solution to a problem, and today genetic inventions are considered to be such a technical solution. From the beginning plants and animals were not considered as inventions; however, technology progress urged modifications of existing legislation to meet development progress within technology. European as well as international harmonization have been carried out in this field to ensure uniformity.
The exclusion from patentability for plant and animal varieties can be found in several sources of law; this study focuses on the exclusions in Article 4 of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, as well as in Article 53b of the European Patent Convention. After two specific cases from the European Patent Office the scope of the exclusion from patentability for plant and animal varieties was questioned. The two cases ONCO-mouse and Plant Genetic Systems had different outcomes, patent was granted in one case and not in the other; and that raised confusion as to the definition of plant and animal varieties, as both cases concerned genetic modification.
Although there is no clear definition of plant and animal varieties, case law provides guidance to a certain extent, the reasoning in the case law also gives guidance as to where the judiciary is heading in its interpretation. There is more legislation concerning plant varieties, and the definition of this term might be considered to be clearer. The general opinion seems to be that what is said about plant varieties should be applied mutatis mutandis to animal varieties, and vice versa, however this may be questionable in some cases. The lack of a clear definition of the terms plant and animal varieties might result in a lack of legal certainty in this field, as demonstrated by the questioning of the two contradicting cases mentioned above.
Rapid developments in the field of biotechnology imply that the patentability of plants and animals will be assessed on other grounds in the future. As biotechnology is an expanding area, the acceptance of new controversial inventions may occur on a more regular basis. Time will tell if this is the case.
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Jönsson, Brita. "Utvecklad modell för enklare djurskyddsbedömning : med exempel från mjölkkor i lösdrift." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-38866.
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Developed model for easier animal welfare assessment- with examples from dairy cows in loose housing Animals in captivity are completely dependent on human care. If captive animals are prevented from exhibiting their natural behavior, they may suffer. Animal welfare inspectors, who insure that the animal welfare legislation is followed, use a checklist to assess the situation in the husbandry. This checklist contains only two levels of assessment, which may result in a lack of detail in the assessment of the husbandry. The objective of this report was to develop a more detailed model that provides an overview of the situation in husbandry. The developed model was customized for dairy cows in loose housing with information from the animal welfare legislation, scientific results and advice from experts, and was then tested in four husbandries for dairy cows. The model was divided into five categories for which the assessment parameters were adapted. A rating scale with different colors and scores was developed to assess different qualities of husbandries and a control help text was made to facilitate the assessment. To illustrate the results they were placed in a pie chart. The major conclusion of this report is that a model like this works very well when the details of animal husbandry shall be shown. Besides that, a rating scale with more levels than those in the current checklist is necessary to develop an accurate overview of animal husbandries. A model like this can help the animal welfare inspectors to distinguish different types of animal keepers and thus optimize inspection procedures.
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Mongrain, Josie. "La réforme pénale en matière de protection des animaux dans le code criminel canadien: 1892--1927." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26525.
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Cette thèse porte sur les demandes d'amendements, sur les débats parlementaires et sur les modifications législatives qu'a subies le Code criminel canadien en matière de protection des animaux entre 1892 et 1927. Il s'agit d'une analyse documentaire portant sur des débats parlementaires et sur un fond d'archives (RG-13) afin de mettre en lumière le processus de réforme pénale en matière de protection des animaux et les justifications que le sous-tendent.
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Menezes, Filho Arnaldo de Souza. "A CONSTRUÇÃO DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE PROTEÇÃO ANIMAL NO BRASIL: uma análise sobre os direitos dos animais sob o ponto de vista ético, jurídico e social." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/797.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-13Analysis of the construction of public policies for animals in Brazil, from the discussion of animal rights as an ethical issue, legal, social and political. It identifies the historical aspects of animal use that mark the relations between men and these. Analyzes the ethical discussions about the existence of moral rights for animals since ancient times, who founded the contemporary discussion of the acceptance of animals as subjects of rights. Analyzes the construction of animal rights in the Brazilian legal system, in infra laws and constitutions. Identifies the transformation of the issue of animal rights in a public issue, by inserting the Brazilian political agenda and demanding animal protection actions of the government through public policy formulation and implementation. Thus, we consider the relevance and responsibility of the Brazilian government in the promotion of public policies of animal protection.
Análise da construção de políticas públicas para animais no Brasil, a partir da discussão dos direitos dos animais como questão ética, jurídica, social e política. Identificam-se os aspectos históricos de uso dos animais que marcam as relações entre os homens e estes. Analisam-se as discussões éticas acerca da existência de direitos morais para os animais desde a Antiguidade, que fundaram a discussão contemporânea da admissão dos animais como sujeitos de direitos. Analisa-se a construção dos direitos dos animais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em legislações infraconstitucionais e nas constituições. Identifica-se a transformação da questão dos direitos dos animais em questão pública, inserindo-se na agenda política brasileira e demandando ações de proteção animal do Poder Público através da formulação e implementação de política públicas. Com isso, considera-se a pertinência e responsabilidade do Poder Público brasileiro na promoção de políticas públicas de proteção animal.
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Vosyliūtė, Rūta. "Gyvūnų gerovės apsaugos biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose teisinio reglamentavimo ypatumai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110705_130736-90162.
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Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami gyvūnų gerovės apsaugos biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose teisinio reguliavimo ypatumai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje teoriniu aspektu analizuojama gyvūnų gerovės samprata, istorija bei teisinio reguliavimo priežastys. Antroje dalyje analizuojami tarptautiniai, ES ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys gyvūnų gerovę biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose.In this master paper the conception of legal regulation on animal welfare protection in biomedical research is overviewed. In the first part the concept of animal welfare, the history and the regulatory reasons are analysed in terms of theoretical aspects. In the second part the international, European Union and national legislation on animal welfare in biomedical research is analysed.
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Sabo, Joseph Michael. "We Hold These Truths to Be Self-Evident: The Need for Animal Rights in the United States of America." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1335815050.
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Campbell, Ellen. "Grinding to a stop on Sea Shepherd's Operation GrindStop and Operation Jairo : animal law advocacy, direct enforcement, and colonialism." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60774.
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Direct enforcement, originally coined by Eilstrup-Sangiovanni and Phelps Bondaroff, can be defined as a subcategory of direct action that claims to enforce a law. The author examines how anti-colonialism, anti-racism, tokenism, colonialism, statism, racism, whiteness, developmentalism, and neoliberalism operated within two direct enforcement campaigns: Sea Shepherd’s Operation GrindStop and Sea Shepherd’s Operation Jairo. Drawing on scholarship, media, and her own experiences of the campaigns, she examines how Operation GrindStop and Operation Jairo contributed to and profited from racialized and civilizing narratives of donor countries (such as the United States, France, Australia, England, and Germany) through denigrating non-Euro-Americans—labelling them as uncivilized, deceptive, criminals, “barbarians,” “psychopaths,” and “thugs.” Although the long-term effects of these campaigns remain to be seen, she argues that each campaign failed to fulfill Sea Shepherd’s stated goals, negatively impacted future campaign opportunities in their respective regions, and were unsuccessful at establishing sustainable and meaningful change in either region. She contends that this ineffectiveness was compounded by the organization’s disregard of the cultural, racial, and colonial implications of their mobilization of direct enforcement and their promotion of civilizing narratives.
As an alternative to the approach taken by Sea Shepherd, she identifies other enforcement and non-enforcement related projects operating in Costa Rica and the Faroe Islands, such as Marna Frida Olsen’s project, Grindaboð, and media projects such as Grindahvalur. She argues that those mobilizing direct enforcement campaigns could be more effective at protecting the lives of animals and make their ambiguous anti-colonial agenda explicit through learning from and/or working with Indigenous land defence campaigns and activists such as the Unist’ot’en Camp. She considers to what extent Sea Shepherd’s recent Operation Virus Hunter campaign, which worked alongside Musgamagw Dzawada’enuxw Cleansing Our Waters, may represent a shift in this anticolonial direction.
Ultimately, this thesis articulates how direct enforcement has been mobilized in ineffective ways that reproduce colonial narratives; it also reserves hope and provides direction for organizations, such as Sea Shepherd, by drawing on anti-colonial activism and scholarship to demonstrate practical methods to challenge these trends.Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Yoshida, Alberto Soiti. "Importância do perito oficial médico veterinário no levantamento de provas nos crimes de maus-tratos aos animais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10133/tde-19112013-175442/.
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O processo penal no Brasil é conjunto de atos jurídicos, formalmente ordenados, com o objetivo de apurar a veracidade de fatos criminosos, resultando na sentença condenatória ou absolvição do agente envolvido no crime. Ocorre que durante o procedimento inclui a figura do perito criminal como representante legal para a análise de provas das infrações. As diversas modalidades do crime resultam em complexos levantamentos de provas, exigindo do perito criminal o conhecimento técnico - científico do crime específico a ser examinado. Os Institutos de perícias são formados por profissionais multidisciplinares que tem como objetivo atingir a maior abrangência das ciências para auxiliar na justiça. Com a nova modalidade de crime de maus-tratos aos animais, o Estado tem a responsabilidade de materializar os vestígios relacionados com os animais, convergindo o respectivo trabalho ao perito criminal com formação em medicina veterinária. Atualmente é reduzido o número profissionais veterinários nos quadros dos peritos criminais, interferindo nos compromissos da veracidade ou autenticidade dos fatos. Paralelamente a esta nova demanda, os institutos de ensino superior estão implementando a nova especialidade denominada de Medicina Veterinária Legal que tem como objetivo disciplinar o conhecimento da medicina veterinária no auxilio da justiça. O presente trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, onde a primeira tem como objetivo expor o funcionamento sistema jurídico nacional e as atribuições dos peritos criminais, pontuando as importâncias do conhecimento médico veterinário legal quando do levantamento de provas envolvendo maus-tratos aos animais, e na segunda parte, as imagens das práticas do levantamento de provas pelo perito criminal médico veterinário em infrações de maus-tratos aos animais e discussões envolvendo as dificuldades e apontamentos pertinentes a prática legal.Criminal processes in Brazil are a set of legal acts formally organized with the goal of investigating the veracity of crime facts, resulting in a sentence or pardon of the person involved in the crime. During the process, the forensic expert is included as a legal representative to analyze the evidence. Several modalities of crime result in complex retrieval of evidence, requiring from the forensic expert technical and scientific knowledge of the crime to be examined. Forensic Institutes are composed of multidisciplinary professionals with the goal of achieving the largest possible breadth of sciences to assist the Law. In the new animal abuse modality of crime, the State has the responsibility of retrieving the traces related to animals, turning over the work to the forensic expert with training in veterinary medicine. Currently the number of veterinarians is small among forensic experts, interfering with veracity and authenticity of facts. In parallel to this new demand, higher education institutions are implementing a new specialty called Legal Veterinary Medicine, which aims at formalizing the knowledge of veterinary medicine to assist the Law. The current work is divided into two parts: the first aims at exposing how the national legal system works and the attributions of forensic experts, evidencing the importance of Legal Veterinary Medicine when retrieving evidence involving animal abuse. And the second part exposes the images of the practices of evidence retrieval by forensic veterinary medics in animal abuse cases and discussions involving the difficulties and observations relative to legal practices.
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Silva, Juliana Prado da. "Maus tratos aos animais na legislação federal brasileira: análise de aplicação da lei na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8161/tde-10072018-175320/.
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O presente trabalho procurou analisar a aplicação da Lei Federal de Crimes Ambientais no que concerne aos maus tratos a animais domésticos na cidade de São Paulo. Através da análise do arquivo de processos indeferidos do GECAP, Grupo Especial de Combate aos Crimes Ambientais e de Parcelamento Irregular do Solo Urbano, localizado no Ministério Público de São Paulo, foi lançada uma hipótese acerca da dinâmica estabelecida para averiguação das denúncias, considerando os atores sociais envolvidos nela. Partindo da ideia de que o sistema jurídico é, muitas vezes, uma forma de manutenção do status quo para controle de alguns grupos sociais considerados perigosos à ordem estabelecida na cidade, procurou-se averiguar, com o trabalho de campo organizado em gráficos e tabelas que relacionam renda, número de denúncias e ocupação do espaço nas Subprefeituras da cidade, como o direito ambiental poderia reproduzir uma lógica de criminalização da pobreza. Para isso, buscou-se identificar se existe relação entre espaços considerados periferias e maior número de denúncias. Além disso, por ser um crime que ocorre no espaço privado dos denunciados, a presente pesquisa investigou brevemente as dinâmicas entre privado e público na cidade de São Paulo e se o acesso ao espaço privado é mais facilitado em espaços horizontalizados e de periferia. Nos espaços centrais e verticalizados, o processo de gentrificação, que expulsa os mais pobres das regiões supervalorizadas, concentra espaços de periferia e investigou-se o direito ambiental atuou como forma de denunciar e de expulsar aqueles considerados inadequados à nova configuração estabelecida nesses locais.The present work sought to analyze the application of the Federal Law on Environmental Crimes in relation to the mistreatment of domestic animals in the city of São Paulo. Through the analysis of the file of rejected cases of GECAP, a Special Group to Combat Environmental Crimes and Irregular Urban Land Installment, located in the Public Prosecutor\'s Office of São Paulo, a hypothesis was launched about the established dynamics to investigate complaints, considering the actors involved in the cases. Starting from the idea that the legal system is often a way of maintaining the status quo to control some social groups considered to be dangerous to the established order in the city, it was tried to ascertain, with the field work organized in graphs and tables that they relate income, number of denunciations and occupation of space in the subprefeituras of the city, as environmental law could reproduce a logic of criminalization of poverty. For this, we sought to identify if there is a relationship between spaces considered as peripheries and a greater number of denunciations. In addition, because this crime occurs in the private space of the denounced, this research briefly investigated the dynamics between private and public in the city of São Paulo and whether access to private space is more facilitated in horizontal and peripheral spaces. In central and vertical spaces, the gentrification process, which expels the poorest of the overvalued regions, concentrates peripheral spaces and investigated the environmental law acted as a way of denouncing and expelling those considered inadequate to the new configuration established in these places.
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Kunak, Juraj. "Justification of restrictions on imports or exports of goods on the grounds of the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_095138-00887.
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The present master thesis provides the reader with overall and detailed review of jurisdiction of the CJEU in correlation with primary and secondary law of the European Union regarding justification of restrictions on imports or exports of goods on the grounds of the protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants pursuant to the art.36 of TFEU. The very first part deals with the essence of the free movement goods. It explains the concept of the prohibition on custom duties on imports and exports and charges having equivalent effect and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports and all measures having equivalent effect. Simultaneously this part demonstrates the application of the art.36 of TFEU and presents mandatory requirements and their purpose. The second part clarifies the concept of goods according to the European Union law, examples and provides proper definition. The third part presents the core of the thesis. It is subdivided into more than 10 parts. It contains explanations regarding principle of proportionality, protection of health and life of humans, total bans, precautionary principle, sufficiently rigorous risk assessment doctrine, protection of health and life of animals, prohibition on use, labeling requirements, or protection of the environment. The most relevant and most widely-known cases were chosen and analyzed in order to present the approach of the CJEU to the disputable measures and their justifications.Šis baigiamasis magistro darbas suteikia skaitytojui bendrą, visaapimančią ir išsamią ESTT jurisdikcijos apžvalgą dėl importo ir eksporto prekių ribojimo pagrįstumo sąlygų žmonių, gyvūnų ar augalų sveikatos bei gyvybės apsaugos tikslais pagal SESV 36 straipsnį, remiantis pirminiais bei antriniais Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Pirmojoje dalyje kalbama apie laisvo prekių judėjimo esmę. Čia paaiškinama importo ir eksporto muitų bei lygiaverčio poveikio mokėjimų bei kiekybinių importo ir eksporto apribojimų bei lygiaverčio poveikio priemonių draudimo koncepcija. Taip pat, ši dalis pademonstruoja SESV 36 str. veikimą, pabrėžiant privalomuosius reikalavimus bei jų tikslus. Antrojoje dalis paaiškina prekių sampratą remiantis Europos Sąjungos teise,pateikia pavyzdžių bei deramą apibrėžimą. Trečiojoje dalyje pateiktas baigiamojo magistro darbo pagrindas. Ši dalis yra suskirstyta į daugiau kaip 10 dalių. Čia yra sutelkti paaiškinimai dėl proporcingumo principo, žmonių sveikatos ir gyvybės apsaugos, visiško draudimo, atsargumo principo, pakankamai griežtos rizikos vertinimo doktrinos, gyvūnų sveikatos ir gyvybės apsaugos, naudojimo draudimo, ženklinimo reikalavimų bei aplinkos apsaugos. Siekiant pristatyti ESTT požiūrį į abejotinas priemones bei ribojimo pagrįstumo sąlygas yra analizuojamios aktualiausios ir plačiausiai žinomos bylos.
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Resano, Mayor Jaime. "Estudio de la ecología trófica del águila perdicera Aquila fasciata: efectos de la dieta sobre la condición corporal, las tasas vitales y la demografía." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277486.
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En esta tesis se estudia con detalle la ecología trófica del águila perdicera en varias poblaciones de Europa Occidental, lo que permite testar una serie de hipótesis dentro del marco general de la teoría del forrajeo óptimo. En primer lugar, para estudiar la dieta se desarrollan nuevas metodologías basadas en el uso de biomarcadores intrínsecos como el análisis de isótopos estables en las plumas de los pollos, siendo una aproximación metodológica totalmente novedosa en estudios de dieta del águila perdicera. Los resultados muestran la utilidad de estos análisis como indicadores tróficos tanto a nivel individual, territorial, como poblacional, lo que ha permitido testar cuáles son los efectos de la composición de la dieta sobre la condición corporal de los pollos, y sobre las tasas vitales de las parejas territoriales en varias poblaciones con marcadas diferencias ecológicas y demográficas. En este sentido, se ha visto que un mayor consumo de presas preferidas por la especie, como el conejo o la perdiz, mejora algunos biomarcadores del estado de condición corporal de los pollos, mientras que un aumento en la diversidad trófica tiene efectos negativos. Asimismo, uno de los resultados más relevantes ha sido la relación positiva entre el consumo de presas preferidas y parámetros reproductores como la productividad, especialmente a nivel territorial. También se ha encontrado que los territorios con mayor diversidad trófica tienen menor productividad, e incluso menor supervivencia adulta, así como que los efectos de la dieta sobre la demografía a nivel poblacional parece una propiedad emergente de la relación entre dieta y tasas vitales a nivel territorial. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos indican que existe una gran heterogeneidad en la dieta, en las estimas de condición y en los parámetros vitales del águila perdicera tanto entre territorios dentro de una misma población, como entre algunas poblaciones, y estas diferencias han permitido detectar patrones que relacionan la tipología de dieta con los parámetros vitales a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. Tanto el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de análisis de dieta, como el conocimiento generado de los efectos de la dieta sobre los parámetros vitales, aportan información muy relevante y útil de cara a establecer protocolos de monitoreo de la ecología trófica del águila perdicera que puedan ser empleados para su conservación. Este aspecto cobra una especial importancia en el área de estudio, debido a que el monitoreo de la dieta de depredadores terrestres, como el águila perdicera, podría servir en bioindicación para detectar el modo en el que la presión antrópica incide sobre el estado de conservación de los habitas y las comunidades en los ecosistemas mediterráneos en los que estas especies habitan.This thesis examines in detail the trophic ecology of Bonelli's eagle in several populations of Western Europe, which allows testing a number of hypotheses within the theoretical framework of the Optimal Foraging Theory. Firstly, in order to study Bonelli’s eagle diet we test the applicability of intrinsic biomarkers such as stable isotope analyses in nestling feathers, offering the first isotopic data for the Bonelli’s eagle. Our results show the usefulness of isotopic analyses as trophic indicators both at the individual, territorial and population levels. Then, by using isotopic analyses to assess main prey consumption, we tested which are the effects of diet composition on nestling body condition and on the main vital rates of territorial breeding pairs at different populations with marked ecological and demographic differences. In this regard, it has been shown that higher consumption of preferred prey species improved some nestling body condition biomarkers, while an increase in the diet diversity had an opposite effect. Moreover, a relevant result was the positive relationship between the consumption of preferred prey and reproductive parameters such as productivity, especially at the territory level. It has also been found that those territorial breeding pairs with higher diet diversity had lower productivity, and even lower adult survival. Moreover, the effects of diet on the populations’ demographic rates seem an emergent property of the relationship between diet and vital rates at the territory level. Overall, our results indicate that there is a high heterogeneity in diet, nestling body condition and territorial and population main vital parameters both between Bonelli's eagle territories within the same population, and among some populations. These differences have revealed patterns that relate diet with vital parameters at different spatial and temporal scales. Both the development of new techniques for diet analysis, as the generated knowledge of the effects of diet on vital parameters, provide very relevant and useful information in order to establish protocols for monitoring the feeding ecology of Bonelli's eagle that can be used for conservation. This aspect is particularly important in the study area, because the monitoring of the diet of a terrestrial predator such as Bonelli's eagle could serve in bioindication studies to detect how human pressure affects the conservation state of those habitats and communities in the Mediterranean ecosystems where the species inhabit.
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Schnobel, Samantha Anne. "Prioritising the best interests of the animal and re-framing veterinary negligence." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7246/.
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Veterinary negligence within the United Kingdom is under-litigated and under-theorised. Further, the owner-property dyadic means those who have suffered emotional harm cannot claim whilst veterinarians lack external guidance on evolving expectations. To address this tension, this thesis aims to provide guidance to veterinarians on their legal obligations stemming from the triangular relationship between veterinarian, owner, and animal, and to advance the position of the animal within this relationship by advocating a best interests approach. At the damage stage, a sentient constitutive property model, in which the reciprocal relationship between owner and animal is central, will be advocated. The veterinarian’s duty will similarly shift from one which protects the claimant’s financial interest, to one protecting the integrity of the reciprocal relationship. Where the animal’s best interests are at risk, veterinarians may be protected from liability where they have acted to protect this interest. Looking to breach, the importance of expert testimony necessitates profession-wide support of these ideas. To achieve this, new professional guidance developed by a representative council who embrace the aims of this thesis is advocated. Grounding these ideas is the position that courts should be alive to doctrinal aspects of vulnerability and reason decisions based on compassion and fairness.
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Migliore, Alfredo Domingues Barbosa. "A personalidade jurídica dos grandes primatas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-20122010-152149/.
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A lei atual foi forjada sobre a premissa de que a humanidade está no centro do mundo e de que o homem é o único e legitimado senhor de todos os seres vivos. Desde que Darwin revelou para o mundo uma então chocante realidade sim, nós viemos de um símio ancestral os princípios filosóficos do antropocentrismo começaram a ruir. E os animais, que nós sempre pensamos como objetivos de uso e consumo humano, como sofás, mesas e cadeiras? E os seres que nós descobrimos serem tão relacionados a nós que os chamamos de primos ou humanlike? Eles ainda são bens móveis nas palavras fora de moda do direito posto? Pois agora que uma nova realidade está implodindo os antigos tabus de irracionalidade e instinto pavloviano, muitos juristas e filósofos passaram a defender a existência de direitos fundamentais (como à vida, à liberdade, e à integridade física) a vários animais, baseados na sua igualdade substancial aos seres humanos. Para os que sustentam tais ideias, os animais, como a maioria de nós, têm interesses considerados relevantes, o que significa que eles podem pensar racionalmente, evitando a dor e o sofrimento, e procurando o bem-estar, mas somente o pequeno grupo chamado de grandes primatas (no qual se incluem o próprio homem e, além dele, os outros hominoides e antropoides, isto é, os chimpanzés, gorilas, orangotangos e bonobos) conhecem os rudimentos (blocos construtores) da moralidade. Aos grandes primatas podem ser reconhecidos direitos subjetivos? A resposta pode ser encontrada tanto no jusnaturalismo (na teoria do direito natural), que concebe direitos inatos, partilhados, segundo Justiniano, entre todas as criaturas vivas, quanto na teoria do interesse de Ihering, em oposição à teoria da vontade de Windscheid. Conjuntamente, eles podem explicar um novo conceito de personalidade jurídica mínima para os grandes primatas.Modern Law is founded over the premise that mankind is in the center of the world; that man is the sole master and ruler of all living beings. Since Darwin brought into the eyes of humanity a brand new shocking reality yes, we came from the apish ancestor philosophy principles of anthropocentrism have collapsed. What about those animals we always thought as mere objects like sofas, tables or chairs? What about those beings we have now discovered so close related to us that we are used to call them as kin or humanlike creatures? Are they still goods by the old-fashioned words of written law? For a new reality is overcoming ancient taboos of irrationality and pavlovian instincts, there are now many jurists and philosophers who defend basic rights (such as life, liberty and bodily integrity) to lots of animals, based on their substantial equality to humans. For those who claim in their favor, animals, like most of us, have interests considered relevant, which means that they can think rationally, avoiding pain and suffering, and seeking for wellness of living, but only the small group called the great apes (in which we include the man himself as also the other hominoids or anthropoids: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos) know the building blocks of morality. Are they so entitled to have rights? The answer lies in both jusnaturalism (theory of natural rights), which conceives inherent rights of living, commonly shared, according to Justinian, by all living creatures, and in Ihering theory of interest opposed to Windscheids of will. Combined together they can provide a new concept of minimum notion of legal personhood for the great apes.
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Golding, Carolina de Arouca. "Food safety of foods of non-animal origin imported to Portugal. Analysis of the data resulting from official controls on imports between 2014 and 2017." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17890.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe Community sets specific standards regarding safety and hygiene of foodstuffs and feed to be met by food businesses. So as to check conformity with these standards of foodstuffs imported from 3rd countries, when these have been identified to pose a risk to consumers, there are several Community measures and national control plans aimed at laying down procedures for the official controls on these consignments. The aim of this study is to provide a description of the evolution of FNAO imports into Portugal between 2014 and 2017, including the number and type of rejections and resulting RASFF notifications. In order to do so, data was extracted from online platform TRACES and analysed on Excel and all relevant legal measures, communications and plans consulted. Results show that there was an increase in imports, specifically in the category of ‘Edible Fruits and Nuts’, most of which originating in Brazil. The number of rejections was similar throughout the four years, but those pertaining to groundnuts from China and food supplements from the USA revealed to be re-occurring and problematic. Overall, only 0.2% of imports over the four years were non-compliant, showing that the great majority of foodstuffs imported are safe for human consumption
A Comunidade estabelece normas específicas de higiene e segurança alimentar de géneros alimentícios e ração animal, a serem cumpridas pelas empresas alimentares. A verificação de conformidade com as normas relativas a géneros alimentícios importados de países fora da UE, quando estes constituem um risco à saúde pública, é feita através da implementação de vários diplomas legais Comunitários, e planos de controlo Nacionais, destinados a estabelecer procedimentos operativos ao controlo oficial destas remessas. O objectivo deste trabalho é fornecer uma descrição da evolução das importações de GAONA entre 2014 e 2017, incluindo o número e tipo de rejeições e as resultantes notificações RASFF. Para tal, extraíram-se dados da plataforma online TRACES, recorreu-se ao Excel para o tratamento de dados e aos vários diplomas legais, comunicações e planos para a discussão. Os resultados mostraram que houve um aumento de importações a Portugal durante os quatro anos, especialmente da categoria de ‘Fruta e frutos de casca rija’, dos quais a maioria provenientes do Brazil. O número de rejeições manteve-se relativamente constante, no entanto, aquelas referentes aos amendoins provenientes da China e aos suplementos alimentares dos Estados Unidos, foram recorrentes e em grande número, tendo-se relevado problemático. No global, apenas 0.2% das remessas importadas ao longo dos quatro anos, foram rejeitadas o que indica que a grande maioria dos GAONA provenientes de países terceiros, são seguros para a alimentação humana
N/A
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Koski, Chris. "Requests and reality : the interplay of environmental regulatory design and implementation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10700.
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Stenlund, Mikaela. "Stöd för bedömning gällande omprövningar av djurförbud : -Vad säger domstolarna?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148893.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate which legal sources the Swedish courts base their rulings on, regarding reconsidering of animal prohibition and if this provides guidance in future assessments. Further on was the purpose to investigate to which extent animal prohibition is decided, reconsidered and reversed by the county administrative boards between the years 2013–2017. To find out which legal sources the courts base their rulings on, 75 court rulings was audited from administrative courts and administrative court of appeals. To investigate which extent animal prohibition is decided, reconsidered and reversed, statistics from the Swedish Agriculture Agency was audited. The result indicate that some guidance on how decisions can be motivated, can be assisted by court rulings. Legal sources, that the courts support their motivations on, that may be indicative in future assessments regarding reconsinderings of animal prohibition, are for example the administrative court of appeals practice from Jönköping (case nr 1777–11). The statistics from the Swedish Agriculture Agency shows that the county administrative boards decided on animal prohibition on average 81,5% of the initiated animal prohibition trials and reversed on average 29% of the submitted applications for reverse of animal prohibition. The applications for reverse of animal prohibition that are subsequently appealed to court are rarely reversed, only 2 of the 75 court decisions reversed the animal prohibition. The guidance available at present from the courts is limited.
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Quispe, Valdés René. "Variación geográfica en las conductas de forrajeo asociadas al almacenamiento de alimento en Octodon degus." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130949.
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Memoria para optar al Título
Profesional de Médico VeterinarioEn biología evolutiva se entiende por variación geográfica a la diferencia en los rasgos del fenotipo entre dos o más poblaciones (o áreas distantes) de una misma especie. Las comparaciones inter-poblacionales en una misma especie permiten analizar la variación geográfica en el comportamiento y el acoplamiento con presiones selectivas determinadas por las condiciones ecológicas contrastantes que experimenta cada población. Una conducta relevante para la adecuación biológica y que puede variar entre poblaciones que difieren geográficamente, en clima y/o recursos corresponde a la conducta de forrajeo. En esta memoria de título se realizó un estudio comparativo en individuos provenientes de dos poblaciones contrastantes en el roedor caviomorfo Octodon degus. Para esto se efectuaron comparaciones directas de las conductas de almacenamiento de alimento. Una de las poblaciones estudiadas habita en zonas de alta altitud, a 2600 m snm, en el Río Los Molles, IV región, dentro de un contexto ecológico propio de un clima cordillerano de altura, experimentando anualmente inviernos fríos, con varias semanas con cobertura de nieve, en donde las actividades de superficie de los degus se ven restringidas. La otra población que incluye esta investigación habita en el valle central de Chile, en Rinconada de Maipú, sector Quebrada de la Plata, Región Metropolitana, a 450 m snm. Los experimentos se realizaron bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Se utilizaron arenas experimentales cerradas en donde se agregó un refugio o madriguera artificial, sometiéndo a los individuos a idénticas condiciones, en relación a la cantidad y tipo de alimento, distancia del parche de recursos, disposición de la madriguera, y tiempo de experimentación. Se cuantificó el consumo y almacenamiento permitiendo que los degus realizaran espontáneamente el forrajeo, llevando un registro de las semillas utilizadas por cada individuo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que existen diferencias conductuales en las estrategias de forrajeo en cuanto al transporte y almacenamiento del alimento, ya que individuos de la población de altura presentaron conductas de almacenamiento hacia la madriguera, a diferencia de la población del valle central, quienes almacenaron en el suelo de manera mas dispersa.
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Brito, Álvaro de Azevedo Alves. "Ensino jurídico e a transdisciplinaridade como método do direito animal." Faculdade de Direito, 2018. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/27343.
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A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar como a transdisciplinaridade, tendo como referência o pensamento complexo e o pensamento pós-humanista, pode apresentar-se como método de ensino do Direito Animal. O paradigma cartesiano promoveu a cisão entre filosofia e a ciência e, por consequência, a fragmentação do conhecimento e a produção e um saber unidimensional/disciplinar. A necessidade da superação da fragmentação do saber enseja, no Direito, a busca por novos paradigmas e por uma perspectiva transdisciplinar que compreenda os vários níveis de realidade apresentados nos complexos problemas cotidianos. A Resolução CNE/CP nº 9/2004, que estabeleceu as vigentes Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os cursos de graduação em Direito, manteve a exigência à observância da interdisciplinaridade na formação dos estudantes — algo já previsto, em dimensão menor, desde a Portaria do MEC nº 1.886/1994. A nova proposta de reformolução dessas Diretrizes, de autoria da OAB, amplia a relevância da interdisciplinaridade no Direito, mencionando, inclusive, a transdisciplinaridade. Apesar disso, essa proposta de reformulação ignora a necessidade da obrigatoriedade dos conteúdos do Direito Animal no currículo, muito embora tenha incluído a previsão de conteúdos relativos ao Direito Ambiental. A iniciativa da adoção da interdisciplinaridade e da transdisciplinaridade no ensino jurídico parece ser obstacularizada por uma proposta de currículo composto por disciplinas jurídicas tradicionais, com perfil e métodos compatíveis com o paradigma cartesiano e, ainda, com o paradigma antropocêntrico. Esta pesquisa concluiu que o Direito Animal, por suas características e pelas particularidades do seu objeto de estudo, por outro lado, exige a adoção de um método transdisciplinar, que se adéqua às exigências normativas do ensino jurídico brasileiro e que tem potencial para colaborar na desconstrução do viés curricular tradicional, de caráter cartesiano e antropocêntrico. Para tanto, teve-se como parâmetro uma pesquisa de caráter bibliográfico, que recorreu à análise documental, tendo como método de procedimento o monográfico e como baliza o diálogo entre o pensamento complexo e o pensamento pós-humanista no ensino jurídico.
The present research aims to analyze how transdisciplinarity, using as reference the complex thinking and post-humanistic thinking, can be presented as a method of teaching Animal Law. The Cartesian paradigm promoted the split between philosophy and science and, consequently, the fragmentation of knowledge and production and a onedimensional/ disciplinary wisdom. The need to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge gave the opportunity, in law, to search for new paradigms and for a transdisciplinary perspective that understands the various levels of reality presented in the complex daily problems. Resolution CNE/CP (National Education Advisory Council/Full Concil, in Portuguese) nº 9/2004, which established the current National Curricular Guidelines for undergraduate courses in Law, maintained the requirement for observance of interdisciplinarity in the training of students - something already expected, in a smaller dimension, since the Ordinance of MEC (Ministry of Education, in Portuguese) nº 1.886/1994. The new proposal for reformulation of these Guidelines, authored by the OAB (Lawyers from Brazil Organization, in Portuguese), extends the relevance of interdisciplinarity in Law, mentioning, including, transdisciplinarity. Despite it, this reformulation proposal ignores the need for the mandatory content of Animal Law in the curriculum, even though it included the prediction of contents related to Environmental Law. The initiative of adopting interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in legal education seems to be obscured by a curriculum proposal composed of traditional legal disciplines, with profiles and methods compatible with the Cartesian paradigm and, also, with the anthropocentric paradigm. This research concluded that Animal Law, due to its characteristics and the particularities of its object of study, on the other hand, requires the adoption of a transdisciplinary method, which adequate itself to the normative requirements of Brazilian legal education and that there is potential to collaborate in the deconstruction of the traditional curricular bias, of Cartesian and anthropocentric character. For that, a bibliographic research was used as a parameter, which used the documentary analysis, using the monographic as a method of procedure and as reference the dialogue between complex thinking and posthumanist thinking in legal education.
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Chung, Sunjung. "Effect of Poor Sanitation Procedures on Cross-Contamination of Animal Species in Ground Meat Products." Chapman University Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/food_science_theses/3.
Full textAbstract:
While the presence of ≥1% of an undeclared species in ground meat generally used as an indicator of intentional mislabeling as opposed to cross-contamination, the actual percent of undeclared species resulting from cross-contamination has not been experimentally determined. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of sanitation procedures on the crosscontamination of animal species in ground meat products, using undeclared pork in ground beef. Pork (13.6 kg) was processed using a commercial grinder, then one of three sanitation treatments was completed (“no cleaning”, “partial cleaning”, or “complete cleaning”). Next, beef (13.6 kg) was ground using the same equipment. For “no cleaning,” beef was ground immediately after pork without any cleaning step; for “partial cleaning,” the hopper tray was wiped, and excess meat was taken out from the auger; for “complete cleaning,” all parts of the grinder were disassembled and thoroughly cleaned with water and soap. A 100-g sample was collected for each 0.91 kg (2 lb) of beef processed with the grinder and each sanitation treatment was tested twice. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify pork in ground beef. For “no cleaning,” the first 100-g sample of ground beef run through the grinder contained 24.42 ± 10.41% pork, while subsequent samples contained
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Berry, Hunter D. "Dissolution of Permian Salt, Las Animas Arch, Colorado." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10931832.
Full textAbstract:
The Colorado Cheyenne 3D seismic survey in this thesis project is located in Cheyenne and Kiowa counties in eastern Colorado and features the Las Animas Arch. The scope of this project aims to expand the understanding of the processes and products of salt weld development. Throughout the survey, lateral variability of the Nippewalla strata within the Permian section is observed in both seismic and well data and generally is a result of dissolution of the Blaine or the dissolution of the Cedar Hills.
In this project, structural and stratigraphic elements were seismically mapped and interpreted with a focus on salt dissolution and welding. Overall, the characteristics of the dissolution in the strata covered by the 3D seismic survey of this study can be separated by a centrally-located dissolution front with the western half of the area having the lower Blaine halite removed by dissolution and the eastern half having the lower Blaine halite preserved. Dissolution of the upper Blaine halite is pervasive through the study area, especially within the western region due to remnant salt.
The eastern half of the survey is also affected by the dissolution within the Cedar Hills Formation. Unlike the Blaine, the amount of dissolution that occurs in the Cedar Hills seems fairly consistent, removing almost the complete formation or no dissolution at all.
This thesis is intended to serve as an initial investigation of the structural and stratigraphic relations due to dissolution of the Permian salts. Numerous additional questions remain beyond the scope of this thesis.