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Journal articles on the topic 'Animals, diseases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Miao, Jialing. "Trigger of immune deficiency lead to fungal infection in animal." Theoretical and Natural Science 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230837.

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The immune system, as an important protection for animals and humans, ensures that they are not attacked by invading microorganisms and destroying them. Once immune system is damaged or defective, it allows harmful microorganisms to grow and spread within the body, attacking internal organs, leading to infections and diseases. When animals are infected with fungi and cause diseases, they can be treated with antibiotics or by surgery. However, probability of diseases caused by fungal infections in animals has gradually increased. Fungi, as a type of microorganisms, play a dominant role in fungal diseases. Therefore, in the article, it will study how microorganisms operate in animals to cause infection, and lead to fungal infectious diseases through analyzing the mechanism of microbial fungi in animals with immune system defects and their impact on animals. Many studies have shown that the common fungal pathogens of infectious diseases exist in the environment of daily life and inside an animal's body. Poor living conditions or improper feeding are the reasons that trigger the growth of microbial fungi in animals. Through research results, improving animal immunity, creating a good living environment and diet can prevent animals from being infected by fungi and leading to diseases. This series of movements of fungi in animals also reflects importance to both the animal body and the environment. Research on the mechanisms of various microorganisms in infections and diseases can also facilitate development for faster and more effective treatment methods, thereby reducing animal infection caused diseases.

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2

Akashi, Hiroomi. "Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0251.

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The outbreak of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2010 has turned out to be the most striking disaster in the history of animal hygiene in Japan, from the points such as the number of the animals culled and buried or the human resources required until the time of termination. Inquiry committees for FMD countermeasures established by Miyazaki Prefecture and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have pointed out the various issues in disease control measures taken during the period starting from the outbreak till the termination. As a result, amendments were made to the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control in April of 2011, and in October, to the Standards of Rearing Hygiene Management. The outbreak of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2010 has turned out to be the most striking disaster in the history of animal hygiene in Japan, from the points such as the number of the animals culled and buried or the human resources required until the time of termination. Inquiry committees for FMD countermeasures established by Miyazaki Prefecture and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries have pointed out the various issues in disease control measures taken during the period starting from the outbreak till the termination. As a result, amendments were made to the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control in April of 2011, and in October, to the Standards of Rearing Hygiene Management. Diseases that cause damage to domestic animals including FMD are presented in this special issue. I hope that this special issue will contribute to the betterment of animal hygiene and furthermore to the enhancement of dietary life. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the authors and reviewers for their great contributions to this issue.

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More, Pooja, Vaibhavi Mhatre, Naman Sharma, and Aniket Sonawane. "Lumpy Diseases Detection using Machine Learning." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26099.

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Machine learning algorithms for improving animal health monitoring have accelerated the creation of ML applications for behavioral and physiological monitoring systems, including ML-based animal health monitoring systems. Currently, farm animals are raised all over the world, and it is necessary to monitor their physiological processes. It is suggested in this article to use machine learning models to continuously monitor each animal's vital signs and look for biological changes. In this model, crucial data is gathered via IoT devices, and data analysis is carried out using machine learning techniques to identify potential dangers from changes in an animal's physiological state. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the suggested model is accurate and efficient enough to identify animal situations. For our purposes, the CNN and YOLO accuracy of more than 90% is a promising outcome. Keywords- Lumpy disease , Machine learning, Images

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4

Palmer, Mitchell V., Michael D. Welsh, and Jesse M. Hostetter. "Mycobacterial Diseases of Animals." Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/292469.

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5

Balows, Albert. "Emerging Diseases of Animals." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 40, no. 4 (August 2001): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0732-8893(01)00267-x.

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6

Sedgwick, C. J., J. D. Wallach, and W. J. Boever. "Diseases of Exotic Animals." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 16, no. 1 (1985): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20094733.

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7

Kooistra, H. S., S. Galac, J. J. C. W. M. Buijtels, and B. P. Meij. "Endocrine Diseases in Animals." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 71, no. 1 (2009): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000178059.

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8

Manivannan, Rekha, Tamilselvan Chidambaram, Ramani Gopal, and King Solomon Ebenezer. "Microbial Diseases of Laboratory Animals and its monitoring Tools." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 24, no. 2 (February 21, 2024): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2024/v24i2794.

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Microbial diseases pose significant challenges in experimental research, impacting both animal welfare and research outcomes. The review covers a wide range of microbial pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that commonly affect laboratory animals. It explores the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations associated with these pathogens, highlighting their influence on experimental results. Extensively discussed about the monitoring assays employed for microbial disease detection in experimental animals. Traditional and modern techniques are considered, including microbiological culturing, serological assays, molecular diagnostics, histopathology, and advanced imaging methods. Regular health monitoring programs for laboratory animals, emphasizing the significance of early detection and intervention to prevent disease outbreaks and maintain animal welfare. Emerging trends and technologies in microbial disease monitoring, such as next-generation sequencing, metagenomics, and high-throughput screening, are also explored. This review aims to provide researchers, laboratory animal professionals, and regulatory authorities with a comprehensive resource for understanding microbial diseases in experimental animals and selecting appropriate monitoring assay. For the Scientists and Veterinarians this overall review gives a glimpse for implementing effective monitoring strategies, identifying and managing microbial diseases, ensuring the well-being of laboratory animals. The synthesis of current knowledge and best practices will enhance the scientific rigor and reproducibility of experimental studies involving animals. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the critical importance of microbial disease monitoring in experimental animals. Robust and accurate monitoring assays enable researchers to effectively detect and manage microbial diseases, safeguarding animal health and ensuring reliable research outcomes.

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9

Shin, Sung Shik. "Parasitic Diseases of Companion Animals." Hanyang Medical Reviews 30, no. 3 (2010): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2010.30.3.246.

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10

Foster, Aiden, and Anette Loeffler. "Staphylococcal skin diseases in animals." Veterinary Dermatology 23, no. 4 (July 24, 2012): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01083.x.

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11

Lewis, Robert M., Robert S. Schwartz, and C. E. Gilmore. "AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 124, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 178–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb18956.x.

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12

Palmer, Mitchell V., Michael D. Welsh, and Jesse M. Hostetter. "Mycobacterial Diseases of Animals 2012." Veterinary Medicine International 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/684720.

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13

Sahin, Orhan, Michael Yaeger, Zuowei Wu, and Qijing Zhang. "Campylobacter-Associated Diseases in Animals." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022826.

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14

Casanueva, F. F. "Endocrine diseases in companion animals." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 13 (August 2003): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-6374(03)00074-1.

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15

Trees, Alexander, and Susan Shaw. "Imported diseases in small animals." In Practice 21, no. 9 (October 1999): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.21.9.482.

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16

Duncanson, G. "Skin diseases in large animals." Veterinary Record 161, no. 5 (August 4, 2007): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.5.173.

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17

Gershwin, Laurel J. "Autoimmune Diseases in Small Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 40, no. 3 (May 2010): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.003.

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18

Wills, P. R. "Transgenic animals and prion diseases." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43, no. 2 (January 4, 1995): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1995.35857.

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O'Neil, B. D. "Transgenic animals and prion diseases." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43, no. 2 (January 4, 1995): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1995.35858.

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20

Mebs, D. "Heimtierkrankheiten (Diseases of Pet Animals)." Toxicon 24, no. 10 (January 1986): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(86)90019-x.

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21

Smith, G., and A. P. Dobson. "Sexually transmitted diseases in animals." Parasitology Today 8, no. 5 (May 1992): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(92)90010-y.

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22

Dawson, M. "Lentivirus diseases of domesticated animals." Journal of Comparative Pathology 99, no. 4 (November 1988): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9975(88)90059-x.

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23

ВАРКЕНТИН, А., А. КАРАУЛОВ, and Ф. КОРЕННОЙ. "Very dangerous diseases of animals." Животноводство России, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25701/zzr.2021.32.91.012.

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Особо опасные, приносящие значительный экономический ущерб хозяйствам болезни животных и птицы выявляют во всех странах мира, в том числе в России. Чтобы улучшить эпизоотическую ситуацию, необходимо строго выполнять зоогигиенические и ветеринарно-санитарные требования, а также рекомендации специалистов и ученых.

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24

Shimoda, Hiroshi, Yumiko Nagao, Masayuki Shimojima, and Ken Maeda. "Viral Infectious Diseases in Wild Animals in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0289.

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Even limited to mammals, there exist more than 5,000 species of wild animals. Because each wild animal is the natural host of specific viruses, the total number of viruses in wild animals is enormous. Although it is impossible to cover all the infectious diseases caused by such viruses, accumulation of data on viral infectious diseases is important. In this paper, some of the latest findings acquired from our studies on viral infectious diseases in wild animals will be introduced.

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25

Lin, Chao-Nan, Kuan Rong Chan, Eng Eong Ooi, Ming-Tang Chiou, Minh Hoang, Po-Ren Hsueh, and Peck Toung Ooi. "Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans." Viruses 13, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081507.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912. Despite over a century of documented coronaviruses in animals, the global animal industry still suffers from outbreaks. Knowledge and experience handling animal coronaviruses provide a valuable tool to complement our understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we present an overview of coronaviruses, clinical signs, COVID-19 in animals, genome organization and recombination, immunopathogenesis, transmission, viral shedding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. By drawing parallels between COVID-19 in animals and humans, we provide perspectives on the pathophysiological mechanisms by which coronaviruses cause diseases in both animals and humans, providing a critical basis for the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against these deadly viruses.

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26

Banu, Sarah `., and Jaiganesh Ramamurthy. "ROLE OF ANIMAL MODELS IN PERIODONTAL RESEARCH - A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25780.

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Periodontal diseases require treatment at an early stage to prevent further damage and aggravation of the disease. The most commonly seen periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis. Animals have contributed a major role in studying the different periodontal diseases and providing a proper treatment. Periodontal diseases are either induced in these experimental animal models or can be seen naturally. Different drugs are tested on the animals induced by the disease to find the most effective treatment for that particular disease. Different animals such as mice, rats, pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and rodents are used for the periodontal research. Different animals show a different reaction while some animals show no reaction. Each animal has its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of large animals brings a limitation in the due to its housing difficulties. Animals for periodontal research are chosen depending on their similarity with that of human anatomy and physiology. The use of these animals will help to replicate the disease seen in humans in a better and more accurate way. This will improve the treatment outcome and the prognosis of the disease. The drugs used can, hence, give a better idea about the effect it would have on the human body depending on the effects it shows on the animal models. Hence, the use of appropriate animals for the periodontal research is important to design a better treatment for these diseases. Hence, animal models play an important role in the periodontal research.

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27

Ali, MH, MKJ Bhuiyan, and MM Alam. "RETROSPECTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF DISEASES IN RUMINANTS IN KHAGRACHARI HILL TRACT DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2013): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13457.

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A retrospective epidemiologic study of animal diseases was undertaken at Khagrachari Sadar Veterinary Hospital during January, 2006 to December, 2010 to determine prevalence and distribution of animal diseases. According to the diseases register, a total of 3988 sick animals were examined and 53 types of diseases were identified during this period. The commonly found various diseases were worm infestation (51.5%), pneumonia and pneumonitis (7.9%), ephemeral fever (3.7%), enteritis (3.4%), mastitis(3.2%), mange (3.2%), indigestion (2.8%), anestrous(2.6%). Rest of the diseases had lower percentage than 2%. Out of 3988 sick animals, 74.7% were female and 25.3 % were male animals. Animals aged between 2-5 (A1) years had high prevalence (54.0%) and it was low in age group 8-10 years (A4), 2.4%. Prevalence of diseases was high (42.3%) in rainy season (June-October) followed by (32.5%) in winter (November-February) and lowest (25.2%) in summer season (March-May). Gastrointestinal diseases 61.6 % (2458 cases) was seen highly prevalent among all groups of animals which was followed by infectious diseases 10.4% (416 cases), skin diseases 9.4 % (377 cases), respiratory diseases 8.27% (330 cases) and reproductive diseases 7.93% (cases). This study suggests that for a period of 15 years or more will help to identify the risk factors of diseases in this area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13457

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Vyniarska, А., M. Kajpus M. Kajpus, D. Gufrij, and А. Gamota. "Empirical antibiotic therapy in infectious diseases of small animals." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8719.

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Antibiotic resistance is an important risk factor for human and animal health. The inappropriate use of antibiotics for productive animals has a direct link with the selection and distribution of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in humans, which leads to the loss of effective antibiotics for the treatment of many infectious diseases in humane and veterinary medicine. This attracts the attention of the scientists of the whole world, as the number of infectious diseases increases, are not treatable and end lethal. The global problem of the use of antibiotics in productive animals, the emergence and spread of resistant pathogenic microorganisms has been reflected in a number of international declarations and documents. Organization of food products control and Agriculture (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have developed strategic principles for the purpose of productive interaction and cooperation in the field of human health, animal health and the stability of the ecological system. However, in most programs, including national ones, control over the use of antibiotics is concentrated on productive animals, in connection with the risk of the residual quantities of antibiotics and persistent microorganisms in the human body. In contrast, the use of antibiotics for small animals remains beyond the attention of scientists and is less controlled, and the danger of the emergence and spread of resistant forms of microorganisms – high. The development of resistance of microorganisms in small animals is facilitated by various factors, which are basically based on non-compliance with the principles of rational use of antibiotics. Free access to antibiotics in Ukraine complicates this situation, since the owners of animals are engaged in the treatment of their pets, which also contributes to the development of resistance of microorganisms. In this article the basic principles of rational use of antibiotics for small animals and the experience of using antibiotics of various pharmacological groups in various diseases in clinical practice in recent years are analyzed.

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Zechner, Dietmar, Benjamin Schulz, Guanglin Tang, Ahmed Abdelrahman, Simone Kumstel, Nico Seume, Rupert Palme, and Brigitte Vollmar. "Generalizability, Robustness and Replicability When Evaluating Wellbeing of Laboratory Mice with Various Methods." Animals 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12212927.

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An essential basis for objectively improving the status of animals during in vivo research is the ability to measure the wellbeing of animals in a reliable and scientific manner. Several non-invasive methods such as assessing body weight, burrowing activity, nesting behavior, a distress score and fecal corticosterone metabolites were evaluated in healthy mice and after three surgical interventions or during the progression of four gastrointestinal diseases. The performance of each method in differentiating between healthy and diseased animals was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The ability to differentiate between these two states differed between distinct surgical interventions and distinct gastrointestinal diseases. Thus, the generalizability of these methods for assessing animal wellbeing was low. However, the robustness of these methods when assessing wellbeing in one gastrointestinal disease was high since the same methods were often capable of differentiating between healthy and diseased animals independent of applied drugs. Moreover, the replicability when assessing two distinct cohorts with an identical surgical intervention was also high. These data suggest that scientists can reach valid conclusions about animal wellbeing when using these methods within one specific animal model. This might be important when optimizing methodological aspects for improving animal wellbeing. The lack of generalizability, however, suggests that comparing animal models by using single methods might lead to incorrect conclusions. Thus, these data support the concept of using a combination of several methods when assessing animal welfare.

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Hu, Guoyu, Duy Ngoc Do, Janine Gray, and Younes Miar. "Selection for Favorable Health Traits: A Potential Approach to Cope with Diseases in Farm Animals." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091717.

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Disease is a global problem for animal farming industries causing tremendous economic losses (>USD 220 billion over the last decade) and serious animal welfare issues. The limitations and deficiencies of current non-selection disease control methods (e.g., vaccination, treatment, eradication strategy, genome editing, and probiotics) make it difficult to effectively, economically, and permanently eliminate the adverse influences of disease in the farm animals. These limitations and deficiencies drive animal breeders to be more concerned and committed to dealing with health problems in farm animals by selecting animals with favorable health traits. Both genetic selection and genomic selection contribute to improving the health of farm animals by selecting certain health traits (e.g., disease tolerance, disease resistance, and immune response), although both of them face some challenges. The objective of this review was to comprehensively review the potential of selecting health traits in coping with issues caused by diseases in farm animals. Within this review, we highlighted that selecting health traits can be applied as a method of disease control to help animal agriculture industries to cope with the adverse influences caused by diseases in farm animals. Certainly, the genetic/genomic selection solution cannot solve all the disease problems in farm animals. Therefore, management, vaccination, culling, medical treatment, and other measures must accompany selection solution to reduce the adverse impact of farm animal diseases on profitability and animal welfare.

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Mohamed, Moktar Omar Sheikh, Hussein Mohamed Salah, Zakariye Abdifatah Ahmed, and Jeilani Busuri Mio. "Public Health Awareness Status of Zoonotic Diseases in Mogadishu-Somalia." American Journal of Aquaculture and Animal Science 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaas.v2i1.1211.

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Zoonotic diseases cause mild-to-severe illnesses in humans that transmitted from vertebrate animals. The majority of the human diseases originate from animals (61%), and 70% of them are emerging diseases. This study was conducted with the main objective of public health awareness of Zoonotic diseases in Benadir region. Questionnaire was structured into 4 sections namely, socio- demographic characteristics of residents, awareness on domestic animals, wild animals transmission of zoonotic diseases and Zoonotic diseases you heard. Simple random sampling with a total of 80 questionnaires were administered and descriptive statistics was used to analyzed data. The 56 respondents (70%) had domestic animals at home while 27 (33.75%) caged their domestic animals and 36 (45%) respondents vaccinated their domestic animals. The 59 respondents (73.75%) were aware of that the domestic animals (dog, cat, bird, rabbit, goat and cattle) can transmit disease to human. Resident awareness on wild animals’ Zoonosis, showed that 36 (45%) respondents were known of wild animals, while 11 respondents (13.75%) caged their wild animals (Monkey). The 49 respondents (61.25%) were conscious about the transmission of disease to human. Result revealed that the study areas were well aware of zoonotic diseases from both domestic and wild animals. List of Zoonotic diseases that respondents heard were tuberculosis (25%), brucellosis (22.54%), anthrax (17.5%), rabies (20%) and toxoplasmosis (15%). Therefore, we recommend that the people should try the best way to avoid diseases acquired from contact with animals is to thoroughly wash hands with soap and water after close contact with animals can be supervised among adult and young to avoid zoonosis diseases in human. Animal owners must carefully practice biosecurity measures to keep away from diseases contamination both in the animals and human.

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Yalew, Shimels Ayele. "Historical analysis of animal diseases: Nagana in Southwestern Ethiopia, Gambella." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 27, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v27i1.3.

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Animals and humans have been intimate companions since antiquity. The history of animals discloses diverse episodes in human history. However, the history of animal disease via humans has been the least researched theme. Therefore, this study aimed to explore animal disease history with a special focus on Nagana in Gambella, Ethiopia. The study utilized content analysis of travelers’ accounts, archival documents, reports, and secondary sources. It revealed that nagana was endemic in the region due to the presence of dense forests, abundant game resources, and climatic factors. Nagana had direct and indirect repercussions. It caused the loss of domestic animals and productivity. It also influenced the economic, political, and cultural life of the people in Gambella. Moreover, limited prevention efforts exacerbated the repercussions of the disease.

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Shuja, Arslan, Javed Anver Qureshi, and Naveed Shuja. "Traditional and Recent Approaches for the Development of Animal Vaccines. A Review." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221612460.

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Objective: To show new trends in the field of vaccinology and spread awareness among population regarding vaccination of animals and successfully controlling spread of diseases Study Design: This is a review study for the development of animal vaccines and was conducted from September, 2021 to June, 2022 at IMBB Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. Review of Literature was collected on traditional and recent approaches for the development of veterinary vaccines and gathered for the awareness among the field of veterinary vaccinology. Methodology: Animals provide food and clothing in addition to other value-added products. Changes in diet and lifestyle have increased the consumption and the use of animal products. Infectious diseases in animals are a major threat to global animal health and its welfare; their effective control is crucial for agronomic health, for safeguarding food security and also alleviating rural poverty. Development of vaccines has led to increased production of healthy poultry, livestock, and fish. Animal production increases have alleviated food insecurity. Before year 2000, most veterinary vaccines were from inactivated organisms that were formulated with an oil-based adjuvant or live attenuated vaccines. Results: The discovery of antigen/gene delivery systems has facilitated the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic veterinary vaccines. Uses several bioinformatics algorithms to predict antigen localization and it has been successfully applied to immunize against many veterinary diseases. Vectors and pathogens that may lead to emergent diseases in animals. Preventing transmission of emerging infectious diseases at the animal–human interface is critically important for protecting the world population from epizootics and pandemics. Hence, there is a need to develop new vaccines to prevent diseases in animals. An area of veterinary vaccination that needs more research and discussion is vaccine interference. The phrase itself is ambiguous and might mean either a condition in which immunization against one disease may weaken the protective immunity established by immunization against another, or a circumstance in which the presence of maternally derived antibodies prevent immunization in newborn animals. Practical implication: This study will provide awareness among community about veterinary vaccines and will develop a disease-free state for pets.Vetrinary vaccines not only prevent diseases in animals but also stops their spread among humans. Conclusion: This review examines some of the main topics that have emerged in the veterinary vaccine field with the use of modern biotechnology techniques. In addition, development of effective vaccines has led to healthier companion animals. However, challenges remain including climate change that has led to enhancement in vectors and pathogens that may lead to emergent diseases in animals. Preventing transmission of emerging infectious diseases at the animal–human interface is critically important for protecting the world population from epizootics and pandemics. Hence, there is a need to develop new vaccines to prevent diseases in animals. Keywords: Vaccines, Toxin, Immunization, Antibodies, Antigen, Host.

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KAPUSTKA, JOANNA, and ALEKSANDRA GARBIEC. "Alpacas in Poland: health, welfare, and anti-parasitic prophylaxis." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 78, no. 01 (2022): 6614–2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6614.

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Alpacas’ population in Poland has attained 5000 individuals. From 2020 alpacas are recognized as farm animals in Poland. This ruminant is increasingly popular, but still poorly known compared to other farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats). The aim of this review is to present the specificity of alpacas in terms of adequate welfare of these animals. To provide an appropriate welfare level, the knowledge about the species’ biology and typical behaviour is needed. The basis for assessment of the animal's health status is the knowledge of basic physiological indicators, whose divergence from reference values is often the first symptom of many diseases. The health and welfare of virtually all animal species are influenced by infestations by endo- and exoparasites, which can cause many disorders and serious diseases. The growing alpaca population size necessitates investigation of this species, which will help future and current owners to breed these animals and prompt veterinarians to apply appropriate treatment of alpacas bred in Poland.

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Takahashi, Hiroshi. "4. Companion Animals and Infectious Diseases." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 99, no. 11 (2010): 2682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.99.2682.

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TILEY, L. "Transgenic animals resistant to infectious diseases." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 35, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.35.1.2422.

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UNE, Yumi. "Infectious Diseases of Imported Exotic Animals." Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 16, no. 2 (September 30, 2011): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.16.103.

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Seyedmousavi, S., J. Guillot, and G. S. de Hoog. "Phaeohyphomycoses, Emerging Opportunistic Diseases in Animals." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00065-12.

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SUMMARYEmerging fungal diseases due to black yeasts and relatives in domestic or wild animals and in invertebrates or cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates are continually being reported, either as novel pathogens or as familiar pathogens affecting new species of hosts. Different epidemiological situations can be distinguished, i.e., occurrence as single infections or as zoonoses, and infection may occur sporadically in otherwise healthy hosts. Such infections are found mostly in mammals but also in cold-blooded animals, are frequently subcutaneous or cerebral, and bear much similarity to human primary disorders. Infections of the nervous system are mostly fatal, and the source and route of infection are currently unknown. A third epidemiological situation corresponds to pseudoepidemics, i.e., infection of a large host population due to a common source. It is often observed and generally hypothesized that the susceptible animals are under stress, e.g., due to poor housing conditions of mammals or to a change of basins in the case of fishes. The descriptions in this article represent an overview of the more commonly reported and recurring black fungi and the corresponding diseases in different types of animals.

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Songer, J. G. "Clostridial enteric diseases of domestic animals." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no. 2 (April 1996): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.2.216.

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Songer, J. G. "Clostridial enteric diseases of domestic animals." Clinical microbiology reviews 9, no. 2 (1996): 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.2.216-234.1996.

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Steele, K. E. "Book Review: Emerging Diseases of Animals." Veterinary Pathology 39, no. 2 (March 2002): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.39-2-290-a.

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O’Brien, Charles A., and Roy Morello. "Modeling Rare Bone Diseases in Animals." Current Osteoporosis Reports 16, no. 4 (May 25, 2018): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11914-018-0452-x.

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Hunter, A. G. "Infectious tropical diseases of domestic animals." British Veterinary Journal 143, no. 6 (November 1987): 587–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(87)90058-3.

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Bagley, Rodney S. "Common Neurologic Diseases of Older Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 27, no. 6 (November 1997): 1451–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(97)50134-3.

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Epstein, Steven E. "Exudative Pleural Diseases in Small Animals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 44, no. 1 (January 2014): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.08.005.

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O’Toole, Donal. "Book Review: Clostridial Diseases of Animals." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28, no. 5 (August 30, 2016): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638716663489.

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Prusiner, Stanley B., Glenn Telling, Fred E. Cohen, and Stephen J. DeArmond. "Prion diseases of humans and animals." Seminars in Virology 7, no. 3 (June 1996): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/smvy.1996.0021.

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Rahman, Md Tanvir, Md Abdus Sobur, Md Saiful Islam, Samina Ievy, Md Jannat Hossain, Mohamed E. El Zowalaty, AMM Taufiquer Rahman, and Hossam M. Ashour. "Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091405.

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Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.

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Carpouron, Julia Eva, Sybren de Hoog, Eleni Gentekaki, and Kevin David Hyde. "Emerging Animal-Associated Fungal Diseases." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8060611.

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The Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) estimates that fungal diseases kill around 150 people each hour, and yet they are globally overlooked and neglected. Histoplasma and Talaromyces, which are associated with wildlife, cause systemic infections that are often lethal in patients with impaired cellular immunity. Dermatophytes that cause outbreaks in human hosts are often associated with domesticated animals. Changes in human behavior have been identified as a main cause of the emergence of animal-associated fungal diseases in humans, sometimes caused by the disturbance of natural habitats. An understanding of ecology and the transmission modes of causative agents is therefore essential. Here, we focus on fungal diseases contracted from wildlife and domesticated animals, their habitats, feces and carcasses. We discuss some basic fungal lifestyles and the risk of transmission to humans and illustrate these with examples from emerging and established diseases.

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Clemmons, Elizabeth A., Kendra J. Alfson, and John W. Dutton. "Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072039.

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Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.

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