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1
Chaudhry, A. S., G. Egedege, A. J. F. Webster, and M. A. Kitcherside. "Effect of heat processing on the nutritive value of mucuna bean (mucun sloanei) for rats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028853.
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Mucuna bean (Mucuna sloanei, MB) is widely cultivated as a cover crop in a traditional bush fallow system of tropical regions. Despite its protein value and high yield in Nigeria, its use is limited to grazing animals. Its physical-chemical properties may be responsible for under-utilization. Like other legumes, Mucuna bean may contain antinutrients i.e., phenolic compounds which limit their utilization for man and animals. The utilization may be increased by either modifying or removing these compounds using simple processing methods. The following studies were conducted to test the efficacy of using physical-mechanical methods to improve the nutritive value of MB for rats and by implication for other species including human beings.
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Thomasma, David C., and Erich H. Loewy. "A Dialogue on Species-Specific Rights: Humans and Animals in Bioethics." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 4 (1997): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100008161.
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At the end of the most violent century in human history, it is good to take stock of our commitments to human and other life forms, as well as to examine the rights and the duties that might flow from their biological makeup. Professor Thomasma and Professor Loewy have held a long-standing dialogue on whether there are moral differences between animals and humans. This dialogue was occasioned by a presentation Thomasma made some years ago at Loewy's invitation at the University of Illinois, Peoria, Medical Center. During that presentation, Thomasma argued that human beings are sufficiently distinct from other animals genetically and otherwise to justify a moral difference in rights and obligations. In effect, he argued that there are species-specific rights. This essay will pick up the threads of that dialogue.
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Yan, Hektor KT. "Can animals sing? On birdsong, music and meaning." Social Science Information 52, no. 2 (May 14, 2013): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413477748.
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This article deals with conceptual questions regarding claims to the effect that humans and animals share artistic abilities such as the possession of music. Recent works focusing on animals, from such as Hollis Taylor and Dominique Lestel, are discussed. The attribution of artistic traits in human and animal contexts is examined by highlighting the importance of issues relating to categorization and evaluation in cross-species studies. An analogy between the denial of major attributes to animals and a form of racism is drawn in order to show how questions pertaining to meaning can impact on our understanding of animal abilities. One of the major theses presented is that the question of whether animals possess music cannot be answered by a methodology that is uninformed by the way concepts such as music or art function in the context of human life: the ascription of music to humans or non-humans is a value-laden act rather than a factual issue regarding how to represent an entity. In order to see how humans and animals share a life in common, it is necessary to come to the reflective realization that how human beings understand themselves can impact on their perception and experience of human and non-human animals.
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Verma, Meena, Roop Singh Bora, Imran Sheikh, Vinod Kumar, Punesh Sangwan, and Harcharan Singh Dhaliwal. "Effect of gibberellins and ascorbic acid treatment on phytic acid and micronutrients dialyzability in germinated biofortified wheat seeds." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i01.017.
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Introduction: Phytic acid chelate minerals, including Fe and Zn and render them inaccessible once ingested by human beings. The evaluation of differences in the dialyzability of macronutrients including Fe and Zn in various wheat derivatives is therefore important for the enhancement of nutritional quality of grains. Objectives: The objective of current study was to improve the micronutrient content in wheat grain. Methods: During germination (12, 24, 48, 72, 96 h), effects of gibberellins and ascorbic acid on phytic acid content as well as dialyzability of iron and zinc of wheat derivatives were determined. Results: The phytic acid content in wheat flour was determined and it was found 7.61 to 7.48 mg/g. After the treatment with gibberellins, it was significantly reduced from 8.68 to 21.6 % and 9.65 to 20.9 % with ascorbic acid. In wheat flour dialyzabilty of Fe was 4.53 to 8.97 mg/kg. After germination, Fe content was increased from 9.77 to 32.0 % with gibberellin, and 13.9 to 31.0 % with ascorbic acid. Moreover, with gibberellins, Zn content was increased from 8.68 to 21.6 % and 9.65 to 20.9 % with ascorbic acid, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggested that gibberellins as well as ascorbic acid can be exploited to improve the dialyzability of iron and zinc content due to reduced antinutrient i. e phytic acid and make the minerals available for the absorption in monogastric animals including human beings.
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Lin, Chi-I., and Yuh-Yuh Li. "Protecting Life on Land and Below Water: Using Storytelling to Promote Undergraduate Students’ Attitudes toward Animals." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 2479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072479.
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The framework of Global Education 2030 Agenda suggests 17 learning objectives for sustainability education. Restoring the human–animal relationship is a core task emphasized by Goals 14 (Life below water) and 15 (Life on land). This study investigated the effect of using storytelling, focusing on the thematic topic of wild animals, as an integrated part of learning about attitude toward wild animals. It addressed the major question: how could the students’ perceptions concerning the human–animal relationship be changed? The participants were 31 university students majoring in a variety of subjects. Qualitative inquiry using a personal meaning map (PMM) and online in-depth focus group interview explored the students’ perceptions of wild animals and their learning experience. The results showed the students’ changing attitudes toward wild animals at the end of the storytelling session. In the focus group interview students reported the process of their storytelling regarding the invention the stories. In conclusion, storytelling, featuring the adoption of multiperspectives, addressed imagination and empathy and promoted an understanding of the ethical relationship between wild animals and human beings. The educational implication of storytelling appealed to a holistic approach, engaging an interdisciplinary classroom practice in defining humanity in relation to the nonhuman world.
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Monteiro, GS, JD Fleck, M. Kluge, NK Rech, MC Soliman, R. Staggemeier, MT Rodrigues, MP Barros, LS Heinzelmann, and FR Spilki. "Adenoviruses of canine and human origins in stool samples from free-living pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) in São Francisco de Paula, Rio dos Sinos basin." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 2 suppl (May 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.0313.
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<p>The spread of enteric viruses of domestic animals and human beings to wild species can be facilitated by the resistance of these viruses on the environment and their ability to be transmitted by water and contaminated food. The health status of the populations of pampas foxes (<italic>Lycalopex gymnocercus</italic>) and crab-eating foxes (<italic>Cerdocyon thous</italic>) is largely unknown and the landscapes occupied by these animals in southern Brazil have been threatened by human occupation and expansion of agriculture. In this work, the search of genomes of human and canine adenoviruses in feces from these wild carnivores was used to track the dissemination of domestic animals and human pathogens to the free-living populations in a wildlife reserve located in southern Brazil. This was performed by virus-specific differential real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) on stool specimens, avoiding capture and additional stress to the animals. Genus-specific conventional reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was complementarily performed aiming the detection of enteroviruses (EV) and rotaviruses (RV) on these same samples. HAdV genomes were found on 14 out of the 17 (82.35%) stool samples analysed, whereas CAV was found co-infecting 5 of these samples. RV genomes were detected on 7 of the 17 samples (41.18%) and all samples were negative for EV. The results point to the dispersion of HAdV and RV at a high rate to these species of South American wild carnivores, which can be an effect of growing anthropisation of the habitat of these animals.</p>
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Guerra, Thais De Rezende Bessa, Gilson Teles Boaventura, and Luis Guillermo Coca Velarde. "Phytoestrongens the modulador selective receptor estrogen?" Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 10, no. 1 (November 3, 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v10i1.4914.
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Flaxseed are particularly abundant source of phytoestrogens, are diphenolic compounds that are present in several plants eaten by human beings. When ingested in relatively large amounts, phytoestrogens have been shown to have significant estrogen agonists/ antagonists effects in animals and humans. There is epidemiological, laboratory and clinical evidence which indicates that phytoestrogens, like certain selective estrogen receptor modulators, have an antiproliferative effect on the breast, and positive effects on the lipoprotein profile and bone density. They might also improve some of the climacteric symptoms. This evidence is critically reviewed, and the possible benefit of dietary intervention with phytoestrogen-rich food for woman's health is discussed. </span>
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Acevedo-Estupiñan, Maria Victoria, Elena Stashenko, and Fernando Rodríguez-Sanabria. "Effect of Lippia alba essential oil administration on obesity and T2DM markers in Wistar rats." Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Químico-Farmacéuticas 48, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v48n2.82718.
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Introduction: Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) is an aromatic plant from Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, it is traditionally used by the Colombian population to treat various diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the metabolic effects of Lippia alba essential oil (EO) oral administration on obesity and diabetes markers in Wistar rats. Methods: control and Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes induced rats were used to evaluate the EO metabolic effects. Glucose and triglycerides were measured using commercial colorimetric kits, the animals’ weight was followed for 21 days treatment and TNF- and adiponectin concentration was determined with ELISA technique. Results: The consumption of EO shows body weight gain regulation, lower glucose and cholesterol levels in normal rats and lower TNF- in comparison with the Glibenclamide treated rats between the STZ diabetic groups. No toxic effects were founded. Conclusions: The EO exerts a benefical metabolic effect in rats, therefore it is interesting to be evaluate a future in human beings with T2DM or overweight.
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Geng, Wenjing, and Jun Lin. "Bacterial bile salt hydrolase: an intestinal microbiome target for enhanced animal health." Animal Health Research Reviews 17, no. 2 (December 2016): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252316000153.
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AbstractTo effectively mitigate antimicrobial resistance in the agricultural ecosystem, there is an increasing pressure to reduce and eliminate the use of in-feed antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in food animals. However, limiting antibiotic use could compromise animal production efficiency and health. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Increasing evidence has shown that the growth-promoting effect of AGPs was highly correlated with the reduced activity of bile salt hydrolase (BSH), an intestinal bacterial enzyme that has a negative impact on host fat digestion and energy harvest; consistent with this finding, the population ofLactobacillusspecies, the major intestinal BSH-producer, was significantly reduced in response to AGP use. Thus, BSH is a key mechanistic microbiome target for developing novel alternatives to AGPs. Despite recent significant progress in the characterization of diverse BSH enzymes, research on BSH is still in its infancy. This review is focused on the function of BSH and its significant impacts on host physiology in human beings, laboratory animals and food animals. The gaps in BSH-based translational microbiome research for enhanced animal health are also identified and discussed.
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Pant, N., and SP Srivastava. "Testicular and spermatotoxic effect of nitrate in mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 21, no. 1 (January 2002): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht206oa.
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A study was conducted with nitrate to assess the testicular and spermatotoxic effects in mice at doses to which human beings are exposed as well as at higher dose levels in the drinking water. Potassium nitrate was administered to mice at dose levels 90, 200, 500, 700 and 900 ppm for 35 days. There was no difference in the uptake of water in control and treated animals. The amount of nitrate intake// mouse///day calculated on the basis of water intake in the different groups ranged from 22.5 to 27, 50 to 60, 125 to 150, 175 to 210 and 225 to 270 mg///kg body weight. No changes were evident in the body weight, testicular, epididymal and accessory organ weight at all the dose levels tested, although a decline in sperm count and sperm motility along with an increase in abnormal sperm was noticed at 900 ppm. The activity of marker testicular enzymes, mainly 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-β HSD) and figlutamyl transpeptidase (fi-GT), associated with specific cell types were altered. Histopathological changes including atrophy and disturbed spermatogenesis were observed only at the 900-ppm dose level. In conclusion, we can say that the testicular and spermatotoxic effects are observed only at the highest dose level, which is not likely to be encountered in the drinking water.
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Hrushesky, W. J., T. Langevin, Y. J. Kim, and P. A. Wood. "Circadian dynamics of tumor necrosis factor alpha (cachectin) lethality." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.3.1059.
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Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has demonstrable antitumor activity in transplantable murine tumor models and patients with cancer but is highly toxic to both animals and human beings. The narrow therapeutic index of TNF-alpha has limited its anticancer utility. Toxicity associated with many standard anticancer drugs is highly dependent upon the circadian timing of their administration. The effect of time of day of TNF-alpha administration on lethal toxicity was examined in 238 BALB/c female mice in two studies. Each mouse received a single intravenous injection of human TNF-alpha at one of six equispaced times within the first contiguous 24-h cycle. The probability of dying across all times of day of TNF-alpha treatment was not equal (p < 0.01) and varied up to ninefold. Significant time of day dependence of TNF-alpha toxicity was present over a full order of magnitude of TNF-alpha dose. The frequency of TNF-alpha-induced lethality was greatest and the time to death was most brief when TNF-alpha was administered just before awakening. The survival probability was highest when TNF-alpha was administered in the second half of the daily activity span corresponding roughly to late afternoon and evening hours for human beings. The optimization of TNF-alpha administration timing is a strategy that warrants further investigation for improving the toxic/therapeutic ratio of this important cytokine. From a more fundamental perspective, these data may be essential for achieving a fuller understanding of TNF-alpha in vivo biology.
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Gallant, T. L., and A. Singh. "Morphometric Analysis Of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 118-Induced Ultrastructural Alterations In The Rat Liver." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019656.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate in the food chain and thus pose a health risk to human beings and other animals. The exceptional dielectric and lubricating properties of the PCBs resulted in their extensive use during the mid-1950s as lubricants in electrical generators and transformers. PCBs have a long half-life and persist in the environment causing concerns related to their toxicity. The present research on congener 118 (2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) involves the quantification of hepatocyte alterations using stereology techniques. Application of a quantitative technique to estimate liver pathology confers more confidence in evaluating toxicity of a xenobiotic, and in the determination of its NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level).Alterations in the volume fraction of cellular constituents in the hepatocytes induced by congener 118 were estimated relative to the sex of, and dose fed to a laboratory population of weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were given the PCB dose in concentrations of 2, 200, and 2,000 ppb to females and 10, 1,000 and 10,000 ppb to males; three animals were used in each dose group.
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Sarkar, Bidyut Kumar. "Rājarshi: The Ethical Leadership Concept of India for the World." Journal for Ethics in Social Studies 4, no. 1 (2020): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/jess/4.1/31.
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Humanity is precariously placed between the animality and the divinity. Modern man neither has a developed sub-mental instinct like that of the animals, nor has gained a supra-mental intuitive consciousness like that of the seers. In such a scenario, a firm leadership is required to show him the right direction. Since the collective entity like family, society, organization or nation is a summation of individuals, the effect of such leadership may be felt at these levels. Thousands of years ago, Indian Rishis discovered the laws governing the physical and moral world of human beings and applied the same to develop a leadership concept which has been in action, albeit with varying intensities, since time immemorial. Understanding that concept and its implications for the present world is an interesting endeavour.
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Agnihotri, Vandana. "HUMAN LIFE AND DIVERSE COLORS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3652.
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If there were no colors, it is difficult to say what the form of the world would be like. Colors affect the living beings. Man is a man of knowledge. Even birds and insects are attracted to colors, but not all colors have the same effect. All colors are beautiful and unpleasant. It depends on the attitude of the person to see which color they like. There is no definition of color. Color is the coating of an outer skin. This coating depends on the anatomy and environment. Man's fair complexion (white, pink, dark), black (dark, excessive black) depends on his anatomy and environment. Where there is strong heat, people are black and where there is cold and icy areas, people are white. The skin also has a proper effect on the environment, air and air and anatomy. Some organisms have an immediate effect on the surrounding environment and their body adapts to that environment at the same time as the chameleon. Some people like one color, others are irritated with it but in some animals birds also like this Feedback is seen. The idea of terrorizing or instigating wild animals with red color is famous. Chidiya and kida makode are also seen as enamored and disgusted with different colors.
रंग न होते तो संसार का रूप कैसा होता कहना कठिन है। रंग प्राणीमात्र को प्रभावित करते है। मनुष्य तो खैर ज्ञान का पुतला है। पषु-पक्षी और कीट पतंगो तक रंगो के प्रति आकर्षित रहते है किन्तु सभी रंग एक जैसा प्रभाव नही डालते। सभी रंग शोभन भी हैं और अप्रिय भी। यह देखने वाले की मनोवृत्ति पर निर्भर हैं कि किसे कौनसा रंग प्रिय लगता है।रंग की कोई परिभाषा नही है। रंग एक बाहरी त्वचा का लेपमात्र है शरीर रचना और पर्यावरण पर यह लेप निर्भर करता है। मनुष्य का गोरा रंग (सफेद, गुलाबी, गंदुमी) होना, काला (सांवला, अत्यधिक काला) होना उनकी शारीरिक रचना और पर्यावरण पर निर्भर करता है। जहां तेज गर्मी होती है वहां लोग काले एवं जहां ठण्डे एवं बर्फीले इलाके होते है वहां लोग गोरे होते है। त्वचा पर भी वातावरण, आबो-हवा और शारीरिक रचना का समुचित प्रभाव पडता है। कुछ जीवों पर आसपास के वातावरण का तत्काल प्रभाव प्रडता है और उनका शरीर उसी क्षण उस वातावरण के अनुकूल हो जाता है जैसे गिरगिट।कुछ लोग एक रंग पसंद करते है तो दूसरों को उससे चिढ़ है परंतु कुछ पषु-पक्षियों में भी रंगो के प्रति यही प्रतिक्रिया देखी जाती है। लाल रंग से जंगली जानवारों के आतंकित होने या भड़कने की बाते प्रसिद्ध है। चिडिया और कीडे मकोडे भी विभिन्न रंगो के प्रति आसक्त और विरक्त देखे जाते है।
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Goldstein, Naum, and Tatyana V. Arshavskaya. "Is Atmospheric Superoxide Vitally Necessary? Accelerated Death of Animals in a Quasi-Neutral Electric Atmosphere." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 52, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1997): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1997-5-619.
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Abstract To estimate the necessity of air ions (AIs) as a natural source of atmospheric gaseous superoxide for mammalia the effect of air ion deprivation on mice and rats was investigated. Ambient air deionization inside an experimental acrylic glass cage (AGC) was performed by electrostatic field, built up by acrylic glass surfaces. Under these conditions, four hours after the animals were placed into the AGC, the concentration of negative AIs was not detectable, the concentration of positive ions was (mean ± SD) 77 ± 18 ionsxcm-3. The negative and positive AI concentrations in identical silicate glass cages (control) were 482 ± 128 ionsxcm-3 and 660 ± 148 ionsxcm-3 respectively. It was found that the prolonged deficiency of AIs in ambient air leads to accelerated death of the animals. The life span of the deprived mice and rats was 16.2 ± 0.9 and 23.0 ± 1.1 days respectively. The pathological symptoms and ultrastructural changes in the adeno-and neurohypophysis in deprived animals observed strongly suggest that animal death is related to disturbances in neurohormonal regulation and pituitary insufficiency. The possible physiological need of AIs and atmospheric superoxide, and its role in the development of environmental stress in human beings and in particular in premature infants is discussed.
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Bailey, Adam L., Michael Lauck, Ria R. Ghai, Chase W. Nelson, Katelyn Heimbruch, Austin L. Hughes, Tony L. Goldberg, et al. "Arteriviruses, Pegiviruses, and Lentiviruses Are Common among Wild African Monkeys." Journal of Virology 90, no. 15 (May 11, 2016): 6724–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00573-16.
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ABSTRACTNonhuman primates (NHPs) are a historically important source of zoonotic viruses and are a gold-standard model for research on many human pathogens. However, with the exception of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (familyRetroviridae), the blood-borne viruses harbored by these animals in the wild remain incompletely characterized. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two novel simian pegiviruses (familyFlaviviridae) and two novel simian arteriviruses (familyArteriviridae) in wild African green monkeys from Zambia (malbroucks [Chlorocebus cynosuros]) and South Africa (vervet monkeys [Chlorocebus pygerythrus]). We examine several aspects of infection, including viral load, genetic diversity, evolution, and geographic distribution, as well as host factors such as age, sex, and plasma cytokines. In combination with previous efforts to characterize blood-borne RNA viruses in wild primates across sub-Saharan Africa, these discoveries demonstrate that in addition to SIV, simian pegiviruses and simian arteriviruses are widespread and prevalent among many African cercopithecoid (i.e., Old World) monkeys.IMPORTANCEPrimates are an important source of viruses that infect humans and serve as an important laboratory model of human virus infection. Here, we discover two new viruses in African green monkeys from Zambia and South Africa. In combination with previous virus discovery efforts, this finding suggests that these virus types are widespread among African monkeys. Our analysis suggests that one of these virus types, the simian arteriviruses, may have the potential to jump between different primate species and cause disease. In contrast, the other virus type, the pegiviruses, are thought to reduce the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. However, we did not observe a similar protective effect in SIV-infected African monkeys coinfected with pegiviruses, possibly because SIV causes little to no disease in these hosts.
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Miloševic, Danica. "EKOFEMINIZAM I ETIKA." Lipar, no. 72 (2020): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lipar72.215m.
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Inclined towards consumerism, modern patriarchal society suffers from denaturalisation which reflects itself through the processes of natural oppression and animal exploitation. Logic of domination upon which patriarchy acts and by which it imposes a superior attitude over nature and nonhuman species, destroys internal values that animals and nature possess, which are not recognized at the capitalist stage where value is regarded through the prism of instrumentalism. This paper aims to disclose the opposite practice which employs the ethics of care and partnership with nature and its elements, through the postulates of ecofeminism oriented towards the life-affirming principle, not the destructive force that patriarchy is prone to. By analysing different ecofeminist approaches, this paper reveals the importance of nature and animals as a unique potential and subjectivity, with a right to freedom and existence. In view of maintaining biodiversity, the animal is redefined from the absent referent, that is, inferior and subdued phenomenon endangered by the masculine hegemony, into a siginificant constituent of human reality by introducing the language of empathy and moral responsibility with the capacity to build a close relationship with the environment from the angle of ecofeminism. It is important to develop ecological consciousness, and accept the time flow needed for renewal of nature, by understanding the importance of the natural surroundings in which man is only a small particle. In such a language, the culture of meat eating has an alternative in the form of vegeterianism, whereas animal and nature become part of moral community, so that hunting, and laboratory exploitation of animals, as well as the use of natural resources are reduced to necessity, not the indispensable. Meat consumption is an attack on animals and an act of support to consumer culture, whereas the refusal of meat is an act of defiance to patriarchal power in the contex of ethics towards nature and its living beings. A conclusion is reached through argumentation that ecofeminism sees the practice of animal killing as justified only in special/extreme cases, that is, in situations when it is necessary to save human lives, or when the terrain does not offer other options for human diet. On the other hand, the exclusion of animals from laboratory practices is considered desirable for two reasons: firstly, because animals can feel pain due to their neural structures in the brain, and secondly, because there is no guarantee that a good effect of research on animals will give good results in humans. Following Ynestra King who claims that there is no hierarchy in nature, and that man is not imposed as a superior being over other species by any laws of nature, a conclusion is reached that man has no right as a rational and conscious being with a highly de- veloped system of communication to use that position as an argument or an excuse for demonstrating his agression towards animals which have an equal right to live and be free. The system of nature is declared a sacred space in the value system of ecofeminism in which the life of each individual being is invaluable. Man as a spe- cies has the greatest impact on nature, environment and diversity and, at the same time, he is the only one who can assist nature in the act of renewal, by limiting his appetites so as to sustain the world of nature, including animals as valuable species in it. Protection of animals is; therefore, needed in all segments – they should not be regarded as guinea pigs, meat or trophies, but looked upon as specific beings with their needs and instincts.
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Simpson, Kerry E., Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore, Darren J. Shaw, Anne T. French, Joanna Dukes-McEwan, Carmel M. Moran, and Brendan M. Corcoran. "Pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging velocities in normal geriatric cats and geriatric cats with primary or systemic diseases linked to specific cardiomyopathies in humans, and the influence of age and heart rate upon these velocities." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 4 (April 2009): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.08.003.
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Pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging (pw-DTI) techniques allow the non-invasive assessment of myocardial dynamics. pw-DTI has demonstrated regional and global diastolic impairment in various forms of human and feline cardiomyopathy. We hypothesise that in geriatric cats with systemic diseases that have been linked to specific cardiomyopathies in human beings, the myocardial velocity profile will be altered when compared to either normal or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) cats; and that both age and heart rate have a significant affect upon pw-DTI velocities. The aims of this study were to determine whether the feline M-mode or myocardial velocity profile is altered in geriatric cats with disease states that have been linked to specific cardiomyopathies in humans when compared to normal geriatric cats or geriatric cats with HCM and to determine whether age or heart rate has a significant effect upon pw-DTI velocities within these groups of cats. Sixty-six cats aged 8 years or above were included in the study, and were divided as follows: Unaffected ( n=8), basilar septal bulge (BSB) (17), HCM (14), hyperthyroid (HiT4) (12) and chronic renal failure (CRF) (15). Systolic blood pressure was normal in all the cats. pw-DTI systolic ( S′), early ( E′) and late diastolic ( A′) velocities were assessed from standardised sites within the myocardium, and the relationships between these and disease group, age and heart rate were then assessed. In cats with HCM, the E′ velocity was decreased at various sites. Conversely, the HiT4 cats demonstrated increased S′ velocities. The only site at which the age of the cat was significantly related to myocardial velocities was the S′ velocity from the apical mid-septum. There were also significant positive relationships between heart rate and the magnitude of myocardial S′, E′ and A′ velocities of radial motion and S′ and A′ velocities of longitudinal motion. pw-DTI detected diastolic dysfunction in untreated cats with HCM and increased systolic function in HiT4 cats. The age of the cat was of little significance, whereas heart rate significantly influenced myocardial velocity profiles.
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Abou-Zeid, Shimaa M., Samira H. Aljuaydi, Huda O. AbuBakr, Enas A. Tahoun, Alessandro Di Cerbo, Mahmoud Alagawany, Samah R. Khalil, and Mayada R. Farag. "Astaxanthin Mitigates Thiacloprid-Induced Liver Injury and Immunotoxicity in Male Rats." Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090525.
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Thiacloprid (TCP) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide with a probable toxic hazard to animals and human beings. This hazard has intensified the demand for natural compounds to alleviate the expected toxic insults. This study aimed at determining whether astaxanthin (ASX) could mitigate the hepatotoxic effect of TCP and diminish its suppressive effect on immune responses in rats. Animals received TCP by gavage at 62.1 mg/kg (1/10th LD50) with or without ASX at 40 mg/kg for 60 days. Intoxicated rats showed modulation of serum transaminases and protein profiles. The hemagglutination antibody titer to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and the number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen were reduced. The cell-mediated immunity and phagocytosis were suppressed, while serum interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were elevated. Additionally, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels were increased in the liver, spleen, and thymus, with depletion of glutathione and suppression of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the high mobility group box protein 1 genes were upregulated with histomorphological alterations in the aforementioned organs. Cotreatment with ASX markedly ameliorated the toxic effects of TCP, and all markers showed a regression trend towards control values. Collectively, our data suggest that the protective effects of ASX on the liver and immune system of TCP-treated animals depend upon improving the antioxidant status and relieving the inflammatory response, and thus it may be used as a promising therapeutic agent to provide superior hepato- and immunoprotection.
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Idesawa, Masanori. "Special Issue on Vision and Mechatronics." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 6 (December 20, 2001): 567–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0567.
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The amount of information human beings obtain from the external world through their visual senses exceeds 80% of the total amount of information they take in. Robots and similar automatons must thus be provided with visual functions equivalent to those of human beings, enabling them to grasp external conditions accurately and to move appropriately based on such conditions. Computer and machine vision systems technologically and practically realize such visual functions, and studies of these vision systems have drawn attention and research since the 1970s. Studies on the human and other biological visual systems have progressed steadily under the stimulus of rapid advances in the brai sciences field. Such studies have brought to light new types of useful information related to biological vision systems and such information has been used to promote studies of artificial visual senses. In separate developments based on the progress of integrated circuit systems, visual sensors imitating the sensing of the human retina and the eyes of insects and animals have been developed and efforts made to apply such sensors to a variety of control systems. Human beings fuse information obtained through the visual and other senses with information collected by interacting positively with the external world to form in the brain necessary images (models) related to the external world. Based on such images and models, human beings make decisions and plan for appropriate action to take under specific circumstances. In such cases, the human senses, including the visual sense, interact mutually rather than independently. When a visual stimulus differing from ordinary stimuli is perceived, the effect of such a stimulus is recognized both by the sensory organs and sometimes by the motor organs. Human beings fuse information obtained through the visual and other senses with information collected by interacting positively with the external world to form in the brain necessary images (models) related to the external world. Based on such images and models, human beings make decisions and plan for appropriate action to take under specific circumstances. In such cases, the human senses, including the visual sense, interact mutually rather than independently. When a visual stimulus differing from ordinary stimuli is perceived, the effect of such a stimulus is recognized both by the sensory organs and sometimes by the motor organs. In the present natural environment, where numerous conditions artificially produced by numerous automation and visual systems are present simultaneously, it becomes important to study the interference and interaction among the sensory, motor, and physiological organs. The human visual function gradually develops with maturation and declines with age, following a downward curve with the years. Simple deviations in the focusing range due to myopia or hyperopia can be corrected almost completely using ordinary glasses for near-sightedness or far-sightedness. Stenosis in the focusing range, however, caused by aging and a decline in the elasticity of the eye lens cannot be corrected by the use of ordinary glasses. Such correction requires either the use of 2 types of glasses, i.e., those for near-sightedness and those for far-sightedness, alternately depending on the distance between the glasses user and the object viewed. Bifocals may also be used. The use of double lenses, however, may cause problems for the user, who must change from one pair of glasses to the other and vice versa. Biofocal lenses present problems related to the need to shift the gaze unnaturally, the presence of an unnaturally deformed whole-vision field, and the undesirable occurrence of sensations such as nausea required in attempts to adjust to changed visual fields. Take the case of fine soldering work at very close range and parts handling done at a medium range simultaneously, for example. This presents both far-sighted and near-sighted personnel with difficulties in the use of glasses. Symptoms of hyperopia generally begin to appear in those aged 40 to 45 years old. With society rapidly aging and the number of children – successors to the aging – the working population is also aging, making it vital from a social viewpoint to mechatronically solve the many problems related to hyperopia and other vision-related developments. It is with great pleasure that we present a number of articles in this special edition that should prove both informative and interesting to researchers in the fields of robotic engineering and mechatronics. These articles offer new insights into studies on welfare and human engineering and are sure to make important contributions to the progress of related R&D.
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Yassin, Maged M., and Mohammed S. Al-Najjar. "Hepatic and Renal Toxicity of Methamidophos in Male Domestic Rabbits: Physiological Aspect." Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine 6 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2020.980000.
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Toxicity studies of methamidophos on the physiological aspects of mammalian organs are limited in the literature. This study aimed to assess hepatic and renal functions in response to a sublethal dose of methamidophos in male domestic rabbits. A daily dose of 1/10 LD50 methamidophos was given orally to rabbits for 6 weeks. Control animals were given distilled water. Blood samples were collected and analyzed weekly. Serum glucose and bilirubin were increased upon methamidophos intake versus control, with the significant change commenced from the second and fifth weeks, respectively. In general, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase showed significant elevation throughout the whole experiment. Conversely, cholinesterase was significantly inhibited all over the experimental intervals studied. Serum urea and creatinine showed a significant increase whereas total protein, albumin, and globulin exhibited a significant decrease during the last five weeks of the experiment. Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were also observed in methamidophostreated rabbits. Methamidophos exposure at a sublethal dose had a potential toxic effect on liver and kidney functions as indicated by significant alterations in their biomarkers. Such findings can then be extrapolated to human beings to assess the potential hazards in human populations due to methamidophos exposure.
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Pant, Niraj, R. C. Murthy, and S. P. Srivastava. "Male reproductive toxicity of sodium arsenite in mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 23, no. 8 (August 2004): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327104ht467oa.
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The effect of chronic oral exposure to arsenic on male mouse testicular and accessory sex organ weights, sperm parameters and testicular marker enzymes was studied. In addition, the distribution of arsenic in reproductive organs was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sodium arsenite administered to mice (Mus musculus) via drinking water at a dose of 53.39 βmol/L (4 ppm As) for 365 days caused a decrease in the absolute and relative testicular weight. However, epididymal and accessory sex organ weight was similar to control. The activities of marker testicular enzymes such as sorbitol dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) were significantly decreased, but those of lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) were significantly increased. A decrease in sperm count and sperm motility, along with an increase in abnormal sperm, was observed in arsenite-exposed mice. A significant accumulation of arsenic in testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland was observed in treated animals. Thus long term exposure (365 days) at the dose level of 53.39 μmol/L sodium arsenite (4 ppm As), to which human beings are likely to be exposed via drinking water, may cause testicular and spermatotoxic effect.
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Bhoi, Sourav Kumar, Sanjaya Kumar Panda, Kalyan Kumar Jena, Chittaranjan Mallick, and Akhtar Khan. "A fuzzy approach to identify fish red spot disease." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 10, no. 3 (April 6, 2020): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-11-2019-0051.
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PurposeFish are considered as one of the important aquatic animals in the planet. They play a vital role in the nutrient cycle. They can be considered as one of the healthy food for human beings. They can also act as a solution for some of the human health problems. If fish are affected by several diseases, they in turn provide an adverse effect on human health. Therefore, it is very much essential to protect fish from being affected by any diseases.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is mainly focused on the identification of the red spot diseased area in fish. In this work, a fuzzy rule based method (FRBAM) and triangular membership function (TMFN) is used to identify the red spot disease (RSD) in the fish by analyzing several red spot diseased fish (RSDF) images. The canny edge detector is used for intermediate processing of RSDF images.FindingsThe proposed method is able to identify the red pixels over the fish by marking the affected area with red color by using a standard RGB model.Originality/valueThe proposed method follows FRBAM and TMFN in order to detect the RSD and canny edge detector for processing of RSDF images. Finally, it is tested using ten different image sizes and the results show its better performance in terms of detection of RSD affected regions of fish and execution time.
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Valentin, J. "A framework for assessing the impact of ionising radiation on non-human species." Annals of the ICRP 33, no. 3 (September 2003): 201–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6453(03)00022-8.
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In its 1990 Recommendations, the ICRP indicated that it believed that the standards of environmental control needed to protect man to the degree currently thought desirable would ensure that other species are not put at risk. The ICRP considers that its system of radiological protection has provided a fairly good indirect protection of the human habitat. However, no internationally agreed criteria or policies explicitly address protection of the environment from ionising radiation, and it is difficult to determine or demonstrate whether or not the environment is adequately protected from potential impacts of radiation under different circumstances. The present report suggests a framework, based on scientific and ethical-philosophical principles, by which a policy for the protection of non-human species could be achieved. The primary purpose of developing such a framework is to fill a conceptual gap in radiological protection; it does not reflect any particular concern over environmental radiation hazards. The proposed framework is designed to harmonise with the ICRP's approach to the protection of human beings, but does not intend to set regulatory standards. Instead, the proposed framework is intended to be a practical tool to provide high-level advice and guidance for regulators and operators. An agreed set of quantities and units, a set of reference dose models, reference dose-per-unit-intake (or unit exposure), and reference fauna and flora are required to serve as a basis for the more fundamental understanding and interpretation of the relationships between exposure and dose and between dose and certain categories of effect, for a few, clearly defined types of animals and plants. As a first step, a small set of reference fauna and flora with supporting databases will be developed by the ICRP. Others can then develop more area- and situation-specific approaches to assess and manage risks to non-human species.
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Biagi, G. "Dietary supplements for the reduction of mycotoxin intestinal absorption in pigs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906539b.
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolic products of several moulds that can be found as contaminants of feedstuffs (mainly cereals) and exert toxic effects in animals and human beings. Contamination can already occur in-field but is usually a consequence of poor storage conditions. Pigs are particularly sensitive to the toxic effect of trichothecenes and zearalenone that are produced by Fusarium strains but animal health and production can be compromised also by the ingestion of other mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins. While ingestion of all mycotoxins usually result in reduced animal growth, other possible symtomps include reduced feed intake, vomiting and diarrhoea (trichothecenes), reduced reproductive capability (aflatoxins and zearalenone), suppressed immune function (aflatoxins), nephropathy (ohcratoxins), and pulmonary edema (fumonisins). Moreover, to some extent, some mycotoxins can be found in animal organs such as liver (aflatoxins) and kidneys (ochratoxins) and represent a potential threat to consumers health. Several methods have been developed in order to reduce the intestinal absorption of mycotoxins in farm animals. Modern detoxification methods are based on the utilization of dietary supplements such as absorptive materials that can bind the toxins and microbes and enzymes that can inactivate them. Some lactic acid bacteria are able to bind and biotransform mycotoxins while absorptive agents such as aluminosilicates, clays, and mannan oligosaccharides have shown the ability to bind aflatoxins. Similarly, biotransformation of mycotoxins can be achieved through the use of specific enzymes.
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Nwodo, Christopher S. "The Philosophical Basis for Human Rights Claims." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 45, no. 2-3 (April 1989): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848904500204.
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In the majority of cases involving the protection of human rights, the general approach is to give human rights a legal status by incorporating them into some international charter or national constitution, thereby making them justiciable. This establishes two things simultaneously. It imposes certain obligations upon those wielding political power to protect and to promote human rights among their subjects; it also confers a legitimate claim upon those ruled to have their rights respected. There is more to a human rights claim however than the fact of its legal status. It is fundamentally a moral claim imposing a moral obligation. This additional consideration is not just a mere emphasis on the legal argument. It has a specific dimension of its own that most often involves a distinct category—the moral as opposed to the merely legal. The legal aspect as we have seen is established by the fact of these rights being incorporated into some international charter or national constitution. But legality does not always imply morality. For the legal to be at the same time moral, it has to satisfy some conditions that give it a moral status making it more binding a least in conscience. The other, more fundamental, aspect of the human rights issue which gives both the legal and the moral their grounding is the human element. A legitimate claim to certain rights is based on the concept of the human being as a “person”. Only persons have rights, right meaning a certain quality or property of relationship between persons, such that one demands certain things andinsists that he or shemust have them as a matter of legitimacy. From this point of view one cannot strictly speaking, talk about the rights of animals, except in so far as these animals belong to persons. In the same way, moral claims and obligations make sense only in the context of persons. The fundamental assumptions of our human rights arguments therefore rest ultimately on the fact that human beings are persons who by virtue of their very nature have legal and moral claims that are intrinsic to them. A great deal of effort is being made to assign legal grounds to sanctions in case of their infringement. The necessity for these sanctions derives from the fact that people can recognize the moral as well as the ontological basis for human rights and yet refuse to acknowledge, respect, protect or promote them. In this particular case, the sanction imposed by law takes effect. The ideal situation however should have been the recognition as well as the promotion of the legitimate claims of the human person not because of the fear of any sanctions, but because as a human person, he or she ought to be accorded those rights. This paper will therefore try to investigate the philosophical basis for the concept of the human person upon which are founded human rights claims.
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Rivera, Nancy Lorena Montaño, Ananda Portela Félix, Fabiano Montiani Ferreira, Ana Vitória Fisher da Silva, and Alex Maiorka. "Body measurements and serum lipid profile of overweight adult dogs fed diet with containing conjugated linoleic acid." Ciência Rural 41, no. 11 (November 2011): 2020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011001100028.
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Studies with human beings and animals have shown that dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) promotes changes in body structure, markedly, body fat reduction. This research aimed to assess the effect of CLA (60% of conjugated linoleic acid methyl ester, at the proportion of 1:1 of the 9, 11: 10, 12 isomers) on changes in body weight, subcutaneous tissue thickness, body fat mass and concentration of serum lipids (triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL) in overweight dogs. Dogs of different breeds weighting 16.85±7.13 assigned in a randomized assay. Two types of diets were offered for 120 days: control (-CLA) and test (+CLA, 0.3%). There was no difference between control and test groups considering body weight and serum levels of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and LDL portion. There was a significant difference between the final and initial results for subcutaneous tissue thickness and body fat mass and for serum concentration of HDL in dogs supplemented with CLA. The addition of 0.3% of CLA in the diet of overweight dogs decreased the fat deposition on subcutaneous tissue and the development of body fat mass but increased blood levels of HDL.
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Risalde, Maria Angeles, Álvaro Roy, Javier Bezos, Carmen Pineda, Carmen Casal, Alberto Díez-Guerrier, Ignacio Lopez-Villalba, et al. "Hypervitaminosis D has no positive effects on goat tuberculosis and may cause chronic renal lesions." Veterinary Record 185, no. 24 (November 5, 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105411.
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BackgroundThere is evidence for a link between vitamin D deficiency and active tuberculosis (TB). In human beings, several trials have evaluated the role of vitamin D supplementation in TB treatment with conflicting results. However, the role of vitamin D supplementation in animal TB control has received less attention. The authors evaluated the benefit of vitamin D supplementation for preventing mycobacterial infection or reducing TB lesions (TBL) in a controlled trial with goats naturally exposed to Mycobacterium caprae.MethodsTwo groups of goats, a vitamin D-supplemented group and a non-supplemented control group, were housed for 10 months in direct contact with M caprae-infected adult goats. Upon contact with the infected adult goats, all animals were TB-tested every two months.ResultsNo experimental evidence of a protective effect of vitamin D supplementation based on M caprae culture prevalence, TBL prevalence, median TBL score or the proportion of single versus multiple organs presenting TBL was observed.ConclusionThe results indicate that, in the conditions used in this study, vitamin D supplementation in goats does not reduce TB infection risk nor the diffusion and severity of TBL. In addition, vitamin D-supplemented goats presented hyperphosphataemia and renal injury with calcifications suggestive of vitamin D intoxication.
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Zhang, Shihai, Qing Yang, Man Ren, Shiyan Qiao, Pingli He, Defa Li, and Xiangfang Zeng. "Effects of isoleucine on glucose uptake through the enhancement of muscular membrane concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT4 and intestinal membrane concentrations of Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT-1) and GLUT2." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 4 (June 20, 2016): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002439.
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AbstractKnowledge of regulation of glucose transport contributes to our understanding of whole-body glucose homoeostasis and human metabolic diseases. Isoleucine has been reported to participate in regulation of glucose levels in many studies; therefore, this study was designed to examine the effect of isoleucine on intestinal and muscular GLUT expressions. In an animal experiment, muscular GLUT and intestinal GLUT were determined in weaning pigs fed control or isoleucine-supplemented diets. Supplementation of isoleucine in the diet significantly increased piglet average daily gain, enhanced GLUT1 expression in red muscle and GLUT4 expression in red muscle, white muscle and intermediate muscle (P<0·05). In additional, expressions of Na+/glucose co-transporter 1 and GLUT2 were up-regulated in the small intestine when pigs were fed isoleucine-supplemented diets (P<0·05). C2C12 cells were used to examine the expressions of muscular GLUT and glucose uptake in vitro. In C2C12 cells supplemented with isoleucine in the medium, cellular 2-deoxyglucose uptake was increased (P<0·05) through enhancement of the expressions of GLUT4 and GLUT1 (P<0·05). The effect of isoleucine was greater than that of leucine on glucose uptake (P<0·05). Compared with newborn piglets, 35-d-old piglets have comparatively higher GLUT4, GLUT2 and GLUT5 expressions. The results of this study demonstrated that isoleucine supplementation enhanced the intestinal and muscular GLUT expressions, which have important implications that suggest that isoleucine could potentially increase muscle growth and intestinal development by enhancing local glucose uptake in animals and human beings.
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Kumar, Santosh, Chakrapani Cheekavolu, P. Leela, Simhadri V. S. D. N. A. Nagesh, M. Naresh Kumar, and N. Jagan. "Analgesic activity of Cissus quadrangularis linn with Zingiber officinale rosc in male wistar rats." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20174383.
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Background: The global scenario, human beings are using various forms of treatment for relief of pain; among them, medicinal plant products have gained popularity because of its wide range of use and less side effects.Methods: Adult Albino rats of either sex were selected and divided into 5 groups. The Eddy’s hot plate was used and maintained temperature (55±0.5ºC), the animals were placed on the hot plate and the time taken for paw licking or jumping was recorded and considered as nociceptive response. The reaction time was observed on 0, 30, 60, and 90 minute.Results: The hot plate reaction time in sec was collected in the intervals of 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes in all groups. Reaction times as follows: group III (Cissus quadrangularis Linn.) were 2.18±0.04, 3.13±0.05**, 5.83±0.05**, 5.39±0.04**; Group IV (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) were 2.12±0.03, 4.13±0.04**, 7.43±0.07**, 7.16±0.06**; Group V Cissus quadrangularis Linn+ Zingiber officinale Rosc.) were 2.21±0.75, 4.67±0.98**, 8.15±0.89**, 9.02±0.75**; Group II (Dexamethasone) were 2.14±0.05, 5.53±0.05**, 8.14±0.06**, 10.08±0.10** respectively, Results are presented as mean±SEM, (n=6), *p<0.01, **p<0.05 dunnet test used as compared to control.Conclusions: Present study reveals that, the combination treatment of Zingiber officinale Rosc. + Cissus quadrangularis Linn. has been shown significant analgesic effect. High analgesic effect was observed with combination therapy; the effect was shown same as standard drug dexamethasone.
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Irmayani, Irmayani, Amaluddin ., and Sitti Rahbiah Busaeri . "Sustainability of Rice Farmers: Farming of Rural Communities in the Spiritual Meaning Perspective of Seed Storage." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v6i4.863.
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This research aims to reveal in the spiritual of meaning contained in the farming of rice seed storage of rural communities in the village at Bone-Bone. This research uses a qualitative approach in the phenomenology of perspective and will be interpreted in the definiton of the symbolic interactionism. The result of this research indicates that the stages of the storage that begins with the way collect it in the form of malai rice that has been drained in a small house with called landak. Storage at a its own will be do it because the farmer glamorize the seed of rise with no treat in vain. The seed pf rice who are stored in a place that exalted so that would prevent anyone to overstep and and even stepped deliberately because it was considered not appreciate the seed of the rice which is the source of life. This action effect has meaning that for all beings actually have a close relationship with human life itself, treated well even of plants will be upheld especially if the relationship among humans and other animals is required ethics are maintained so constantly continue in the future, involving the meaning of an action to keep the sustainability of rice farming.
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Yang, Yongjun, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Kafeel Ahmad, Muhammad Fahad Ullah, Muhammad Nadeem, Humayun Bashir, Mudasra Munir, et al. "Assessing Health Risk in Livestock through Quantification of Iron in Forages, Soil and Buffalo Blood from Sargodha, Pakistan." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.9.8332.
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Air pollution is very important issue now-a-days. This has affected the components of environment to a great extent. Organisms like animals, plants and human beings are forced to live in such polluted environments. One of the pollution sources to the environment is vehicular traffic which has toxic effect on the roadside plants. In this study, roadside forages, soil and buffalo blood were studied to estimate the level of heavy metal pollution, iron in particular, in Sargodha from six chosen sites at perimeter of major roads. Collected samples were processed and digested for quantification of iron by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soil and buffalo samples from the site V showed high concentration of iron, whereas in forage, samples collected from site IV had greatest iron concentration. The bio concentration factor found for forage-soil was highest in the samples collected from site IV. On the other hand, bio-concentration factor for blood-forage and pollution load index was found highest in the samples collected from site V. Correlation for soil-forage and blood-forage was found negatively non-significant. The daily intake of metals for iron was found highest for site IV. The Health risk index was highest for the samples collected from site VI.
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Conese, Massimo, Annalucia Carbone, Elisa Beccia, and Antonella Angiolillo. "The Fountain of Youth: A tale of parabiosis, stem cells, and rejuvenation." Open Medicine 12, no. 1 (October 28, 2017): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/med-2017-0053.
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AbstractTransfusion (or drinking) of blood or of its components has been thought as a rejuvenation method since ancient times. Parabiosis, the procedure of joining two animals so that they share each others blood circulation, has revitalized the concept of blood as a putative drug. Since 2005, a number of papers have reported the anti-ageing effect of heterochronic parabiosis, which is joining an aged mouse to a young partner. The hallmark of aging is the decline of regenerative properties in most tissues, partially attributed to impaired function of stem and progenitor cells. In the parabiosis experiments, it was elegantly shown that factors derived from the young systemic environment are able to activate molecular signaling pathways in hepatic, muscle or neural stem cells of the old parabiont leading to increased tissue regeneration. Eventually, further studies have brought to identify some soluble factors in part responsible for these rejuvenating effects, including the chemokine CCL11, the growth differentiation factor 11, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, and oxytocin. The question about giving whole blood or specific factors in helping rejuvenation is open, as well as the mechanisms of action of these factors, deserving further studies to be translated into the life of (old) human beings.
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LI, Hon-Lam. "動物權益問題." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 3, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.31414.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文指出「種類主義」及「反種類主義」都不可取，唯一令人信服的觀點，是人類與眾多類動物都有不同的內在價值，只不過是程度問題而已。但由此卻引申自兩個問題，均當人類及動物兩者的利益互相衝突時而產生。第一個問題是當人類較次要的利益與動物較重要的利益有所衝突時而產生的，筆者指出由於我們要也考慮人類較高的內在價值和動物較低的內在價值，此問題是解決不了的。第二個問題包涵性較廣，包括所有人類侵犯動物利益的情況，更包括犧牲一定數量的動物的生命，以研製可救回更多人的生命的藥物，問題是究竟動物有沒有權利－－尤其是生存權。筆者指出這問題現時無法解決，因為一來我們對權利的必要及充分條件並不清楚，二來由魚蝦類、爬行類、鳥類到哺乳類動物及人類這一連接的幅度，很難說哪些動物有生存權，哪些則沒有，而又不牽涉隨意性。所以本文並不打算對這些問題提出答案，而是把問題的結構突顯出來。Until relatively recently, ethics has been a subject involving only human persons. Whether the issue concerns euthanasia, pornography, capital punishment, or world hunger, only human persons are involved. Since then, moral issues have arisen that involve not only human persons, but also non-human animals. This is a significant change, because the ethics involving only human persons is ill-adapted for problems involving not only them, but also non-human animals. In this paper, I argue that the traditional ethics is inadequate for solving the problem of animal research and non-vegetarianism, and that arguments trying to show that animals can be sacrificed in experiments in order to save human lives is inconclusive.There are three different views on the moral status of non-human animals. The first is the speciesist view that only human beings have moral status. The second view is the anti-speciesist view according to which human and non-human animals have equal moral status. Both views hold that moral status is an all-or-nothing matter. In contrast, the third view holds that moral status is a-matter-of-degree, and that human and non-human animals have moral status, or intrinsic value, but to different degrees. On this view, moral status, or intrinsic value, of an animal is dependent on, and derived from, its capacity to have a rich life, which is in turn dependent on its experiential capacity. Given that human beings have the capacity to a richer life than other animals, they also have higher intrinsic value or moral status. Similarly, mammals also have higher intrinsic value than birds, which in turn would have higher intrinsic value than reptiles, which has higher intrinsic value than fish, shrimps, etc. I claim that the "matter-of-degree" view is the only plausible view on the comparative moral status between humans and non-humans.However, this view leads to a problem. If we can save either (1) a human being from injury, or (2) a dog from death, but not both, which should we save? This is a different problem from the traditional problems in which a human being's claim is compared with the claim of another human being or human beings, because in these problems only the relative importance of the competing claims are at issue. Thus, in deciding whether people have the right to defame others as a special case of right to free speech, for instance, we take into account the pros and cons of allowing defamation versus the pros and cons of prohibiting defamation. In other words, we have to weigh and compare the competing claims of potential defamers versus those of potential victims. However, in the case of choosing to save either a human being from injury, or a dog from death, an extra consideration is in play, namely, the intrinsic value of the human versus the ( lower) intrinsic value of the dog. But the problem due to this extra "variable" seems to have no solution, because there is at present no ethical calculus or any conceptual schemes by which to compare the lesser claim of a human being and the greater claim of a lesser entity. Thus, if we compare (1) a human being's claim to the taste of a cow's meat, and (2) a cow's claim to life, we do not know how to make the comparison, because (1) and (2) are incommensurable.To use an analogy, we can solve an equation with one variable (e. g., 2x+4=8), but cannot solve an equation with two variables (e.g., 2x+y+4=8), because there is one unknown too many. The moral analogue in the issue of animal rights is as follows. We can solve the problem of competing claim s in which two entities of different intrinsic value have claims of the same type. (We know we should save a human person's life rather than a dog's life, if we can only save one of them.) Moreover, we can solve the problem in which two entities of the same intrinsic value have claims of different type and different importance. (We should save a stranger from dying, rather than another stranger from injury.) However, we cannot solve the problem in which two entities of different intrinsic value compete for claims of contrary importance－that is, when a greater entity makes a lesser claim whereas a lesser entity makes a greater claim, because there is one unknown too many. (Thus, the utilitarian axiom that every person is to count for one is not only important in its own right, but is also a vital premise without which no maximization of utility could possibly begin. For by assuming that everyone is equal, utilitarianism assumes everyone's intrinsic value to be equal. This allows utilitarianism to hold "one variable" constant, and thereby in effect eliminate it from "the equation. ")Speciesists only focus on the relative moral status (or intrinsic value) between humans and non-humans, whereas anti-speciesists stress the difference in intrinsic value between humans and non-humans. The truth, however, is that we have to take both variables into account, and yet there seems no way to combine both variables in the issue of non-vegetarianism. To give it a name, call this the two-variable problem.In many cases of animal experimentation, the two-variable problem has no relevance, since by sacrificing the lives of a relatively small number of non-human mammals, we can prevent the mortality (and morbidity) of a greater number of human beings. It looks as though we have a net gain both in terms of lives as well as in terms of intrinsic value. But there lurks the question as to whether non- human animals have rights in general, and the right to life, in particular. If non-human animals have the right to life, then we are morally prohibited from using them as materials for experimentation, or as a source of food. On the other hand, if they don't have such a right, (though it does not mean we can therefore treat them in whatever way we like) it would seem to be justifiable to sacrifice them for experiments that can save many more human lives.However, I argue that to answer the question whether animals have the right to life, we are faced with two major hurdles. First, we do not know what would constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions for having the right to life. Second, the intrinsic value from lowly creatures such as shrimps and fish to homo sapiens represents a continuous spectrum. To determine which type of creatures would have the right to life, and which would not, will surely involve a certain degree of arbitrariness. Since arbitrary solutions are not good philosophical solutions, animal rights issues as well as other issues have remained unsolved. These include the problem of personal identity, in which memory is a matter of degree whereas personal identity is all-or-nothing. The problem of whether a fetus is a person is another instance: A fetus grows continuously, but whether it is a person is supposed to be an all-or-nothing matter. Finally, the search for a definition of knowledge is another example. Knowledge is supposed to be all -or- nothing, but the justification of belief is a matter of degree.I try to unveil the deeper structure of the problem of animal rights. As I said, those who accept the all-or-nothing views would have an easier dealing with the issue of animal rights. For if speciesism is correct, we can feed on animals, and use them for experimentation. If, on the other hand, anti-speciesism is correct, non-vegetarianism is forced on us, and animal experimentation must be banned. This is because in assuming either that non-human animals have intrinsic value equal to that of human persons, or that they have no intrinsic value at all, the two-variable problem is thereby reduced to a one-variable problem, which is solvable. But such reduction is premised upon implausible all -or-nothing views.However, since speciesism and anti-speciesism are both implausible, the fact that the issues of animal rights would have been solvable if they were plausible is unhelpful. I don't know whether－nor do I suppose－that the problems of animal rights are in the end unsolvable. But I hope to have shown why there appears to be no satisfactory solution to these problems, at least as at present.One reason why all -or- nothing views fail is that the moral reality is messier and more complex than they portray. In philosophy, views that take short cuts (e.g., some forms of reductionism) often achieve solution s by cutting the reality down in size or scope. The residual reality is manageable. But the desire for solutions and simplicity is satisfied at great costs, because the problem attacked is no longer the original issue.Moreover, as Thomas Nagel observes, "[s] implicity and elegance are never reasons to think that a philosophical theory is true." Perhaps, as Nagel also points out, "one should trust problems over solutions, ... and pluralistic discord over systematic harmony." At the very least, Nagel seems to be correct about the issue of animal rights. For the all-or-nothing views are forms of reductionism that cut down the moral reality in size, that is, by cutting down a two-dimensional issue into a one-dimensional one.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 112 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Cheng, Fu-Chou, Meei-Ling Sheu, Hong-Lin Su, Ying-Ju Chen, Chun-Jung Chen, Wen-Ta Chiu, Jason Sheehan, and Hung-Chuan Pan. "The effect of exercise on mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells involved in the repair of sciatic nerve crush injury [RETRACTED]." Journal of Neurosurgery 118, no. 3 (March 2013): 594–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.8.jns111580.
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Object Mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from bone marrow involved in the process of peripheral nerve regeneration occurs mostly through deposits of CD34+ cells. Treadmill exercise, with either differing intensity or duration, has been shown to increase axon regeneration and sprouting, but the effect of mobilization of HPCs on peripheral nerve regeneration due to treadmill exercise has not yet been elucidated. Methods Peripheral nerve injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by crushing the left sciatic nerve using a vessel clamp. The animals were categorized into 2 groups: those with and without treadmill exercise (20 m/min for 60 minutes per day for 7 days). Cytospin and flow cytometry were used to determine bone marrow progenitor cell density and distribution. Neurobehavioral analysis, electrophysiological study, and regeneration marker expression were investigated at 1 and 3 weeks after exercise. The accumulation of HPCs, immune cells, and angiogenesis factors in injured nerves was determined. A separate chimeric mice study was conducted to assess CD34+ cell distribution according to treadmill exercise group. Results Treadmill exercise significantly promoted nerve regeneration. Increased Schwann cell proliferation, increased neurofilament expression, and decreased Schwann cell apoptosis were observed 7 days after treadmill exercise. Elevated expression of S100 and Luxol fast blue, as well as decreased numbers of vacuoles, were identified in the crushed nerve 3 weeks after treadmill exercise. Significantly increased numbers of mononuclear cells, particularly CD34+ cells, were induced in bone marrow after treadmill exercise. The deposition of CD34+ cells was abolished by bone marrow irradiation. In addition, deposits of CD34+ cells in crushed nerves paralleled the elevated expressions of von Willebrand factor, isolectin B4, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusions Bone marrow HPCs, especially CD34+ cells, were able to be mobilized by low-intensity treadmill exercise, and this effect paralleled the significant expression of angiogenesis factors. Treadmill exercise stimulation of HPC mobilization during peripheral nerve regeneration could be used as a therapy in human beings.
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Nagai, Nobus, Maria De Mol, Berthe Van Hoef, Maria Verstreken, and Désiré Collen. "Depletion of circulating α2-antiplasmin by intravenous plasmin or immunoneutralization reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in the absence of arterial recanalization." Blood 97, no. 10 (May 15, 2001): 3086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.10.3086.
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Abstract In the absence of arterial recanalization, thrombolytic agents induce a dose-related extension of focal cerebral ischemic injury (FII) in experimental animals. However, FII is smaller in mice lacking α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP), the physiologic inhibitor of plasmin, suggesting its depletion might reduce FII in the absence of reperfusion. Therefore, the effect of human plasmin (Pli), human miniplasmin (mPli), and an Fab fragment neutralizing murine α2-AP (Fab-4H9) on FII after middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation was studied in mice and in hamsters. In BALB/c mice, the median FII after 24 hours was 28 μL (range, 20-34) (n = 10) with saline and 23 μL (range, 17-26) (n = 9) with a single bolus of 0.07 mg Pli, given after MCA ligation (P = .010), which reduced α2-AP to 44% and fibrinogen from 0.75 to 0.44 g/L. FII was 20 μL (range, 13-26) (n = 6, P = .025) with 0.2 mg mPli and was 24 μL (range, 20-27) (n = 6,P = .020) with 1.7 mg Fab-4H9. Neuronal atrophy and reduction of laminin immunoreactivity were comparably observed in the infarct area after saline and Pli. In hamsters, a single bolus injection of 1 mg Pli, after MCA ligation, depleted α2-AP and fibrinogen and reduced FII at 24 hours from 20 μL (range, 9.9-38) (n = 6) to 7.0 μL (range, 0.44-31) (n = 7,P = .032). Thus, reduction of circulating α2-AP, with a single bolus of plasmin or of a neutralizing antibody fragment, significantly reduced FII after MCA ligation in mouse and hamster models, suggesting that, provided these observations can be extrapolated to human beings, transient depletion of circulating α2-AP might reduce ischemic stroke in the absence of reperfusion.
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Markert, M., and M. Meyners. "Correcting the QT Interval for Changes in HR in Pre-clinical Drug Development." Methods of Information in Medicine 43, no. 05 (2004): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633895.
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Summary Objectives: Estimation of possible cardiovascular side effects belongs to the safety assessment of every drug candidate. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval can result in life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. In pre-clinical drug development, animal experiments are used to study this possible effect. Researchers have become aware that correction formulae derived for human beings are not applicable to animal experiments. Methods: We investigated some of the proposed models by comparing the outcomes of the analyses on the same data. The data was derived from telemetry measurements on Labrador dogs. We propose the use of both the correlation with heart rate (or RR interval) and a measure of predictive performance. As a sufficiently large number of observations were available, the data was subdivided into a training and a test set. The training set serves to estimate the respective parameters while the test set is used to determine the performance of the model. Here, a kind of PRESS statistic was used. Next, the models were considered for treated animals, using the estimated parameters. Both positive and negative controls were used. Conclusions: Most models under consideration performed quite well. These models eliminated the correlation for the most part and were reasonably predictive. Furthermore, they reliably differentiate between positive and negative controls. The next steps in identifying the best correction will be to consider additional compounds as well as other species to validate our current results.
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Hussain, Zhao, Shah, Sabir, Wang, Liao, Song, et al. "PP2Ac Modulates AMPK-Mediated Induction of Autophagy in Mycobacterium bovis—Infected Macrophages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 6030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236030.
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Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis in cattle population across the world. Human beings are at equal risk of developing tuberculosis beside a wide range of M. bovis infections in animal species. Autophagic sequestration and degradation of intracellular pathogens is a major innate immune defense mechanism adopted by host cells for the control of intracellular infections. It has been reported previously that the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) is crucial for regulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated autophagic signaling pathways, yet its role in tuberculosis is still unclear. Here, we demonstrated that M. bovis infection increased PP2Ac expression in murine macrophages, while nilotinib a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) significantly suppressed PP2Ac expression. In addition, we observed that TKI-induced AMPK activation was dependent on PP2Ac regulation, indicating the contributory role of PP2Ac towards autophagy induction. Furthermore, we found that the activation of AMPK signaling is vital for the regulating autophagy during M. bovis infection. Finally, the transient inhibition of PP2Ac expression enhanced the inhibitory effect of TKI-nilotinib on intracellular survival and multiplication of M. bovis in macrophages by regulating the host’s immune responses. Based on these observations, we suggest that PP2Ac should be exploited as a promising molecular target to intervene in host–pathogen interactions for the development of new therapeutic strategies towards the control of M. bovis infections in humans and animals.
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Gao, Yan, Chen Liang, Jianhai Zhang, Junjie Ma, Jinming Wang, Ruiyan Niu, Chiranjeevi Tikka, Yewei Wang, and Jundong Wang. "Combination of Fluoride and SO2 Induce DNA Damage and Morphological Alterations in Male Rat Kidney." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 50, no. 2 (2018): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494239.
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Background/Aims: We investigated the combined toxic effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on kidney morphological changes and DNA damage in male Wistar rats. Methods: In this study we selected totally 96 male Wistar rats (12-week-old) then randomly group-housed them into four cages, treated with deionized water, NaF, SO2 and co-treatment of NaF and SO2 respectively. Morphological changes of kidney were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Correspondingly, tailing ratio and comet length were measured by BAB Bs Comet Assay System, including DNA damage special unit were calculated to evaluate the grades of kidney DNA damage at the same time. Results: Treated groups showed a body weight decrease when compared to control group. However, no significant difference in the relative weight of kidney was found in all four groups. It is noteworthy that at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after exposure, the morphological alteration of renal tubules were observed in all treated groups, especially in group-IV. Also, at 4 and 6 weeks, notable DNA damage was found in all treated groups, as assessed by significantly increasing trend of comet length tailing ratio. Conclusion: The study manifests that presence of NaF and SO2 will not only induce renal tissue lesions but also impact DNA integrity. In addition, this combined exposure exhibits a synergistic effect, characterizing a dose-dependence and time correlation. These findings may provide novel insights regarding perturbations of DNA damage and its functions as a potential new mechanism, by which cautious interpretation of NaF and SO2 co-exposure evolved in both animals and human beings is necessary.
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Gedzevičienė, Dalia. "Lithuanian metaphorical legal terms." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 10 (May 7, 2018): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2018.17442.
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The article analyses Lithuanian metaphorical legal terms, which account for about 8.8 per cent of all legal terms in Lithuanian. Based on formal linguistic attributes, four main groups of metaphorical terms were identified: (1) terms with a metaphorical headword, which subsumes two groups distinguished according to the part of speech: (a) noun metaphors, e.g. įstatymo spraga ‘a gap in the law’, teisės šaltinis ‘source of the law’; (b) verb metaphors, e.g. laikytis įstatymo ‘to keep to the law’, paremti įstatymo projektą ‘to support a bill’. In this article, differently from a fairly well-established tradition of Lithuanian terminology, verb-based phrases with a special meaning are also classified as terms; (2) terms with a metaphorical subordinate constituent, e.g. sunki bausmė ‘heavy punishment’, juodoji rinka ‘black market’; (3) metaphorical expressions, e.g. Delavero efektas ‘Delaware-effect’; (4) metaphorical compounds, e.g. pilnametystė ‘full age’.
The paper has identified four trends of metaphoricity in Lithuanian legal terms (1) conceptualising legal issues as things or objects (67.04 per cent of all metaphorical terms), e.g. duoti parodymus ‘to give evidence’, įstatymo ribos ‘limits of law’, tuščias grasinimas ‘empty threat’; (2) conceptualising legal issues as humans or animals (18.59 per cent), e.g. sąžiningas procesas ‘fair trial’, diplomatinis imunitetas ‘diplomatic immunity’; (3) conceptualising legal issues as objects or humans (12.88 per cent), e.g. bylos sustabdymas ‘stay of proceedings’, aukštesnioji instancija ‘higher instance’; (4) conceptualising legal issues as some natural phenomena (1.63 per cent), e.g. teisės šaka ‘branch of law’. The conceptual metaphor analysis has shown that the target domain of legal metaphors mostly includes abstract concepts referring to legally regulated human activities and relations. The most productive source domain of these metaphors includes (1) objects of the material concrete world around us, mostly things, their attributes and functions, and human actions closely linked to them, and (2) living beings with their physical and mental characteristics.
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M, Sitti Aisyah. "Pendekatan Hermeneutika Khaled Abou Al-Fadl dalam Memahami Hadis Tentang Aborsi." Journal of Hadith Studies 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32506/johs.v1i1.359.
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Every living thing that exists on this earth has the right to live, be it animals, plants, even more human beings who have the role of God's khalifah. Related to this, the Qur'an and Hadith have explained about the importance of the maintenance of the soul, reason, religion, property and descent. It is well known that abortion is a form of crime, because it eliminates the chance of life for a person, but it sometimes becomes the choice of some people, especially women in order to keep their life alive. Abortion is a classic issue that continues to be a conversation to the present day, so according to researchers it is important to be studied further. The problem formulation in this research are: 1) How is abortion viewed from the point of view of hermeneutics Abou Kahled el-Fadl? 2) What is the law of abortion based on the Prophet's hadith? This type of research is a literature using hermeneutics approach in understanding the hadith about the prohibition of abortion. The estimation of the findings of this study is that the abortion referred to by the hadith is an act of abortion done when the fetus has been given the soul / blowing of the soul and the cleric agrees on its prohibition and the abortionist is fined equal to freeing the slave. Although the reason for the implementation of abortion for each woman is different, but of course it has an effect on his psychology, because the choice of abortion is a very dilemma for a woman.
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Khurana, Poonam. "A study on carbon sequestration in natural forests of India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.237.
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Among the global common concerns, climate change has been identified as the most important environmental challenge faced by human beings. Emission of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons are identified as green house gases causing warming of earth globally. Of these gases, CO2 alone accounts for 60 percent share. The most practical way of removing excess carbon from atmosphere and storing it in to a biological system is by absorption of atmospheric CO2 into the physiological system, plant biomass and finally into the soil . Carbon is thus sequestered into the plants and then the animals. Studies have established that Carbon sequestration by trees and forest could provide relatively low cost net emission reduction. Carbon management in forest is therefore one of the most important agenda in India in 21st century in context of green house gases effect and mitigation of global climate changes. Studies indicated that Indian forests share 1,083.81 MtC in the year 1994 to 3,907.67 MtC in the year 1993. Estimated rate of Carbon flux in selectedIndian planted forest reveals that planted forests of short rotation tree species with regular leaf shedding patterns have more capacity for carbon sequestering in litter which decomposes more rapidly than those with annual or bimodal leaf shedding patterns. Mixed planted forest of exotic and native species could be more efficient in sequestering Carbon than the monocultures. This contribution reviews Carbon sequestration in Indian forests at national level and site-specific situations;and elaborates some possible opportunities for sustainable Carbon forestry.
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Hina, Tado Nabam, Shubhabrata Das, and Munmee Das. "Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding biomedical waste management amongst healthcare workers in a teaching hospital from a north eastern state of India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210224.
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Background: Bio-medical waste (BMW) means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities or in the production or testing of biological or in any health camp activities. Proper management of BMW ensures protection of public health and environment against any adverse effect associated with such waste materials. Several studies have reported that health care workers lack adequate level of awareness and right attitude regarding proper BMW management which ultimately reflects as incorrect practice of handling and disposal of bio medical waste. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare workers regarding bio-medical waste management.Methods: This study was conducted at Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (TRIHMS), Arunachal Pradesh, India. Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted and questionnaire were administered to 313 healthcare workers of TRIHMS who consented to participate in the study. A predesigned questionnaire for knowledge, attitude and practice study was used for data collection. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and STATA 13.Results: Study results show that the average knowledge score was highest amongst nurses (10±2.6) and least in class IV staffs (7.2±1.9). Amongst all participants laboratory technicians were mostly average or poor on the attitude score. Overall only 23 percent (n=73) of the healthcare workers were found to be performing good BMW management practice.Conclusions: Our study revealed that there is significant variation in knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding biomedical waste management among healthcare workers.
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Bray, George A. "In the Footsteps of Wilbur Olin Atwater: The Atwater Lecture for 2019." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 3 (January 10, 2020): 743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz128.
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ABSTRACT A central theme of Atwater's research was the development and application of methods to understand how human beings and animals adapt to the nutrients they ingest. The research described in this article also deals with adaptation to nutrition focusing on adaptation to overnutrition, adaptation to undernutrition, adaptation to dietary fat, adaptation to dietary protein, adaptation to micronutrients, and adaptation to sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Studies using overfeeding have shown several things. First, overfeeding did not change the thermic response to ingestion of food nor the coupling of oxidative phosphorylation in muscle to energy expended by muscles during work on a bicycle ergometer between 25 and 100 watts. Second, the response to overfeeding was significantly influenced by the quantity of protein in the diet. During carefully controlled studies of underfeeding of people with obesity, the macronutrient composition of the diet did not affect the magnitude of weight loss. However, baseline genetic and metabolic information could provide guidance for selecting among the lower or higher protein diets, and lower or higher fat diets. Adaptation to an increase in dietary fat from 35% to 50% is slow and variable in healthy sedentary men. Adaptation is more rapid and complete when these same men were physically active. This effect of muscular exercise was traced to changes in the metabolism of glucose in muscles where pathways inhibiting glucose metabolism were activated by exercise. Dietary patterns that increased the intake of calcium, magnesium, and potassium effectively lower blood pressure in individuals with high normal blood pressure. Finally, the intake of sugary beverages was related to the onset of the current epidemic of obesity.
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Raffa, Carla Maria, Fulvia Chiampo, and Subramanian Shanthakumar. "Remediation of Metal/Metalloid-Polluted Soils: A Short Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094134.
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The contamination of soil by heavy metals and metalloids is a worldwide problem due to the accumulation of these compounds in the environment, endangering human health, plants, and animals. Heavy metals and metalloids are normally present in nature, but the rise of industrialization has led to concentrations higher than the admissible ones. They are non-biodegradable and toxic, even at very low concentrations. Residues accumulate in living beings and become dangerous every time they are assimilated and stored faster than they are metabolized. Thus, the potentially harmful effects are due to persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation in the organisms, and toxicity. The severity of the effect depends on the type of heavy metal or metalloid. Indeed, some heavy metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) at very low concentrations are essential for living organisms, while others (e.g., Cd, Pb, and Hg) are nonessential and are toxic even in trace amounts. It is important to monitor the concentration of heavy metals and metalloids in the environment and adopt methods to remove them. For this purpose, various techniques have been developed over the years: physical remediation (e.g., washing, thermal desorption, solidification), chemical remediation (e.g., adsorption, catalysis, precipitation/solubilization, electrokinetic methods), biological remediation (e.g., biodegradation, phytoremediation, bioventing), and combined remediation (e.g., electrokinetic–microbial remediation; washing–microbial degradation). Some of these are well known and used on a large scale, while others are still at the research level. The main evaluation factors for the choice are contaminated site geology, contamination characteristics, cost, feasibility, and sustainability of the applied process, as well as the technology readiness level. This review aims to give a picture of the main techniques of heavy metal removal, also giving elements to assess their potential hazardousness due to their concentrations.
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Pahadia, Bharti. "NATURE AND COLOR (WITH REFERENCE TO ENVIRONMENT)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3649.
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Innumerable mountains, trees, rivers, lakes, flowers, leaves, animals, birds or humans are just part of this nature. Man has expressed his aesthetic experience through art. According to Rabindranath Tagore - “The artist is Prakriti Parmi. Therefore, he has a slave as well as a lover. "Artists bring out the tones prevailing in nature and their effect, making the subtle study of abstract expressive object effected by the diversity of its effects. In this way, pictures and life come alive with the attraction of colors. Color has an important place in human life. Human attraction to colors has never decreased. That is why, from primitive cave dwellers to modern humans, color has taken advantage in the development of beauty.The colors have immense power to evoke the mental emotions of human beings. This wonderful world of colors is seen from the color arrangement of rooms to the color scheme of flowers and plants in gardens. Our nature is covered with colors. Wherever our vision falls in nature, it is situated with some color. On the one hand, the inner life of man is derived from the result of the external world, on the other hand, according to his mentality, the human being accepts the outer world, so the vision and The creation (nature) cannot be divided. Our sensitivities and human consciousness are directly related to the combination of colors.
असंख्य पहाड़, पेड़, नदियां, झीलें, फूल-पत्तियां, पशु-पक्षी अथवा मानव मात्र इस प्रकृति के अंग है। मानव ने अपनी सौन्दर्यानुभूति को कला के माध्यम से व्यक्त किया है। रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर के अनुसार - “ कलाकार प्रकृति पे्रमी है। अतः उसका दास भी है और प्रेमी भी। ” कलाकार प्रकृति में व्याप्त रंगतों को एवं उनके प्रभाव को फलक पर उतारते हैं, अमूर्त अभिव्यंजनावादी वस्तु का सूक्ष्म अध्ययन का उसके प्रभावों का तूलिकाघातों के वैविध्य से प्रभावपूर्ण बनाते हैं। इस प्रकार रंगों के आकर्षण से चित्र और जीवन सजीव हो उठते हैं। मानव जीवन में रंग का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। रंगों के प्रति मानव का आकर्षण कभी घटा नहीं है। इसलिए तो आदिम गुहावासियों से लेकर आधुनिक मानव तक ने सौन्दर्य के विकास में रंग का सहारा लिया है।रंगों में मानव की मानसिक भावनाओं को उद्वेलित करने की असीम षक्ति निहीत है। रंगों का यह अद्भुत संसार कमरे की रंग व्यवस्था से लेकर बाग-बगीचों में फूल-पौधों की रंग योजना तक में देखा जाता है। हमारी प्रकृति रंगों से सरोबार है। हमारी दृष्टि प्रकृति में जहां कही भी पड़ती है वह कोई न कोई रंग लिए स्थित है।एक ओर मनुष्य का आंतरिक जीवन बाह्य जगत के परिणाम से निष्पन्न्न होता है तो दूसरी ओर मनुष्य अपनी मनोवृत्ति के अनुसार बाह्य जगत को ग्रहण कर लेता है अतः दृष्टि व सृष्टि (प्रकृति) का विभाजन नहीं किया जा सकता है। हमारी संवदनषीलता और मानवीय चेतना का सीधा सम्बन्ध रंगों के संयोजन से है।
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Kothari, Mamta. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND HINDUISM." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3267.
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Under the environment, air, water, vegetation, plants, animals, humans all come. In nature, all these quantities and their composition are arranged in such a way that a balanced life continues on the earth. For the last few years, ever since the Earth came into being as animal, animal and other bacterial consumers, this cycle of nature has been going on continuously and smoothly. Whatever is needed and is getting from nature and nature preserves it by producing more in itself. If we observe human history, five hundred and seven hundred years ago, man was close to nature. The food he got from nature was normal, it was his happy life, when water and air were safe. But gradually the change took place with time and the desire of man to live happily increased. With the advancement of science man began to interfere with the natural cycle. The effect of this was that the items of the primary needs of human beings began to lack water, air and food. The immense reserves of nature started decreasing day by day and the word pollution emerged. There was a need for environmental protection.
पर्यावरण के अन्तर्गत वायु जल भूमि वनस्पति पेड़ पौधे, पशु मानव सब आते है । प्रकृति में इन सबकी मात्रा और इनकी रचना कुछ इस प्रकार व्यवस्थित है कि पृथ्वी पर एक संतुलनमय जीवन चलता रहे । विगत करोंड़ांे वर्षो से जब से पृथ्वी मनुष्य पशुपक्षी और अन्य जीव-जीवाणु उपभोक्ता बनकर आये तब से, प्रकृति का यह चक्र निरंतर और अबाध गति से चल रहा है । जिसको जितनी आवष्यकता है व प्रकृति से प्राप्त कर रहा है और प्रकृति आगे के लिये अपने में और उत्पन्न करके संरक्षित कर लेती है । मानव इतिहास का अवलोकन करे तो आज से पंाॅच सौ सात सौ वर्ष पूर्व मनुष्य प्रकृति के समीप था । प्रकृति से मिले भोजन पर सामान्य आश्रित था , वह उसका सुखमय जीवन था, जब जल वायु निरापद थे । लेकिन धीरे-धीरे समय के साथ परिवर्तन हुवा और मनुष्य मंे सुखमय जीने की लालसा में वृद्धि हुई । विज्ञान की प्रगति के साथ मनुष्य ने प्राकृतिक चक्र में हस्तक्षेप करना शुरू कर दिया । इसका दूष्प्रभाव यह हुवा कि मनुष्य की प्राथमिक आवष्यकताओं की वस्तुऐं जल, वायु भोजन का अभाव होने लगा । प्रकृति के अपार भण्डार दिन प्रतिदिन कम होने लगे और प्रदुषण शब्द का उदय हुवा । पर्यावरण संरक्षण की आवष्यकता होने लगी ।
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Stashenko, M. S., and A. S. Rusol. "CULTURE OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING.THE PROBLEM OF LIGHT POLLUTION." Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, no. 20 (May 12, 2020): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-280-287.
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Human is a unique creature that was given an ability to change and develop the surrounding world at own discretion. Therefore, the humanity gifted with a spark of the divine began to reshape the surface of our planet. In the course of time, it became clear that anthropogenic world is opposed to the nature. This caused the upset of the Universe’s balance. Nowadays the mankind impact on the environment is more than ever. There are such well-known problems as global warming, air and water pollution, the recycling issue. Although there are ones which are hidden or difficult for our understanding. One of them is called light pollution. We face it every day, but do not pay enough attention to the way the artificial light effects on us and the nature.The main objectives of the research are to analyze the regulatory documents and the scholarly writings on the topic effect of the light facilities exploitation on the environment and the human, to formulate the main problems, which appear during the application of the artificial outdoorlighting and to figure out efficient methods to reduce their impact.Light pollution has become one of the global problems. Unlike many environmental problems facing humanity, the problem of light pollution has a cumulative effect, which result is shown over time. That is why it becomes clear that awareness-raising activities are necessary to provide the society knowledge about artificial lighting, its way of operating and the consequences of its use. Light pollution is a physical phenomenon when natural light regime is disturbed. This effect is due to the irrational organization of the work of lighting equipment, excessive use of lighting outside the desired area, improper use of artificial lighting sources. As a result, scattered and reflected light contaminates the sky -this is how light flows into the upper hemisphere. The effect of light pollution is also amplified by the presence in the air masses of the smallest particles of dust and aerosols. The light passing through them can change their trajectory or scatter.There are such problems caused by the effect of light pollution:1) impact on human health and safety –it is hard to deny that sleep disturbance can be a ground for the development of wide range of diseases. Scattered light which comes into the room through the window from the outside is the first thing we might think about, but the way light influences on human is much more difficult. To give our body an ability to rehabilitate it is important to provide the full darkness. Human hormonal system produces melatonin –the sleep hormone. If amount of this hormone is low, the quality of sleep decreases. It may cause illnesses of cardiovascular system, nervous system, hormonal disbalance etc.;2) disruption of the planet's ecosystem –lifecycles ofliving beings depend on light cycles. In animal world it is usual that creatures have their own “timetable” that dictates the rhythm of their lives. Aside humans, animals and birds cannot derogate from the nature planned life periods. For example, some animals rely on night-time hunt. Because of the light pollution such animals confuse day and night. What is more, birds can lose the direction of their flight and even the orientation in the space, flying over and over above lit up areas. Flora also suffers from the over-light. Plants’ lifecycles get moved. This aspect may cause the harvest lost, if crop is ready not the right season.3) inappropriate financial expenses –old lighting systems are energy-intensive, so they need to be replaced by energy efficient analogues. But the way of use is also important. The huge amount of energy is wasted. Most light facilities work when it is not desired. For instance, many outdoor light fixtures in Ukraine work all the night through without stopping;4) obstruction of scientific researches of the night sky.The world experience in the issue of light pollution differs from country to country, but every year more and more countries understand the seriousness of this problem. Some countries such as Chili, USA, Canada etc. develop their legislative framework and put some strict limits on the exploitation of the outdoor and architectural lighting. Global problem calls for global cooperation. Therefore, such organizations as The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) become more popular.On the contrary, in Ukraine the problem of light pollution is not payed enough attention. Although it should be solved on the governmental level. The standards shown in regulatory literature about the outdoor lighting is built by the principles of human comfort, but without respect to the environment.The research made it possible to formulate a set of recommendations on design and exploitation of the light facilities to create a concept of a sustainable development in the area of urban improvement. The existing system of outdoor lighting enhancement should include next steps:1) the introduction of standards for the illumination regulation and the implementation of the minimum values of illumination;2) rational arrangement of light fixtures, designers should avoid the usage of light in the adjacent areas where lighting is not provided;3) reducing the duration of lighting facilities work by the use of special equipment: dimers, motion sensors, timers, etc.;4) modernization of the old lightingequipment;5) use of "warm" light by applying light bulbs with a light temperature up to 3000 K;6) usage of fixtures that are fully shielded so the light streams do not go towards the sky;7) put limitations on the quality and amount of the architecturallighting use.
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Romero, Holguer. "Modificación de la conducta del adolescente, a través de la música." Revista Científica y Tecnológica UPSE 3, no. 1 (December 28, 2015): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26423/rctu.v3i1.86.
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La naturaleza produce una serie de sonidos, que al analizarlos en su habitad, representan un encanto especifico, el viento, las olas, un rio, una cascada, el movimiento de los arboles por el viento, el cantico de las aves; sonidos que el hombre a intentado reproducir con ayuda de instrumentos inventados por el, para crear la música, cada época, cada grupo social y cultural modifican los sonidos, los combina, para crear el arte musical, para satisfacer las necesidades de un grupo, o como inspiración en base a la necesidad de expresión artística única. Estos sonidos representados han producido influencia en los animales y en los seres humanos, inclusive las plantas, el propósito de este artículo es estudiar el efecto de la música en la conducta del adolescente. Dentro de los objetivos de la investigación, se demuestra como la música influye en la conducta de los adolescentes; en sus efectos emocionales, reminiscencias, como herramientas de socialización, desarrollo del apego intrafamiliar, modificación de la capacidad intelectiva. En la descripción de la muestra para la investigación se cuenta con una población de 317 estudiantes adolescentes, donde se utiliza la observación directa, análisis explicativo correlacional, cuantitativo y cualitativo, mediante la aplicación de encuestas y experimentación. AbstractNature produces a series of sounds which when analyzed in their habitat, represent a specific charm, wind, waves, a river, a waterfall, trees moving in the wind, the song of birds; sounds that man tried to play using invented by instruments to create music, every age, every social and cultural group modify sounds, combined to create the musical art, to meet the needs of a group, or inspiration based on the need for unique artistic expression. These sounds have been represented influence on animals and human beings, including plants, the purpose of this article is to study the effect of music on adolescent behavior. Among the objectives of the research, it is shown how music influences the behavior of adolescents; in their emotional effects, reminiscences, as tools of socialization, development of domestic attachment, modification intellectual capacity. In the description of the research shows it has a population of 317 adolescent students, where direct observation is used, correlational quantitative and qualitative explanatory analysis, by conducting surveys, and experimentation.
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Huang, Yihao, and Mingtao Li. "Optimization of Precontrol Methods and Analysis of a Dynamic Model for Brucellosis: Model Development and Validation." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): e18664. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18664.
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Background Brucella is a gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium without a capsule. The infection scope of Brucella is wide. The major source of infection is mammals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs. Currently, human beings do not transmit Brucella to each other. When humans eat Brucella-contaminated food or contact animals or animal secretions and excretions infected with Brucella, they may develop brucellosis. Although brucellosis does not originate in humans, its diagnosis and cure are very difficult; thus, it has a huge impact on humans. Even with the rapid development of medical science, brucellosis is still a major problem for Chinese people. Currently, the number of patients with brucellosis in China is 100,000 per year. In addition, due to the ongoing improvement in the living standards of Chinese people, the demand for meat products has gradually increased, and increased meat transactions have greatly promoted the spread of brucellosis. Therefore, many researchers are concerned with investigating the transmission of Brucella as well as the diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis. Mathematical models have become an important tool for the study of infectious diseases. Mathematical models can reflect the spread of infectious diseases and be used to study the effect of different inhibition methods on infectious diseases. The effect of control measures to obtain effective suppression can provide theoretical support for the suppression of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is the objective of this study to build a suitable mathematical model for brucellosis infection. Objective We aimed to study the optimized precontrol methods of brucellosis using a dynamic threshold–based microcomputer model and to provide critical theoretical support for the prevention and control of brucellosis. Methods By studying the transmission characteristics of Brucella and building a Brucella transmission model, the precontrol methods were designed and presented to the key populations (Brucella-susceptible populations). We investigated the utilization of protective tools by the key populations before and after precontrol methods. Results An improvement in the amount of glove-wearing was evident and significant (P<.001), increasing from 51.01% before the precontrol methods to 66.22% after the precontrol methods, an increase of 15.21%. However, the amount of hat-wearing did not improve significantly (P=.95). Hat-wearing among the key populations increased from 57.3% before the precontrol methods to 58.6% after the precontrol methods, an increase of 1.3%. Conclusions By demonstrating the optimized precontrol methods for a brucellosis model built on a dynamic threshold–based microcomputer model, this study provides theoretical support for the suppression of Brucella and the improved usage of protective measures by key populations.