Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animals gardens'

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2004.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-01, Section: A, page: 0316. Chair: Thomas F. Gieryn. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 12, 2006).

Suivant les récents développements historiographiques dans le champ de l’histoire des animaux, cette thèse aborde l’histoire des jardins zoologiques du côté des bêtes elles-mêmes. Elle examine donc non seulement les politiques humaines de gestion des animaux de zoo, mais aussi leurs influences sur les corps et les comportements des animaux, et leurs évolutions mutuelles.

L’examen débute à la fondation du jardin zoologique, c’est-à-dire au moment de la création de la ménagerie parisienne du Jardin des Plantes en 1793, et se centre, outre sur cette institution originelle, sur le jardin zoologique de Londres, créé en 1828, et celui d’Anvers, fondé en 1843.

Pour écrire l’histoire des animaux de zoo, la thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui mêle des indicateurs descriptifs – témoignages sur les corps et comportements animaux, sur les infrastructures de captivité, sur les soins et l’alimentation dont bénéficient les bêtes, – et quantitatifs – étude sérielle sur la longue durée des entrées et sorties d’animaux ainsi que des longévités des primates et des grands félins. L’évolution de ces différents indices est examinée au sein d’un cadre chronologique régi par les politiques des gestionnaires de zoos. Ainsi, après une première partie débutant à la fondation des institutions étudiées, une seconde s’ouvre au début du XXe siècle, alors que le marchand allemand Carl Hagenbeck ouvre en 1907 un zoo privé à Stellingen, près de Hambourg, qui popularise un nouveau type de présentation des bêtes, par lequel celles-ci sont exposées durant la journée en plein air et séparées du public par des fossés. Enfin, une troisième partie s’amorce à partir des années 1950, lorsque les zoos s’attellent à la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle fonction, celle de protection des espèces ex situ, s’ajoutant aux trois autres traditionnellement endossées (récréative, éducative, scientifique).

L’examen des vies des bêtes sous l’influence des politiques humaines aboutit à élaborer une nouvelle chronologie des zoos, qui distingue un long XIXe siècle, dévoreur de vies animales ;une seconde phase, hygiéniste, à partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, caractérisée par les volontés des gestionnaires de rationaliser les conditions de captivité, mais dont les incidences sur les vies animales sont toutefois réduites ;enfin une troisième, attentive aux animaux, du milieu des années 1970 à nos jours, qui permet la naissance d’une nouvelle économie animale des zoos, qui voit l’atténuation des ponctions en milieu naturel pour la plupart des taxons (spécifiquement les mammifères et les oiseaux).

Ce faisant, l’étude met aussi en évidence, à rebours des discours finalistes de l’historiographie officielle, des permanences, immanentes à la captivité des animaux dans le contexte des zoos. Il s’agit d’une part de l’expression par les bêtes de comportements anormaux dans des proportions qui dépassent le niveau anecdotique ;il s’agit d’autre part de l’approvisionnement en milieu naturel, qui, bien qu’en déclin dans le contexte du bouleversement de l’économie animale, persiste jusqu’à nos jours en nombre important pour les taxons moins considérés, soit les poissons et les invertébrés, et se réincarne en de nouveaux avatars pour les autres (ponctions dans le cadre des programmes de protection, captures scientifiques, )./

Following in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.

The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843).

In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.

This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).

The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ).
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Increasing evidence documenting the decline of insect populations, resulting from increasing human disturbances has resulted in efforts to establish pollinator gardens to provide additional resources for insect populations. However, our understanding of biotic and abiotic garden characteristics important for attracting and sustaining pollinator diversity is limited. Here, we evaluated 17 pollinator gardens to evaluate the effect of five biotic and three abiotic garden characteristics on pollinator species richness, abundance, and proportional representation of four pollinator functional groups. Plant species richness positively influenced pollinator richness and negatively influenced flower visitation. Bombus proportional abundance responded to several variables (distance to vegetation, plant species richness, floral symmetry, floral native status, habitat type), and decreases in their proportional representation were accompanied by increasing proportions of other insect groups. Our results suggest any size, diverse, native pollinator gardens can improve pollinator diversity, and small-scale pollinator gardens should favor functional groups adapted for the habitat type.

The first part of the study i's a catalogue of Roman zoomorphic sculpture frm gardens and atria buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79. Sculptural groups of animals and figures of human form are included. Many were fitted to serve as fountains. The catalogue gives a detailed description of each piece which is followed by a bibliography'and a selection of comparable animal representations in ancient art. The derivation and quality of the animal sculptures are frequently noted. The second part of the study examines the sculptures in the context of the Campanian gardens that they decorated. A survey of the historical background to the gardens introduces an examination of the decorative themes that were employed. Gardens are described which contain decorative references to the Bacchic world and to pastoral and hunt landscapes; allusions to aristocratic paradeisoi, to Venus and the marine environment, and to Egypt are also examined. Chapter Two ends with a study of gardens in which these themes are juxtaposed. This is followed by a consideration of characteristics of the design of these sculptural displays; and of the influence of the form of the Pompeian house on their appearance. Chapters Four and Five compare animal representations in several media from a number of Greek and Roman sites, including similar sculpture from Ostia and Capua. Chapter Seven considers several aspects of the manufacture of this statuary, including evidence for the trade in copies. A religious interpretation of the statuary is discussed in Chapter Six but an interpretation in terms of materialistic aspirations and local tastes is favoured. These sculptures should be judged as elements of decorative art, produced to meet the demands of householders who were aware of local fashion in garden decoration. This form of decoration became particularly popular in the period A. D. 62-79.

Today’s ZOO is varied mosaic of buildings and elements in the whole typological scale. Czech republic is country with affluent history and proceeded structure today‘s zoological gardens and parcs. But comprehensive draft view of solue problems is missing. This thesis has next basic objectives: Carry out value historical development of coexistence man and animals, constructions of ZOO gardens and today’s condition. a) apply systematical categorization of ZOO buildings with accent for complex expositions of ecosystems pavilions. b) analyse basic today’s principles of design ZOO buildings with a view to pavilions of ecosystems. c) produce comprehensive document like data for architectural practice and for education of new architect – specialist. This paper will serve for education too. That is why presentation of describe principles on the real example from own practice and on the school designs from my classes is attach. The basic task, which follow from objective of the thesis, is definition of principles for design of ecosystems pavilions, like top representative of ZOO exposition buildings. It is definition of basic character, description of general and specific principles above all.

While human-animal relations have always been part of human cultures the public zoo is a relatively recent phenomenon that reflects very specific elements of Western cultures’ modern ideas about, and relationships with, nonhuman animals. By becoming such a familiar part of popular culture the zoo naturalises these ideas as well as certain modes of looking at and interacting with animals. In this thesis I argue that as literary works contemporary novels provide a valuable defamiliarisation of zoos which encourages the re-examination of the human attitudes and practices that inform our treatment of nonhuman animals. Through my analysis of J.M. Ledgard’s novel 'Giraffe', Diane Hammond’s 'Hannah’s Dream', Lydia Millet’s 'How The Dead Dream', Valerie Martin’s 'The Great Divorce' and Ben Dolnick’s 'Zoology' I explore the inherently anthropocentric social construction of nonhuman animals in human discourses and the way the novels conform to or subvert these processes. I demonstrate that nonhuman animal characters are constructed through a process of identification which involves naming, recognising the existence of their emotions and mediating their nonhuman forms of communication. Anthropocentric tendencies both aid and hinder this identification, for example the human valuing of sight over the other senses that sees eyes become important literary symbols and the gaze a crucial part of interaction and attributing meaning. Gaze and observation are also fundamental to the concept of the zoo where human treatment of nonhuman animals is represented in visual terms in the relationship between powerful spectator and disempowered object. Drawing on texts from multiple disciplines I argue that the anthropocentric nature of socially constructed nonhuman animals in human discourses means that any study of these animals is actually concerned with the human ideologies and processes that create them; as a site of captivity that markets wildness and freedom the paradoxical nature of the zoo provides the literary setting for an exploration of these themes.

The major constraints to food production in West Africa are related to the lack of suitable lands. Consequently, farmers incorporate organic amendments and wastewater to improve their yields. Within some limits, such wastes enhance soil fertility and can improve its physical properties. However, the advantages of using organic waste as fertilizer and soil amendment should be assessed with possible environmental and toxicological impacts due to the potential presence of heavy metals. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of organic amendments on heavy metal distribution in soils and vegetables in market gardens in Senegal. Organic amendments and soils samples were collected from four sites in eastern and southern Senegal. Samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties including particle size, total heavy metals, carbon content, nutrients, and pH. A sequential extraction procedure was conducted to determine heavy metal sinks. Results showed that sites were sandy in nature, low to medium in organic carbon content (8300 to 36600 mg kg-1), and had pH ranging from 5 to 7.9. The sequential extraction procedure showed that metals were distributed in the more stable soil fractions: Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual. The highest soil metal concentrations in soils were found in Pikine and Rufisque sites. Plant samples were collected from these two sites and analyzed for total metal content. Results showed that all metal concentrations in soils, organic amendments, and vegetables were within the safe limits proposed by the World Health Organization, with the exception of Cd, Pb and Zn levels in vegetables.
Master of Science

Les jardins de Paris au XVIIIe siècle constituent un laboratoire inédit des transformations de la ville des Lumières. Il s’agit dans ce travail de s’intéresser à la construction conflictuelle de la nature en ville en réinscrivant les jardins dans leur contexte urbain et en s’intéressant aux pratiques concrètes de conservation des plantes, à l’approvisionnement en végétaux ainsi qu’aux relations entre les animaux, les hommes et les végétaux. Ces pratiques dessinent alors une nature urbaine composée de négociations, de tensions et d’asymétries. Elles constituent un terrain d’étude d’autant plus intéressant que les autorités royales et princières ne parviennent à imposer leur marque sur les jardins sans provoquer des résistances et des contestations. Dans ce terreau germe alors une politique des jardins où les usagers et riverains des jardins participent pleinement à la définition et à l’aménagement de ces espaces publics. Ce travail entreprend par ailleurs de mieux cerner l’articulation entre les jardins et la ville, dans un contexte où les frontières paraissent de plus en plus évanescentes, et de repenser la culture urbaine à partir de ses espaces végétalisés
The public gardens of Paris from the eighteenth century provide study material through which various developments and the urban culture of the Enlightenment City can be understood. This study examines the apparent contradiction of creating natural spaces in the middle of a city, by studying their urban contexts, historic plant conservation practices, plant supplies, as well as the relationships between animal, people and plants. These various influences resulted in the creation of a special urban form of nature, full of negotiations, tensions and asymmetries. They are a field of study that is all the more interesting as the royal and princely authorities of the time were unable to impose their mark on these gardens without provoking resistance and protest. Against that background, a public garden policy was developed, which, for the first time, allowed the users and residents to fully participate in the creation of urban, green spaces. This study also aims to improve our understanding of the relationship between gardens and the cities that surround them, in a context where borders seem increasingly fluid, and to rethink urban culture, based on the nature of its green spaces

Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 21, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-184).

The Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (T. plicata) in Thailand and the Brazilian free-tailed bat (T. brasiliensis) in south-central Texas are integral in the control of agricultural pests. The effect on the production of rice and cotton is determined by the bats consumption of a particular pest species in that region. In Thailand, it is the White-Backed Planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), while in south-central Texas, it is the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea). The ecological service these bat species provide is measured in millions of dollars saved by farmers each year. Finally, a conclusion was made about which species had a greater effect on the economy when compared to each other.

The main idea of project is to design heraldic zoo in the area of old castle park Horní Hrad, which is located few kilometers next to the Karlovy Vary. Heraldry is science of knowledge of family symbols. Concretely it will be zoo, which will be focused on animals, which can be found on the old czech signs. The idea comes from surrounding relations of dramatic terrain and it's affected by context of the historic monument. Castle is the huge dominant of the all views to the surrounding countryside.

The primary goal of my thesis is an analysis of czech accounting regulations in the area of evaluation, accounting and reporting of an animals that is followed by survey of solutions used in particular zoological gardens of the Czech Republic. My thesis also contains basic informations of history, legislation and funding of zoological gardens in the Czech Republic.

[Truncated abstract] Understanding the effect that the disturbance of habitat by humans has on the population dynamics and ecology of wild animals is critical for the management of these populations. By understanding the demographic effects of disturbance the ways in which a population can be managed to increase or decrease its rate of change in size also become apparent. This thesis describes the effect that human disturbance, through the establishment of a large naval base, has had on the population dynamics and ecology of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) on Garden Island, Western Australia. The disturbance of the environment on the HMAS Stirling Naval Base included the establishment of large areas of irrigated and fertilised couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) that increased and made virtually constant the amount of food available to the tammars in that area. In addition, traffic associated with the naval base resulted in large numbers of tammar wallabies being killed by vehicles. The effects of these disturbances were determined by comparing population dynamics, through vital rates of survival and fecundity and population growth rates, and spatial ecology, through the size of the animals' home ranges, in three areas of Garden Island. The three areas were the naval base (highly disturbed), southern bushland (adjacent to the naval base) and the northern bushland (undisturbed). The tammars on the naval base were in better body condition than those living in the two bushland areas of the island. ... When the impact of road-kills was removed, increased to 1.150.101 per year on the naval base and 0.960.076 per year in the southern bushland. Fecundity transitions, defined as the product of the rates of birth and pouch-young survival, and adult survival rates were lower in the bushland areas compared with the naval base in two of the three years, which were the main reasons for the lower estimates. There were no significant differences in the size of the tammars' home ranges between areas with modified or unmodified habitats or between the sexes (P>0.05). In summer the mean size of the home ranges was 3.90.66 ha, which was larger than winter when home ranges were 3.20.54 ha, but this difference failed to reach significance (P=0.058). These results indicate that the modification of the tammars' habitat has probably not caused significant changes in the size of the animals' home ranges. The size of the home ranges of tammar wallabies is likely to be determined by a complex interaction of many factors, and habitat modification alone has not been sufficient to cause substantial changes. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that the disturbance caused by the establishment of the naval base on Garden Island has altered the population dynamics of the tammars wallabies, through increasing in the amount of food available to the tammars and through high numbers of road-kills. These results also demonstrate how gaining detailed knowledge of population dynamics can have direct application to managing the impact of disturbance on populations of wild animals.

El animal ha estado presente en el laboratorio a partir del siglo xx. Ya sea en la investigación científica, en el debate político o en la exploración artística, el animal ha carecido de refugio, es la víctima propiciatoria de todos los sacrificios contemporáneos.

Sin la función exploratoria que las vanguardias adjudicaron al arte poco o nada habría que documentar de tales operaciones. La figuración plástica, por otro lado, ha afianzado su proximidad en los diseños derivados del industrialismo tardío. El pop como escuela última del siglo pasado ha visto explotar las hibridaciones entre imagen pictórica y mediática. El siglo xx fue el siglo del triunfo de la imagen visual. La profusión de imágenes ha saturado la visión y sustituido al mundo por su representación.

La gráfica en el arte de finales de siglo cobraría una inusitada preponderancia por sobre las expresiones pictóricas. El arte conceptual y los minimalismos ejercieron una fuerte influencia sobre los estilos emergentes atrajeron una mayor atención hacia aspectos estructurales y sistemáticos de la práctica del arte. Hacia principios del siglo XXI el estatuto contemporáneo del dibujo es de primera relevancia respecto a otros recursos.

Poco queda ya de las identidades clásicas, nada, a decir verdad, de los géneros pictóricos donde las presencias animales hallaban clara pertinencia. El código genético es el trazo definitorio de las identidades en el siglo XXI. Ni la naturaleza muerta, ni el paisaje, ni el retrato con animales subsisten más que como formas paródicas. Los individuos del finales del siglo perdían toda relación de permanencia y trascendencia. En ese proceso fueron desfigurándose y desmaterializándose como la misma sustancia de la obra artística. Devenido discurso el arte tendría que volverse por un lado autorreferencial y por el otro una aplicación comunicativa.

No hallamos más a la naturaleza en nuestro entorno. El arte del siglo XX fue urbano, artificial, abstracto, sintético, teórico y, finalmente, sarcástico. La imagen de la naturaleza pasó a ser un tópico romántico trascendido y obsoleto; un lamento nostálgico. La sobre explotación de los recursos naturales aunada a la depauperación de las regiones rurales del planeta, particularmente en regiones extensas del tercer mundo, ha generado una actitud catastrofista hacia el programa desarrollista de occidente y se plantean más dudas que certezas frente al destino de múltiples especies animales y vegetales. El imaginario tradicionalmente prolífico y virtuoso de la naturaleza como abundancia inabarcable y como fuente de secretos y maravillas se ha trocado en una visión apocalíptica de fin de la vida.

La creciente preocupación en torno a la degradación acelerada de la naturaleza ha conducido a una conciencia política y civil de la ecología como postura ética y cultural de vanguardia. En correspondencia con el ecologismo desde el arte se ha hecho presente una actitud de reinterpretación de lo natural, ya no por medio de la imitación figurativa, sino como correlato cultural elíptico.


Por ello, la presencia de los animales en el arte de las últimas décadas del siglo XX plantea paradojas interesantes. No son el tema central de tal práctica, a decir verdad ningún tema lo fue; son agentes de extrañeza y de descentramiento. Son un sujeto aparentemente banal, periclitado en la historia, pero abandonado al margen de mitologías y utopías ancestrales. Los grandes imaginarios zoológicos de claras connotaciones al culto han perdido pertinencia en un mundo tecnificado y mediatizado. Por otro lado ese espacio salvaje del mundo animal, como instinto y naturaleza pura, ha sido neutralizado por la práctica psicoanalítica. Es propio de la civilización actual no hallar otros referentes que los antropocéntricos. El estatuto animal ha sido degradado a la domesticación e incorporado a la cadena productiva. Lo animal es excesivo y excedente: un suplemento irracional sin lógica en el diseño de la civilización futura.

La calidad espiritual del arte contemporáneo es débil, porque la sociedad que lo produce tiene un alma confundida. Las formas animales, tradicionalmente arquetipos de valor y conocimiento, nos son tanto más extrañas cuanto más manipulables y desintegradas nos parecen. Buscar un lugar para su manifestación en el arte necesariamente demanda una reconsideración de los procesos culturales de interpretación del mundo como un espacio donde aún tenga cabida la dimensión espiritual.
"Goldfish's Memory: Animals' Display and Representation in the Late 20th Century Western Drawings. (1970 - 2000)"

The traditionally prolific and virtuous imaginary of nature, as an endless abundance and source of all secrets and wonders, has changed into an apocalyptic vision of the end of life, as we know it.

The increasing concern about the fast degradation of nature has led to a civil and political conscience around ecology, as an avant-garde ethical and cultural posture. From the point of view of the ecology, seen through the lens of the Arts, there has been an attitude towards the re-interpretation of the natural, not by means of the figurative imitation, but as a cultural elliptic co-narrative.

This is the reason why, the presence of animals in the art production of the last decades of the 20th Century poses some interesting paradoxes. Animals are not the central theme of this practice; actually, they never were: they are agents of estrangement and decentralization. They are an apparently banal subject, glorified in history, but put aside along with mythologies and ancestral utopias. The great imaginary from zoology, clearly bonded to cult and ceremonial practices, has lost its pertinence in a technophile and media-influenced world. On the other hand, the "savage" space of the animal realm, as pure and natural instinct, has been neutralized by a psychoanalytic practice. It is proper to the current civilization to find no other references that those anthropocentric. The animal statutory has been subdued to domestication and incorporated to the dynamics of the production line. The animal is excessive and a left over: it is an irrational supplement without logic in the design of the future civilization.

The spiritual sphere of contemporary art is weak because the society that produces it bears a confused soul. Animals' form, traditionally depicted as a knowledge and value archetype, appears to us the stranger the more controllable and disintegrated they seem. To look for an appropriate space for their artistic manifestation obliges a reconsideration of all the cultural processes we use to interpret the world as a place where a spiritual dimension is still possible.

Le changement climatique modifie l'aire de répartition des espèces dans le monde. Pour mieux comprendre et prévoir de façon plus réaliste les aires de répartition futures des espèces, il est essentiel de tenir compte de l'adaptation locale et de la plasticité phénotypique dans les réponses des populations au changement climatique. C'est un défi, cependant, parce que l'adaptation locale et la plasticité phénotypique dépendent des caractères et parce que les caractères varient le long des gradients climatiques dans toute la gamme, avec des conséquences différentes pour la condition physique. C'est un défi, cependant, parce que l'adaptation locale et la plasticité phénotypique dépendent des caractères et parce que les caractères varient le long des gradients climatiques dans toute la gamme, avec des conséquences différentes pour la valeur adaptative. Une façon de relever ce défi consiste à construire des modèles à partir de données empiriques issues d'expériences à grande échelle sur les jardins communs, comme celles qui ont été réalisées au cours des dernières décennies pour certaines essences forestières. Cette thèse a utilisé des mesures individuelles de plusieurs caractères phénotypiques liés à la valeur adaptative (croissance verticale et radiale des arbres, phénologie foliaire printanière et automnale et mortalité) du hêtre européen (Fagus sylvatica L.) enregistrés dans le cadre du projet BeechCOSTe52, le plus grand réseau de caractères phénotypiques d'arbres mesurés dans des jardins communs à travers l'Europe (>150 000 arbres) pour modéliser la réponse probable de l'espèce au changement climatique récent. Plus précisément, j'ai poursuivi les objectifs suivants (i) quantifier la variation et la covariation à l'échelle de l'aire de répartition de l'adaptation locale et de la plasticité phénotypique pour quatre caractères phénotypiques majeurs liés à la valeur adaptative (croissance verticale, croissance radiale, survie et phénologie des feuilles au printemps), et de projeter son aire de répartition dans le climat actuel et futur en fonction de cette information (chapitre 1) ; (ii) quantifier les variations entre les populations en ce qui concerne la phénologie foliaire printanière et automnale et la durée de la période de végétation qui en résulte, et prévoir leurs tendances à l'échelle de l'aire de répartition sous le climat actuel et futur (chapitre 2) ; et (iii) quantifier la plasticité phénotypique à différents stades de développement pour la croissance verticale, la croissance radiale, la survie et la phénologie des feuilles au printemps et à l'automne, et déterminer dans quelle mesure la variation climatique interannuelle au cours du 20e siècle est liée à la variation de la plasticité phénotypique dans l'aire de répartition des espèces (chapitre 3). Après avoir mis en place les bases de données requises, j'ai réalisé différents types de modèles linéaires à effets mixtes qui relient la variation et la covariation des caractères à l'adaptation locale (c'est-à-dire la variation des caractères liée au climat d'origine des populations plantées) et la plasticité phénotypique (c'est-à-dire la variation des caractères liée au climat du site de plantation). Finalement, j'ai calculé un indice de plasticité phénotypique pour les populations en fonction de leurs normes de réaction (la forme spécifique de la réponse phénotypique à l'environnement d'un individu ou du génotype). Mes résultats l'ont révélé : [... )
Climate change is modifying the distribution ranges of species worldwide. To better understand and more realistically predict future species ranges, it is critical to account for local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in populations’ responses to climate. This is challenging, however, because local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are trait dependent and because traits co-vary along climatic gradients across the range, with differential consequences for fitness. One way to address this challenge is to build models with empirical data from large-scale common-garden experiments such as those that have been established in past decades for some forest tree species. This thesis used individual measurements of several fitness-related phenotypic traits (vertical and radial tree growth, spring and autumn leaf phenology and recruit mortality) of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) recorded in the frame of BeechCOSTe52, the largest network of tree phenotypic traits measured in common gardens throughout Europe (>150,000 trees) for modeling the species’ likely response to recent climate change. Specifically, I pursued the following objectives: (i) to quantify range-wide variation and co-variation of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity for four major phenotypic traits related to fitness (vertical growth, radial growth, survival, and leaf flushing phenology), and to project its species range under current and future climate based on this information (chapter 1); (ii) to quantify variation among populations in spring and autumn leaf phenology and the resulting growing season length, and to predict their patterns at the range-wide scale under current and future climate (chapter 2); and (iii) to quantify phenotypic plasticity at different development stages for vertical growth, radial growth, survival, and spring and autumn leaf flushing phenology, and to determine the extent to which inter-annual climate variation during the 20th century is related to variation in phenotypic plasticity across the species range (chapter 3). After setting up the required databases, I performed different types of linear mixed-effect models that related trait variation and co-variation to local adaptation (i.e., trait variation related to the climate of the planted populations’ origin) and phenotypic plasticity (i.e., trait variation related to the climate of plantation site). Finally, I calculated a phenotypic plasticity index for populations based on their reaction norms (i.e., the shape or specific form of the phenotypic response to the environment of an individual or genotype). My results revealed that: (i) the contribution of plasticity to intra-specific trait variation is always higher than that of local adaptation, suggesting that beech is less sensitive to (moderate) climate change than previously reported; (ii) different traits and underlying climatic drivers constrain beech populations in different parts of the species range; (iii) considering trait co-variation improves predictions based on single traits; (iv) growing season length will increase under climate change in northern beech provenances but shrink in populations from the core and the southern range; (v) northern beech populations show high phenotypic plasticity for the investigated traits; and (vi) phenotypic plasticity tends to increase with age in growth-related traits. My results underline that population responses to climate across large geographical gradients are trait-dependent, suggesting that a complete set of fitness-related traits is required to fully understand species sensitivity to climate change

Ce travail concerne d'une part l'etude de la contamination metallique et organique du canal a grand gabarit du nord de la france et de ses effets sur la macrofaune benthique. Par ailleurs, la caracterisation de la metallothioneine hepatique du gardon a ete effectuee afin d'elaborer un test immunologique d'evaluation de la qualite du milieu aquatique. Plusieurs parametres (al, cd, cr, cu, fe, pb, zn, cot, p, ntk) ont ete doses dans les sediments recoltes, de decembre 1991 a avril 1995, dans le canal a grand gabarit et l'aa. Les resultats, compares aux normes en vigueur, et traites par des methodes statistiques (comparaison de moyennes, acp. . . ) Ont montre la forte contamination des canaux du bassin minier. Divers traitements (indices, afc, drf,. . . ) Et analyses des inventaires de macroinvertebres benthiques pieges dans des substrats artificiels ont permis de caracteriser les communautes qui refletent parfaitement la qualite du biotope (indices faibles et structures perturbees au niveau du bassin minier). Des acp ont montre que des indices biocoenotiques sont correles negativement avec les charges en cd, zn, pb et cu des sediments. Des analyses de co-inertie ont revele une co-structure spatiale entre la position des sites expliquee par les donnees faunistiques et celle expliquee par les donnees multiparametriques des sediments. Deux proteines (mtg1, mtg2) ont ete isolees d'extraits hepatiques de gardons intoxiques par des injections intraperitoneales de zn et de cd. Les caracteristiques de mtg1 (5975,5 da, 60 acides amines dont 20 cysteines) et son importante homologie (61%) avec la metallothioneine renale de cheval et des metallothioneines de poissons permettent de la classer parmi les metallothioneines de classe i. Les anticorps monoclonaux produits reconnaissent mtg1 et mtg2 ainsi que des metallothioneines de mammiferes. Une approche immunologique de l'estimation de la contamination hepatique de gardons a revele une difference significative entre des animaux temoins et intoxiques experimentalement.

Nourrir les oiseaux dans les jardins privés est une activité très répandue en Occident. Elle fournit une remarquable opportunité de recherche et de suivi des populations d’oiseaux en hiver sur de larges échelles spatio-temporelles, en impliquant les citoyens dans des programmes de science participative. Nous avons utilisé le programme Oiseaux des Jardins, un programme de science participative coordonné par la Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux, pour étudier sur une grande échelle spatiale les variations d’abondance d’oiseaux en hiver dans les jardins qui fournissent de la nourriture. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre quels paramètres peuvent expliquer les visites des oiseaux dans les jardins en hiver, saison traditionnellement considérée comme la plus décisive pour leur survie. Nous montrons que les jardins distribuant de la nourriture, proches de milieux agricoles intensifs, attirent les oiseaux en réponse à une raréfaction des ressources alimentaires naturelles, causée par l’intensité des pratiques agricoles. Cette relation est encore plus forte pour les espèces spécialistes des milieux agricoles. Les variations d’abondance d’oiseaux dans les jardins fluctuent selon les années et les conditions météorologiques, sans présenter de pattern de réponse commun entre espèces, en raison de leur biologie et écologie différentes. Ce suivi des oiseaux en hiver reflète également la tendance négative de population de plusieurs granivores, connue en France ou en Europe en période de reproduction, confirmant que l’utilisation des jardins avec mangeoires est un bon moyen de suivre les tendances des populations d’oiseaux. Nous suspectons que les variations d’abondances à l’échelle spatiale peuvent également refléter l’effet d’activités humaines, telles que le braconnage des passereaux, mais un travail supplémentaire est nécessaire pour confirmer cette hypothèse. Les résultats de cette thèse peuvent également aider au maintien des espèces granivores en déclin, en apportant des conseils adaptés à la distribution de nourriture de substitution pour les oiseaux dans les paysages agricoles intensifs, tout en continuant à engager le public dans le suivi et la protection de la nature
Supplementary feeding of wild birds in private backyards is a globally widespread pastime. It provides a wonderful opportunity for research and survey of winter bird populations at spatial and temporal large-scales by involving householders in citizen science programs. We used data from the French national garden birdwatch scheme, a citizen science program operated by the Ligue de Protection des Oiseaux, to study winter bird abundance variations in gardens which provided food supply, at a large spatial scale. This thesis aims to understand which factors influence the visit of gardens by birds during winter, a season traditionally pointed out to have the greatest impact on passerine survival. We highlighted that gardens with feeders located close to intensively cultivated farmland attract birds as a response of the countryside natural resource scarcity leads by intensive agricultural practices. This relationship being stronger for farmland seedeater species. Variations in the use of garden by birds also fluctuate between years and with weather conditions, but the variations were not similar among species. This being consistent with the expected influence of their ecological and biological differences. This garden bird survey in winter also reflected the global negative trends observed for some granivorous species in France or Europe during the breeding season, confirming that the use of garden bird feeders by wild bird species offers a new tool to survey the global population trends. We also suspect that variation in abundance could mirror spatial differences, and maybe mirror human activities impacts such as poaching, but this part requires further investigation. Finally, our work could be beneficial for maintaining declining seedeater species, by advising to supply birds with winter food in garden located in intensive agricultural landscape, while continuing to engage the public with nature

Le microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des fourmis (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) est connu pour avoir un rôle défensif chez ces insectes sociaux, notamment chez les fourmis attines (Formicidae : Attini) grâce l’utilisation de molécules antimicrobiennes produites par des actinobactéries cuticulaires. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié le microbiote bactérien des fourmis de Guyane en utilisant différentes approches en chimie des produits naturels et en écologie moléculaire. Le premier chapitre décrit l’isolement, l’identification, la culture et l’évaluation biologique de 43 actinobactéries cuticulaires de fourmis de Guyane. Les tests d’antagonismes des souches isolées et l’activité antibiotique des extraits de culture contre des micro-organismes pathogènes humains sont présentés ainsi que l’identification d’un dipeptide cyclique (Cyclo(LPro-LPhe)) antimicrobien qui a été isolé à partir d’une souche proche de Streptomyces thioluteus. Par ailleurs, la mise en œuvre de réseaux moléculaires appliqués à une analyse par UPLC/MS/MS de cocultures d’actinobactéries a permis d’explorer la diversité des métabolites produits dans ces conditions. Le deuxième chapitre présente une étude méthodologique pour comparer quatre méthodes d’extraction d’ADN, en termes de richesse et de composition du microbiote bactérien cuticulaire, par séquençage haut débit à partir des espèces Atta cephalotes et Pseudomyrmex penetrator. Les résultats du métabarcoding ADN mettent en lumière deux méthodes d’extraction et révèlent des différences inter- et intraspécifiques dans la composition des communautés bactériennes cuticulaires. Enfin, le chapitre trois décrit la composition du microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des espèces Camponotus femoratus et Crematogaster levior dans les jardins de fourmis. Les résultats soulignent l’acquisition d’une partie du microbiote dans l’environnement. En parallèle l’analyse métabolomique des cuticules montre à contrario une plus grande spécificité liée à l’espèce de fourmi. Les recherches futures axées sur les stratégies d’analyses statistiques combinant le métabarcoding et la métabolomique sont discutées
The bacterial microbiota of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is known to have a defensive role in social insects, particularly for leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) due to the use of antimicrobial molecules produced by cuticular actinobacteria. In this thesis, we studied the bacterial microbiota of ants in French Guyana using different approaches based on natural products chemistry and molecular ecology. The first chapter describes the isolation, identification, culture and biological evaluations of 43 cuticular actinobacteria. Antagonism bioassays of isolated strains and antibiotic activities of the culture extracts against human pathogens are presented as well as the identification of an antimicrobial cyclic dipeptide (Cyclo (LPro-LPhe)) isolated from a strain close to Streptomyces thioluteus. Moreover, the implementation of molecular networks applied to UPLC/MS/MS analysis of actinobacterial cocultures allowed us to explore the diversity of metabolites produced under these conditions. The second chapter presents a methodological study to evaluate the capacity of four DNA extraction methods, in terms of richness and composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota, in high-throughput sequencing from Atta cephalotes and Pseudomyrmex penetrator. The results of metabarcoding highlight two methods of extraction and reveal inter- and intraspecific differences in the composition of cuticular bacterial communities. Finally, chapter three describes the composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota of Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in ant garden and the results reveal the acquisition in the environment of a part of the microbiota. In parallel, metabolomic analyses of ant’s cuticle show, on the contrary, a greater specificity related to the ant species. Future researches focusing on statistical analysis strategies combining metabarcoding and metabolomics data are discussed

Denna masteruppsats diskuterar naturens läkande effekt på människan genom att analysera nuvarande forskningsläge i både svenskt och internationellt perspektiv. Analysen förstås genom en teoretisk modell som baserar sig på ekologisk perceptionsfenomenologi, hyperrealitet och relationsinramning. Uppsatsens slutsats är att naturens läkande effekt kan förklaras med en perceptiv relation mellan människan och den mer-än-mänskliga världen, men också, att mer forskning behövs.
This master thesis discusses the healing properties of nature on the human being through an analysis of current Swedish and international research. The analysis is made by using a theoretical model based on ecological perception phenomenology, hyperreality and relational frame theory. The conclusion of the thesis is that the healing properties of nature may be explained by the perceptive relation between the human being and the more-than-human world, but also that more research is needed.

In my diploma thesis I deal with the perception of the modern zoological gardens by observing visitor behavior. The thesis captures the emergence of zoos in Europe in the late 18th and 19th century gardens and their role as a source of knowledge and as a representation of the relationship between man and animal. Based on the observations of visitors I present two European zoological gardens - Prague Zoo and Reykjavík Zoo & Family Park - as spaces reflecting a certain culture. Reykjavík as a place with a simple mission dedicated for the education of small children in several fields, not only in zoology, and Prague as a complex universe, a merge of several different places with different meanings, such as a place for education, relaxation, photographing, standing against the contemporary western critical theories of zoological gardens. Key words: Zoological gardens, visitors, animals, humans, culture, looking at animals, behavior of visitors, Reykjavík, Prague, Iceland

Two faces of ZOO Perception of zoos from the view of their supporters and opponents The main topic of this thesis is a role of zoological gardens in the modern society, especially their importance to conservation of biodiversity as well as to progress in public education. I was interested not only in the opinions and the attitudes of the supporters of zoological gardens, but also in views of their opponents as the opposite side. In the case of the opponents I wanted to reveal if their criticism of zoos is based on negative emotions (bad feeling from breeding animals in captivity and thinking about their rights to freedom) or rise from real inadequacies (for example bad living conditions of animals). So in the theoretical part of the thesis I was concerned about contributions of zoological gardens in many ways as well as about their limitations, mostly mentioned by their opponents. To be more precise in drawing conclusions I made my own empirical research which was based on questionnaires and interviews with directors of certain zoos in the Czech Republic. The main aim of my research was not only a usual opinion poll, but also a detection of differences in opinions and personal characteristics between supporters and opponents of zoos. I also wanted to find out which aspects of zoos are highly...

This thesis examines the numerous roles that nonhumans (and especially livestock) played in the creation, maintenance, and reproduction of settler space in the colonial city of Victoria, British Columbia, and details the gradual processes by which city space paradoxically became designated as such through the selective removal of animal life over the turn of the twentieth century. I use extensive archival material, newspaper coverage, and secondary analysis to explore the varied roles nonhumans played in the establishment of settler society, and investigate the ways that animals were paradoxically fundamental and antithetical to modernizing and industrializing settler space across nearly a century of urban history. In the earliest days of colonial settlement, when Victoria was established as a fur-trading post and depot for the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Columbia Department, animals played crucial dispossessive roles in forcibly reorganizing Indigenous territory and establishing settler space, and were indeed vital to the broader British colonizing project. As the city experienced dramatic demographic growth and tightening urban space across two gold rushes in the mid-nineteenth century, Victoria’s livestock faced increased scrutiny from legislators and citizens through the application of the common law category of “public nuisance.” Urban subsistence strategies such as pig-keeping and free-range grazing began to encroach on settler property and offend nascent middle-class ratepayers as the city grew in population and density, causing a selective process of removal, even as some livestock (such as milk-producing cattle) remained vital to many of the city’s households. Yet new understandings of disease transmission and sanitation sparked the gradual removal of domestic milch cows from Victoria’s backyards and lots, as medical scrutiny began to view the city’s dairy supply as a potential vector for the spread of the “White Plague,” bovine tuberculosis. The resulting consolidation of privately-owned and co-operative dairies would largely spell the end to urban livestock husbandry in the city, relocating nonhuman bodies out of sight and out of mind. Meanwhile, the extension of a cattle frontier into the mainland Interior Plateau continued a process of dispossession instigated on Lekwungen territories in Victoria, inflicting devastation on grassland ecologies and Indigenous livelihoods in the arid interior of British Columbia, while the injection of outside capital and advances in transportation, retail and supply chain infrastructure placed consumers at a greater and greater spatial and conceptual divide from the animals with whom they had formerly shared their urban spaces.
Graduate
2022-08-30

The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa is an animal-based tourist attraction that needs to offer a competitive product in order to remain relevant and to meet its various mandates. Functioning within the experience economy it strives to stage experiences that satisfy the motivations and expectations of its visitors. The study aimed at determining who visits the zoo, what motivates them to visit the zoo as well as what their expectations are and whether the zoo meets their needs in this regard. It also aimed at determining whether or not different demographic groups had different needs and whether their specific needs were being met. The study employed two self-administered questionnaires, using convenience sampling, whereby visitors entering and leaving the zoo where requested to complete the questionnaires. The data was analysed using SAS 9.2 programme and a further G-Test for goodness of fit was performed to determined dependency between race demographic and response. A total of 572 entry questionnaires and 293 exit questionnaires were completed. The two largest demographic groups that visit the zoo are white and black visitors who responded as a relatively homogeneous group. It was concluded that there were not responses in these two groups that indicated dependency between race and response. For the smaller demographic groups some of responses indicated a dependency between race and response but these form a small component of the zoo’s visitors. A high revisit and referral intention are good indicators of visitor satisfaction with 279 indicating their intention to revisit and 277 to recommend the zoo to family and friends. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the motivations, expectations and satisfaction of demographic groups as part of effective experience management.
Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
gm2014
Tourism Management
unrestricted

碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系所
94
One of popular trend converting detention pond of Soil and Water Conservation Project to having scenery or irrigation purpose had been found in forest park, agricultural plantation, ecological park, or other parks for recreation. The thematic values on ecology were thus recognized and without any adverse effects on flood prevention which originated from legal permits of Soil and Water Conservation Law had been complained. Even so, we need objective data to evaluate the strength and weakness on such conversion and evaluate the state-of-art. This research, therefore, performed observation of the arresting animals in detention pond located in No. 8 hole boundary in National Garden Golf Course. Hope such kind of data can be apply for improving the management and usage of detention pond and benefiting the plan and design in construction of detention ponds. The arresting animals in this research were divided into four categories according to the relation between their lies and pond. The first category is the animals had a direct lie, including lies located inside water, bonding lands, or banks. The secondary category is the animals of near-by lies such in perches surrounding the ponds. The third category is those animals regarded pond as creative places. The forth category is those animals selected their home way or travel tracks if passing the pond. Due to not much enough arresting animal samples had been observed during the night, the technical improvement seems required. The concluding results feedback at least three points for a better design of detention pond in situ. The freeboard may need to follow the habit of Anas Plaryrhynchos. The location of the existing spring in the pool was not suitable to the effect of wind on the topography and, thus, harmful to customers, or arresting animal’s activities. The last one explained the close interaction between business and animal habit.

The thesis is based on the presumption that zoological gardens are cultural institutions which reflect social and cultural interpretations of what is called 'nature' and animals. By analyzing data gained through participant observation it focuses on the meanings and forms which are ascribed to animals living in the Prague Zoo via the gaze of visitors. Furthermore, by analysis of visual and textual sources provided by the zoo, I examine how the 'zoo animal' is constructed by the zoo itself. I argue that this zoo animal constitutes a specific form of the animal, different from both the domesticated and the wild one. The zoo and its visitors create a chimeric 'beast' which encompasses different and even contradictory trends and conceptions of thinking about the zoo animal.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Educação na especialidade de Filosofia da Educação apresentada à Universidade Aberta
Os agentes educativos formais ou informais, enfrentam desafios conjuntos que se têm vindo a complexificar em virtude das exigências societais. Esta situação é particularmente sentida no ramo da Educação Ambiental, pois esta encerra objectivos formativos e ecossistémicos muito ambiciosos. Tendo em conta este cenário, a presente tese tem como objectivo dar uma perspectiva englobante sobre a dimensão educativa ambiental de um desses agentes, a saber, os biocativeiros, não só na óptica dessas instituições mas igualmente analisando os efeitos da faceta educativa dos cativeiros biológicos sobre os sujeitos que os visitam. Esta dissertação pretende ser um olhar integrador, sobre como os objectivos, o discurso, os valores e programas educativos do Oceanário e Jardim Zoológico, ambos de Lisboa, modelaram a consciência bioética dos indivíduos que visitaram, educativamente, estes locais. Para tal, este estudo procura, a partir de um fundo filosófico, operacionalizar a noção de consciência, enquanto mecanismo de carácter ético -moral, necessária à relação do Ser Humano com o mundo natural (consciência bioética) para detectar, empiricamente, qual o impacto educativo dos cativeiros biológicos. O estudo analítico foi realizado numa amostra de estudantes (12 -16 anos de idade) provenientes de uma escola básica portuguesa, sendo então um estudo exploratório quase -experimental. Esta dissertação demonstra a existência de uma modelação, ao nível das atitudes, valores e capacidades de ajuizamento ético -moral da realidade (humana e natural), nos sujeitos que foram alvo do plano experimental. Contudo, os dados demonstram que o efeito educativo ficou muito aquém dos invocados objectivos formativos e de razão de ser dos cativeiros biológicos que fizeram parte do estudo. Por esta razão, a tese inclui uma reflexão final onde se lança o desafio às instituições e principalmente aos agentes educativos, para que se avance na direcção de uma educação (ambiental) de carácter holístico, onde as dimensões tecno -científica e cultural sejam harmonizadas com o mundo ético -moral, no sentido da possível criação de uma educação que abranja todos e que considere a totalidade, de forma objectiva e subjectivamente integradora, ou seja, A Educação Bioética.
Formal and informal education agents, face at the present time, challenges together that have been getting more complex due to society demands. This situation is particularly true for Environmental Education because it has highly ambitious educational and ecosystemic goals. Taking these facts into consideration, this thesis wishes to give a broad perspective about the educational dimension of one of these agents, animal captivity institutions (eg. zoos, aquaria or animal parks), not only looking from the institutions’ point of view but also analysing the effects of their educational dimension in the public. This dissertation aims at giving global a standpoint about objectives, discourses, values and educational programs of the Lisbon’s Oceanary and Zoological Garden, and the way they have influenced the bioethical consciousness of the individuals that have visited these places. In order to achieve this purpose, it was first necessary to use a philosophical background to come up with an operational notion of conscience, view as an ethically moral mechanism necessary to the human and natural world relation (bioethical consciousness). After this step, an empirical study was done, with the objective of detecting the education impact of the quoted institutions on the publics’ bioethical consciousness. The analytical study was performed on a sample of students (12 -16 years) of a Portuguese basic school; therefore it is a exploratory quasi-experimental study. This study demonstrates that there was an influence upon, not only in the attitudes and values but also on the ethical and moral reasoning (over human and environment relations) of the individuals that took part of the empirical experiment. Nevertheless, the data showed that the educational effect was much less significant than it would be expected from the nature of the objectives and of the reasons of being, of the animal captivity institutions that were visited. This thesis includes some final afterthoughts aiming to set a challenge both to the institutions and foremost to educational agents in order to move forward in the direction of an holistic approach to (environmental) education, which bridges between the cultural and techno-scientific spheres and the world of ethics and morals. The main goal is to have an education that takes into consideration every element, in an objective and subjective way: Bioethical Education.