Academic literature on the topic 'Animals, Mythical, in literature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Animals, Mythical, in literature"
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Kolpakova, Yulia. "Bestiary of Pskov Chronicles Of XV–XVII Centuries: Images of People, Enemies, Wealth and Favorite Curses of Pskov Chroniclers." Metamorphoses of history, no. 29 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s241436770027150-5.
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The article deals with the meanings and contexts of animal name mentions in the allegorical way in the text of Pskov chronicles and narratives. Allegorical mentions of domestic, wild, and exotic animals, as well as the use of epithets associated with animals are analyzed. The sources of literary borrowings referring to exotic and mythical animals such as asp, crocodile, camel, are investigated. The author concludes that chronicles and literary texts are not sufficiently informative to identify historical realities of everyday life associated with animals. At the same time, the sources provide rich ground for the study of expressive expressions in Pskov political rhetoric, historical and moral literature, and vividly characterize the worldview and figurative world of the inhabitants of the borderlands.
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Van Ooijen, Erik. "Beröring och begränsning." Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 51, no. 1-2 (December 10, 2021): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v51i1-2.1750.
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Touch and Restriction: On the Human-Animal Interface Climate crisis and mass extinction show the need to reshape our understanding of human culture in relation to non-human lifeforms. The article considers touch as a point where the border between humans and other species may be renegotiated. Three supplementary modes of human thought, which combine explanation, speculation, and imagination, are interrogated in terms of how they each deal with the tactility of cross-species interaction: philosophy, mythical representations in literature and art, and documentary film. Interface is used as a common concept for how bodies remain distinct from each other while also being able to connect with each other. First, I present how the interface is conceptualized in general by philosophers like Derrida, Nancy and Harman, and between humans and animals in particulars by thinkers like Wood and Michaux. Then, I relate the discussion to how two mythical motifs, focusing on instances of erotic touch across species lines, have been represented in literature and visual art: Leda and the swan, and Pasiphaë and the bull. Finally, I move on to two documentary films: Robinson Devor’s Zoo (2007) and Nikolaus Geyrhalter’s Unser täglich Brot (2005). The idea of zoosexual intercourse is contrasted to the distanced violence of the industrial keeping of animals. I suggest how touch show the possibility of a cross-species communion otherwise negated by late-modern industrial capitalism.
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Lawrence, Elizabeth Atwood. "The Mythical Zoo: An Encyclopedia of Animals in World Myth, Legend, and Literature Boria Sax." Anthrozoös 16, no. 3 (September 2003): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279303786992080.
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Norkaitienė, Milda. "Ethnological Background of the Sheep’ Names." Tautosakos darbai 54 (December 20, 2017): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2017.28527.
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The subject of analysis comprises 287 Lithuanian sheep’ names. According to the author, traditionally the naming of sheep rests on somatic motivation (204 names, or 70.7 percent), including the animal’s color, its inborn or acquired bodily peculiarities or shortcomings, height, complexion, and age. Along with visible features, tactile appreciation of the wool’s quality and audible perception of the animal’s sounds are also important. 25 names (or 8.7 percent) of ethologically motivated zoonyms are related to denotative sphere, being influenced by the animal’s character, habits and manner. 53 (or 18.5 percent) names of evaluative and 5 names (1.7 percent) of subjective motivation reflect not only emotional, but also pragmatic relations between humans and animals. In order to emphasize belonging of the animal as a tangible property to a certain person, the sheep may acquire its owner’s name, surname or a metaphorical denomination of a specific mark that is exclusive to the owner and is tied onto the animal, or cut out on it, etc.Comparison of the motivation and metaphoric character of the names with broader linguistic, ethnological and folkloric context (including stable epithets, parallels, paremias, nicknames, zoomorphisms, the devil’s names and other mythical denominations, endearing names of the animals, customs of herding, relics of folk magic, etc.) shows that naming of animals is such a sphere, research of which enables experiencing vitality of the ancient beliefs, customs, and the mythical worldview. In terms of ethnology, the mythological contents of motivation for the name Rasa (‘dew’) seems particularly fascinating. The name has a magical function, as its etymon relates to the notion of water, thus naming of the sheep aims at ensuring and enhancing the quantity of its milk. In addition, this onomastic situation is far from accidental: a goat is known of having acquired a similar name (in diminutive, Raselė) for similar reasons. Besides, cows are also frequently given names deriving from appellatives or hydronyms related to water, e. g.: Banga (Lith. banga ‘wave’), Upė (Lith. upė ‘river’), or Agluona, Šešupė (Lithuanian hydronyms). Therefore, such phenomenon may be considered a systematic quality of the Lithuanian zoonyms.
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Bello, Mercedes Salvador. "La pantera, el unicornio y la sirena: la evolución de tres motivos zoológicos a través de la literatura inglesa del periodo medieval temprano." Cuadernos del CEMyR, no. 31 (2023): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.cemyr.2023.31.15.
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This article provides the results of a research of the impact that a group of English works have had on the reception of the knowledge of exotic and fantastic animals in the literature and culture of the Early Middle Ages in Europe. For this purpose, a series of descriptions of mythical or imaginary animals and beings is analyzed through a selection of texts: on the one hand, the Physiologus in the versions found in the Exeter Book (Exeter, Cathedral Library, MS. 3501) and in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 448; on other, Aldhelm’s Enigmata and the Liber monstrorum. In doing so, we examine, on the one hand, the idea of the exotic animal with the case of the panther and, on the other, the representation of fabulous creatures such as the unicorn or the mermaid in the early medieval period.
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Segarra, Marta. "Performing Centaurs and the Debasement of Masculinity." Men and Masculinities 23, no. 5 (November 17, 2020): 872–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x20965456.
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This article examines, in its first part, the symbolic aspects of the relation between horses and men, and the mythical figure of the centaur, most often assimilated to virility and male sexual drive, but also to women and their sexuality. In its second and central part, it focuses on Bartabas and Ko Murobushi’s performance, The Centaur and the Animal (2012) while raising ethical issues relating to performing animals. The essay analyzes how this play deconstructs the opposition between masculinity and femininity, as well as between animal and human, among other oppositional pairs such as reason vs. instinct, activity vs. passivity, verticality vs. horizontality or “inclination,” immunity vs. vulnerability, life vs. death, animate vs. inanimate, among others. It posits that Bartabas’s performance opens the possibility of a posthuman and postanimal perspective on the relation between human and nonhuman animals.
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Cheng, Shuangting. "Mythical images in the novel “The Great Wang” by N. A. Baykov." Litera, no. 9 (September 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.9.36348.
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This article analyzes the mythical images in the novel “The Great Wang” by N. A. Baykov. In this work, the writer depicts such mythical images as the tiger – Great Wang, the wise old man – Tong Li, and the lotus flower. The tiger is assigned a significant role in many works by N. A. Baykov – the novels “The Great Wang”, “Tigress”, “The Black Captain”, “On The Hills and Woods of Manchuria”, as well as the scientific articles “The Manchurian Tiger”, “Tigers in The Far East”, "Tiger Hunting" , etc. The unique peculiarity of the novel under review lies in combination of the expressive techniques of Western literature with the exotic themes of Eastern nature, simple natural worldview of inhabitants of the East. The specifics of the novel lies in the fact that the idea “The Great Wang” is based on the Chinese folk myths and legends, which attach a rather mystical and mythical hue. All forest animals anthropomorphized by the writer have their own thoughts and emotions. The conclusion is made that using mythical images, the well versed in the Chinese culture and folklore writer, combined mythical images with his narrative, and expressed his opinion on the man – nature relations. N. A. Baykov was against anthropocentrism, and advocated for the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. In the current context of deterioration of environmental situation, the reflected in “The Great Wang” ecological problems deserve attention of each one of us. The name of N. A. Baykov should be inscribed in the history of the world ecological literature.
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Džekčioriūtė-Medeišienė, Vita. "Mythical Notion of Mushrooms in Lithuanian Culture." Tautosakos darbai 52 (December 30, 2016): 119–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28870.
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According to the founders of ethnomycology Valentina and Gordon Wasson, it is possible to discern the mycophobic and mycophilic countries. Lithuania belongs to the mycophilic ones along with Russia, which these researchers have investigated (see Wasson and Wasson 1957: 4). In these countries, mushrooms and mushroom picking are important both economically and culturally.The article focuses on the mythical notion of mushrooms in Lithuanian culture and employs the mythical explanations of the origins of mushrooms, the perception of mushrooms as mythical beings, the mythical level and the ritual aspects of the mushroom picking to elucidate it.It is possible to discern two main reasons for mythologizing of mushrooms. First, they are important practically, therefore can acquire cultural meanings. Second, mushrooms are peculiar organisms, occupying the intermediate spot between plants and animals, and therefore characterized by certain mysteriousness.There are two mythical explanations for the origins of mushrooms. According to the first one, mushrooms are chthonic organisms, embodying fertility of the earth (mushrooms as flowers of the earth) and close to the Lithuanian devil and his mythical associates: fairies, sprites. By employing also the dream-readings and other connections of the devil with death and hidden treasures, or money, it is possible to discern several mythical complexes comprising associations between mushrooms and the devil as mythical being in the Lithuanian worldview, namely, mushrooms – earth – the devil; mushrooms – death – the devil; mushrooms – money – the devil. The second mythical explanation of the mushrooms’ origins appears in the etiological legends depicting mushrooms as the God’s gift to the poor people that emerged from the grain or bread spit out by the God or St Peter. This parallel between mushrooms and bread is important to the mythical thinking as well as to the use of mushrooms for nutrition.It is possible to identify mushrooms with mythical beings and people. This aspect is clearly visible in the Lithuanian riddles, according to which mushrooms have human body parts (feet, head), items of dress (hat, pants), or human denominations (uncle, girl). Besides, just like humans or animals, mushrooms allegedly suffer from the evil eye. According to the popular belief, well known across the whole of Lithuania, the sighted mushroom stops growing. The segregation of mushrooms into male and female genders is also important. This is especially vivid in the Lithuanian folksongs depicting war or wedding of the mushrooms.There are beliefs of the mushrooms behaving as agile, sensitive beings or as peculiar forest spirits. They can hear the approaching mushroom pickers and hide from them. According to some Lithuanian legends and the comparative Slavic material, it is possible to assume that boletus (Boletus edulis) – considered the “proper” mushroom in the southeastern Lithuania – could personify the guardian spirit of the forest – the master of the forest. The mushroom picking also has connections with the mythical notion of mushrooms. This activity depends on the mythical principle of the mushroom fortune as the most important one.The mushroom fortune manifests in successful picking, or mushrooms are the embodiment of success. This principle defines the amount of mushrooms that one is able to pick in the forest and the number and kind of mushrooms belonging to each individual picker. The mushroom fortune also involves having and carefully hiding one’s own picking places. The pickers may transfer the knowledge of these places to somebody else only as an inheritance. Mushroom picking may involve certain ritual practices: uttering of special prayers or performing peculiar magic actions aimed at securing the successful picking (throwing of shoes at the leaving mushroom picker, spitting on the first spotted mushroom, and occasional cases of offering). The mythical notion of mushrooms is rather similar in the mycophilic cultures. Numerous mushroom-related Lithuanian legends and beliefs have parallels in the neighboring Slavic countries (Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine). In turn, the ethnographic data from these countries fills in some blank spots in the mythical notion of mushrooms in the Lithuanian culture. In Lithuania, the mushroom picking is not only a means of enriching the food provisions or securing some income. This is a meaningful phenomenon accompanied by ritual and magical actions and representing the traditional Lithuanian mythical worldview.
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Džekčioriūtė, Vita. "Intimidating, Cruel and Violent Motives of the Traditional Lithuanian Lullabies." Tautosakos darbai 65 (July 24, 2023): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.23.65.07.
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Lithuanian folk lullabies, as well as lullabies in general, are commonly regarded as a folksong type intended to soothe babies and small children. However, the lullabies’ lyrics occasionally contain intimidating, cruel and violent motives that create a kind of semantic field which might cause anxiety and tension for the children rather than calming them down. The article focuses on precisely such lullabies. It consists of three parts analyzing different texts of the Lithuanian lullabies. In the first part, the author presents texts by which the children are threatened, intimidated, or which mention some dangerous mythical creatures and animals. In the second part, lullabies containing elaborate cruel and violent motives are discussed. In the third part, lullabies conveying a depreciatory attitude towards the child are presented. They reveal the indifference of the adults to the child. In this part, lullabies in which the child is symbolically brought to death are discussed as well.
As revealed by the study, the purpose of the intimidating lullabies is scaring and didactics, while the frightening motives convey the traditional Lithuanian mythical worldview. The occurring violent motives reflect already existing cultural plots. Violent motives in the lullabies are transferred to the animal world using a form of humor. The lullabies can also perform a protective function: either by calling the child “useless” or “about to die”, or by driving away the creatures that could harm it.
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Szántó, Péter-Dániel. "Asbestos and Salamander in India." Indo-Iranian Journal 63, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 335–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06304002.
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Abstract The present paper, an homage to B. Laufer’s “Asbestos and Salamander” (1915), adds South Asia to the story of a remarkable Eurasian cultural meme meant to explain the presence of fire-proof cloth after its manufacturing technology was forgotten, namely that asbestos was the fur of a mythical animal. I argue that none of our Sanskrit dictionaries contain the correct meaning of the term agniśauca, which does indeed mean asbestos. The widely shared motif explains why in Sanskrit literature too we have animals (a nondescript mṛga) by the same name. I examine textual passages from kāvya, purāṇas, as well as Buddhist sūtras and śāstras, to elucidate this topic. I also cite some evidence that in the period between the 9th and the 11th c. some areas of India still possessed knowledge of asbestos manufacturing. However, as for where and when the correlation was first made, I must leave the question open.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animals, Mythical, in literature"
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Posthumus, Liane. "Hybrid monsters in the Classical World : the nature and function of hybrid monsters in Greek mythology, literature and art." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6865.
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Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to explore the purpose of monster figures by investigating the relationship between these creatures and the cultures in which they are generated. It focuses specifically on the human-animal hybrid monsters in the mythology, literature and art of ancient Greece. It attempts to answer the question of the purpose of these monsters by looking specifically at the nature of manhorse monsters and the ways in which their dichotomous internal and external composition challenged the cultural taxonomy of ancient Greece. It also looks at the function of monsters in a ritual context and how the Theseus myth, as initiation myth, and the Minotaur, as hybrid monster, conforms to the expectations of ritual monsters. The investigation starts by considering the history and uses of the term “monster” in an attempt to arrive at a reasonable definition of monstrosity. In aid of this definition, attention is also given to themes that recur when considering monster beings. This provides a basis from which the hybrid monsters of ancient Greece, the centaur and Minotaur in particular, can be considered. The next section of the thesis looks into the attitudes to animals prevalent in ancient Greece. The cultural value of certain animal types and even certain body parts have to be taken account, and the degree to which these can be traced to the nature and actions of the hybrid monster has to be considered. The main argument is divided in two sections. The first deals with the centaur as challenger to Greek cultural taxonomy. The centaur serves as an eminent example of how human-animal hybrid monsters combine the familiar and the foreign, the Self and the Other into a single complex being. The nature of this monster is examined with special reference to the ways in which the centaur, as proponent of chaos and wilderness, stands in juxtaposition to the ideals of Greek civilisation. The second section consists of an enquiry into the purpose of the hybrid monster and considers the Minotaur’s role as a facilitator of transformation. The focus is directed towards the ritual function of monsters and the ways in which monsters aid change and renewal both in individuals and in communities. By considering the Theseus-myth and the role of the Minotaur in the coming-of-age of the Attic hero as well as the city of Athens itself, the ritual theory is given application in ancient Greece. The conclusion of this thesis is that hybrid monsters, as manifestations of the internal dichotomy of man and the tenuous relationship between order and chaos, played a critical role in the personal and communal definition of man in ancient Greece.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van hierdie tesis is om die sin van monsters te ondersoek deur te kyk na die verhouding wat bestaan tussen hierdie wesens en die gemeenskappe waarbinne hulle hul ontstaan het. Die tesis fokus spesifiek op die mens-dier hibriede monster in die mitologie, literatuur en kuns van antieke Griekeland. Dit probeer om tot ‘n slotsom te kom oor die bestaansrede van monsters deur te kyk na die aard van die man-perd monster. Hierdie wese se tweeledige samestelling – met betrekking tot beide sy interne en eksterne komposisie – het ‘n wesenlike bedreiging ingehou vir die kulturele taksonomie van die antieke Grieke. Die tesis kyk ook na die rol, van monsters in die konteks van rituele gebeure. Die mite van Theseus as ‘n mite met rituele verbintenisse, en die Minotaurus as hibriede monster, word dan oorweeg om te bepaal wat die ooreenstemming is met die verwagtinge wat daargestel is vir rituele monsters. Ten einde ‘n redelike definisie van monsteragtigheid daar te stel, begin die ondersoek deur oorweging te skenk aan die geskiedenis en die gebruike van die woord “monster”. Ter ondersteuning van hierdie definisie word daar ook aandag geskenk aan sekere temas wat herhaaldelik opduik wanneer monsters ter sprake kom. Dit skep ‘n basis vir die ondersoek na die hibriede monsters van antieke Griekeland, en meer spesifiek na die kentaurus en die Minotaurus. Die tesis oorweeg ook die houding van die antieke Griekse beskawing teenoor diere. Die kulturele waarde van sekere soorte diere, en selfs seker ledemate van diere, moet in ag geneem word wanneer die hibriede monsterfiguur behandel word. Aandag moet geskenk word aan die maniere waarop die assosiasies wat die Grieke met diere gehad het, oorgedra word na die aard en handelinge van die monsterfiguur. Die hoofargument van die tesis word in twee dele uiteengesit. Die eerste gedeelte behandel die kentaurus as uitdager van die kulturele taksonomie van die antieke Grieke. Die kentaurus dien as ‘n uitstekende voorbeeld van die manier waarop die mens-dier monster dit wat bekend is en dit wat vreemd is, die Self en die Ander, kombineer in een komplekse wese. Die aard van hierdie wese word ondersoek met spesifieke verwysing na die maniere waarop die kentaurus, as voorstander van die ongetemde en van chaos, in teenstelling staan teenoor die ideale van die Griekse beskawing. Die tweede gedeelte vors die doel van die hibriede monster na en oorweeg die Minotaurus se rol as bevorderaar van transformasie. Hier word gefokus op die rol van die monster in ’n rituele konteks en die maniere waarop monsters verandering en vernuwing teweegbring in enkelinge sowel as in gemeenskappe. Hierdie teorie word van toepassing gemaak op antieke Griekeland deur die mite van Theseus en die rol van die Minotaurus te oorweeg binne die konteks van die proses van inburgering wat beide die held en sy stad, Athene, ondergaan. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie tesis is dat hibriede monsters, as uitbeeldings van die interne tweeledigheid van die mens sowel as van die tenger verband tussen orde en chaos in die wêreld, ‘n noodsaaklike rol gespeel het in die persoonlike en sosiale definisie van die individu in antieke Griekeland.
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Grundy, Thomas. "On Teaching the Bible as Literature: A Mythical Bias." 名古屋大学文学部, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5508.
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Butcher, Kenton Bryan. "Ralph Ellison's Mythical Method in Invisible Man." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1461407953.
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Edwards, Peggy Ann. "Portmanteau." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3227.
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Thesis (M.F.A.)--West Virginia University, 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 12 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 4).
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Rajsic, Jaclyn. "Britain and Albion in the mythical histories of medieval England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bc55a2b2-6156-4401-958b-0a6f454f9c6d.
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This dissertation examines the ideological role and adaptation of the mythical British past (derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia regum Britanniae) in chronicles of England written in Anglo-Norman, Latin, and English from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, in terms of the shaping of English history during this time. I argue that the past is an important lens through which we can read the imagined geographies (Albion, Britain and England) and ‘imagined communities’ (the British and English), to use Benedict Anderson’s term, constructed by historical texts. I consider how British history was carefully re-shaped and combined with chronologically conflicting accounts of early English history (derived from Bede) to create a continuous view of the English past, one in which the British kings are made English or ‘of England’. Specifically, I examine the connections between geography and genealogy, which I argue become inextricably linked in relation to mythical British history from the thirteenth century onwards. From that point on, British kings are increasingly shown to be the founders and builders of England, rather than Britain, and are integrated into genealogies of England’s contemporary kings. I argue that short chronicles written in Latin and Anglo-Norman during the thirteenth century evidence a confidence that the ancient Britons were perceived as English, and equally a strong sense of Englishness. These texts, I contend, anticipate the combination of British and English histories that scholars find in the lengthier and better-known Brut histories written in the early fourteenth century. For the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, my study takes account of the Albina myth, the story of the mothers of Albion’s giants (their arrival in Albion before Brutus’s legendary conquest of the land). There has been a surge of scholarship about the Albina myth in recent years. My analysis of hitherto unknown accounts of the tale, which appear in some fifteenth-century genealogical rolls, leads me to challenge current interpretations of the story as a myth of foundation and as apparently problematic for British and English history. My discussion culminates with an analysis of some copies of the prose Brut chronicle (c. 1300) – the most popular secular, vernacular text in later medieval England, but it is seldom studied – and of some fifteenth-century genealogies of England’s kings. In both cases, I am concerned with presentations of the passage of dominion from British to English rulership in the texts and manuscripts in question. My preliminary investigation of the genealogies aims to draw attention to this very under-explored genre. In all, my study shows that the mythical British past was a site of adaptation and change in historical and genealogical texts written in England throughout the high and later Middle Ages. It also reveals short chronicles, prose Brut texts and manuscripts, and royal genealogies to have great potential future research.
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Stalla, Heidi. "Life is in the manuscript : Virginia Woolf, historiography, and the 'mythical method'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:58e6f835-b776-4a87-bafd-f48525c11918.
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Virginia Woolf's writing is aesthetically complex, politically engaged, and remains relevant today - an astonishing achievement. This thesis begins by asking how and why this is the case, and thinks through Woolf's relationship to history as a means of suggesting some answers. References to the past abound in Woolf's fiction in the form of meaningful names, stories, myths, and national histories. I am especially interested in allusions that are not immediately obvious, but still work to convey something about human nature. These were sometimes inspired by artifacts in museums, or by articles in magazines or newspapers, or literature she owned, or borrowed, or was being written by her contemporaries - sources that a careful researcher can track down. Other references are more difficult to prove; for example, they may have come from travel experiences related by friends, or personal experiences not recorded in her diary. In this case we need to balance circumstantial evidence, common sense, and an understanding of the spirit and concerns of the age. In the first chapter I highlight Woolf's early interest in the tension between fact and fiction as it is expressed in her 1906 short story, "The Journal of Mistress Joan Martyn". The chapter serves as way of demonstrating my process. I point out the interplay between form, content, and autobiography that is in her other work. In short, a good deal of what is imagined may have been inspired by personal experience and real historical material. The next three chapters reveal new character types and source material for Jacob's Room, To the Lighthouse, and The Waves - the novels in which Woolf worked out what I have called her "mythical method". I end by inviting scholars to reconsider tensions in her work such as fact and fiction, self and other, art and politics from a new angle: not only as thematic preoccupations but also as crucial to thinking of - to borrow from Gertrude Stein - composition as a form of explanation. Woolf's project in fiction was to figure out what modernism can and should do. Although it is not necessary for all readers to do the kind of research demonstrated here in order to understand the novels, having an awareness of this work is important. This new way of looking at how and why Woolf wrote both in and outside of time as part of the process of composition makes us think again about the reasons that we should care so much about "Mrs. Brown". It helps us appreciate that the project of conveying both the ephemeral and temporal qualities of human experience is what makes the study of literary modernism (and its current global, transnational forms) a dynamic, political, and expanding phenomenon today.
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陳桂月 and Kwee-nyet Chin. "The mythical world of modern Chinese writers (1919-1949)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234744.
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Bosman, Brenda Evadne. "Alternative mythical structures in the fiction of Patrick White." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001821.
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The texts in this study interrogate the dominant myths which have affected the constructs of identity and history in the white Australian socio-historical context. These myths are exposed by White as ideologically determined and as operating by processes of exclusion, repression and marginalisation. White challenges the autonomy of both European and Australian cultures, reveals the ideological complicity between them and adopts a critical approach to all Western cultural assumptions. As a post-colonial writer, White shares the need of both post-colonising and post-colonised groups for an identity established not in terms of the colonial power but in terms of themselves. As a dissident white male, he is a privileged member of the post- colonising group but one who rejects the dominant discourses as illegitimate and unlegitimating. He offers a re-writing of the myths underpinning colonial and post-colonising discourses which privileges their suppressed and repressed elements. His re-writings affect aboriginal men and women, white women and the 'privileged' white male whose subjection to social control is masked as unproblematic freedom. White's re-writing of myth enbraces the post-modern as well as the post- colonial. He not only deconstructs and demystifies the phallogocentric/ethnocentric order of things; he also attempts to avoid totalization by privileging indeterminacy, fragmentation, hybridization and those liminary states which defy articulation: the ecstatic, the abject, the unspeakable. He himself is denied authority in that his re-writings are presented as mere acts in the always provisional process of making interpretations. White acknowledges the problematics of both presentation and re-presentation - an unresolved tension between the post-colonial desire for self-definition and the post-modern decentring of all meaning and interpretation permeates his discourse. The close readings of the texts attempt, accordingly, to reflect varying oppositional strategies: those which seek to overturn hierarchies and expose power-relations and those which seek an idiom in which contemporary Australia may find its least distorted reflexion. Within this ideological context, the Lacanian thematics of the subject, and their re-writing by Kristeva, are linked with dialectical criticism in an attempt to reflect a strictly provisional process of (re) construction
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Vaccaro, Jacob. "Mythical, historical and allegorical narratives in Till we have faces." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1477.
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Kemp, Nathan C. "Animals of the New World." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1427713735.
Full textBooks on the topic "Animals, Mythical, in literature"
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Macdonald, Fiona. Murderous mythical creatures. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2011.
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Ross, Bruce. The inheritance of animal symbols in modern literature and world culture: Essays, notes, and lectures. New York: P. Lang, 1988.
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Bergin, Mark. Magical creatures and mythical beasts. New York: Rosen Pub. Group's PowerKids Press, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Animals, Mythical, in literature"
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Bos, Pascale R. "Mythical Interventions." In German-Jewish Literature in the Wake of the Holocaust, 47–70. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979339_3.
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Mukhopadhyay, Debaditya. "Portrait of Mythical and Archetypal Colour." In Literature and Theory, 13–21. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043942-3.
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Stoneley, Peter. "Animals." In Promiscuity in Western Literature, 23–50. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Literary criticism and cultural theory: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367228361-2.
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Kulcsár-Szabó, Zoltán. "Austin’s Animals." In Life After Literature, 109–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33738-4_8.
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Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. "Animals." In An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory, 216–25. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003255390-21.
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Robles, Mario Ortiz. "Animals." In The Routledge Companion to Politics and Literature in English, 109–17. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003038009-13.
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Martín Rodríguez, Antonio María. "Metamorphosis of the Mythical Hero in Disney’s Hercules." In IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature, 19–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.23.c2.
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Prietzel, Kathrin. "Animals in religious and non-religious Anglo-Saxon writings." In Animals and Mythical Creatures in the Middle Ages, 235–60. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110213591.4.235.
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Honegger, Thomas. "Draco litterarius. Some Thoughts on an Imaginary Beast." In Animals and Mythical Creatures in the Middle Ages, 131–46. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110213591.2.131.
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Schiesari, Juliana. "Melancholia and Mourning Animals." In The Literature of Melancholia, 223–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230336988_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Animals, Mythical, in literature"
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da Cruz, Anna Luiza Lara. "Intracranial neoplasms in small animals: Literature review." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-084.
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Intracranial neoplasms are common tumors in the nervous system of older animals, diagnosed mainly by magnetic resonance imaging and tomography. The main types include meningioma, glioma and neuroepithelial tumors. Clinical signs vary according to the location of the tumor, including seizures, ataxia and behavioral changes. Treatment involves surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to reduce the size of the tumor and relieve symptoms such as cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure.
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"THE MYTHICAL CYCLE OF MORTAL LEGACY IN DAN PAGIS’ WRITTEN IN PENCIL IN THE SEALED RAILWAY-CAR." In 2nd National Conference on Translation, Language & Literature. ELK Asia Pacific Journals, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.16962/elkapj/si.nctll-2015.10.
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Junior, Roberto Lima. "IoT applications for monitoring companion animals: A systematic literature review." In 2020 14th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iit50501.2020.9299045.
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Arapu, Valentin. "„The plague shirt” in the „plague performance” (historical and ethnocultural aspects)." In Simpozionul Național de Studii Culturale, Ediția a 2-a. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975352147.19.
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In Romanian traditions, the making of the „plague shirt” is a spectacular event, organized in order to protect the rural community from disease and natural cataclysms. The making of the „plague shirt” was entrusted to a certain number of women (3, 7 or 9) who gathered on Tuesday evening to spin, weave and sew a hemp shirt which was later worn „over seven borders”, being brought at the end an offering to the ruthless Plague. This custom is attested in Muntenia, Oltenia, Transylvania, Maramureş, Bucovina and Dobrogea. Similar traditions are present in Greece where the „plague shirt” was offered as a gift to Saint Haralambie and in the Romanian communities in Serbia. In its essence, the „plague shirt” is an ancient agricultural practice, a magical-mythical manifestation, aimed at protecting animals and agricultural crops from evil forces.
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Rustinar, Eli. "Swearing in Bengkulu-Malay Language with the Animals as Reference." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language, Literature, and Education (ICLLE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclle-18.2018.51.
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Asqarova, Shahnoza. "THE PROBLEM OF ANALYSIS OF ONOMASTIC UNITS IN "ALPOMISH" AND "BOBURNOMA"." In The Impact of Zahir Ad-Din Muhammad Bobur’s Literary Legacy on the Advancement of Eastern Statehood and Culture. Alisher Navoi' Tashkent state university of Uzbek language and literature, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/bobur.conf.2023.25.09/bdes5345.
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Onomastics (Greek onomastics - the art of naming) is a branch of linguistics that studies various nouns, the history of their appearance and change, as well as a collection of all nouns. In some studies, the term "Onomastics" is also used in the meaning of anthroponymy. Onomastics is aimed at identifying and studying non-existent onomastic systems. Onomastics consists of the following sections according to the categories of the objects that received the names: anthroponymics - names of people; toponymy - popular names of geographical objects; theonymics - the names of gods, goddesses, religious-mythical figures and beings according to various religious ideas; zoonymics - (conditional) nouns given to animals; phytonymics - names related to the world of plants, cosmonymics - the names of space regions, galaxies, constellations and others that are spread in scientific communication and internationally; astronomy - studies the names of individual astronomical bodies (planets and stars). Apart from the above, onomastics has several branches. Onomastics includes real names (names of previously existing objects) and phonemes (names of imaginary objects).
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MacKenzie, D. Scott, and Patrice Lasne. "Mythological Quenchants of Ancient Blacksmiths." In HT 2023. ASM International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2023p0098.
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Abstract Archaeological digs have found many types of knives, with varying quality of steel and microstructure. Typically, these steels are carbon steels with carbon contents on the order of 0.60%. Historically, there have been many myths concerning the quenchants used by ancient blacksmiths in the heat treatment of swords and knives. Various liquids have been cited in the archaeometallurgical literature as quenchants. Each of these quenchants is supposed to extend to the knife special and even mythical properties. However, none have been examined for cooling curve behavior. In this paper, various quenchants are examined for typical heat transfer, and microstructure is predicted for simple steels commonly used in ancient knife making.
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Tateishi, Simone, Werner Peter Marcon, Maria José Calegari, Beatriz Pereira Espadin, Emmanuel Zullo Godinho, Aluisia Budin Fodra, Caetano Dartiere Zulian Fermino, Inácio Zapparoli Bardini, and Matheus Augusto Santos Antoniazzi. "Literature review: Sansevieria trifasciata poisoning in dogs and cats." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-064.
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Poisoning by toxic plants in domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, is a common problem in domestic environments due to the presence of ornamental plants. Sansevieria trifasciata, known as snake plant, is one of the most popular ornamental plants, but it is also potentially dangerous due to the presence of toxic substances such as calcium oxalate, alkaloids and saponins. These compounds can cause everything from oral and gastrointestinal irritation to severe liver and kidney damage, and can lead to the death of the animal if not treated early.
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Guelli, Mariana Sandoval Terra Campos, Daniela Bastos de Almeida Zampier, Lorena Araújo Silva Dias, and Marina de Oliveira Nunes Ibrahim. "Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease - a literature review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.126.
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Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a progressive, rare, fatal and rapid human neurodegenerative disease that occurs in the etiologies: sporadic (CJD), familial, iatrogenic (CJD) and CJD variant (CJV) in which cell prion protein (PrP) can be transmitted through animals. Objectives: Literature review about Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseDesign and setting: Literature review development in the Centro Universitário de Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: The Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, infectious diseases and neuroinfection indexes were used in the PUBMED and Scielo databases. Results:CJD has different etiologies with different clinical and pathological phenotypes. CJDV shows psychiatric behaviors and symptoms followed by abnormalities, ataxia and dementia. The sporadic form is the most common, with a progressive clinical course with generalized brain deposition of abnormal prion protein aggregates (PrPTSE) that leads to spongiform change, gliosis and neuronal loss. CJD progresses to dementia and two or more symptoms: cerebellar or visual impairments; pyramidal or extrapyramidal signs; myoclonus; and akinetic mutism. Complex periods of acute wave in the electroencephalogram (EEG) are strongly suggestive of prionic diseases. Rapidly evolving field neuroimmune disorders have shown an increasing in autoantibody testing; attempt to diagnose a range of immune-mediated conditions. Evidence indicates that diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is more sensitive for detecting signal abnormalities. Conclusion: The disease progresses to dementia, accompanied by myoclonus, pyramidal signs and characteristic EEG. It is a complex pathology, which has only symptomatic treatment and requires strict control of reservoirs and risk of contamination.
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MacCurdy, Robert, Timothy Reissman, Ephrahim Garcia, and David Winkler. "A Methodology for Applying Energy Harvesting to Extend Wildlife Tag Lifetime." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68082.
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Wildlife monitoring tags are a widely used technique for studying animals in their natural habitats. At present, these devices are energy limited, based on the mass of the electrochemical battery that can be carried by the animal. Flying animals are particularly restricted, based on a requirement for minimal excess loading. This requirement causes tag lifetimes to be far shorter than would be useful from an ecological perspective, particularly for smaller animals. Energy harvesting is being widely adopted in applications where access to permanent power is limited. If applied to wildlife tags, this approach offers the possibility of extending functional lifetimes indefinitely; however, it presents unique challenges. Practical applications on flying animals are extremely mass limited, subject to environmental stress, and operate at very low frequencies. This paper is meant to address the critical issues in the design task, and makes attempts to place bounds on unknown design parameters, based on literature research where applicable, and on experiment when no data exists. We discuss candidate harvester materials, novel data acquisition tools, and a prototype harvester design.
Reports on the topic "Animals, Mythical, in literature"
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Hu, XinYi, JingXuan Hao, and HangYue Wang. Improvement of Environmental enrichment on Cognitive Functions in Patients and animals : A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0014.
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Review question / Objective: To study the relationship between environmental enrichment and cognitive function through a meta-analysis of the literature, analyze its effects on the improvement of cognitive function in patients and animals, and evaluate the effects of different environmental enrichment measures on cognitive function improvement. Condition being studied: Cognitive decline refers to an individual's memory, language, reasoning and other aspects of cognitive function showing obvious, measurable decline or abnormal. The causes of cognitive decline are various, including neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular disease, infection, trauma, and depression. Alzheimer's disease and stroke are the most common.
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P., BASTIAENSEN. Triage in the trenches, for the love of animals : a tribute to veterinarians in the First World War. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2018.nf.2883.
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On the occasion of the centenary of the First World War, remembered across the world from 2014 until the end of 2018, many aspects and experiences of this global conflict have been re-examined or brought to light for the first time, as we honour the memory of those estimated 16 million soldiers and civilians who perished in what was then known as the ‘Great War’, or the ‘War to End All Wars’. So many of these died on the infamous fields of Flanders, where Allied and Central Forces dug themselves into trenches for the better part of four years. Over the past few years, new research has brought to light many insights into the plight of animals in this War, which – for the younger readers amongst you – was fought at the dawn of motorised warfare, using anything powered by two or four feet or paws, from the homing pigeons delivering secret messages across enemy lines, to the traction provided by oxen and mules to pull cannons and other heavy artillery, to the horses of the cavalry. Not least among these roles was the supply of animal protein to the troops, whether this came through the specific designation of animals for this purpose or as the result of a failed attempt at delivering any of the above services. Several leading publications today have documented the role (and suffering) of animals in ‘La Grande Guerre’. Less so the role of veterinarians in the ‘War to End All Wars’. Who were they? How many? How were they organised? What did they do, on either side of the enemy lines? The present article is a humble attempt to shed some light on these veterinary colleagues, based on available, mostly grey, literature…
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Parsons, David, Elisabet Nadeau, Dannylo Sousa, Magdalena Åkerfeldt, Gun Bernes, Per Hansson, Birgitta Åhman, et al. Leys from a Nordic perspective : a knowledge compilation. Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.1kvv46i0hf.
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The project involved creating a popular scientific review of the cultivation and use of leys for livestock. Target groups are the agricultural sector and industry. The project had four work packages (WP): crop production, harvest and conservation, feed value for different animals, and economy. Within each work package, search strings were developed and inclusion criteria defined, and a database for each WP developed through searching in online databases. Each selected article was assessed first on the title (include or exclude), second based on reading the abstract, and third based on reading the article. The review provides an extensive list of literature related to ley production and use, a description of the most important findings, and suggestions for future research.
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Pitt, Jordan A., Neelakanteswar Aluru, and Hahn Hahn. Supplemental materials for book chapter: Microplastics in Marine Food Webs. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29556.
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The identification of microplastics (MPs; 1 µm - 5 mm) and the inferred presence of nanoplastics (NPs; <1 µm) in a wide variety of marine animals, including many seafood species, has raised important questions about the presence, movement, and impacts of these particles in marine food webs. Understanding microplastic dynamics in marine food webs requires elucidation of the processes involved, including bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and biomagnification. However, in the context of microplastics and nanoplastics these concepts are often misunderstood. In this chapter, we provide a critical review of the literature on the behavior of plastic particles in marine food webs. We find clear evidence of trophic transfer, equivocal evidence for bioaccumulation, and no evidence for biomagnification. We also identify a number of knowledge gaps that limit our ability to draw firm conclusions at this time. These supplemental documents are in support of an invited chapter to be published in this book: S.E. Shumway and J.E. Ward (Eds.) Plastics in the Sea: Occurrence and Impacts (Elsevier 2023).
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James, Christian, Stephen J. James, Bukola A. Onarinde, Ronald A. Dixon, and Nicola Williams. Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ich936.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent (a substance that kills or stops the growth of microorganisms) that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. As a result standard antimicrobial drug treatments may become ineffective, lead to infections persisting, increasing the risk of spread to others, and negative clinical outcomes. AMR is a major public health issue worldwide and it is estimated that unless action is taken to tackle AMR, the global impact of AMR could be 10 million deaths annually from drug-resistant infections by 2050 and cost up to US $100 trillion in terms of cumulative lost global production (O’Neill, 2016). Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK and led to the Government publishing both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window) and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP) (Opens in a new window), which sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This review was carried out to help increase our understanding of whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and heavy metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain (a subject highlighted in the NAP). Whether this could potentially lead to greater consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present in our food, either directly through consumption of foods derived from animals that have undergone treatment (for example from the use of heavy metals in animal feed) or indirectly (for example from exposure of crops to contaminated soil or ground water) is not known. Focused searching of three literature databases (Web of Science (Opens in a new window), Scopus (Opens in a new window), and MEDLINE (Opens in a new window)) was undertaken, supplemented by additional records identified through other sources. Due to the range of publications identified and different laboratory methodologies used in these studies no statistical analysis was possible, so instead, a narrative approach was taken to their review and to the review of supplementary materials. We conclude that there is published evidence that the release of chemicals like biocides (in particular disinfectants) and/or heavy metals from food animal production have the potential to contribute to the selection, emergence, and spread of AMR (as bacteria or genes) that could be acquired by consumers, and that this could present a potential risk to the consumer as a result. The published evidence is sparse and there are significant knowledge gaps (as detailed in this report). Currently there are insufficient data for a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of risk, and a need for focussed in-field studies (as detailed in this report) to be carried out to fill these knowledge gaps and confirm whether there is an actual risk.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.
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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Hansen, Peter J., Zvi Roth, and Jeremy J. Block. Improving oocyte competence in dairy cows exposed to heat stress. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598163.bard.
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Original Objectives. The overall goal is to develop methods to increase pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress through methods that minimize damage to the oocyte and embryo caused by heat stress. Objectives were as follows: (1) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) test whether melatonin feeding can improve developmental competence of oocytes in vivo and, if so, whether effects are limited to the summer or also occur in the absence of heat stress; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of improving fertility by facilitating follicular turnover in the summer and winter. Revised Objectives. (1) Examine protective effects of melatonin and follicular fluid on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of embryos exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (3) evaluate effectiveness of improving fertility by administering human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) to increase circulating concentrations of progesterone and evaluate whether response to hCG depends upon genotype for four mutations reported to be related to cow fertility; and (4) identify genes with allelic variants that increase resistance of embryos to heat shock. Background. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy success is reduced by heat stress because of damage to the oocyte and cleavage-stage embryo mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that fertility can be improved by provision of antioxidants or by removing follicles containing oocytes damaged by heat stress. During the study, additional evidence from the literature indicated the potential importance of treatment with chorionicgonadotropin to increase fertility of heat- stressed cows and results from other studies in our laboratories implicated genotype as an important determinant of cow fertility. Thus, the project was expanded to evaluate hCG treatment and to identify whether fertility response to hCG depended upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes implicated as important for cow fertility. We also evaluated whether a SNP in a gene important for cellular resistance to heat stress (HSPA1L, a member of the heat shock protein 70 family) is important for embryonic resistance to elevated temperature. Major conclusions, solutions & achievements. Results confirmed that elevated temperature increases ROS production by the oocyte and embryo and that melatonin decreases ROS. Melatonin reduced, but did not completely block, damaging effects of heat shock on the oocyte and had no effect on development of the embryo. Melatonin was protective to the oocyte at 0.1-1 μM, a concentration too high to be achieved in cows. It was concluded that melatonin is unlikely to be a useful molecule for increasing fertility of heat-stressed cows. Treatment with hCG at day 5 after breeding increased first-service pregnancy rate for primiparous cows but not for multiparous cows. Thus, hCG could be useful for increasing fertility in first-parity cows. The effectiveness of hCG depended upon genotype for a SNP in COQ9, a gene encoding for a mitochondrial-function protein. This result points the way to future efforts to use genetic information to identify populations of cows for which hormone treatments will be effective or ineffective. The SNP in HSPA1L was related to embryonic survival after heat shock. Perhaps, genetic selection for mutations that increase cellular resistance to heat shock could be employed to reduce effects of heat stress on fertility. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This project has resulted in abandonment of one possible approach to improve fertility of the heat-stressed cow (melatonin therapy) while also leading to a method for improving fertility of primiparous cows exposed to heat stress (hCG treatment) that can be implemented on farms today. Genetic studies have pointed the way to using genetic information to 1) tailor hormonal treatments to cow populations likely to respond favorably and 2) select animals whose embryos have superior resistance to elevated body temperatures.