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1
Fleischhauer, Jens. "Animacy and Affectedness in Germanic Languages." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (2018): 566–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0028.
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Abstract This paper deals with the influence of animacy on affectedness. German, like other Germanic languages, requires oblique marking of the inanimate undergoer argument of verbs of contact by impact (e.g. hit, kick, bite), whereas the animate undergoer argument takes non-oblique marking. Inanimacy does not necessarily result in oblique marking; undergoer arguments with inanimate referents are realized in a non-oblique construction if a change of state or location is explicitly predicated, as in resultative constructions. This suggests that the marking of inanimate undergoer arguments is conditioned by two factors: animacy and affectedness. The basic claim is that animate and inanimate entities are affected differently by hitting, kicking and similar activities. Inanimates can only be physically affected, whereas animates can be psychologically affected as well. Since verbs of contact by impact do not entail a change of state/location, they do not represent their undergoer arguments as being (necessarily) physically affected. Hence, the potential psychological effect of hitting, kicking and the like on animate beings gives rise for interpreting animate undergoer arguments of those verbs as being affected.
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Bugaiska, Aurélia, Laurent Grégoire, Anna-Malika Camblats, Margaux Gelin, Alain Méot, and Patrick Bonin. "Animacy and attentional processes: Evidence from the Stroop task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (2018): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818771514.
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In visual perception, evidence has shown that attention is captured earlier and held longer by animate than inanimate stimuli. The former are also remembered better than the latter. Thus, as far as attentional processes are concerned, animate entities have a privileged status over inanimate entities. We tested this hypothesis further using an adaptation of the Stroop paradigm. Adults had to categorise the colours of words that referred to either animate or inanimate concepts. In two experiments, we found that it took longer to process the ink colour of animate than inanimate words. Indeed, this effect was found when the words were presented in an oral animacy Stroop task (Experiment 1) and in a manual animacy Stroop task (Experiment 2). Using ex-Gaussian analyses and examining the distribution of RTs as a function of vincentiles per animacy condition, we did not find a specific localisation of the animacy effect. The findings are interpreted as providing further evidence that animates are prioritised in processing because their fitness value is higher than that of inanimates.
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Kovic, Vanja, Kim Plunkett, and Gert Westermann. "A unitary account of conceptual representations of animate/inanimate categories." Psihologija 43, no. 2 (2010): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1002155k.
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In this paper we present an ERP study examining the underlying nature of semantic representation of animate and inanimate objects. Time-locking ERP signatures to the onset of auditory stimuli we found topological similarities in animate and inanimate object processing. Moreover, we found no difference between animates and inanimates in the N400 amplitude, when mapping more specific to more general representation (visual to auditory stimuli). These studies provide further evidence for the theory of unitary semantic organization, but no support for the feature-based prediction of segregated conceptual organization. Further comparisons of animate vs. inanimate matches and within-vs. between-category mismatches revealed following results: processing of animate matches elicited more positivity than processing of inanimates within the N400 time-window; also, inanimate mismatches elicited a stronger N400 than did animate mismatches. Based on these findings we argue that one of the possible explanations for finding different and sometimes contradictory results in the literature regarding processing and representations of animates and inanimates in the brain could lie in the variability of selected items within each of the categories, that is, homogeneity of the categories.
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Bonin, Patrick, Margaux Gelin, Betty Laroche, Alain Méot, and Aurélia Bugaiska. "The “How” of Animacy Effects in Episodic Memory." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 6 (2015): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000308.
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Abstract. Animates are better remembered than inanimates. According to the adaptive view of human memory ( Nairne, 2010 ; Nairne & Pandeirada, 2010a , 2010b ), this observation results from the fact that animates are more important for survival than inanimates. This ultimate explanation of animacy effects has to be complemented by proximate explanations. Moreover, animacy currently represents an uncontrolled word characteristic in most cognitive research ( VanArsdall, Nairne, Pandeirada, & Cogdill, 2015 ). In four studies, we therefore investigated the “how” of animacy effects. Study 1 revealed that words denoting animates were recalled better than those referring to inanimates in an intentional memory task. Study 2 revealed that adding a concurrent memory load when processing words for the animacy dimension did not impede the animacy effect on recall rates. Study 3A was an exact replication of Study 2 and Study 3B used a higher concurrent memory load. In these two follow-up studies, animacy effects on recall performance were again not altered by a concurrent memory load. Finally, Study 4 showed that using interactive imagery to encode animate and inanimate words did not alter the recall rate of animate words but did increase the recall of inanimate words. Taken together, the findings suggest that imagery processes contribute to these effects.
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Kovic, Vanja, Kim Plunkett, and Gert Westermann. "Variability driven animacy effects: Evidence of structural, not conceptual differences in processing animates and inanimates." Psihologija 43, no. 1 (2010): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1001065k.
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The present eye-tracking study demonstrates that when animate and inanimate object pictures are presented within a single-study, there are no systematic differences between processing these two categories objects. Although participants were taking less time to initiate their first gaze towards animate than to inanimate objects, a result compatible with findings of Proverbio et al. (2007), it turned out that this quicker initiation of the first look in animates was driven by mammals and reptiles only and did not apply to insects or aquatic animals, most probably due to the structural differences within these subcategories. Fixations in this study do not cluster around certain features or areas of the objects for either animate or inanimate categories. Moreover, detailed analysis of looking behaviour does not reveal a clear animateinanimate distinction. Thus, given the failure of finding systematic differences between animates and inanimates when assessed using various looking behaviour measurements, the results do not support the prediction from modality specific conceptual account. In fact, these results are more in agreement with an alternative, distributed account of semantic representation that explains processing differences by structural differences between animate and inanimate objects.
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Kovic, Vanja, Kim Plunkett, and Gert Westermann. "Eye-tracking study of inanimate objects." Psihologija 42, no. 4 (2009): 417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0904417k.
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Unlike the animate objects, where participants were consistent in their looking patterns, for inanimates it was difficult to identify both consistent areas of fixations and a consistent order of fixations. Furthermore, in comparison to animate objects, in animates received significantly shorter total looking time, shorter longest looks and a smaller number of overall fixations. However, as with animates, looking patterns did not systematically differ between the naming and non-naming conditions. These results suggested that animacy, but not labelling, impacts on looking behavior in this paradigm. In the light of feature-based accounts of semantic memory organization, one could interpret these findings as suggesting that processing of the animate objects is based on the saliency/diagnosticity of their visual features (which is then reflected through participants eye-movements towards those features), whereas processing of the inanimate objects is based more on functional features (which cannot be easily captured by looking behavior in such a paradigm).
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Gelin, Margaux, Patrick Bonin, Alain Méot, and Aurélia Bugaiska. "Do animacy effects persist in memory for context?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 4 (2018): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307866.
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The adaptive view of human memory assumes that animates (e.g, rabbit) are remembered better than inanimates (e.g. glass) because animates are ultimately more important for fitness than inanimates. Previous studies provided evidence for this view by showing that animates were recalled or recognized better than inanimates, but they did not assess memory for contextual details (e.g., where animates vs inanimates occurred). In this study, we tested recollection of spatial information (Study 1) and temporal information (Study 2) associated with animate versus inanimate words. The findings showed that the two types of contextual information were remembered better when they were related to animates than to inanimates. These findings provide further evidence for an ultimate explanation of animacy effects.
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Narushevich, Andrei, and Hadi Bak. "The category of animacy-inanimacy in the Russian language and the linguistic worldview." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 11025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127311025.
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The main goal main goal of our study is to give a description of a segment of the linguistic worldview, which reflects the division of objects of objective reality into animate and inanimate, which underpins the grammatical category of animacy-inanimacy of nouns in Russian. Methodology. The methodological basis of is study is comprised of the combination of structural-semantic, cultural-anthropological and comparative methods. The interpretation of linguistic phenomena is based upon the link between the grammatical form and its semantic content. The employment of cultural-anthropological approach allows us to reveal the reflection of fragments of the linguistic worldview in language forms, a reflection of collective ideas about the surrounding reality fixed in the language and obligatory for all speakers of this language. An analysis of everyday ideas about various objects of reality that are interpreted as living or inanimate, allows us to discover, at the epistemological level, several intermediate conceptual forms (interpreted as resembling the animate, as formerly animate, as a set of living organisms, etc.).This makes it possible to explain the existence of nouns with fluctuating animacy-inanimacy. Results. The performed analysis leads us to the conclusion that in the linguistic consciousness of speakers, the classification of objects as animate/inanimate is carried out not onlyon the basis of the biological properties of these objects, but also basedontheir interpretationbyspeakersas active or inactive. At the same time, ourinterpretationof some objects may cause difficulties because they combine the characteristics of both “animate” and “inanimate”.
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Kovic, Vanja, Kim Plunkett, and Gert Westermann. "Shared and/or separate representations of animate/inanimate categories: An ERP study." Psihologija 42, no. 1 (2009): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0901005k.
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This paper presents an ERP experiment examining the underlying nature of semantic representation of animate and inanimate objects. Time-locking ERP signatures to the onset of visual stimuli we found topological similarities in animate and inanimate object processing. Moreover, when mapping more general to more specific representation (auditory to visual stimuli) we found no difference between animates and in animates in the N400 amplitude either. This study provides further evidence for the theory of unitary semantic organization, but no support for the feature-based prediction of segregated conceptual organization. Surprisingly, it was also found that the P600 component, which has been thus far mostly related to syntactic processing to be a sensitive index of conceptual processing. The most apparent difference regarding P600 component was found between animate and inanimate matches, whereby animate matches elicited more positive ERP signatures in comparison to inanimate matches.
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Nairne, James S., Joshua E. VanArsdall, and Mindi Cogdill. "Remembering the Living." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 1 (2017): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416667711.
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Human cognition is sensitive to the distinction between living and nonliving things. Animacy plays a role in language comprehension, reasoning, the organization of knowledge, and perception. Although ignored until recently, animacy significantly influences basic memory processes as well. Recent research has indicated that people remember animate targets better than matched inanimate targets; in fact, an item’s animacy status is one of the best predictors of its later recall. Animate processing of inanimate stimuli can produce retention advantages, as can animate touching—inanimate objects are remembered better when they are simply touched by animate things. We discuss these recent findings and their implications for the evolution of cognition, the methodology of memory experiments, and educational practice.
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Lempert, Henrietta. "The effect of animacy on children's noun order in verb-final sequences." Journal of Child Language 15, no. 3 (1988): 551–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012563.
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ABSTRACTThis study examined whether pragmatic ordering factors account for the apparent preference for ANIMATE-INANIMATE (AI) order in passive and active sentences. If so, learning noun order relations in NNV sequences with an INANIMATE PATIENT + ANIMATE AGENT (It's the drum the boy plays) should be more difficult than with an ANIMATE PATIENT + ANIMATE AGENT (It's the girl the boy chases). Seventy children aged 3;0 to 5;3 were trained with either AAV or IAV exemplars, and then tested for their noun order in NNV utterances when describing animate agent + animate patient and animate agent + inanimate patient pictures. As judged by post-training performance, AAV and AIV training had comparable effects at age three, but IAV resulted in better learning at ages four and five. It was argued that the latter benefited from the correlation between animacy and subject in English sentences.
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SPÄTGENS, TESSA, and ROB SCHOONEN. "The semantic network, lexical access, and reading comprehension in monolingual and bilingual children: An individual differences study—CORRIGENDUM." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 2 (2018): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000012.
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In the article by Spätgens and Schoonen, the penultimate paragraph on page 237 incorrectly states that the coding for the Animacy variable is “(0 inanimate, 1 animate).” The correct coding should instead read “(0 animate, 1 inanimate).” We regret this omission and any problems it may have caused.
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Trompenaars, Thijs. "Empathy for the inanimate." Linguistics in the Netherlands 35 (December 3, 2018): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00009.tro.
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Abstract Narrative fiction may invite us to share the perspective of characters which are very much unlike ourselves. Inanimate objects featuring as protagonists or narrators are an extreme example of this. The way readers experience these characters was examined by means of a narrative immersion study. Participants (N = 200) judged narratives containing animate or inanimate characters in predominantly Agent or Experiencer roles. Narratives with inanimate characters were judged to be less emotionally engaging. This effect was influenced by the dominant thematic role associated with the character: inanimate Agents led to more defamiliarization compared to their animate counterparts than inanimate Experiencers. I argue for an integrated account of thematic roles and animacy in literary experience and linguistics in general.
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Morgado, Sara, Paula Luegi, and Maria Lobo. "Efeitos de animacidade do antecedente na resolução de pronomes sujeito." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln4ano2018a40.
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We report two experiments, a self-paced reading task and an off-line questionnaire, that tested if the overt subject pronoun in European Portuguese was sensitive to the animacy (animate vs. inanimate) of the antecedent in object position. We found higher reading times when the overt pronoun was forced to retrieve an inanimate antecedent compared to retrieving an animate one (Experiment 1) and less object choices with inanimate antecedents (compared to animate ones). Our findings show that several factors are taken into account during the resolution of pronominal forms, including animacy features, favouring thus a multifactorial approach to pronoun retrieval (Kaiser & Trueswell, 2008). We propose that there is a hierarchy that considers both syntactic and semantic information in pronoun resolution and that within the syntactic information the prominence of entities varies according to their animacy features. Our results are neither explained by processing theories that only consider syntactic factors (Carminati, 2005), nor by theoretical accounts that associate strong pronouns with animacy features (Cardinaletti & Starke, 1999).
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Scalabrini, Andrea, Sjoerd J. H. Ebisch, Zirui Huang, et al. "Spontaneous Brain Activity Predicts Task-Evoked Activity During Animate Versus Inanimate Touch." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 11 (2019): 4628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy340.
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Abstract The spontaneous activity of the brain is characterized by an elaborate temporal structure with scale-free properties as indexed by the power law exponent (PLE). We test the hypothesis that spontaneous brain activity modulates task-evoked activity during interactions with animate versus inanimate stimuli. For this purpose, we developed a paradigm requiring participants to actively touch either animate (real hand) or inanimate (mannequin hand) stimuli. Behaviorally, participants perceived the animate target as closer in space, temporally more synchronous with their own self, and more personally relevant, compared with the inanimate. Neuronally, we observed a modulation of task-evoked activity by animate versus inanimate interactions in posterior insula, in medial prefrontal cortex, comprising anterior cingulate cortex, and in medial superior frontal gyrus. Among these regions, an increased functional connectivity was shown between posterior insula and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (PACC) during animate compared with inanimate interactions and during resting state. Importantly, PLE during spontaneous brain activity in PACC correlated positively with PACC task-evoked activity during animate versus inanimate stimuli. In conclusion, we demonstrate that brain spontaneous activity in PACC can be related to the distinction between animate and inanimate stimuli and thus might be specifically tuned to align our brain with its animate environment.
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Pucci, Giulia, Fabio Massimo Zanzotto, and Leonardo Ranaldi. "Animate, or Inanimate, That Is the Question for Large Language Models." Information 16, no. 6 (2025): 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060493.
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The cognitive core of human beings is closely connected to the concept of animacy, which significantly influences their memory, vision, and complex language comprehension. While animacy is reflected in language through subtle constraints on verbs and adjectives, it is also acquired and honed through non-linguistic experiences. In the same vein, we suggest that the limited capacity of LLMs to grasp natural language, particularly in relation to animacy, stems from the fact that these models are trained solely on textual data. Hence, the question this paper aims to answer arises: Can LLMs, in their digital wisdom, process animacy in a similar way to what humans would do? We then propose a systematic analysis via prompting approaches. In particular, we probe different LLMs using controlled lexical contrasts (animate vs. inanimate nouns) and narrative contexts in which typically inanimate entities behave as animate. Results reveal that, although LLMs have been trained predominantly on textual data, they exhibit human-like behavior when faced with typical animate and inanimate entities in alignment with earlier studies, specifically on seven LLMs selected from three major families—OpenAI (GPT-3.5, GPT-4), Meta (Llama2 7B, 13B, 70B), and Mistral (Mistral-7B, Mixtral). GPT models generally achieve the most consistent and human-like performance, and in some tasks, such as sentence plausibility and acceptability judgments, even surpass human baselines. Moreover, although to a lesser degree, the other models also assume comparable results. Hence, LLMs can adapt to understand unconventional situations by recognising oddities as animated without needing to interface with unspoken cognitive triggers humans rely on to break down animations.
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Corrigan, Roberta, and Cyndie Odya-Weis. "The comprehension of semantic relations by two-year-olds: an exploratory study." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 1 (1985): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090000622x.
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ABSTRACTA token-placement technique was used to investigate the influence of actor and patient animacy in determining which sentences 48 2-year-olds viewed as prototypical. After training on one of three sentence types that varied in the animacy/inanimacy of actors and patients, all children were tested for generalization on pictures with different animacy/inanimacy patterns. While most children placed actor tokens on generalization sentences correctly, regardless of animacy, half responded randomly in patient token placement. Type of training only affected children who, overall, were random responders. The results suggest that the actor category is usually acquired first for prototypical sentences with animate actors and inanimate patients.
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Hellerman, Leo. "The animate – inanimate relationship." International Journal of General Systems 45, no. 6 (2016): 734–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2015.1123708.
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VanArsdall, Joshua E., James S. Nairne, Josefa N. S. Pandeirada, and Janell R. Blunt. "Adaptive Memory." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 3 (2013): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000186.
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It is adaptive to remember animates, particularly animate agents, because they play an important role in survival and reproduction. Yet, surprisingly, the role of animacy in mnemonic processing has received little direct attention in the literature. In two experiments, participants were presented with pronounceable nonwords and properties characteristic of either living (animate) or nonliving (inanimate) things. The task was to rate the likelihood that each nonword-property pair represented a living thing or a nonliving object. In Experiment 1, a subsequent recognition memory test for the nonwords revealed a significant advantage for the nonwords paired with properties of living things. To generalize this finding, Experiment 2 replicated the animate advantage using free recall. These data demonstrate a new phenomenon in the memory literature – a possible mnemonic tuning for animacy – and add to growing data supporting adaptive memory theory.
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Grootswagers, Tijl, J. Brendan Ritchie, Susan G. Wardle, Andrew Heathcote, and Thomas A. Carlson. "Asymmetric Compression of Representational Space for Object Animacy Categorization under Degraded Viewing Conditions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 12 (2017): 1995–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01177.
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Animacy is a robust organizing principle among object category representations in the human brain. Using multivariate pattern analysis methods, it has been shown that distance to the decision boundary of a classifier trained to discriminate neural activation patterns for animate and inanimate objects correlates with observer RTs for the same animacy categorization task [Ritchie, J. B., Tovar, D. A., & Carlson, T. A. Emerging object representations in the visual system predict reaction times for categorization. PLoS Computational Biology, 11, e1004316, 2015; Carlson, T. A., Ritchie, J. B., Kriegeskorte, N., Durvasula, S., & Ma, J. Reaction time for object categorization is predicted by representational distance. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26, 132–142, 2014]. Using MEG decoding, we tested if the same relationship holds when a stimulus manipulation (degradation) increases task difficulty, which we predicted would systematically decrease the distance of activation patterns from the decision boundary and increase RTs. In addition, we tested whether distance to the classifier boundary correlates with drift rates in the linear ballistic accumulator [Brown, S. D., & Heathcote, A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation. Cognitive Psychology, 57, 153–178, 2008]. We found that distance to the classifier boundary correlated with RT, accuracy, and drift rates in an animacy categorization task. Split by animacy, the correlations between brain and behavior were sustained longer over the time course for animate than for inanimate stimuli. Interestingly, when examining the distance to the classifier boundary during the peak correlation between brain and behavior, we found that only degraded versions of animate, but not inanimate, objects had systematically shifted toward the classifier decision boundary as predicted. Our results support an asymmetry in the representation of animate and inanimate object categories in the human brain.
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Hofrichter, Ruth, Hasan Siddiqui, Marcus N. Morrisey, and M. D. Rutherford. "Early Attention to Animacy: Change-Detection in 11-Month-Olds." Evolutionary Psychology 19, no. 2 (2021): 147470492110282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211028220.
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Adults are faster and more accurate at detecting changes to animate compared to inanimate stimuli in a change-detection paradigm. We tested whether 11-month-old children detected changes to animate objects in an image more reliably than they detected changes to inanimate objects. During each trial, infants were habituated to an image of a natural scene. Once the infant habituated, the scene was replaced by a scene that was identical except that a target object was removed. Infants dishabituated significantly more often if an animate target had been removed from the scene. Dishabituation results suggested that infants, like adults, preferentially attend to animate rather than to inanimate objects.
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Du, Xue-Lei, Shi-Hong Liu, Jie-Hong Xu, Li-Lin Rao, Cheng-Ming Jiang, and Shu Li. "When uncertainty meets life: The effect of animacy on probability expression." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 4 (2013): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005283.
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AbstractEveryone faces uncertainty on a daily basis. Two kinds of probability expressions, verbal and numerical, have been used to characterize the uncertainty that we face. Because our cognitive concept of living things differs from that of non-living things, and distinguishing cognitive concepts might have linguistic markers, we designed four studies to test whether people use different probability expressions when faced with animate or inanimate uncertainty. We found that verbal probability is the preferred way to express animate uncertainty, whereas numerical probability is the preferred way to express inanimate uncertainty. The “verbal-animate” and “numerical-inanimate” associations were robust enough to persist when tested with forced-choice response patterns regardless of the information (e.g., equally likely outcomes, frequencies, or personal beliefs) used to construct probabilities of events. When the response pattern was changed to free-responses, the associations were evident unless the subjects were asked to write their own probability predictions for vague uncertainty. Given that the world around us consists of both animate (i.e., living) and inanimate (i.e., non-living) things, “verbal-animate” and “numerical-inanimate” associations may play a major role in risk communication and may otherwise be useful for practitioners and consultants.
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Lempert, Henrietta. "Acquisition of passives: the role of patient animacy, salience, and lexical accessibility." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 3 (1990): 677–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010941.
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ABSTRACTIn full passive sentences such as The cat was kicked by the dog, the patient (cat) is promoted to subject and the agent is demoted to the by-phrase. Children 2;10 to 4;7 years (mean 3;6) who were taught the form with animate patients and animate agents (The baby is being picked up by the girl) were better able to produce and comprehend passives than children taught with inanimate patients and animate agents (The flower is being picked up by the girl). The finding of comparable post-teaching performance in children taught with perceptually salient (coloured) VS. nonsalient patients argues against a salience explanation for the patient animacy effect. Moreover, equal access to word forms for animate and inanimate nouns did not reduce the effect. The animacy effect is consistent with claims that ‘perspective’ is the cognitive counterpart to the formal category of subject; and, conversely, inconsistent with attempts to understand language acquisition in terms of a language system that operates in isolation from other facets of human cognition.
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Peristeri, Eleni, Maria Andreou, Smaranda-Nafsika Ketseridou, et al. "Animacy Processing in Autism: Event-Related Potentials Reflect Social Functioning Skills." Brain Sciences 13, no. 12 (2023): 1656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13121656.
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Though previous studies with autistic individuals have provided behavioral evidence of animacy perception difficulties, the spatio-temporal dynamics of animacy processing in autism remain underexplored. This study investigated how animacy is neurally encoded in autistic adults, and whether potential deficits in animacy processing have cascading deleterious effects on their social functioning skills. We employed a picture naming paradigm that recorded accuracy and response latencies to animate and inanimate pictures in young autistic adults and age- and IQ-matched healthy individuals, while also employing high-density EEG analysis to map the spatio-temporal dynamics of animacy processing. Participants’ social skills were also assessed through a social comprehension task. The autistic adults exhibited lower accuracy than controls on the animate pictures of the task and also exhibited altered brain responses, including larger and smaller N100 amplitudes than controls on inanimate and animate stimuli, respectively. At late stages of processing, there were shorter slow negative wave latencies for the autistic group as compared to controls for the animate trials only. The autistic individuals’ altered brain responses negatively correlated with their social difficulties. The results suggest deficits in brain responses to animacy in the autistic group, which were related to the individuals’ social functioning skills.
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Liu, Xinmiao, Wenbin Wang, and Haiyan Wang. "Age differences in the effect of animacy on Mandarin sentence processing." PeerJ 7 (February 14, 2019): e6437. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6437.
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Animate nouns are preferred for grammatical subjects, whereas inanimate nouns are preferred for grammatical objects. Animacy provides important semantic cues for sentence comprehension. However, how individuals’ ability to use this animacy cue changes with advancing age is still not clear. The current study investigated whether older adults and younger adults were differentially sensitive to this semantic constraint in processing Mandarin relative clauses, using a self-paced reading paradigm. The sentences used in the study contained subject relative clauses or object relative clauses and had animate or inanimate subjects. The results indicate that the animacy manipulation affected the younger adults more than the older adults in online processing. Younger adults had longer reading times for all segments in subject relative clauses than in object relative clauses when the subjects were inanimate, whereas there was no significant difference in reading times between subject and object relative clauses when the subjects were animate. In the older group, animacy was not found to influence the processing difficulty of subject relative clauses and object relative clauses. Compared with younger adults, older adults were less sensitive to animacy constraints in relative clause processing. The findings indicate that the use of animacy cues became less efficient in the ageing population. The results can be explained by the capacity constrained comprehension theory, according to which older adults have greater difficulty in integrating semantic information with syntactic processing due to the lack of sufficient cognitive resources.
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Greggor, Alison L., Guillam E. McIvor, Nicola S. Clayton, and Alex Thornton. "Wild jackdaws are wary of objects that violate expectations of animacy." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (2018): 181070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181070.
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Nature is composed of self-propelled, animate agents and inanimate objects. Laboratory studies have shown that human infants and a few species discriminate between animate and inanimate objects. This ability is assumed to have evolved to support social cognition and filial imprinting, but its ecological role for wild animals has never been examined. An alternative, functional explanation is that discriminating stimuli based on their potential for animacy helps animals distinguish between harmless and threatening stimuli. Using remote-controlled experimental stimulus presentations, we tested if wild jackdaws ( Corvus monedula ) respond fearfully to stimuli that violate expectations for movement. Breeding pairs ( N = 27) were presented at their nests with moving and non-moving models of ecologically relevant stimuli (birds, snakes and sticks) that differed in threat level and propensity for independent motion. Jackdaws were startled by movement regardless of stimulus type and produced more alarm calls when faced with animate objects. However, they delayed longest in entering their nest-box after encountering a stimulus that should not move independently, suggesting they recognized the movement as unexpected. How jackdaws develop expectations about object movement is not clear, but our results suggest that discriminating between animate and inanimate stimuli may trigger information gathering about potential threats.
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Cibulskienė, Jurga. "The processes of animation and de-animation in conceptualizing socio-political events." From Culture to Language and Back: The Animacy Hierarchy in language and discourse 5, no. 2 (2018): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00011.cib.
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Abstract The philosophical idea of anthropocentrism viewing human beings as the most significant entities has been put forward in various metaphor studies within cognitive linguistics. As Talmy (2002) claims, people choose to animate a very large part of their reality and this happens due to embodiment, as Lakoff (1987), and Lakoff and Johnson (1999) argue. Anthropocentricity can also be explained by Croft’s Extended Animacy Hierarchy system (2002) in terms of human beings outranking animate and inanimate entities, strongly implying that inanimate entities tend to be perceived as inferior. However, this paper argues that anthropocentrism is bidirectional, since not only do we ascribe human or animate qualities to inanimate objects or phenomena, but we also tend to “de-animate” human beings by attributing inanimate qualities to them. This paper further explores the idea of anthropocentricity by focusing on the metaphorical conceptualization of issues concerning the euro adoption in 2015 and the refugee crisis in 2015–2016, two real-life phenomena that have significantly affected social life in Lithuania. The paper thus aims to investigate how animation of the euro and de-animation of refugees is metaphorically conceptualized in the Lithuanian media and what rhetorical implications arise from this. The research is conducted within the framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2005/2011, 2014; Musolff, 2004; Hart 2010, etc.), which suggests that metaphors are used as an argumentative tool seeking to manipulate the audience. The paper therefore argues that the animation of the euro and “de-animation” of refugees carry serious rhetorical implications and reveal the attitudes of society towards the phenomena analyzed.
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Auwal, Muhammad Dayyib. "A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Hausa Personifications." Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture 3, no. 01 (2024): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2024.v03i01.003.
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This paper investigates the cognitive aspect of Hausa Personifications. The objective of the study is to discover the Hausa personifications found in the language expressions as a result of feature mappings from animate concepts to inanimate ones. The other objective is to come up with a cognitive semantic analysis of the Hausa personifications. The studied personifications are metaphorical and the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) is used as a guide frame in mapping the attributive features of the living entity to the inanimate ones. The observation technique is used in collecting the data for the study. One of the findings of the study reveals the kind of features merged between the animate and the inanimate concepts to form the Hausa personifications. Another important finding of the research indicates that the attributive features attached to animate entities are mapped upon the inanimate concepts conceptually to make the Hausa expressions personified. And finally, the study considered the analyzed Hausa personifications as similar to dead metaphors.
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Zaika, Natalia M. "Differential Source Marking in the languages of Europe." Vilnius University Open Series 16 (July 26, 2021): 416–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/sbol.2021.23.
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The article deals with encoding Source arguments of the predicate ‘take’ in the languages of Europe and identifies factors involved in Differential Source Marking. Animacy turns out to play the crucial role in this respect: while the encoding of animate Sources is rather homogeneous, inanimate Sources are encoded in different ways depending on the localization. The encoding of animate source can coincide with that of one of the two (or both) basic localizations: IN or ON or be different from it. Differential Marking of animate Sources is attested in Central Europe and implies recipient-like vs. ablative-like alternation where the encoding depends on whether something is taken for good or not and whether some extra force is applied or not. Differential Marking of inanimate Sources occurs in quite a number of European languages with different localizations; it is not always symmetrical to Differential Translocation Marking and can depend on the topicality on the argument or its semantic type.
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Mignot, Elise, and Caroline Marty. "Denominations of humans." From Culture to Language and Back: The Animacy Hierarchy in language and discourse 5, no. 2 (2018): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00005.mig.
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Abstract In English, the lexicon is one of the many areas affected by the asymmetry in the treatment of humans and inanimates. The study focuses on compounds. We compare compounds denoting human animates to those denoting inanimates. We find that there are proportionately few compounds for humans, and that this small proportion reveals a tendency for human animate nouns to be more opaque than nouns for inanimates. We propose that this is due to the way we conceptualize humans, i.e. as more than the sum of their parts. Humans resist transparent denominations because reducing a person to one characteristic amounts to ignoring his or her essential complexity. We take this to be a manifestation of anthropocentrism in language. Moreover, when human animate nouns are compounds (in spite of their tendency to be opaque), they exhibit two semantic characteristics that are not shared by inanimate nouns. The first one is that they tend to be derogatory. This again indicates that humans cannot easily be reduced to one characteristic. If they are, denominations tend to be negatively loaded. The second one is that they often involve the representation of a personal relationship (for example, a paper boy delivers newspapers, i.e. comes to someone’s place). Transparency is therefore meaningful.
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Ожогина and N. Ozhogina. "Lesson in Russian Language in the Third Grade." Primary Education 5, no. 3 (2017): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_592d1ae57ed345.95196777.
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The article considers features of the technique of developing training of younger schoolchildren on an example of carrying out of a lesson in Russian on the theme « Animate and inanimate nouns». There tasks are presented in the course of which children’s knowledge on the basis of observation of linguistic units not only form the subject knowledge about the animate and inanimate nouns, but also the formation of universal
 educational activities.
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Proklova, Daria, Daniel Kaiser, and Marius V. Peelen. "Disentangling Representations of Object Shape and Object Category in Human Visual Cortex: The Animate–Inanimate Distinction." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 5 (2016): 680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00924.
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Objects belonging to different categories evoke reliably different fMRI activity patterns in human occipitotemporal cortex, with the most prominent distinction being that between animate and inanimate objects. An unresolved question is whether these categorical distinctions reflect category-associated visual properties of objects or whether they genuinely reflect object category. Here, we addressed this question by measuring fMRI responses to animate and inanimate objects that were closely matched for shape and low-level visual features. Univariate contrasts revealed animate- and inanimate-preferring regions in ventral and lateral temporal cortex even for individually matched object pairs (e.g., snake–rope). Using representational similarity analysis, we mapped out brain regions in which the pairwise dissimilarity of multivoxel activity patterns (neural dissimilarity) was predicted by the objects' pairwise visual dissimilarity and/or their categorical dissimilarity. Visual dissimilarity was measured as the time it took participants to find a unique target among identical distractors in three visual search experiments, where we separately quantified overall dissimilarity, outline dissimilarity, and texture dissimilarity. All three visual dissimilarity structures predicted neural dissimilarity in regions of visual cortex. Interestingly, these analyses revealed several clusters in which categorical dissimilarity predicted neural dissimilarity after regressing out visual dissimilarity. Together, these results suggest that the animate–inanimate organization of human visual cortex is not fully explained by differences in the characteristic shape or texture properties of animals and inanimate objects. Instead, representations of visual object properties and object category may coexist in more anterior parts of the visual system.
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Zélikov, Mikhail V., and Anna V. Ivanova. "The paradigm of patterns with the verb of possession in Ibero-Romance languages based on the corpus data." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 20, no. 1 (2023): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2023.104.
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The article attempts to find out the paradigm of patterns with the verb of possession (tener/ tenir/têr) in Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese using the material of corpus data. It also shows, basing on the criterion of subject-object relations, the possibility of syntactic transformations with other basic verbs following two possible ways: existentiality — stativeness — locativity and activeness — possession. Depending on the semantic characteristics of the names that fill the positions of actants within the configuration of the sentence patterns with the verb of possession with real or fictitious subjects (agents) and objects (patients), four types are distinguished: 1) animate subject — animate object; 2) animate subject — inanimate object; 3) inanimate subject — animate object; 4) inanimate subject — inanimate object. The analysis of the empirical material presented in the article allows us to assert that the role of the verb of possession as the most important structural element in the expression of predicativity in the Ibero-Romance area is very significant. A separate section of the article presents data showing that the features of the functioning of the possession verbs in the Ibero-Romance languages can be explained as a result of interference with the ancient pre-Roman language of the Iberian Peninsula — Basque.
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Soltanov, Mammadkhan, and Samira Amrahova. "About anthroponymy Khizir." Scientific Bulletin 2 (2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/zzxw1527.
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Each object has its own identity, name in life, which separate it from the others. Some of the names were similar nature and are granted animate and inanimate beings. A number of animate as well as some inanimate beings are given specific names that distinguishes them from other animate and inanimate beings, these names are considered specific names. In modern Azerbaijani language specific names which considered onomastic units is given only specific items and always written with a capital letter. A special name from the names, place names, names of objects being studied as hidronimlər water and shelter - individuals - anthroponomy in linguistics. So specific names are studied in linguistics as anthroponymy-names given to individuals, toponyms- place names, hidronims - names of water objects. In this article are spoken about the mythical image of the Khizira, etymological root of this special name is disclosed.
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Kittilä, Seppo. "Object-, animacy- and role-based strategies." Studies in Language 30, no. 1 (2006): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.1.02kit.
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The present paper discusses the marking of objects in ditransitive clauses. On the basis of the factors conditioning the marking, three strategies are distinguished. These are labeled as object-, animacy- and role-based strategies. In the first case, the mere objecthood (i.e. the contrast to the Agent) determines the marking of objects. In the animacy-based strategy, animate Themes and Recipients are encoded in the same way as animate Patients, while the marking of inanimate Themes corresponds to inanimate Patients. In the role-based strategy, Theme and Recipient are marked on the basis of the semantic roles they bear. All the types are examined in light of cross-linguistic data, in addition to which the rationale behind the types is also discussed. It is shown that the three strategies suffice to explain object marking in ditransitives and that the strategies can all be explained on the basis of the nature of three-participant events and the principles of economy and distinctiveness.
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Elanskii, G. N. "Iron in animate and inanimate nature." Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series ‘Metallurgy’ 17, no. 01 (2017): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/met170101.
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Caron, Albert J., and Daria J. Bersoff. "Infant awareness of animate-inanimate distinctions." Infant Behavior and Development 9 (April 1986): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(86)80064-9.
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Deutsch, Avital, and Maya Dank. "Morphological structure mediates the notional meaning of gender marking: Evidence from the gender-congruency effect in Hebrew speech production." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (2018): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818757942.
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This study investigated the gender-congruency effect of animate nouns in Hebrew. The Picture–Word Interference paradigm was used to manipulate gender congruency between target pictures and spoken distractors. Naming latency revealed an inhibitory gender-congruency effect, as naming the pictures took longer in the presence of a gender-congruent distractor than with a distractor from a different gender category. The inhibitory effect was demonstrated for feminine (morphologically marked) nouns, across two stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) (Experiments 1a and 1b), and masculine (morphologically unmarked) nouns (Experiment 2). The same pattern was observed when participants had to produce bare nouns (Experiment 1) or gender-marked noun phrases (Experiment 3). The inhibitory pattern of the effect resembles previous findings of bare nouns in a subset of Romance languages, including Italian and Spanish. These findings add to previous research which investigated the gender-congruency effect of inanimate nouns, where no effect of gender-congruent words was found. The results are discussed in relation to the null effect previously found for inanimate nouns. The comparison of the present and previous studies is motivated by a common linguistic distinction between animate and inanimate nouns in Hebrew, which ascribes grammatical gender specifications to derivational structures (for inanimate nouns) versus inflectional structures (for animate nouns). Given the difference in the notional meaning of gender specification for animate and inanimate nouns, the case of Hebrew exemplifies how language-specific characteristics, such as rich morphological structures, can be used by the linguistic system to express conceptual distinctions at the form-word level.
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Bayanati, Shiva, and Ida Toivonen. "Humans, Animals, Things and Animacy." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (2019): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0010.
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AbstractAnimacy influences the patterns of subject-verb agreement marking in many languages, including Persian and Inari Saami. In Persian, animate plural subjects trigger plural agreement on the verb, whereas inanimate subjects may or may not trigger agreement. The variation is governed by factors such as personification, agency and distributivity. In Inari Saami, verbs fully agree with human subjects and verbs partially agree with inanimate subjects. Verbs may or may not agree with subjects referring to animals. We argue that the intricate interaction between biological animacy and grammatical agreement in these two languages warrants careful consideration of the tripartite distinction between biological animacy in the world, our conceptualization of animacy and formal animacy features in the grammar.
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Félix, Sara B., Marie Poirier, and Josefa N. S. Pandeirada. "Is “earth” an animate thing? Cross-language and inter-age analyses of animacy word ratings in European Portuguese and British English young and older adults." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0289755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289755.
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Animacy plays an important role in cognition (e.g., memory and language). Across languages, a processing advantage for animate words (representing living beings), comparatively to inanimate words (i.e., non-living things), has been found mostly in young adults. Evidence in older adults, though, is still unclear, possibly due to the use of stimuli not properly characterised for this age group. Indeed, whereas several animacy word-rating studies already exist for young adults, these are non-existent for older adults. This work provides animacy ratings for 500 British English and 224 European Portuguese words, rated by young and older adults from the corresponding countries. The comparisons across languages and ages revealed a high interrater agreement. Nonetheless, the Portuguese samples provided higher mean ratings of animacy than the British samples. Also, the older adults assigned, on average, higher animacy ratings than the young adults. The Age X Language interaction was non-significant. These results suggest an inter-age and inter-language consistency in whether a word represents an animate or an inanimate thing, although with some differences, emphasising the need for age- and language-specific word rating data. The animacy ratings are available via OSF: https://osf.io/6xjyv/.
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Umakanthan T, Madhu Mathi, and Umadevi U. "Balancing the Aura in animate and inanimate objects using 2-6 µm mid-infrared." Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (2024): 095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2024.10.1.0026.
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In the realm of our galaxy, the constituents of animate and inanimate entities are comprised of atomic structures. Within these atoms, the fundamental particles of electrons, protons, and neutrons engage in perpetual vibrational motion, thus engendering a surrounding energy field known as the "Aura". In the case of animate beings, the Aura serves as an indicator of their overall well-being, and there exists a positive correlation between the Aura and the state of health. It is postulated that the human Aura extends approximately 4 to 5 feet in proximity to the corporeal form. Inanimate entities, on the other hand, also emit a certain degree of energy within their vicinity, albeit in a lesser quantitative measure compared to the human Aura. The inherent qualities of inanimate objects are intrinsically linked to their respective Aura. Consequently, we have embarked upon a comprehensive investigation aimed at augmenting the Aura in both animate and inanimate entities. As part of this quest, an assortment of consumables, including edibles, alcohol, cigarettes, and electronic devices were systematically employed and scrutinized for their influence on the human Aura. Remarkably, it was observed that the handling of said inanimate entities led to a discernible diminution in the human Aura. Subsequently, inanimate entities were subjected to irradiation with mid-infrared waves measuring between 2 and 6 µm. Intriguingly, this intervention resulted in a notable amplification of both human and inanimate Auras. It is noteworthy to mention that our ongoing endeavors involve the utilization of a recently designed atomizer, designated as the Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer (MIRGA), which generated 2-6 µm mid-infrared, and played a pivotal role in the aforementioned study.
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Abdai, Judit, Bence Ferdinandy, Cristina Baño Terencio, Ákos Pogány, and Ádám Miklósi. "Perception of animacy in dogs and humans." Biology Letters 13, no. 6 (2017): 20170156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0156.
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Humans have a tendency to perceive inanimate objects as animate based on simple motion cues. Although animacy is considered as a complex cognitive property, this recognition seems to be spontaneous. Researchers have found that young human infants discriminate between dependent and independent movement patterns. However, quick visual perception of animate entities may be crucial to non-human species as well. Based on general mammalian homology, dogs may possess similar skills to humans. Here, we investigated whether dogs and humans discriminate similarly between dependent and independent motion patterns performed by geometric shapes. We projected a side-by-side video display of the two patterns and measured looking times towards each side, in two trials. We found that in Trial 1, both dogs and humans were equally interested in the two patterns, but in Trial 2 of both species, looking times towards the dependent pattern decreased, whereas they increased towards the independent pattern. We argue that dogs and humans spontaneously recognized the specific pattern and habituated to it rapidly, but continued to show interest in the ‘puzzling’ pattern. This suggests that both species tend to recognize inanimate agents as animate relying solely on their motions.
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Cacchione, Trix, and Federica Amici. "Cohesion as a Principle for Perceiving Objecthood." Swiss Journal of Psychology 74, no. 4 (2015): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000164.
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Abstract. Previous research found that cohesion manipulations (e.g., splitting an object into two parts) may have deleterious effects on infants’ object representation. The present study investigated whether the cohesion principle is relevant only when assessing the continuity of inanimate objects, or whether it is equally fundamental for the perception and representation of animate agents. In two experiments, we assessed 8-month-old infants’ tracking behavior in events in which an agent (an animated snail) was either split in half, fused together, or simply changed its shape. Infants managed to individuate fused snails and snails that had changed their shape, but failed to track split snails, even in a perception-based paradigm. This suggests that the effects of cohesion manipulation apply to animate agents as well as inanimate objects. Moreover, these results suggest that infants’ inability to track split snails is not a consequence of a violation of core principles, but rather a consequence of the increased processing demands that arise when they are tracking multiple entities moving in different directions.
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Rakison, David H., and Diane Poulin-Dubois. "Developmental origin of the animate–inanimate distinction." Psychological Bulletin 127, no. 2 (2001): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.209.
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Choi, Seo Young. "Animate subject and inanimate subject transitive sentences." Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 75 (December 31, 2017): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2017.12.75.69.
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Wright, Kristyn, Diane Poulin-Dubois, and Elizabeth Kelley. "The animate-inanimate distinction in preschool children." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 33, no. 1 (2014): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12068.
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Mačutek, Ján, Michaela Koščová, Emmerich Kelih, and Radek Čech. "Frequency and morphological behaviour of nouns in Czech and Russian." Bohemistyka, no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bo.2023.1.7.
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Declensional morphology of nouns in Czech and Russian is investigated and compared. It is shown that, in general, word forms which are more similar to their lemmas are preferred, but there are differences between animate and inanimate nouns and also among grammatical genders. The frequency distribution of grammatical cases is also studied, with animacy and gender being again important factors.
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Jeanneret, Thérèse. "Diversité des langues, diversité des descriptions grammaticales: approche plurielle de la pronominalisation en français." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 31 (December 1, 1999): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/ne.tranel.19780.
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The paper deals with the pronominalization of verbal complements in French in the light of German and Spanish. Spanish set out verbal complementation mainly on the criteria of animate or inanimate complements whereas German and French make first a distinction between direct and indirect objects. An optimization of teaching French mechanisms of pronominalization to Spanish speaking learners should begin with verbs like obéir whose paradigms are structured in accordance with the criteria of animate or inanimate of the source nouns. Beyond this specific case, descriptive approaches, developed to grasp some grammatical phenomena of various world languages, might be used to enrich the way we approach French grammar.
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Jeanneret, Thérèse. "Diversité des langues, diversité des descriptions grammaticales: approche plurielle de la pronominalisation en français." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 31 (December 1, 1999): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.1999.2675.
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The paper deals with the pronominalization of verbal complements in French in the light of German and Spanish. Spanish set out verbal complementation mainly on the criteria of animate or inanimate complements whereas German and French make first a distinction between direct and indirect objects. An optimization of teaching French mechanisms of pronominalization to Spanish speaking learners should begin with verbs like obéir whose paradigms are structured in accordance with the criteria of animate or inanimate of the source nouns. Beyond this specific case, descriptive approaches, developed to grasp some grammatical phenomena of various world languages, might be used to enrich the way we approach French grammar.
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Hong, Jung Hyun. "Analysis on the Case Category of Yeniseian Languages: Focusing on Ket Language." Institute for Russian and Altaic Studies Chungbuk University 27 (August 31, 2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24958/rh.2023.27.1.
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The subject of this study is the case category system of Ket language, the only existing language of the Yeniseian languages. After examining the usage of each case and case marker, we analyzed the singular/plural category, male/non-male category, animate/inanimate binary confrontation structure, which are important standards for the classification of cases of Ket language.
 Ket nouns are first classified into singular and plural, and if singular, they are classified into male/non-male categories, and if plural, they are classified into animate/inanimate categories. The three gender categories for nouns, which are male, female, and neutral, cannot be seen as a morphological difference in nominatives. Gender categories only play a dominant role in genetive case and dative, ablative, benefactive and adessive cases, which are made in basis of genetive case.
 It was found that it is reasonable to view the dative, ablative, benefactive, and adessive, which have binary structure according to male/non-male and animate/inanimate, as a declinable case. Locative, instrumental, abessive and prosecutive have no distinction between male/non-male, animate/inanimate, and they do not change according to the number and gender, so the case markers for these nouns are similar to case suffixes or propositions. As for the vocative, it has a male/female binary structure in singular, but they don’t have any confrontation structure in plural, which is very different from other standards.
 As such, the Ket language system does not have a clear system that appears in Indo-European languages due to the correlation between the confrontational structure of the class, the hierarchy of the class, and the postposition. So the Yeniseian language case system should be viewed as a binary structure, which has a declinable group(nominative, genetive, dative, ablative, benefactive, adessive, vocative) and indeclinable group(locative, instumental, prosecutive, abessive).