Academic literature on the topic 'Animated PCA'

Abstract Intense development of computer technology has taken place in the last several decades made it possible to cartographically present variability of phenomena in a dynamic way. As a result of using animation techniques in cartography there appeared new methods of presentation of changes, referred to as direct. Considering the character of the relation between display time and real time, two basic types of animated maps have been distinguished: temporal and non-temporal. Other criteria of classifying animation are the presence and level of interactivity and the technical criteria of production. Regardless of the applied classification, perception of the contents of animated maps is one of the main issues, since using animation leads to a significant cognitive load specific for dynamic methods. Fast sequence of data and its quick disappearance can result in omission of some information because in the case of animated maps there is a higher risk of exceeding perception potential of users than in the case of static maps. Higher efficiency of animated map perception can be achieved by applying methods of cognitive overload reduction determined through experimental research. The most important of them are: using control tools, directing attention with dynamically blinking lights, locating connected objects close to one another, using sound, adapting generalization level to the characteristics of moving images and accounting for the age and experience of map users. Among more sophisticated solutions are such elements as so-called decay and a combination of static and animated map features in the form of semi-static animations.

Abstract Advancements in computer technology that have occurred in recent decades have enabled an intensive development in cartographic methods for direct representation of phenomena dynamics. Even with the appearance of ever more advanced technical solutions, the theoretical basis still needs supplementing. The previous cartographic literature emphasises the importance of congruence and isomorphism principles preservation that aims at increasing the effectiveness of dynamic displays. Nevertheless, it is frequently the case that discontinuous phenomena are depicted with the use of smooth transitions. For this reason, it is vital that experimental research should lead to defining which representation methods are appropriate for a given type of content. Our study was focused on the cartographic design of scene transitions in animated maps. Two main conclusions of the research indicate that 1) mode of transition influences the interpretation of the content of cartographic animation depicting discrete changes, 2) maps executed in a smooth mode demonstrate lower effectiveness when compared with animations using an abrupt and abrupt with decay effect transitions.

Ce dossier comprend quatre textes :
 - Les enjeux de la réforme de la politique agricole dans le secteur de la viande bovine, par E. Boutitie.
 - Effets de la réforme de la PAC sur les régions d’élevage, par Y. Léon et M. Quinqu.
 - Entre réforme de la PAC et entretien du territoire : quelles perspectives économiques pour les systèmes d’élevage extensifs ? par J. Cavailhès. 
 - Conclusions, par D. Vermersch.

Diese Arbeit umfasst die Archivierung, Visualisierung anhand bioinformatischer Methoden und Interpretation eines vorhandenen Messdatensatz (Element [ICP-MS]-, Ionen [IC]- und Metabolitdaten [RP-HPLC und GC/TOF-MS]) der Pflanze Arabidopsis thaliana getrennt in Blätter und Wurzeln. Die Pflanzen wurden den sechs Mangelsituationen der Nährstoffe Eisen, Kalium, Magnesium, Stickstoff, Phosphor und Schwefel ausgesetzt und zu neun Messzeitpunkten [0.5-, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-in Tagen und „resupply“ (vier Stunden nach dem vierten Tag)] analysiert. Es erfolgte die Integration der Messdaten in eine SQlite-Datenbank. Die Veranschaulichung erfolgte mit Hilfe der Programmiersprache R. Anhand einiger Pakete zur Erweiterung des Funktionsumfangs von R wurde erstens eine Schnittstelle zur SQLite- Datenbank hergestellt, was ein Abfragen an diese ermöglichte und zweitens verhalfen sie zu der Erstellung einer Reihe zusätzlicher Darstellungsformen (Heatmap, Wireframe, PCA). Selbstgeschriebene Skripte erlaubten den Datenzugriff und die grafische Ausgabe als z. B. Heatmaps. In der Entstehung dieser Arbeit sind weiterhin zwei weitere Visualisierungsformen von PCA-Daten entwickelt worden: Das Abstandsdiagramm und die animierte PCA. Beides sind hilfreiche Werkzeuge zur Interpretation von PCA-Plots eines zeitlichen Verlaufes. Anhand der Darstellungen der Element- und Ionendaten ließen sich die Nährstoffmangelsituationen durch Abnahme der entsprechenden Totalelemente und Ionen nachweisen. Weiterhin sind starke Ähnlichkeiten der durch RP-HPLC bestimmten Metaboliten unter Eisen-, Kalium und Magnesiummangel erkannt worden. Allerdings gibt es nur eine geringe Anzahl an Interkationen der Metabolitgehalte, da der Großteil der Metabolitlevel im Vergleich zur Kontrolle unverändert blieb. Der Literaturvergleich mit zwei Publikationen, die den Phosphat- und Schwefelmangel in Arabidopsis thaliana untersuchten, zeigte ein durchwachsenes Ergebnis. Einerseits gab es eine gleiche Tendenz der verglichenen Aminosäuren zu verzeichen, aber andererseits wiesen die Visualisierungen auch Gegensätzlichkeiten auf. Der Vergleich der mit RP-HPLC und GC/TOF-MS gemessenen Metaboliten erbrachte ein sehr kontroverses Ergebnis. Zum einen wurden Übereinstimmungen der gleichen Metaboliten durch gemeinsame Cluster in den Heatmaps beobachtet, zum anderen auch Widersprüche, exemplarisch in den Abstandsdiagrammen der Blätterdaten jedes Verfahrens, in welchen unterschiedliche Abstandshöhepunkte erkennbar sind.<br>This manuscript deals with archiving, visualization with bioinformatic methods and the interpretation of an existing measuring dataset (element [ICP-MS]-, ions [IC]- and metabolit data [RP-HPLC and GC/TOF-MS]) of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana – for either its leaves and roots. These plants have been subjected to six situations of deficiency according to the nutrients iron, potassium, magnesium, nitrate, phosphor, and sulfur. They have been analyzed for nine time-points of measurement [0.5-, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- in days and “resupply” (four hours after the fourth day). While the measuring data has been integrated in a SQLite-database, its illustration has been carried out with the help of the programming language R. In order to extend the functional range of R, first, an interface to the SQLite-database has been established, which offered the query to this and, secondly, it helped to create a row of additional display formats (heatmaps, wireframe, PCA). Self-written scripts allowed the access to the data and the graphical output, for example as heatmaps. Additionally two more visualization formats for the PCA-data have been designed in the development of this manuscript: the distance-diagram and the animated PCA. Both are useful tools to interpret PCA-plots during a specific course of time. Based on the illustration of element and ion data the situations of deficiency for several nutrients could be detected by the decrease of the corresponding total-elements and ions. Furthermore, obvious similarities between the metabolits, which were measured through RP-HPLC, have been examined under iron-, potassium- and magnesium-deficit. There are certainly only a low number of interactions regarding to the content of metabolits because most of the metabolit level did not change in comparison to the control. The comparative study of specialist literature – in this case of two particular publications –, which analyzed the deficit of phosphate and sulfate in Arabidopsis thaliana, presented an intermingled result. On the one hand a similar tendency of the compared amino acid could be observed, but on the other hand the visualizations showed opposites, too. The comparison of the metabolits measured by RP-HPLC and GC/TOF-MS effected a very controversial result. Although there are analogies between the same metabolits through common clusters in the heatmaps, contradictory elements can also be found – for example in the distance-diagram of the data of the leaves for each procedure in which different distance-peaks are recognizable.

Effets du pcp apres une contamination ponctuelle sur le compartiment vegetal d'ecosystemes aquatiques, en se situant preferentiellement au niveau des productions d'energie et plus particulierement de la photosynthese. En parallele, on suit son devenir dans le miliau aquatique considere, et on montre l'importance de la photodegradation dans les processus de disparition du pcp des ecosystemes aquatiques de type lenitiques

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la patología neurodegenerativa más común en todo el mundo y se le considera la principal causa de demencia en la población adulta. El principal rasgo neuropatológico de esta enfermedad es la acumulación de proteínas mal plegadas en el cerebro de los pacientes. Estos agregados proteicos conducen a la oxidación progresiva y daño inflamatorio, lo que contribuye al proceso neurodegenerativo y al daño cerebral irreversible. Por otro lado, la evidencia sugiere que la disfunción mitocondrial es un elemento importante en la patogénesis de la EA y que su aparición precede al establecimiento de los agregados proteicos en el cerebro.Interesantemente, diversos estudios en el tejido periférico de modelos animales y pacientes con EA, sugieren que la función mitocondrial también podría estar afectada, lo que indicaría la existencia de un novedoso blanco para la búsqueda de un biomarcador temprano en la EA. En este contexto, evidencia reciente indica que los fibroblastos extraídos de biopsia de piel pueden ser los candidatos adecuados para el escrutinio de nuevos biomarcadores en la EA. Esto ya que existe evidencia de que fibroblastos de pacientes con EA familiar presentan desregulaciones metabólicas que reflejarán alteraciones neuronales que ocurren en el cerebro. Más allá de lo prometedor de estas evidencias actualmente no existen estudios profundos que demuestren y/o caractericen el daño mitocondrial en fibroblastos de pacientes con EA y su potencial uso en la búsqueda de un biomarcador.Dado los antecedentes anteriores, en esta tesis se propone que los fibroblastos de pacientes con la EA presentan un perfil de disfunción mitocondrial característico que los diferencia de los pacientes normales. Para esto se analizaron cultivos primarios de fibroblastos de pacientes controles y EA con diferentes niveles de deterioro cognitivo. Se realizaron análisis de microscopía de fluorescencia en vivo, PCR en tiempo real, Western blot y determinaciones de ATP. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los fibroblastos de pacientes con EA presentan defectos específicos en la morfología y bioenergética mitocondrial que se asemejan a las desregulaciones cerebrales observadas en la EA.Esta disfunción mitocondrial podría estar desencadenada por la formación y apertura del poro de transición de membrana mitocondrial, un complejo proteico que cumple funciones en la regulación de la producción de energía y procesos de muerte celular. El presente estudio presenta la primera caracterización del estado mitocondrial de los fibroblastos de pacientes con EA y sugiere que la evaluación de la función mitocondrial podría diferenciar el envejecimiento normal del envejecimiento patológico relacionado con esta enfermedad. Nuestro trabajo abre la posibilidad de un nuevo blanco para el desarrollo de biomarcadores de EA y presenta una nueva estrategia para estudios epidemiológicos en esta enfermedad.

Abstract We report on our experience using the Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML) to collaborate on the design and manufacture of an artifact transport system (ATS). Specifically designed for the purpose of transporting nanometer-scale dimensional artifacts at pressures ∼10−8 Pa, the ATS consists of a transport cart and an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system. As its name implies, the ATS is to transport an atomically-accurate specimen created in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) laboratory to a scanning tunnel microscope (STM) laboratory across the NIST campus, where metrologists verify atomic-scale measurements. The project team involved between 15 and 20 participants — designers, engineers, physicists and manufacturers — and each individual was involved with the design and assembly of the ATS to varying degrees. After the project engineers developed their assembly models with their CAD tools, we exported the components and assemblies to VRML files. These representations were made available, via web browsers with VRML viewers, for feedback to project team members on their own workstations, which included PCs, Macintoshes and Suns. The port involved characterizing the simulation’s performance over a range of parameters such as processor capability, file size, VRAM available and graphics card capability. After meeting with the fabricators and physicists to determine the approximate assembly sequence of the ATS, we edited, augmented and animated the VRML files on a high-end workstation. By visualizing the animation sequence in a common facility with a videowall, participants were able to reach a consensus for the design and assembly changes needed. We conclude that VRML did help our team collaborate in the design and fabrication processes, although the technology supplemented, rather that supplanted face-to-face meetings. Our experience with VRML on multiple workstations leads us also to conclude that the language needs to be characterized to enhance easy development of engineering models and to achieve true and complete platform-independence.