Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animaux – Droit'
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Desmoulin, Sonia Labrusse-Riou Catherine. "L'animal, entre science et droit /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40986336z.
Full textBoisseau-Sowinski, Lucille. "La désappropriation de l'animal." Limoges, 2008. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/2ab6b8e6-e763-4557-b8d4-0b71cf4940ae/blobholder:0/2008LIMO1013.pdf.
Full textAnimals, living and sensitive beings, are facing trouble today to find their place within the French legal system. They are protected in criminal law but still classified as a thing in the service of man by civil law. This civil classification of animals seems to have been little by little eroded : the question of the legal classification of animals is regularly put forward by doctrine and legislators. However, it appears that the difficulty of the position of animals in the French legal system does not come directly from their legal classification but rather to the application of property right. It is as well contradictory to consider that animals, which are living and sensitive beings, should be legally protected, yet are subject to the right procuring direct and absolute powers for man. The application of the property right to animals is not only a source of legal inconsistencies but also an obstacle to their protection. In this context the renunciation of property right to animals by their "disappropriation" seems fully justified and could be the opportunity to consider a new legal status of the animals by constructing a suitable legal classification with new rights which depend on it
Desmoulin-Canselier, Sonia. "L'animal, entre science et droit." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010315.
Full textChauvet, David. "Les animaux face au droit naturel : L'égalité animale par-delà la morale." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0056.
Full textThis research aims to ground nonhuman (or human) animal rights in a Hobbesian way. This is that of natural law (i.e., jusnaturalism). First, we show why natural law is a specific normative framework that should be distinguished from any other normative system, especially morals or ethics. In a Hobbesian framework, nonhuman animal rights are not moral rights but natural rights. We show then how any morals detrimental to nonhuman animals can be eliminated through natural law. By grounding nonhuman animals’ natural rights, this research pushes forward works already engaged in this Hobbesian manner. But we relate more particularly the nonhuman animals’ natural rights issue to the question of what kind of legal protection they should be granted on the basis of Hobbesian-like arguments. Finally, we show why animal equality is a legal necessity in the context of a jusnaturalist defense of nonhuman animals, which legally results in their anthropomorphic legal personification
Kirszenblat, Joël. "L'animal en droit public." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0463.
Full textAnimals, which for a long time were legally classified as property, are nowadays beginning to be recategorised. Even if French law denies them the status of non-human persons, they are nonetheless recognized as being sentient. This legal oddity, in which animals are at one and the same time both living beings and property, has been the subject of numerous studies, and certain researchers have succeeded in resolving these paradoxes. However, if the status of animals has been frequently examined from a legal angle, little specific or overall research has been undertaken in the domain of public law. And yet, it appears that the study of animals in public law raises questions and answers that are equally interesting. That is why the present thesis, « Animals in public law », follows two main, complementary choices: that of being an inventory, and that of theorizing. Charting, first of all, the reality of the situation seems essential in order to facilitate doctrinal or jurisprudential interpretation. Secondly, this study has made possible the theorizing of certain judicial questions. Finally, public law offers new perspectives for the creating of a true system of laws concerning animals. This work, whose main outcome is to contribute new elements to dereification and to avoid certain inconsistences, would foreground animal interests – notably by placing animals in a new societal order to be protected, or by setting forth a new approach to the personification of animals. Moreover, the study of comparative public law offers us different perspectives in the defence of animal rights – notably through the constitution
Michallet, Isabelle. "La protection des espèces migratrices en droit international et en droit communautaire." Lyon 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO33010.
Full textMedjati, Mehdi. "Les animaux dans la compilation de Justinien." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32049.
Full textThe Compilation of Justinian, monumental work of reformation and systematization of the roman right, contains a lot of fragments relating to the animals. The collection of those paragraphs, followed by their classification, allows to discover, into a legal work, the existence of a true animal dimension. The animal world in this way put together contains two types of animals : on the one hand, the servant animals, which are useful because they are closely brought to human activities ; on the other hand, the wild beasts, whose status is far more ambivalent. The analysis of the texts leads to two series of remarks. The space granted to the animals first reveals the roman utilitarist view about animal : the animal is an animated object which must, to be considered as an interesting thing, presents a real usefullness, even a real productivity. Furthermore, between the ancient period and the lower-empire, the animal status evolves in the same time and in the same way as the roman law itself. Actually, the animals benefit from the softenerness of the habits, their station improves appreciably
Utria, Enrique. "Essai sur les droits des animaux." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUEL038.
Full text“This distinguished carnivore is eating a ‘chateaubriand ‘, a strange object bearing the name of a writer and sculpted in an indefinable matter, but he refuses to go the slaughterhouses (an unhealthy curiosity). If he goes there, the slaughterhouse arises in the bourgeois world in full light: the slaughterhouse exists, the chateaubriand is the meat of a dead animal. But it is best that the slaughterhouses remain outside the society, hidden, in this obscure zone where the For-itself is parent of the In-itself: the slaughtermen are ‘brutes’, oscures consciousnesses who do not dominate the phenomena; the slaughterhouse is at the edge of the night-let it remain there. The gentleman-carnivore would be an accomplice if, by his knowledge, the chateaubriand was transformed into a dead flesh under the eyes of his guests. ”
Chevallier, Anne-Florence. "La circulation des animaux en droit international et communautaire." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010257.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyse the international an European law applicable to the circulation of animals. It is divided into two parts corresponding to two conceptions of animals : a classical conception according to which animals are goods which may circulate freelyn, absent any risk to human health or human security and a new conception considering animals as sensitive living cratures which merit protection during transport. Whether an animal is a good or a living creature, it can move on its own initiative, when it is straying or when it is migrant, or it can be forced to move, when it is sold and transported. An animal is neither human nor a good, in fact it is a living creature whose circulation must be regulated taking into consideration is particular nature
Des, Bouillons Brigitte. "L'appréhension de l'animal par le juge administratif." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1G043.
Full textThere has not been great mention in the journals regarding the birth of ‘public animals’; some would say it has not even been noticed. Nevertheless everybody is of the opinion that they have been contributing considerably to the progress of administrative case law concerning their pursuit, capturing or on the contrary their protection. In this sense the animals have been very useful for administrative judges in expanding their scope. This remarquable progress has given rise to some struggles with the ‘juge judiciaire’, even necessitating the arbitration of the ‘tribunal des conflits’ in order to determine the competence of the relevant judges. Putting the human being in the center of its legal environment, the administrative judge has used the animal as an instrument to experiment, but also in order to develop the traditional principles of public service and the administrative responsibility. Moreover, his function has been transformed; overtime the judge changed the consequences of his decisions nevertheless mastering the consequences. The animal is also a sensing living creature for which the constitutional chart indirectly offers protection. The objective to protect does not limit itself to national law as international and European norms are applicable, thus a good example of the globalization of law and dialog among judges. As an appeal to the ‘question prioritaire de constitutionalité (QPC)’ - in order to abolish the ‘corrida exception’ on the basis of equality before the law - did not lead to the result that was hoped for by audacious requesting parties, the fate of the animal is now in the hands of the European judges. This protection has lead to a real proliferation of reglementation destined to protect the species and their natural habitat, which the administrative judge, with its control, applies to their full effect. Such awareness transforms behaviour. The human centered judge (‘anthropo-centré’) has transformed himself like the administrative law; he has become more colorful and seems more eco-centered. Equally he grants a more justified equilibrium between the human species and the animal. Therefore, the way the administrative judge appreciates the animal is not only at the origin of administrative law and is part of its history, but in addition contributes to the renewal and the future of the administrative jurisdiction
Préaubert, Catherine. "La protection juridique de l'animal en France." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOD014.
Full textBrels, Sabine. "Le droit du bien-être animal dans le monde : évolution et universalisation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32964.
Full textAnimal welfare law is globalizing. Beyond presenting its world-wide evolution, this thesis demonstrates the existence of legally strong foundations toward a universal protection of animal welfare in international law. What is animal welfare law? Mostly unknown in the legal science of French-speaking countries, animal welfare law concerns all the prescriptions which aim at reducing the poor welfare of the animals used for various ends (such as food and clothes production, experiments, entertainments, captivity, company etc.). Those prescriptions generally aim at condemning some acts of cruelty and promoting the good treatment of these animals. However, economic, scientific, cultural or traditional purposes pose often severe limitations or exceptions. This study presents the general content and outlines the main strengths and weaknesses of animal welfare law in the world. In a first part, this thesis brings to light the increasing progression of animal welfare law. First adopted by Anglo-Saxon and European countries in the XIXth century, anti-cruelty laws then spread to other countries in the XIXth century. From the 1960s onwards, a new model of legislation was born, explicitly concerning animal welfare. Right after appeared the European instruments on this subject, now regulating activities such as farming, transports, slaughter and experiments. They are aimed to reduce the suffering of the animals, recognized by the European Union as "sentient beings" deserving protection. In a second part, this thesis states that animal welfare is emerging as a new objective internationally, even universally, since the beginning of this XXIth century. In this sense, the objective of animal welfare protection has been integrated recently in international instruments, most notably in the standards of the World Organisation for Animal Health from early 2000'. Today, animal welfare is beginning to be addressed by the largest global organizations, such as the World Trade Organization and even the United Nations. Can the protection of animal welfare be formally recognized by the Community of States and enshrined in international law as a new universal imperative? Using the theoretical framework of the formal sources of international law lead to the following results: there is a common ground on animal welfare law, from which general principles can be identified, in order to allow the establishment of solid foundations towards the recognition of animal welfare protection as a new universal imperative for the Community of States, particularly in a global convention. Finally, the main conclusion underlines that animal welfare law is currently weak regarding its protective goal. Indeed, it aims less to truly protect the welfare of the animals, than to merely reduce their suffering. However, in progressing towards a better consideration of animals' interests, a real protection of animal welfare can become a future reality in the law. Key words: animal welfare; animal law; comparative law; European law; international law; general principles of law; conventions; international organizations.
Segura, Jordane. "Animaux et droit : de la diversité des protections à la recherche d'un statut." Nancy 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN20007.
Full textAnimals are animated beings with whom men built very former relations which strongly evolved during time: hunted or protected wild animal, pet, animal object of scientific experiments or closed in intensive animal production, cherished pet. . . In law, animal brings to two major problems: one is the progressive and cumulative diversification of anthropocentric animals protections and the other, more recent, is the research of systemic animals protections. In these two problems, the animal can not be considered as a unique entity: animal reign is really not a single unit. The diversity that identifies it came to a plurality of animals' legal protections and makes necessary a precise analyze of the legal condition of animals – in plural – and not of the animal as a single being. Initially oriented towards man protection, these anthropocentric protections aimed to protect the animal-thing, object of property, the pet, object of human sensibility and the wild animal, object of regulating regimes. These various protections, pursuing varied ends and aiming at different animals, organized in the French Legal Order, then also in the European Union, the Council of Europe and the International Legal Order, have been accumulated and added up. Gradually, other protective measures overlapped in the more former norms. These recent measures of legal protection aimed at animals for themselves and to ensure that animals' welfare is respected. Today, they tend to the call-in question of the initial and residual reification of animals. After long centuries being closed in the legal category of things, furniture or buildings, would it not be relevant to confer them right now a status sui generis corresponding in their specific characteristics?
Antao, de Oliveira Dias Marialice. "La protection juridique de la faune sauvage en droit brésilien et français." Limoges, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIMO1011.
Full textA presente pesquisa tem por finalidade delinear aspectos relevantes que permeiam a efetiva utilização na tutela jurídica do bem ambiental fauna silvestre. Serão bordados, pontos relativos à fauna silvestre e sua diferenciação com outros tipos classificatórios e o direito comparado brasileiro e francês. Monstrar os conflitos que ocorrem acerca das competências e responsabilidades relativos aos danos causados à fauna silvestre, sobretudo no que tange ao sistema conômico, que ao apropriar-se de forma irracional da fauna silvestre, provoca a extinção desse bem indispensável à vida no Planeta, na maioria das vezes de forma irreversível. A biopirataria será exposta como um câncer na continuidade das espécies faunísticas, como também uma agressão aos princípios gerais do direito ambiental
Chatelais, Clotilde. "L'animal en droit français de la propriété littéraire et artistique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67768.
Full textLe monde de la propriété littéraire et artistique est aujourd’hui ébranlé par de nouveaux acteurs qui font douter du monopole de l’Humain dans le secteur artistique. L’animal - reconnu depuis 2015 par le Code Civil français comme un être vivant doué de sensibilité - vient confirmer ces doutes. En effet, la présence de ce dernier dans le domaine artistique est incontestable : l’animal est autant représenté dans les longs et courts métrages que sont les films, les publicités ou les documentaires, qu’il apparaît en premier plan d’une exposition de photographies. Les œuvres animales, qui ne sont pas une hérésie, volent même parfois la vedette aux œuvres humaines sur la scène du marché de l’art. Cependant, malgré sa proactivité, l’animal est dénué du droit français de la propriété littéraire et artistique alors que les revenus et bénéfices générés par son exploitation dans ce domaine existent et sont conséquents. Dès lors, il apparaît légitime de s’interroger sur l’animal en tant que sujet du droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique : s’il ne peut l’être par le droit positif, alors par un droit prospectif.
Linossier, Nathalie. "Les introductions et les réintroductions d'animaux d'espèces non domestiques." Lyon 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO3A007.
Full textLévy-Bruhl, Viviane. "La protection de la faune sauvage en droit français." Lyon 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO33003.
Full textThe juridical conception of wild fauna is still widely impressed by a multisecular conception of fauna in which each animal is a "bien sans maitre" (res nullius). The emergence of a law for wild fauna protection suppose the apparition of new classifications that translate an evolution in the relations between humans and wild animals. First of all these ones should be protected. The conservation of wild fauna needs the protection of species themselves but also their habitats and a new reflexion about territory management
Falconnet, Agnès, and Florence Falconnet. "La condition juridique de l'animal." Lyon 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO33001.
Full textRelations between human and animal are complex and inconsistent. Either human uses animal as a thing without any life or he takes care of it on account of its sensitiveness. These behaviours appear in the substanctive law. First of all, since animal is an instrument in human's hands, the substantive law has an utilitarian conception. Giving to animal the legal position of things, of considers it as a part of economic life. The substantive law rules its appropriation and settles the compensation of animal's damages. When animal is protected, it is in order to satisfy human's needs (moral need or ecological need). Next, animal being a creature like human, the substantive law has a humanitarian conception when it considers animal for itself. It protects animal's sensitiveness through general criminal enactments (paragraph r. 38. 12 criminal code : ill-usages; paragraph 453 criminal code : cruel acts) and also through enactments about human activenesses which are dangerous for animals. Lately, the legal care for animal appears through emergency of an embryo of personality. But the animal's personality is a debated notion which is difficult to build
Ollivier, Boris. "Quand les vétérinaires et les animaux font l'Europe : l’action publique européenne en santé animale, une institutionnalisation fragmentée." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0015.
Full textBetween 1961 and 1998, veterinarians and legal experts within the European Commission’s DG for Agriculture developed a community framework for animal health, with a view to achieving ex ante harmonisation and to implementing the internal market with as few health issues as possible hampering the circulation of animals and animal products. In the 1990s, their monopoly over these issues and their vertical approach to diseases and species were challenged by supporters of a holistic approach to product safety and of systematic risk analysis, working at the DG (retirer "for") Industry and, after the 1997-1999 BSE crisis, preparing their transfer to the DG (retirer "for") Health and Consumers (SANCO). This history shows how, up until 2007, the delegation to a profession of the process of institutionalising its own sector revealed (by implication) internal divisions and finally led to a “fragmented institutionalisation” of several relatively autonomous community sectors: animal health, food safety and the protection of animals. We analyse the hierarchical struggles between these segments and the evolution of the actors, who, from corporatist veterinarian pioneers, have now essentially become European civil servants
Prisner-Levyne, Yann. "La protection de la faune sauvage terrestre en droit international public." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D086/document.
Full textTerrestrial wildlife is actually facing a sixth mass extinction which is mostly anthropogenic contrary to past mass extinctions. After the international community took notice of the problem in the 70s, an increasing number of legal instruments were adopted in order to protect terrestrial wildlife worldwide. Yet, wildlife populations continued to decline. Through this terrible assessment, it is the efficiency of the international legal regime of wildlife protection which needs to be questioned and scrutinized.The crux of the problem lies in the fact that terrestrial wildlife is considered as a natural resource. As such, each State has jurisdiction to manage, exploit, deplete, or even destroy wildlife resources located on their territory pursuant to the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. However, this principle is in contradiction with ecological and biological realities Indeed, terrestrial fauna, apart from the fact that it may move from one State to the other, is involved in the maintenance of ecosystems and other complex biological processes which effects are felt way outside the borders of a single State. As a result, the exploitation of wildlife resources in one State can have dire consequences on the environment of other States. As such, sovereignty over wildlife resources cannot be absolute which the principle of good neighbourliness imperfectly captures. Yet, it appears that the application of this principle in the context of the conservation of wildlife resources raises a certain number of uncertainties due to the difficulty to translate in legal terms the complexities of the ecological processes involved. Consequently, terrestrial wildlife should not be regulated by the same legal regime as the one applicable to extractive resources which are invariably located within the borders of a single State and are not part of any transnational ecological process. Maybe would it be more relevant to apply a legal regime similar to the one applicable to international waterways, most of them are considered as de facto shared resources implying a regime of common management between Riverine States without their respective sovereignty being challenged in any way. Yet this solution is not the one that prevails under international law as far as wildlife resources are concerned. The actual regime is entirely built around the principle of terrestrial sovereignty over natural resources where each State is responsible for implementing its international obligations in its own territory. [...]
Delon, Nicolas. "Une théorie contextuelle du statut moral des animaux." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010555/document.
Full textThis work presents a contextual theory of the moral status of animals which combines the demands of impartiality and the significance of relationships of vulnerability and partiality. From an analysis of the notion of moral status as a set of obligations directly owed to animals, a two-fold theory is spelled out: a descriptive model and a normative model of moral status attribution, which are both "dual": moral status depends on both intrinsic and extrinsic properties of morally considerable entities (typically, capacities on the one hand, relationships and context on the other hand). The normative model is built around two core principles : a Principle of Protection of the Vulnerable and a Principle of Reasonable Partiality, which are both impartially justified. The theory thus combines the relational and particularistic demands of care ethics and the impartial demands of justice. Special relationships make some companion animals irreplaceable and endowed with a special status. However, a great deal of animals who are conscious but not self-conscious, and who do not take part in such relationships, are nevertheless irreplaceable insofar as they have a life of their own to live, whose narrativity can be outlined by humans
Anciaux, Nicolas. "Essai sur l’être en droit privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020069.
Full textUnder the banner of « beings », men, embryos, robots, animals, legal persons and firms are named as such by the law and those who interpretate it. This word unites those who act both in the reality and within the legal « world ». Through its concepts and qualification technics, private law grants them a separate fate. A coherent system arises. The study of legal personnality, regarded both as an analytical and basic concept, reveals the fate of theses beings in private law. When granted to men, legal personnality is an egalitarian abstraction ; when granted to organizations it is a specialized abstraction. All « beings » in private law do not rise to the status of « person ». But human existence is a bodily experience. Only the study of the legal status of human body will complement the system. The status on the humain body differs whether the whole body or its elements are considered : it varies between property and person
Natali, Meganne. "Le droit international face au trafic illégal de biodiversité sauvage." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ0011.
Full textIllegal Biodiversity Trade may be considered as one the major challenge of the XXIst century. Indeed, the worrying wide scope of this phenomenon must be considered, especially when one understands its many harmful consequences. Further than its ecological implications, the illegal wildlife trade has also commercial, security and social consequences. Regarding these implications, most States found convergent interests to halt this illegal trade, and the need for a global and concerted action in international law has been legitimized. Thus, the international community has developed a legal corpus aimed to fight illegal entry of wild species on the market. However, if the richness of regulations constituting this global framework illustrates the positive approach by the international community in its fight against illegal wildlife trade, it is clear that normative and operational limits threatens the scope of the provisions in force. This thesis therefore demonstrates that the international law applicable to the illegal wildlife trade, although consistent, remains relatively insufficient to neutralize the phenomenon definitively
Kolodziej, Cyrille. "La louveterie et la destruction des animaux nuisibles : théorie et pratique en Lorraine et Barrois au XVIIIème siècle." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN20007/document.
Full textThe vision of wildlife has changed substantially during the last century. On behalf of biodiversity, protection becomes a watchword. In this new paradigm, wolf hunting and pests catching laws are challenged. Yet these laws show a reality of the relationship between humans and wildlife that legal history can grasp and understand. This study helps to describe this reality in the historic and geographical Lorraine and Barrois in the eighteenth century. To understand the progressive and the organic development of wolf hunting and pests catching in Lorraine and Barrois in the eighteenth century, the study defines what are the pests and determines the legal nature of their destruction. It shows that these animals are a kind of game and their destruction depends on the general law of hunting. Thefore, administrative measures against them are only a part of special hunting law. These measures fall into two categories : measures using specialized agents as wolf hunters, one of whose main powers is to make public huntings ; measures delegating to individual initiative the task of killing these animals, especially wolves with the establishment of a system of bonuses. The analysis of these bonuses reflects a popular destruction of these predators in the late eighteenth century
Bridet, Thibault. "Les courses de taureaux face au droit français : l’exception tauromachique au régime protecteur des animaux domestiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40058.
Full textIn the Middle Ages, it was commonplace for the men to run with the bulls in the streets of their villages. From the 16th century, the Church and the monarchy forbade this practice on the grounds that it caused too many casualties. Nevertheless, this entertainment was so weaved into the fabric of society that it ended up being tolerated. Following pressure from the animal welfare organisations, the Act of 2 July 1850 – or the Grammont Act - sanctioned any public ill-treatment wrongly perpetrated against domestic animals. At the same time, Spanish-style bullfights were established in the country. Various legal actions were initiated on the basis of this new law in order to condemn the bullfight actors, but some judges refused to apply this legislation to such events despite the contrary opinion of the Criminal Division. In response to this paradoxical situation, from 1951 the bullfights ending with the killing of the bull were eventually legalized under certain conditions. This exception is confirmed by the Act of 19 November 1963 when an unbroken local tradition is claimed. Firmly contesting this compromise reached by the legislator, the opponents of bullfighting asked for this derogation planned in the animal protection regime to be abolished. The recognition of the animal welfare and sensitivity by the Act of 10 July 1976 and the Treaty of Amsterdam weakens the balance established by the French legislator even if the objective of the European Union is to maintain the cultural traditions specific to each Member State
Hernandez-Zakine, Carole. "Influence du droit de l'environnement sur le droit rural : conservation de la faune sauvage." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010285.
Full textThe key of the conservation of the wild fauna is the conservation of the habitats on which it depends. The agriculture is present all over the territory and il conditions the evolution of the habitats. The wild fauna and the agriculture share the same space, the rural space. The rural law is against the fauna because it organizes the protection of the croops. Moreover, it develops at the end of the second wold war an agricultural model characterized by intensification. The rural law passed from 1960 set legal structures up in order to make easier the intensification wihout any care to the consequences on environnement. But, the law of the commun agriculture politics which is the main source of the rural law has to adapt itself to the situation of the markets and at the same time has to integrate the environnemental needs in accordance with the article 130 r s 2 of the treaty. Since the reform of the cap, the european union adopted different regulations based on the article 43 of the treaty which aims to fight against the agricultural surplus, to maintain the agricultural revenues by according grants and to modify or maintain the agricultural form of production which are favourable to the conservation of the environnement. The farmers are regarded as being of service to society. The aim of the thesis is to observe through the national regulations which apply the european regulations how the rural law adapts or doesn't adapt itself to these new trends. Its foundations are knocked about but the influence of the environnemental law remains superficial and there is no agreement between the state and the farmers on the opposite of Great-Britain
Michelot, Agnès. "Le principe de l'utilisation rationnelle en droit de l'environnement : une approche critique internationale et comparative à partir de la faune." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOD009.
Full textAn important step in the elaboration of a new juridical logic essential to the construction of an order respectful of ecological balance was taken with the acknowledgement of the principle of rational use in international law and its introduction into the internal law of numerous countries. If one bears in mind the evolution of the relationship between men and wildlife, an analysis of the principle enables one to apprehend critically the way human societies make use of nature. Born of the collective realization of the fading of wildlife resources and the necessity of regulating the activities responsible for the destruction of species, the principle of rational use reveals, on one hand, its importance and, on the other hand, its limits and inadequacies when it comes to exploiting efficiently wildlife and considering more globally the protection of the biosphere. Whereas the prevailing economic logic is called into question, wildlife, when it is regarded as an underrated and overexploited natural resource, must be reconsidered in an ecological rationality. The thought of wildlife being a mere economic resource seems to be outmoded. The principle of rational use must develop around an "enriched vision" of wildlife, likely to make use of all its potentialities, while securing its preservation in the long term. Reappraised in an order within which values are not only economic any more, wildlife can be part of a model for "sustainable" development for the environment. Thus, the fact that countries which work with the international community, enforce principles of action, which aim at finding a new balance between men and nature, contributing to the construction of a new ecologic order which acknowledges the intrinsic value of natural elements without abandoning a humanistic conception
Gougnaud, Jean-Yves. "Périodes de chasse et droit communautaire : les difficultés de l'application en France de l'article 7-4 de la directive 79/409/CE relative à la conservation des oiseaux sauvages." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU2A01.
Full textLanord, Magali. "La Conservation des habitats naturels et de la faune sauvage : le droit communautaire et sa mise en oeuvre en France." Clermont 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF10251.
Full textBiodiversity is undergoing a period of regression as illustrated by the deterioration of natural sites and the disappearance of many animal species. Despite the boom in community laws ont the environment, agricultural and forestry policies have long played a role in this degradation
Privat, Christophe Édouard. "La chasse et la protection des espaces naturels : éléments pour une évolution juridique des rapports chasse-nature." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40012.
Full textDelfour, Odile. "La conservation des espèces menacées d'extinction : étude de droit comparé : Espagne, Etats-Unis, France, Grande Bretagne, Suisse." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010284.
Full textIt is now obvious that fauna and flora are more and more threatened. To reverse this trend, governments have tried to develop legal mechanisms. It is nevertheless clear that the prohibition of the taking and trade of individuals animals and plants can not achieve this goal by its own. It's why it is clearly essential that legislator should adress all threats to a species. But, because, theses measures impose restrictions on public freedoms and private property and limits certain activities, they are not always very popular. Or, it is essential to facilitate the acceptance of conservation need by laying down a clear duty for the state and its citizens to preserve biological diversity or, at international level, by using the concept of common humankind which encompasses present and future generations
Talla, Tene Marius Rostand. "Le droit positif camerounais face aux impératifs de conservation de la faune sauvage et de promotion des populations autochtones." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS025S.
Full textThe environment’s protection does not have any more cease to be a priority for the subjects of the International law. Since the Summit of Rio de Janeiro on the environment and the development, this concern caused at the international level was taken more and more into account by the States. Cameroun did not remain with the margin of this process since many legal provisions were taken in order to protect nature and its resources in fact those consisted wild fauna. Indeed, while taking as a starting point the International law of the environment, the Cameroonian legislator devoted the principle of conservation of wildlife by recommending the control of hunting activities, by attaching a major importance to the protected areas and by controlling the use of the faunal resources at commercial purposes. These measurements were also combined with the other supposed ones to improve the living conditions of the autochthon communities like the facilitation of the access to the natural resources and the implication of those in the management of wild fauna. However, this regulation knows important limits primarily made up by the restriction of the principle of participation and the multiple difficulties of a functional nature. All these limits result in to relativize the results obtained by the policies of conservation of fauna and promotion of the rights of the autochthon communities to Cameroun. To ameliorate the situation, of important measures should be taken in particular the improvement of decentralization’s policy, the participation’s principle reinforcement, the reinforcement of the control of the commercial exploitation of the wildlife resources and the at last, the equipment of autochthon communities of a clear statute taking that is taking in consideration their particularities
Traver, Olivier. "Le statut juridique du cheval." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10041/document.
Full textHuman history reveals the centennial importance of the horse and the thesis has for object to verify the expression in law, by determination of the legal status of the horse. In accordance with the traditional legal classifications, the horse is first thing and movable. But the analysis of the legal regime of the horse reveals that its nature is admitted by the law and this evolution is determined by the consecration of its movement autonomy and his sensitivity. First a thing, the horse becomes a living thing. However, admitted as soon as, the living nature of the horse is challenged by the law in order to limit the linked legal effects, notably in the responsibility law. In contradictory appearance, this legal construction is yet justified by the man's superior interest. This man and horse consideration in law affirms the irreducibility of their qualification, to be legal for one, and a living thing for the other. Their assimilation would not be juridically considered whatever are the autonomy of movement and the sensitivity of the second. Distinct of the legal beings but not reduced to simple thing, the horse affirms itself in law like a living thing
Lambert-Habib, Marie-Laure. "Le commerce des espèces sauvages : entre droit international et gestion locale : réflexions sur la CITES, Convention de Washington sur le commerce international des espaces [i.e. espèces] de faune et de flore sauvages menacés [i.e. menacées] d'extinction /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37116288z.
Full textNeyret, Laurent. "Atteintes au vivant et responsabilité civile." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE0003.
Full textJean, Innocent Senou. "Le droit de la faune sauvage des aires protégées transfrontalières en Afrique : l'exemple du parc régional du W (Bénin, Burkina-Faso, Niger)." Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU2003.
Full textThe regional W Park which is located at the cross ways of Benin, Burkina-Faso and Niger constitutes the first reserve of cross-boarders in West Africa. Its socio-economic and ecological importance is obvious for the States of the region on the one hand and the whole international community on the other. However, this protected aria of the "W" is undergoing encroachments and damages, namely on its wildlife and habitats this situation is the consequence of the diversity of the judicial regulations applicable to this resource on either sides of States boarders as well as the differences in the means mobilized for the preventions and detections of law infractions. In fact, the right of the wildlife of the regional park of W gathers rules that are non-homogeneous, being the concern of judicial orders internal to the states. It is true that these States are parts of the big conventions of environment and therefore the international law offers them its resorts for a sustainable management and a rational exploitation of the fauna resources. Some solutions do exist, but they order a harmonization of conceptions and norms applicable to the local context. These perspectives favor an integrated management of the regional W Park's fauna at the same time that they permit the populations to assume more responsibility at the basis for a sustainable soothing management of resources. In this new direction, it is certain that the law may contribute usefully to a sustainable development of the ecological whole of regional W Park
Poret, Ombline de. "Le statut de l'animal en droit civil : questions choisies de droits réels et droit successoral /." Zurich [u.a.] : Schulthess, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/522299288.pdf.
Full textDoré, Antoine. "Des loups dans la cité : éléments d'écologie pragmatiste." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0020.
Full textContemporary politics are marked by ecological changes questioning the place to be attributed to an ever growing list of various candidates for public life. Based on an empirical enquiry, this PhD Thesis relates the political career of wolves in France Tracing the various ways wolves get the attention of who (and what) surrounds them, describing the hybrid human/non-human agencies that they form and transform on their way, focusing on the way the involved protagonists handle the situations created by these animals, the most important trajectories that make up this career are followed, step by step. This research shows how scientists, lawyers, audiences, civil servants, journalists, etc. – and the wolves themselves – shape these trajectories that are marked by specific practices, temporalities, spaces and materialities. This enquiry demonstrates how the public presence of wolves is established by Science, Law, The State, etc and, reciprocally, how Science, Law, the State, etc. , invent and reshape themselves through wolves. It eventually gives a synthetic and realistic account of how Wolves’ Politics are established and sheds light on more general questions: in what sense can we talk of the political implications of nature? And in which ways does it compel us to change our ways to describe and build our living together?
Kohler, Robert. "Etat des lieux de la Médiation animale dans les Etablissements d'hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes en France : De la théorie vers la conception d’un cahier des charges." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30044.
Full textWe are researching the implications of animal assisted therapy within a social care facility in an attempt to respond to the legal and managerial controversies surrounding the scheme. Our research is part of a societal trend towards recognizing the citizen rights of dependent elderly people, and in particular their social and cultural rights. We are studying important questions relating to the power of ageing people to make their own decisions about their lives. That is our main aim in researching the use of companion animals, which may be a revealing tool when used in an institutional setting.We will begin our work by discussing the practical and theoretical implications of the plan to introduce a trained dog into a nursing home for dependent elderly people. We will first discuss the issues related to the knowledge and understanding of the users which will be highlighted through animal assisted therapy (1st part). Secondly, we will develop the managerial implications related to the implementation of this idea in an institutional framework and the possibility of introducing a new space for reflection and the construction of meaning (2rd part). These elements will be used to develop specifications for the animal assisted therapy project
Lambert, Virginie. "Thérapie cellulaire par progéniteurs cardiaques issus de cellules souches embryonnaires dans un modèle porcin de dysfonction ventriculaire droite par surcharge chronique." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P639.
Full textThe long term prognosis of some congenital heart diseases may be impaired related to severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and conventional therapies give poor results. Cell therapy may be an alternative therapeutic approach. The aims of this study were 1/ to create an experimental model of RV dysfunction secondary to chronic overload as observed in congenital heart diseases, 2/ to apply on this failed RV a cell therapy using cardiac progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. We have characterized in a large animal a model of RV dysfunction secondary to a combined chronic overload using a surgical procedure reproducing the RV outflow tract diseases as observed after repair in tetralogy of Fallot. After 4 months, we have observed the various aspects of RV dysfunction: hemodynamic with an impairment of myocardial contractility, electrophysiological with an increasing of duration of both QRS and action potential and histological with a myocardial remodelling at the first stage. In this model of RV dysfunction, we have applied cell therapy and injected into multiple sites of RV myocardium cardiac progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. We have observed an improvement of myocardial contractility and a stabilization of the deleterious effects of the chronic overload on cardiac function. No ventricular arrhythmia occurred and no teratoma was detected. This first attempt of cell therapy using cardiac progenitors is encouraging and may be an interesting innovative approach to treat RV dysfunction secondary to chronic overload
Kalfa, David. "Reconstruction de la voie de sortie du ventricule droit par un implant valve biorésorbable cellularisé autologue dans un modèle animal en croissance." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T024.
Full textObjectives: Actual means used in clinical practice for the surgical repair of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in congenital cardiac diseases are inert materials without any growth potential and require multiple reoperations. Our study consists in creating a patch made of polydioxanone with a monicusp and then a tri-leaflet valved tube made of bioabsorbable PLLA (levorotary poly-lacyic acid), seeded with autologous umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), in a neonatal growing lamb model. The main objective is to restaure an autologous, living valved RVOT, displaying a valvular competence at mid- and long-term, with a growth potential and the absence of degeneration. Methodology: Step 1: The patch: Autologous blood-derived MSCs were labeled with quantum dots and seeded on PDO electrospun valved patches. Those were implanted into the RVOT of 6 growing lambs followed up until 8 months. Tissue-engineered RVOT were neither stenotic nor aneurismal and displayed a growth potential, with less fibrosis, less calcifications and no thrombus compared with control polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-pericardial patches. The PDO scaffold was completely degraded and replaced by a viable, three-layered, endothelialized tissue and an extracellular matrix with elastic fibers similar to that of native tissue. Step 2: The valved polymeric bioabsorbable tube will be made of woven PLLA and will lose 50% of its mechanical resistance at 12 months. Autologous umbilical cord-derived MSC will be seeded in static conditions (3,5x106 MSC /cm² for 4 days), then in dynamic conditions in a bioreactor for 4 weeks. The pre-clinical evaluation of the absence of degeneration of the valved tube, of its growth potential and its valvular competence will require the implantation of 20 valved autologous umbilical cord-derived MSC-seeded tubes in lambs, with a follow-up from 2 months to 3 years. Expected results: The expected result of this replacement of the RVOT with a tri-leaflet valved tube made of bioabsorbable PLLA, seeded with autologous umbilical cord-derived MSC, in a neonatal growing lamb model, is the ad-integrum restitution of a living, autologous, competent RVOT with a growth potential, avoiding mortality and morbidity related to reoperations. Moreover, umbilical cord-derived cells are an immediate and non-invasive source of autologous stem cells, available at birth, and could be used to treat a neonate with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital cardiac abnormality
Paiva, Toledo André de. "Les grands enjeux contemporains du droit international des espaces maritimes et fluviaux et du droit de l'environnement : de la conservation de la nature à la lutte contre la biopiraterie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020084/document.
Full textEnvironmental international law is based on two fundamental principles: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the principle of conservation of nature. The contemporary global economy is characterized by systematic violations of these legal norms through overexploitation and pollution of ecosystems, as well as the clandestine access to biological resources, or biopiracy. This thesis has been especially developed from discussions on the quantitative management of biotic biological resources (fauna and flora) and abiotic biological resources (water), in spite of the analysis on pollution, which can be found in the body of the thesis. The latter analysis is, however, always connected with the overexploitation and biopiracy, which are actually two major contemporary issues of environmental international law. For the demonstration of the generalization of these environmental issues, all regimes relating to the use of resources have been examined, independently of whether they concern the air, the sea, or land. That which could be verified is the existence of a common legal system for the use of biological resources based, in addition to the two fundamental principles mentioned supra, on international cooperation, good faith and the duty not to cause transboundary harm to other States. All these legal norms on nature management are established in international agreements on the use of a biological resource based on the notion of sustainability quotas and national quotas of exploitation. Therefore, States may control the compliance with environmental international law by ensuring the conservation of nature and the fight against biopiracy
Teullet, Marie. "Les espèces exotiques envahissantes et le droit de la mer : essai de qualification." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020038.
Full textAlien invasive species are a growing concern, but are they an object as any other in international law ? An invasive alien species is a living species which, by its mere presence in an ecosystem outside its natural range, causes deleterious effects which is not the case in its native ecosystem. Is the law of the sea equipped to meet this new threat ? The classification of its effects in international law, and more specifically the law of the sea, is as innovative as capital. The legal treatment of invasive alien species so far has been tied to the struggle for the conservation of biological diversity without wondering, in advance, what its classification is. What if alien invasive species are considered pollution ? Considering this hypothesis means studying instruments of international law, and more precisely those of the law of the sea, as well as marine pollution. If one can allow to identify invasive alien species as a source of pollution, it remains a new form of pollution that has never been recognized before by the instruments of international law : a biological pollution. This pollution, independent of those already existing in international law, implies the need to rethink the definition of marine pollution
Grundmann, Emmanuelle. "Intérêt de la réhabilitation et de la réintroduction dans la conservation des orangs-outans et des autres grands primates : eco-éthologie et cognition des orangs-outans (Pongo pygmaeus) réintroduits en forêt de Meratus, Indonésie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0044.
Full textThe orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii), living on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra are amongst the first victims of the large-scale deforestation and exploitation of the south-east tropical rainforest and their future is today joepardized. The increasing orangutan pet trade is accelerating even more this decline. The situation is so critical that if nothing’s done, the researcher hypothesized that orangutan will be extinct in the next ten years (van Schaik et al 2001). Several intitiatives and measures have been set up (???) to stop the pet trade on one hand and protect the last remaining wild population and their habitat on the other hand. Rehabilitation and reintroduction of confiscated orangutans back to their original habitat was initiated in the 1960s in the double perspective of fighting against the orangutan pet trade and reinforce the already established wild populations. This method implies for the Primates a complete cognitive restructuration as well as a re-shaping of their behaviours in accordance with their awaiting new way of life. They have to lose the dependance towards humans that has been imprinted on them during their captivity, avoid contact with humans and acquire the behavioural repertoire of the species. The orangutan community that has been reintroduced in the Meratus forest since 1997 presents an ideal opportunity to study the success and failures of the readaptation of individual whose maternal bond has been broken at various ages, interrupting their learning phase and try to understand which abilities were deficient or absent in those individuals. This study enable us also to evaluate the relevance of reintroduction in the conservation efforts of great Apes
Cintrat, Maud. "La santé de l'animal d'élevage : recherche sur l'appréhension de l'animal en droit sanitaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0481/document.
Full textStudying the animal under a legal perspective enables to highlight the issues faced by law to reflect not only its biological reality but also the evolution of its social perception. The animal disrupts the traditional legal layouts, legal categories, included when it is bred by man to achieve one of its most utilitarian goals: food. The analysis of the legislation relating to the health of the farmed animal has been designed with the intention to determine whether or not those rules aim to satisfy an “animalitarian” interest. Determining the terms under which animal health is apprehended by law has enabled to observe that, on the one hand, those rules enlarge their grip on their health and, on the other hand, the sources of those rules have been extended in order to fall within organizations with economic purpose, reflecting in fine its instrumentalization by man. In this framework, a dualism can be highlighted in the way the animal is apprehended through the legislation relating to its health. This dualism comprises the seeds of the whole ambivalence of the question of the animal in law. Caught altogether as a member of a collectivity and as an individual, the farmed animal nevertheless sees the protection of its health subject to the satisfaction of anthropocentric interests
Devienne, Philippe. "Une approche analytique de la philosophie des droits de l’animal." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040202.
Full textAnimals play an essential social, economic, affective role in human societies. Nevertheless, do animals have rights in a society which breeds them in industrial conditions, experiments on them, eats them without qualms, and allows bullfights? The author’s purpose is to show that, from the theses of Wittgenstein, Austin, Cavell and Putnam, when the protagonists of animal rights and their opponents use science, technical subjects or metaphysics, they don’t only speak for the animal, but in fact they speak for “me”. The considerations of the history of the philosophy of animal rights reveal that the process of human philosophical thought about animals, with there human representations and conceptual frames about animals, go astray since these processes retain only one aspect of the animal, which causes us to loose the bond we have with them. On the contrary, the Philosophy of Ordinary Language describes the intimacy of our words in our relation with the animal, revealing not only a relation of knowledge, but our commitment to them in our human society within our “size”. Pursuing the question of whether we agree or disagree on which ordinary words to use, two political approaches are held: firstly, an agreement on language showing at which point our thinking can clear up into a pragmatist stance towards the animal, and secondly, the agreement in language, in which I (each one of us) am the bond between the animal and my society. These two approaches bring us to the ethics of the otherness with animals
Barbero, Christophe. "Protection et défense de l'animal dans l'Occident contemporain : sourcees théoriques, types d'associations et formes d'actions." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040105.
Full textThis thesis proposes an analysis of associations of protection and animal defense in Western countries (Europe and North America) through the study of some of them selected for their characteristic, and of the evolution of their engagements in second half of the twentieth century. The first part is devoted to the theorical sources of contemporary animal protection through the religious texts, the philosophical writings devoted to the animals - with the emergence of the concept of rights of the animals - and the laws of animal protection since their instauration, the first was voted in England in 1822. The second part presents the various associations studied according to their characteristics: generalist associations, specific associations and antispecist associations or of "animal liberation". Their variety and their differences made it possible to widen animal protection and to enter a more modern and more claiming phase of animal defense. The last part makes it possible to follow the multiple campaigns since the turning of the Seventies until our days and to form analysis of each field where the animal is used (pet, animals of consumption, animal's experimentation, animals of spectacle and wild animals)
Boyer-Mulon, Sophie. "L'équitation au regard de la responsabilité civile : de la protection à la réparation." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G004.
Full textThe increasing number of horse riders has as a legal implication and consequence on the equestrian activity whose solutions gravitate around the notion of civil liability. In this context, the French federation of horse riding, well known for their decision making abilities, works for security and incite measures for promotion. Facing the demand of victims, compensation becomes a right. But, the specificity of this area is in the implication, in every step, of an animal, a living and sensitive thing, gifted of its proper dynamism. The ethology, science of the animal behaviour, helps us to understand the domestic horse, in particular, as a sensitive being whose behaviours are directly influenced by human actions. This particularity has consequences from tort liability to contractual liability and leads to choose for the application of autonomous tendencies with a better acknowledgement of animal behaviour. In front of the animal particularism whose status has to be improved, it's suitable from then on, in the case of tort liability, to apply article n°1385 of the civil code and in the case of contractual liability to make a formal difference between security obligations of means and security obligations of results falling to the professionals
Guihaire, Julien. "Remodelage du Ventricule Droit dans l’Hypertension Pulmonaire Chronique Expérimentale." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114826/document.
Full textRight ventricular function is a major determinant of functional capacity and prognosis in pulmonary hypertension. Right heart failure related to pulmonary hypertension is associated with a mortality rate up to 40% when inotrope support is necessary. Cellular and molecular determinants of right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling are misunderstood, while a wide functional range is remarkable among patients sharing the same degree of pulmonary vascular resistance.In a first experimental study, we showed from a porcine model of chronic pulmonary hypertension that usual non-invasive indices of right ventricular function are rather associated with ventricular-arterial coupling than with contractility. Right ventricular response to exercise or to pharmacological stress has been poorly reported in pulmonary hypertension. In our piglet model, we showed that impairment of right ventricular contractile reserve is strongly associated with ventricular-arterial uncoupling. Rightventricular reserve might be a sensitive marker of early ventricular dysfunction. In a third study, we highlighted that a strong relationship between ventricular-arterial coupling and functional and molecular plasticity of the pressure overloaded right ventricle. Gene expression of the beta-myosin heavy chain may be related to right heart efficiency. We also oberved experimentally in rats that structural and functional remodeling of the pressure overloaded right ventricle is associated withmacrophagic infiltration in the myocardium.Our pathophysiologic results could improve patient’s stratification in chronic pulmonary hypertension.These mechanisms may represent innovative targeted therapies to improve right ventricular function despite persistent elevated afterload
Delage, Pierre-Jérôme. "La condition animale : essai juridique sur les justes places de l'Homme et de l'animal." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/0cc9467a-18a5-4d01-ba72-a0164429f6c2/blobholder:0/2013LIMO1006.pdf.
Full textWestern tradition has built an intangible barrier between humans and animals : humas have been described as superior beings, and animal as inferior. Civil law has relieved this dualism : humans are legal persons, subjects of dignity ; animals are legal things, with no intrinsic value. But some philosophers and lawyers criticize this dichotomy and want animals to be "humanised", to be given human rights and legal personhood (and their foundation : dignity). This argument has to be rejected, since it risks the dehumanization of humans : humans are vulnerable, and the humanization of animals (i. E. The abolition ot the frontier between humans and animals) could lead to the animalization of humans. It is therefore necessary to maintain humans as the only subjects of dignity and of the status of natural persons. However, animals (at least, sentient animals) are also vulnerable beings : they can be (and are often) treated as lifeless bodies, mere things, pure things. This vulnerability , shared with humans, means that animals possess an intrinsic value (proposed to be called "esséité" - the value of sentient being) : a value that does not allow the removal of animals from the category of legal things, but which gives all sentient animals an absolute legal protection, in order to protect them from the possible reduction to the condition of pure thing