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Academic literature on the topic 'Animaux – Moeurs et comportement – Cameroun'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Animaux – Moeurs et comportement – Cameroun"
Arnhem, Eric. "Eco-ethological response of great apes and other rainforest mammals to selective logging in Cameroon." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210369.
Full textThis thesis reports results of a longitudinal monitoring of abundances of nine mammal species in a forest concession over a four years period. From 2003 to 2006, four wildlife censuses have been conducted in the active core of FMU 10.030 allocated to the logging company PALLISCO. Our study area covers 176 sq-km and include several logging compartments and unlogged areas.
The diversity of specific responses to the introduction of human activities into the habitat is at the scale of the biological diversity of the habitat itself. A particular attention was paid to two emblematic species of the Cameroonian forests, western lowland gorillas G.g. gorilla and the common chimpanzees Pan troglodytes. During this work, we studied 1) how logging at industrial scale affects the spatial distribution of nine mammal species, including great apes, in timber production forests of South-eastern Cameroon, and 2) the nature of pressures exerted on animal populations within an active forest concession (anthropic, ecological, ethologic, etc).
Our first results indicate that the extraction of valuable timber species generates a spatial reorganization of gorillas and chimpanzees, inducing local modifications of population densities. This spatial reorganization seems to be mainly due to human activities per se rather than to modifications of the habitat structure or changes in the availability of fruits for these species. Compared with other mammals, great apes are at the two extreme opposites of a gradient of sensitivity to the habitat disturbances created by logging. Gorillas, as well as other "generalist" species like duikers, seem to thrive in logged forests, probably attracted in these areas by the secondarisation of the vegetation. Their densities decrease temporarily in logging compartments during logging operations but these species recover quickly, suggesting a repulsive effect of the human presence in the forest rather than a major alteration of the habitat quality for them. Rather "specialist" species seem to react by increasing the size of their foraging area. These are the sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei and bushpigs Potamochoerus porcus, two typical species of swamp forest with Raffia spp. and semi-inundated forests. These particular biotopes in the heart of the production forests seem to be playing the role of refuge zone for these species. Finally, two species were identified as being explicitly vulnerable to logging activities: the chimpanzees and forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Their abundances did not recover to original values during the period of study indicating that they still undergo some kind of ecological and/or anthropic pressures after the end of logging operations that is strongly adverse to them.
In order to contrast the ecological and/or anthropic factors ruling gorillas' and chimpanzees' spatial distribution in the habitat, we have used a spatial modelling technique called “Ecological Niche Factor Analysis - ENFA". ENFA-generated models for these two species mainly retained anthropic variables to explain great apes local repartition in the study area. For gorillas, it was mainly explained by the local pattern of logging compartments and the time that passed since the end of logging operations. Globally, this species avoids the areas of forests showing a high rate of human frequentation and is attracted to old logged areas. As for the chimpanzees, their spatial distribution is influenced mainly by the presence of roads which are largely avoided. The periphery of logged compartment seems to be a zone of convergence for chimpanzee communities that have probably been driven out from logging compartments during operations, but these movements of populations would be limited to short distances. The vulnerability of the chimpanzees is consequently explained by the absence of demographic mechanisms enabling them to avoid the disturbed zones while reducing the territorial conflicts.
The general trend in great ape abundances in an active logging concession confirms that even closely related species can show divergent capacities of survival when confronted to human disturbances. Our work highlights that chimpanzee communities demonstrate some spatial inertia, contrarily to gorillas which easily manage to avoid human activities. This inertia would be probably at the origin of its sensitivity to current forestry practices. Our results confirm White & Tutin (2001)'s socio-ecological explanation for the vulnerability of chimpanzees to logging in forests of Central Africa. Knowing this, it is imperative to set up concrete conservation actions aiming at maintaining the chimpanzee populations of in Cameroonian timber production forests.
Practically, selective logging would easily be compatible with the preservation of the majority of rainforests mammals if concrete measures aiming at decreasing the negative impacts of logging were effectively applied. As a general rule, the proximity between logged areas and some zones that can serve as refuge seems to be a determining factor of the persistence of rainforests mammals in logged forests. A line of thought would be thus to ensure safe shifts of populations towards these zones in order to guarantee the avoidance of disturbances and, later, the recovery of densities in logged forests. In this sense, our main recommendation consists in promoting a delimitation of logging compartments into narrow strips so as to reduce the distance to be walked by an animal to geographically avoid human disturbances. Additionally, it is necessary to set up well-designed biomonitoring programmes to follow up trends in wildlife abundances and promote a flexible management that can be adapted according to the evidence of detrimental events to wildlife.
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Avec plus de ¾ de la surface forestière du Cameroun allouée à l'exploitation forestière, la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dépendra de la façon dont seront gérés les massifs de forêt de production de ce pays dans les décennies à venir. Les mesures de gestion à appliquer devraient être orientées systématiquement vers une minimisation des impacts négatifs sur l'écosystème dans son ensemble, y compris sur les populations animales résidant dans ces forêts. Ceci nécessite une compréhension détaillée de la réponse de la grande et moyenne faune à l'exploitation forestière sélective telle qu'elle est effectivement pratiquée en Afrique Centrale.
Cette thèse de doctorat rapporte les résultats d'un suivi longitudinal, sur une période de quatre ans, des abondances de neuf espèces de mammifères au sein d'une concession forestière du Sud-est Cameroun. Au total, quatre recensements de la faune ont été réalisés entre 2003 et 2006 dans la partie active de l'UFA 10.030 allouée à la société PALLISCO. La zone étudiée couvre 176 km2 et englobe plusieurs parcelles annuelles d'abattage ainsi que des compartiments non exploités.
La diversité des réponses spécifiques vis-à-vis de l'introduction d'activités humaines dans l'habitat est à l'échelle de la diversité biologique de l'habitat lui-même. Une attention particulière a été portée sur deux espèces emblématiques des forêts camerounaises, les gorilles des plaines occidentales G.g. gorilla et les chimpanzés communs Pan t. troglodytes. Durant ce travail, nous avons étudié 1) comment l'exploitation forestière à l'échelle industrielle affecte la distribution spatiale de neuf espèces de mammifères, dont les grands singes, dans les massifs de forêt de production du Sud-est Cameroun, et 2) de quelle nature sont les pressions exercées sur les populations animales au sein d'une concession forestière active (anthropique, écologique, éthologique, etc.).
Nos premiers résultats indiquent que l'extraction d'essences précieuses dans les forêts camerounaises génère notamment une réorganisation de la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, induisant des modifications locales de densité de population. Cette réorganisation spatiale semble être due aux activités humaines elles-mêmes plutôt qu'aux modifications de la structure de l'habitat ou à une diminution de la disponibilité de certaines ressources alimentaires importantes pour ces espèces. Comparés à d'autres mammifères, les grands singes se placent aux deux extrêmes d'un gradient de sensibilité aux perturbations de l'habitat causés par l'exploitation forestière. Les gorilles, ainsi que d'autres espèces "généralistes" comme les céphalophes, semblent prospérer dans les forêts exploitées, probablement attirés dans ces zones par la secondarisation de la végétation. Leurs densités diminuent ponctuellement dans les parcelles d'abattage pendant les opérations d'extraction, mais retrouvent très vite leur niveau initial. Ceci suggère un effet répulsif de la présence humaine sur ces espèces plutôt qu'une altération majeure de la qualité de l'habitat pour ces dernières. D'autres espèces plus "spécialistes" semblent réagir en augmentant la taille de leurs aires de fourragement. Il s'agit des sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei et des potamochères Potamochoerus porcus, deux espèces appréciant les biotopes humides (marécages à Raphia spp. des zones de forêt inondées, etc.). Ces biotopes particuliers, non-affectés par l'exploitation forestière, au coeur des forêts de production semblent servir de refuge pour ces espèces. Enfin, deux espèces ont été identifiées comme étant explicitement très vulnérables aux activités d'exploitation: les chimpanzés et les éléphants des forêts Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Leurs abondances n'ont pas recouvré les valeurs originelles durant la période d'étude, indiquant que ces espèces subissent encore des pressions écologiques et/ou anthropiques jusqu'à quatre ans après la fin des activités d'exploitation forestière.
Afin de contraster les facteurs écologiques et/ou anthropiques régissant la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, nous avons fait usage d'une technique de modélisation spatiale appelée "Ecological Niche Factor Analysis – ENFA". Les modèles ENFA pour ces deux espèces ont principalement retenu les variables anthropiques pour expliquer la distribution spatiale des grands singes dans l'aire d'étude. Il a ainsi été démontré que la répartition des gorilles était en grande partie expliquée par l'agencement local des AACs et le temps qui s'est écoulé depuis la fin des opérations d'extraction dans celles-ci. De manière générale, cette espèce évite les zones présentant un haut taux de fréquentation humaine et préfère les forêts exploitées quelques années auparavant. Quant aux chimpanzés, leur distribution spatiale est principalement expliquée par la présence de routes et pistes forestières qui sont amplement évitées. La périphérie des zones exploitées semble être une zone de convergence pour les chimpanzés qui y seraient vraisemblablement refoulés lors des perturbations, mais ces mouvements seraient limités à de courtes distances. La vulnérabilité des chimpanzés s'expliquerait dès lors par l'absence de mécanismes démographiques leur permettant d'éviter les zones affectées tout en réduisant les conflits territoriaux résultant d'une réorganisation spatiale.
La tendance globale des variations d'abondance des grands singes au sein d'une concession forestière en cours d'exploitation confirme que même des espèces très proches phylogénétiquement peuvent faire preuve de capacités différentes de survie face aux perturbations anthropiques. Il ressort de nos observations que les communautés de chimpanzés font preuve d'une certaine inertie spatiale, contrairement aux gorilles qui parviennent à éviter les activités humaines. Cette inertie serait probablement à l'origine de sa vulnérabilité face aux pratiques forestières actuelles. Nos résultats viennent confirmer l'hypothèse socio-écologique émise par White & Tutin (2001). Face à ce malheureux constat, il est impératif de mettre en place des mesures concrètes de gestion visant à maintenir les populations de chimpanzés dans les forêts de production camerounaises.
Pratiquement, l'exploitation sélective serait compatible avec la conservation de la plupart des mammifères si certaines mesures de gestion visant à diminuer les impacts négatifs étaient rapidement mises en application. La proximité entre les zones exploitées et les zones pouvant servir de refuge semble être un facteur déterminant de la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dans les forêts de production du Cameroun. Une ligne de réflexion serait donc d'assurer les mouvements de populations vers ces zones-refuge sans heurts afin de garantir l'émigration des populations animales en dehors des zones affectées et la recolonisation ultérieure des forêts exploitées. En ce sens, notre principale recommandation consiste à promouvoir un découpage en assiettes de coupe en bandes relativement étroites (<2,5 km) de façon à réduire la distance à parcourir pour éviter géographiquement les perturbations anthropiques. De même, il serait nécessaire de mettre en place des programmes de suivi régulier des abondances faunistiques afin de permettre une gestion adaptative qui s'ajusterait au vu d'événements critiques pour la faune.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pansini, Riccardo. "Cooperation and economic behaviour in wild vervet monkeys : An experimental approach." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/PANSINI_Riccardo_2011.pdf.
Full textA number of theoretical papers have investigated cooperation but only a very few studies have examined the evolution of cooperation in natural animal populations under experimental conditions. Over the course of three years, I performed field experiments with three groups of wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in South Africa. The experiments involved at least two or more individuals repeatedly operating feeder; that is to cooperate to get access to food. The purpose of the experiments was to test partner choice strategies and the modified social structure after the experiment. The recurrent partner associations observed before the experiment only partly predicted the forming of cooperative partnerships during the experiment. Most subjects cooperated with specific and recurring combinations of partners. Interestingly sex, age and kinship did not explain the specific partner matching. Rather, higher ranking individuals cooperated with others higher ranking, and lower ranking ones with others of lower rank. To test biological market theory models, I thereafter analysed whether the social networks modified because of the cooperation events. During the training phase, the monkeys became able to discriminate between the values of the contribution to the cooperation across classes. Because one social class was less numerous than the other, its members acquired a privileged status. To test whether cooperation increases discrimination among group members I recommend the implementation of this experiment in the field with other primate species and other mammals
Le, Vaillant Maryline. "Effet de l’âge et de l’expérience sur les stratégies de recherche alimentaire chez une espèce d’oiseau longévive : le manchot royal." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6216.
Full textLife history theory predicts that long-lived species should firstly favour their survival at young ages since their chances to engage in future reproductive attempts is high, and then progressively favour their reproduction when growing old. This theory has received much support from experimental and field data as reproductive success often increases with age until the individual reaches senescence. One explanation of age-dependent reproductive performance could be the improvement in foraging efficiency with age and acquisition of experience. We examined age and experience effects on foraging behaviour in a long-lived seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We highlighted that, with increasing age and experience, king penguin in Crozet Archipelago conduct strategies that aim at reducing the foraging effort, such as diving optimization or age-specific choice of prey. The extra foraging effort of first breeders had an impact on their breeding success. Nevertheless, we found no differences in hunting efficiency according to age and/or experience. Our results suggest that foraging efficiency of breeders could be more linked to physiological processes, such as cellular ageing, than to age or experience
Théraulaz, Guy. "Morphogenèse et auto-organisation des comportements dans les colonies de guêpes Polistes dominulus (Christ) : une introduction aux propriétés de l'intelligence en essaim." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11338.
Full textMagnac, Marie-Pierre. "Etude comparative de l'ontogenèse sociale précoce chez trois espèces d'ongulés en captivité : Bison bison, Rangifer tarandus, Ovis vignei." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30090.
Full textHamelin, Frédéric. "Jeux dynamiques en écologie du comportement." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4018.
Full textThis thesis is inspired from a game occurring among insect parasitoids, which, competing for hosts via which they can reproduce, attack the progeny of their fellows. One refers to superparasitism. In many species, hosts are patchily distributed in the environment. The spatiotemporal framework of this game is thus that of the patch. Patch whose composition, in terms of healthy and parasitized hosts, evolves during the game, hence its dynamic component. First, we introduce dynamic games through an original result which deals with uncoupling Isaacs equations in two-player nonzero-sum differential games. It is illustrated by an example which addresses the conflict over parental care in monogamous species. Second, we revisit classical optimal foraging theory, which we extend to a game-theoretical framework. Arises a sequence of war of attrition, sometimes separated by respite periods. Finally, we address superparasitism as a differential game and it turns out that, this time, superparasitism does not necessarily lead to a war of attrition. It open prospects both on the mathematical (singularities in nonzero-sum differential games) and biological sides (laboratory experiments)
Draganoiu, Tudor Ion. "Investissement parental et reconnaissance acoustique entre parents et jeunes chez une espèce d'oiseaux chanteurs, le rougequeue noir, Phoenicurus ochruros." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100099.
Full textI studied parental investment and parent-offspring acoustic communication in a mainly monogamous songbird, the black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros. After fledging, two patterns of parental care can be distiguished. In most cases broods are divided and each parent preferentially feeds one or more chicks, males tending to feed less young than females. Alternatively, mates provide no post-fledging care or only occasionally feed their chicks. These results support the idea that brood division is a consequence of sexual conflict. The existence of two categories of offspring in relation to one parent provides a natural context enabling to investigate songbirds acoustic recognition abilities. Within divided broods, each parent is able to acoustically discriminate between the begging caps of its preferentially fed chicks and the caps of chicks fed by the other parent. This result suggests that parentoffspring acoustic recognition in songbirds may be more widespread than previously thought
Jankowski, Frédérique. "Étude du processus d'habituation de communautés de primates en milieu naturel : approche éthologique et anthropologique." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0345.
Full textHabituation is the term used to descibe the acceptance, by wild animals, of a human observer as a neutral element in their environment. This process allows to reduce flight distance of primates and to observe theim from closer. If habituation is the first step of all of primate social behaviours field studies, the process itself is rarely described. Habituation has brought obervers and animal together, but this situation has not involved any questioning about the methods that are used to interpret ethological obsevations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relevance of usual animal behaviour interpretation charts and to propose a more suitable frame of analysis of genuine field situations. Two habituations processes were initiated on baboons in the "Parc National de la Comoé" in Ivory Coast and in northwestern of Guinea. Observations were also made in South Africa. In order to interpret the reactions of baboons during habituation process more accurately, we carried out a crossed analysis of field data using ethological and anthropological methods. If the first ones allow to define some estimate indicators of the habituation level of primates to observers, they can not account for the complexity of process which commits the observer as well as the observed animals. The analysis of the process mechanisms necessarily requires a changing perspective on the object under study, from the primate itself to the primate/observer interface. The habituation is considered as an interdisciplinary study object which questions one of the fundamental processes of field studies in ethology and, globally speaking, the relationship between observer and animal
Gheusi, Gilles. "Développement et spécificité des comportements chez la souris (mus musculus). Influence de l'environnement parental." Paris 13, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA132014.
Full textSueur, Cédric. "Étude comparative de l’influence des relations sociales sur l’organisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de macaques (Macaca tonkeana, M. Mulatta)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/SUEUR_Cedric_2008.pdf.
Full textLiving in groups involves group cohesion and synchronization. In this context, animals with different needs have to decide collectively about the time and the direction to move. In Primates, studies mainly focused on intentional behaviours such as recruitment, while in large groups they showed the existence of auto-organised processes. Few studies however have been carried out to prove the existence of these self-organised processes in highly structured groups as primates’ ones. In the same way, studies showed how social relationships of group members constrained behaviours like aggressive, conciliatory or grooming ones but we don’t know how these social relationships influenced the kind of consensus in a species. In order to test these hypotheses, I studied two macaque species with contrasted social style, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) having a strict hierarchy and a high nepotism and the Tonkean macaque (M. Tonkeana) known to be tolerant. Results of this thesis showed the existence of both auto-organised processes and more complex ones in these stable small groups with individuals demonstrating relatively complex cognitive abilities. Results also proved the influence of the social style of a species, in term of dominance and kinship, on the consensus. Tonkean macaques displayed an equally shared consensus and group members are organised according to affiliation during a collective movement. Conversely, rhesus macaques displayed a partially shared consensus in favour of high-ranking individuals and the organisation of individuals was biased in favour of kinship
Books on the topic "Animaux – Moeurs et comportement – Cameroun"
1964-, Hubert Marie-Luce, Klein Jean-Louis 1955-, Knotek Libuše, Knotek Jaromír, and Preclíková Marie, eds. Les animaux et leurs petits dans la nature: Oiseaux et mammifères des forêts, des plaines et des milieux aquatiques. Ingersheim: SAEP, 1995.
Find full textFrank, Cézilly, and Giraldeau Luc-Alain 1955-, eds. Écologie comportementale: Cours et questions de réflexion. Paris: Dunod, 2005.
Find full textHampson, Cy. With ptarmigan & tundra wolves. Victoria, B.C., Canada: Orca Book Publishers, 1991.
Find full textEncyclopédie des animaux: Mammifères, oiseaux, reptiles, amphibiens. [Paris]: Succès du livre, 2003.
Find full textGaneri, Anita. Les animaux forment des familles. Tournai [Belgique]: Éditions Gamma, 1992.
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