Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animaux – Moeurs et comportement – Cameroun'
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Arnhem, Eric. "Eco-ethological response of great apes and other rainforest mammals to selective logging in Cameroon." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210369.
Full textThis thesis reports results of a longitudinal monitoring of abundances of nine mammal species in a forest concession over a four years period. From 2003 to 2006, four wildlife censuses have been conducted in the active core of FMU 10.030 allocated to the logging company PALLISCO. Our study area covers 176 sq-km and include several logging compartments and unlogged areas.
The diversity of specific responses to the introduction of human activities into the habitat is at the scale of the biological diversity of the habitat itself. A particular attention was paid to two emblematic species of the Cameroonian forests, western lowland gorillas G.g. gorilla and the common chimpanzees Pan troglodytes. During this work, we studied 1) how logging at industrial scale affects the spatial distribution of nine mammal species, including great apes, in timber production forests of South-eastern Cameroon, and 2) the nature of pressures exerted on animal populations within an active forest concession (anthropic, ecological, ethologic, etc).
Our first results indicate that the extraction of valuable timber species generates a spatial reorganization of gorillas and chimpanzees, inducing local modifications of population densities. This spatial reorganization seems to be mainly due to human activities per se rather than to modifications of the habitat structure or changes in the availability of fruits for these species. Compared with other mammals, great apes are at the two extreme opposites of a gradient of sensitivity to the habitat disturbances created by logging. Gorillas, as well as other "generalist" species like duikers, seem to thrive in logged forests, probably attracted in these areas by the secondarisation of the vegetation. Their densities decrease temporarily in logging compartments during logging operations but these species recover quickly, suggesting a repulsive effect of the human presence in the forest rather than a major alteration of the habitat quality for them. Rather "specialist" species seem to react by increasing the size of their foraging area. These are the sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei and bushpigs Potamochoerus porcus, two typical species of swamp forest with Raffia spp. and semi-inundated forests. These particular biotopes in the heart of the production forests seem to be playing the role of refuge zone for these species. Finally, two species were identified as being explicitly vulnerable to logging activities: the chimpanzees and forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Their abundances did not recover to original values during the period of study indicating that they still undergo some kind of ecological and/or anthropic pressures after the end of logging operations that is strongly adverse to them.
In order to contrast the ecological and/or anthropic factors ruling gorillas' and chimpanzees' spatial distribution in the habitat, we have used a spatial modelling technique called “Ecological Niche Factor Analysis - ENFA". ENFA-generated models for these two species mainly retained anthropic variables to explain great apes local repartition in the study area. For gorillas, it was mainly explained by the local pattern of logging compartments and the time that passed since the end of logging operations. Globally, this species avoids the areas of forests showing a high rate of human frequentation and is attracted to old logged areas. As for the chimpanzees, their spatial distribution is influenced mainly by the presence of roads which are largely avoided. The periphery of logged compartment seems to be a zone of convergence for chimpanzee communities that have probably been driven out from logging compartments during operations, but these movements of populations would be limited to short distances. The vulnerability of the chimpanzees is consequently explained by the absence of demographic mechanisms enabling them to avoid the disturbed zones while reducing the territorial conflicts.
The general trend in great ape abundances in an active logging concession confirms that even closely related species can show divergent capacities of survival when confronted to human disturbances. Our work highlights that chimpanzee communities demonstrate some spatial inertia, contrarily to gorillas which easily manage to avoid human activities. This inertia would be probably at the origin of its sensitivity to current forestry practices. Our results confirm White & Tutin (2001)'s socio-ecological explanation for the vulnerability of chimpanzees to logging in forests of Central Africa. Knowing this, it is imperative to set up concrete conservation actions aiming at maintaining the chimpanzee populations of in Cameroonian timber production forests.
Practically, selective logging would easily be compatible with the preservation of the majority of rainforests mammals if concrete measures aiming at decreasing the negative impacts of logging were effectively applied. As a general rule, the proximity between logged areas and some zones that can serve as refuge seems to be a determining factor of the persistence of rainforests mammals in logged forests. A line of thought would be thus to ensure safe shifts of populations towards these zones in order to guarantee the avoidance of disturbances and, later, the recovery of densities in logged forests. In this sense, our main recommendation consists in promoting a delimitation of logging compartments into narrow strips so as to reduce the distance to be walked by an animal to geographically avoid human disturbances. Additionally, it is necessary to set up well-designed biomonitoring programmes to follow up trends in wildlife abundances and promote a flexible management that can be adapted according to the evidence of detrimental events to wildlife.
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Avec plus de ¾ de la surface forestière du Cameroun allouée à l'exploitation forestière, la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dépendra de la façon dont seront gérés les massifs de forêt de production de ce pays dans les décennies à venir. Les mesures de gestion à appliquer devraient être orientées systématiquement vers une minimisation des impacts négatifs sur l'écosystème dans son ensemble, y compris sur les populations animales résidant dans ces forêts. Ceci nécessite une compréhension détaillée de la réponse de la grande et moyenne faune à l'exploitation forestière sélective telle qu'elle est effectivement pratiquée en Afrique Centrale.
Cette thèse de doctorat rapporte les résultats d'un suivi longitudinal, sur une période de quatre ans, des abondances de neuf espèces de mammifères au sein d'une concession forestière du Sud-est Cameroun. Au total, quatre recensements de la faune ont été réalisés entre 2003 et 2006 dans la partie active de l'UFA 10.030 allouée à la société PALLISCO. La zone étudiée couvre 176 km2 et englobe plusieurs parcelles annuelles d'abattage ainsi que des compartiments non exploités.
La diversité des réponses spécifiques vis-à-vis de l'introduction d'activités humaines dans l'habitat est à l'échelle de la diversité biologique de l'habitat lui-même. Une attention particulière a été portée sur deux espèces emblématiques des forêts camerounaises, les gorilles des plaines occidentales G.g. gorilla et les chimpanzés communs Pan t. troglodytes. Durant ce travail, nous avons étudié 1) comment l'exploitation forestière à l'échelle industrielle affecte la distribution spatiale de neuf espèces de mammifères, dont les grands singes, dans les massifs de forêt de production du Sud-est Cameroun, et 2) de quelle nature sont les pressions exercées sur les populations animales au sein d'une concession forestière active (anthropique, écologique, éthologique, etc.).
Nos premiers résultats indiquent que l'extraction d'essences précieuses dans les forêts camerounaises génère notamment une réorganisation de la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, induisant des modifications locales de densité de population. Cette réorganisation spatiale semble être due aux activités humaines elles-mêmes plutôt qu'aux modifications de la structure de l'habitat ou à une diminution de la disponibilité de certaines ressources alimentaires importantes pour ces espèces. Comparés à d'autres mammifères, les grands singes se placent aux deux extrêmes d'un gradient de sensibilité aux perturbations de l'habitat causés par l'exploitation forestière. Les gorilles, ainsi que d'autres espèces "généralistes" comme les céphalophes, semblent prospérer dans les forêts exploitées, probablement attirés dans ces zones par la secondarisation de la végétation. Leurs densités diminuent ponctuellement dans les parcelles d'abattage pendant les opérations d'extraction, mais retrouvent très vite leur niveau initial. Ceci suggère un effet répulsif de la présence humaine sur ces espèces plutôt qu'une altération majeure de la qualité de l'habitat pour ces dernières. D'autres espèces plus "spécialistes" semblent réagir en augmentant la taille de leurs aires de fourragement. Il s'agit des sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei et des potamochères Potamochoerus porcus, deux espèces appréciant les biotopes humides (marécages à Raphia spp. des zones de forêt inondées, etc.). Ces biotopes particuliers, non-affectés par l'exploitation forestière, au coeur des forêts de production semblent servir de refuge pour ces espèces. Enfin, deux espèces ont été identifiées comme étant explicitement très vulnérables aux activités d'exploitation: les chimpanzés et les éléphants des forêts Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Leurs abondances n'ont pas recouvré les valeurs originelles durant la période d'étude, indiquant que ces espèces subissent encore des pressions écologiques et/ou anthropiques jusqu'à quatre ans après la fin des activités d'exploitation forestière.
Afin de contraster les facteurs écologiques et/ou anthropiques régissant la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, nous avons fait usage d'une technique de modélisation spatiale appelée "Ecological Niche Factor Analysis – ENFA". Les modèles ENFA pour ces deux espèces ont principalement retenu les variables anthropiques pour expliquer la distribution spatiale des grands singes dans l'aire d'étude. Il a ainsi été démontré que la répartition des gorilles était en grande partie expliquée par l'agencement local des AACs et le temps qui s'est écoulé depuis la fin des opérations d'extraction dans celles-ci. De manière générale, cette espèce évite les zones présentant un haut taux de fréquentation humaine et préfère les forêts exploitées quelques années auparavant. Quant aux chimpanzés, leur distribution spatiale est principalement expliquée par la présence de routes et pistes forestières qui sont amplement évitées. La périphérie des zones exploitées semble être une zone de convergence pour les chimpanzés qui y seraient vraisemblablement refoulés lors des perturbations, mais ces mouvements seraient limités à de courtes distances. La vulnérabilité des chimpanzés s'expliquerait dès lors par l'absence de mécanismes démographiques leur permettant d'éviter les zones affectées tout en réduisant les conflits territoriaux résultant d'une réorganisation spatiale.
La tendance globale des variations d'abondance des grands singes au sein d'une concession forestière en cours d'exploitation confirme que même des espèces très proches phylogénétiquement peuvent faire preuve de capacités différentes de survie face aux perturbations anthropiques. Il ressort de nos observations que les communautés de chimpanzés font preuve d'une certaine inertie spatiale, contrairement aux gorilles qui parviennent à éviter les activités humaines. Cette inertie serait probablement à l'origine de sa vulnérabilité face aux pratiques forestières actuelles. Nos résultats viennent confirmer l'hypothèse socio-écologique émise par White & Tutin (2001). Face à ce malheureux constat, il est impératif de mettre en place des mesures concrètes de gestion visant à maintenir les populations de chimpanzés dans les forêts de production camerounaises.
Pratiquement, l'exploitation sélective serait compatible avec la conservation de la plupart des mammifères si certaines mesures de gestion visant à diminuer les impacts négatifs étaient rapidement mises en application. La proximité entre les zones exploitées et les zones pouvant servir de refuge semble être un facteur déterminant de la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dans les forêts de production du Cameroun. Une ligne de réflexion serait donc d'assurer les mouvements de populations vers ces zones-refuge sans heurts afin de garantir l'émigration des populations animales en dehors des zones affectées et la recolonisation ultérieure des forêts exploitées. En ce sens, notre principale recommandation consiste à promouvoir un découpage en assiettes de coupe en bandes relativement étroites (<2,5 km) de façon à réduire la distance à parcourir pour éviter géographiquement les perturbations anthropiques. De même, il serait nécessaire de mettre en place des programmes de suivi régulier des abondances faunistiques afin de permettre une gestion adaptative qui s'ajusterait au vu d'événements critiques pour la faune.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pansini, Riccardo. "Cooperation and economic behaviour in wild vervet monkeys : An experimental approach." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/PANSINI_Riccardo_2011.pdf.
Full textA number of theoretical papers have investigated cooperation but only a very few studies have examined the evolution of cooperation in natural animal populations under experimental conditions. Over the course of three years, I performed field experiments with three groups of wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in South Africa. The experiments involved at least two or more individuals repeatedly operating feeder; that is to cooperate to get access to food. The purpose of the experiments was to test partner choice strategies and the modified social structure after the experiment. The recurrent partner associations observed before the experiment only partly predicted the forming of cooperative partnerships during the experiment. Most subjects cooperated with specific and recurring combinations of partners. Interestingly sex, age and kinship did not explain the specific partner matching. Rather, higher ranking individuals cooperated with others higher ranking, and lower ranking ones with others of lower rank. To test biological market theory models, I thereafter analysed whether the social networks modified because of the cooperation events. During the training phase, the monkeys became able to discriminate between the values of the contribution to the cooperation across classes. Because one social class was less numerous than the other, its members acquired a privileged status. To test whether cooperation increases discrimination among group members I recommend the implementation of this experiment in the field with other primate species and other mammals
Le, Vaillant Maryline. "Effet de l’âge et de l’expérience sur les stratégies de recherche alimentaire chez une espèce d’oiseau longévive : le manchot royal." Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6216.
Full textLife history theory predicts that long-lived species should firstly favour their survival at young ages since their chances to engage in future reproductive attempts is high, and then progressively favour their reproduction when growing old. This theory has received much support from experimental and field data as reproductive success often increases with age until the individual reaches senescence. One explanation of age-dependent reproductive performance could be the improvement in foraging efficiency with age and acquisition of experience. We examined age and experience effects on foraging behaviour in a long-lived seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We highlighted that, with increasing age and experience, king penguin in Crozet Archipelago conduct strategies that aim at reducing the foraging effort, such as diving optimization or age-specific choice of prey. The extra foraging effort of first breeders had an impact on their breeding success. Nevertheless, we found no differences in hunting efficiency according to age and/or experience. Our results suggest that foraging efficiency of breeders could be more linked to physiological processes, such as cellular ageing, than to age or experience
Théraulaz, Guy. "Morphogenèse et auto-organisation des comportements dans les colonies de guêpes Polistes dominulus (Christ) : une introduction aux propriétés de l'intelligence en essaim." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX11338.
Full textMagnac, Marie-Pierre. "Etude comparative de l'ontogenèse sociale précoce chez trois espèces d'ongulés en captivité : Bison bison, Rangifer tarandus, Ovis vignei." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30090.
Full textHamelin, Frédéric. "Jeux dynamiques en écologie du comportement." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4018.
Full textThis thesis is inspired from a game occurring among insect parasitoids, which, competing for hosts via which they can reproduce, attack the progeny of their fellows. One refers to superparasitism. In many species, hosts are patchily distributed in the environment. The spatiotemporal framework of this game is thus that of the patch. Patch whose composition, in terms of healthy and parasitized hosts, evolves during the game, hence its dynamic component. First, we introduce dynamic games through an original result which deals with uncoupling Isaacs equations in two-player nonzero-sum differential games. It is illustrated by an example which addresses the conflict over parental care in monogamous species. Second, we revisit classical optimal foraging theory, which we extend to a game-theoretical framework. Arises a sequence of war of attrition, sometimes separated by respite periods. Finally, we address superparasitism as a differential game and it turns out that, this time, superparasitism does not necessarily lead to a war of attrition. It open prospects both on the mathematical (singularities in nonzero-sum differential games) and biological sides (laboratory experiments)
Draganoiu, Tudor Ion. "Investissement parental et reconnaissance acoustique entre parents et jeunes chez une espèce d'oiseaux chanteurs, le rougequeue noir, Phoenicurus ochruros." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100099.
Full textI studied parental investment and parent-offspring acoustic communication in a mainly monogamous songbird, the black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros. After fledging, two patterns of parental care can be distiguished. In most cases broods are divided and each parent preferentially feeds one or more chicks, males tending to feed less young than females. Alternatively, mates provide no post-fledging care or only occasionally feed their chicks. These results support the idea that brood division is a consequence of sexual conflict. The existence of two categories of offspring in relation to one parent provides a natural context enabling to investigate songbirds acoustic recognition abilities. Within divided broods, each parent is able to acoustically discriminate between the begging caps of its preferentially fed chicks and the caps of chicks fed by the other parent. This result suggests that parentoffspring acoustic recognition in songbirds may be more widespread than previously thought
Jankowski, Frédérique. "Étude du processus d'habituation de communautés de primates en milieu naturel : approche éthologique et anthropologique." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0345.
Full textHabituation is the term used to descibe the acceptance, by wild animals, of a human observer as a neutral element in their environment. This process allows to reduce flight distance of primates and to observe theim from closer. If habituation is the first step of all of primate social behaviours field studies, the process itself is rarely described. Habituation has brought obervers and animal together, but this situation has not involved any questioning about the methods that are used to interpret ethological obsevations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relevance of usual animal behaviour interpretation charts and to propose a more suitable frame of analysis of genuine field situations. Two habituations processes were initiated on baboons in the "Parc National de la Comoé" in Ivory Coast and in northwestern of Guinea. Observations were also made in South Africa. In order to interpret the reactions of baboons during habituation process more accurately, we carried out a crossed analysis of field data using ethological and anthropological methods. If the first ones allow to define some estimate indicators of the habituation level of primates to observers, they can not account for the complexity of process which commits the observer as well as the observed animals. The analysis of the process mechanisms necessarily requires a changing perspective on the object under study, from the primate itself to the primate/observer interface. The habituation is considered as an interdisciplinary study object which questions one of the fundamental processes of field studies in ethology and, globally speaking, the relationship between observer and animal
Gheusi, Gilles. "Développement et spécificité des comportements chez la souris (mus musculus). Influence de l'environnement parental." Paris 13, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA132014.
Full textSueur, Cédric. "Étude comparative de l’influence des relations sociales sur l’organisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de macaques (Macaca tonkeana, M. Mulatta)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/SUEUR_Cedric_2008.pdf.
Full textLiving in groups involves group cohesion and synchronization. In this context, animals with different needs have to decide collectively about the time and the direction to move. In Primates, studies mainly focused on intentional behaviours such as recruitment, while in large groups they showed the existence of auto-organised processes. Few studies however have been carried out to prove the existence of these self-organised processes in highly structured groups as primates’ ones. In the same way, studies showed how social relationships of group members constrained behaviours like aggressive, conciliatory or grooming ones but we don’t know how these social relationships influenced the kind of consensus in a species. In order to test these hypotheses, I studied two macaque species with contrasted social style, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) having a strict hierarchy and a high nepotism and the Tonkean macaque (M. Tonkeana) known to be tolerant. Results of this thesis showed the existence of both auto-organised processes and more complex ones in these stable small groups with individuals demonstrating relatively complex cognitive abilities. Results also proved the influence of the social style of a species, in term of dominance and kinship, on the consensus. Tonkean macaques displayed an equally shared consensus and group members are organised according to affiliation during a collective movement. Conversely, rhesus macaques displayed a partially shared consensus in favour of high-ranking individuals and the organisation of individuals was biased in favour of kinship
Vienne, Catherine. "Organisation sociale et reconnaissance interindividuelle dans les colonies mixtes artificielles de fourmis." Paris 13, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA132013.
Full textVakanas, Guillaume. "Les mécanismes de la coopération chez les Arthropodes sociaux : étude de la prédation chez une araignée sociale "Anelosimus eximius" ("Araneae,Theridiidae)." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10025.
Full textPredation in a social species of spider, Anelosimus eximius, is characterised by 3 steps: during the first spiders are recruited, thus it capture and finally transport the prey. The organisation observed during capture and transport is explained by a coordination of individual acts that results of an adjustment of their behaviours to the state of the prey and to its environment (stimergic process). This is confirmed by computer simulation. The regulation of the number of individuals participating in every stage of the predation is also explained by auto-organisation phenomena. It is the prey features (vibrations, weight and size) that regulate the individual involvement. The nutritional status of individuals is also involved in this regulation. Small spiders are more active than large one. Thus, cooperation during predation emerges from group living and doesn't require sophisticated communication mechanisms between individuals. It permits to understand better how the passage from solitary to social species has been realised without important modifications of individual behaviours
Coureaud, Gérard. "La Régulation olfactive de la prise lactée chez le lapereau : caractérisation éthologique et chimique d'un signal phéromonal." Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA132036.
Full textJacquot, Catherine. "Compétition et approvisionnement alimentaire chez 2 souches de souris domestique, Mus m. Domesticus (DDO) et Mus m. Musculus (MDH) : inteactions entre mâles et effet des odeurs sociales." Paris 13, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA132016.
Full textScheid, Christelle. "Cooperation and temperament in rooksCoopération et tempérament chez les corbeaux freux." Strasbourg 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13151.
Full textLigout, Séverine. "Mécanismes et bases sensorielles de la discrimination sociale entre jeunes chez les ovins : étude comportementale." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4010.
Full textWe demonstrated that two mechanisms are involved in social recognition by lambs : direct familarisation (which allows subsequent recognition of familiar individuals) and indirect familiarity (in which individuals that have not been previously encountered are discriminated based upon their phenotypic resemblance to the subject lamb or to a lamb with which the suject is familiar). The presence of the mother also plays an important role in the development of discriminative interactions between young lambs (twins and unrelated agemates). Amongst the sensory modalities that were studied (olfaction, audition, vision), no single one was found to be necessary for discrimination between agemates. However, each one is sufficient for twin recognition but not for familiar unrelated individuals discrimination (only auditory cues are then sufficient). These results indicate that social discrimination is multi-sensory and that twin recognition is more efficient than recognition of non-kin individuals
Rinaldi, Daisy. "Un modèle génétique d'épilepsie-absences chez la souris : caractérisations éléctroencéphalographique, comportementale et pharmacologique." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2029.
Full textNejdi, Amine. "Différenciations comportementales dans des groupes de souris placées en situation de difficulté d'accès à la nourriture : influence de facteurs individuels et des caractéristiques de l'environnement : comparaison de deux souches consanguines." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0268_NEJDI.pdf.
Full textVicart, Marion. "Des chiens auprès des hommes : ou comment penser la présence des animaux en sciences sociales." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0070.
Full textAlmost human, and in the meantime "something". The following statement is the basis of my PHD Thesis: in social sciences, the canine presence is often set between two interceptable concepts. Not really "someone" nor "something," dogs are never studied for what they really are. Where does the dog stand in sciences? How can one observe it as an understood being? How can one study the uniqueness to its own existence? These are the key questions that express the problematic to this field of research. There is a link that stands as an epistemology and a methodology of establishing new ways, which provides us with new methods of presenting animals in social sciences. This view enables us to enrich our understanding on man and dog. A specific observation-description called phenomenography is placed on the core foundations of this research. This approach draws on the step-by-step detailed analysis of modality of humans and dogs presence observed in their daily routines. More specifically, with the help of photographed sequences, it allows the study of their cognitive capacity and their regular attitudes in order to discover the differences and similarities. The underlying meaning of the hypothesis of this work, despite the characteristics of their existence, man and dog share a minor way of being in the world. This minor characteristic is an essential component of the inter-specific relation from which we are trying to define these stakes. Dogs are an example of a new presence of animal in social sciences. 80 they may help us to consider a new definition of 'anthropology’
Charpentier, Marie. "Système de reproduction, relations de parenté et structure sociale chez Mandrillus Sphinx : Approche intégrée en écologie comportementale et génétique." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20158.
Full textBeaulieu, Michael. "Réponses aux contraintes de reproduction chez le manchot Adélie." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6205.
Full textLife-history theory predicts that an increased allocation of resources into current breeding will be followed by a lower adult survival or fecundity. Consequently, long-lived animals have to accurately regulate their effort in current reproduction to maximise their survival probability and lifetime breeding success. In addition, in biparental species, a conflict of interest may arise between mates, both being expected to minimise their breeding effort in current reproduction. We examined the trade-off between reproduction and maintenance in a long-lived and biparental species, the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae, subjected to two constraints (environmental and experimental) affecting food accessibility during the breeding season. Penguins responded to both constraints by adjusting their foraging behaviour: longer foraging trips, modified spatial distribution and diving parameters. These behavioural changes are likely to result from hormonal changes (prolactin). In addition, penguins facing a breeding constraint give priority to their maintenance by increasing their antioxidant capacity, expected to reduce the negative impacts of reproduction on the organism senescence (steady telomere size). However, when the constraint is too severe, these behavioural and physiological adjustments are insufficient and in that case, penguins exhibit decreased body condition, lower survival rate and fecundity the subsequent year. This may explain why, when only one mate is subjected to a breeding constraint, its partner does not increase its parental effort to compensate, presumably to avoid the potential long-term consequences of an additional investment. In Adélie penguins, parental flexibility appears limited and beyond a threshold of constraint, this flexibility remains insufficient to avoid the deleterious consequences of reproduction on their fitness
Veuillet, Evelyne. "Les activités aminotransférasiques de la tyrosine du foie et du cerveau en relation avec le comportement chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO11770.
Full textBenhajali, Haifa. "Reproduction et bien-être chez le cheval domestique : approche comportementale." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S147.
Full textLe but de ce travail était d’identifier les facteurs mis en jeu, en particulier comportementaux, dans les problèmes de fertilité constatés chez la jument domestique. Dans une première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet de certains facteurs liés à l’individu tels que l’âge, statut de reproduction et père de la jument ains que l’étalon de saillie. Les résultats de cette analyse ont confirmé les effets âge, statut de reproduction et étalon de saillie observés chez d’autres races de chevaux mais ont aussi permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois l’effet de l’origine paternelle de la jument sur sa fertilité. Une étude préliminaire du comportement de poulinières maintenues en forte densité dans des paddocks dénudés a révélé des répertoires comportementaux et des budgets temps inhabituels par rapport à ceux observés à l’état naturel. Afin d’évaluer ces perturbations comportementales et de rechercher leurs causes possibles, nous avons procédé à l’expérimentation. Nous avons donc testé l’effet de promouvoir un comportement alimentaire naturel sur le bien-être et la reproduction des juments. Cette expérience a montré des effets significatifs du traitement sur le comportement social, le répertoire comportemental et le budget temps des juments mais aussi sur leurs performances de reproduction (des taux de conception meilleurs et une faible fréquence de troubles du cycle ovarien). Dans une troisième étape de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés au lien entre les stéréotypies, considérées comme étant des indicateurs de stress chronique, en réponse à des conditions environnementales défavorables et les performances de reproduction des juments. Nos résultats ont révélé, pour la première fois, un succès reproducteur plus faible chez les juments montrant une activité stéréotypique
Anglade, Françoise. "Effets d'agents cholinergiques et de ligands des récepteurs des benzodiazépines sur les processus mnésiques évalués dans trois tests comportementaux chez le rat." Paris 13, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA131025.
Full textThe role of acetylcholine in mnesie processus has been demonstrated using numerous animal models. A large number of studies on benzodiazepine receptor ligands has also been carried out in this fiel, particularly in clinical research. Our present study has two aims : to refine three behavioral tests for assessing acquisition and retention processes in t and their pharmacological validation with molecules acting on the cholinergie system or benzodiazepine receptor. Behavioral approach : three behavioral tests were chosen, wich offer the possibility to assess different types of memory the passive avoidance test. This is widely used in pharmacology for the screening of mew molecules; it is a reference te for the study of memory in the rat. The procedure consists in avoiding an aversive event (electric foot-shock), which th received 24 hours earlier. The morris water-maze : designed in 1981 and automated in 1984, this alows the orientation abilities of the rat to be assessed together with the learning and memory processes. The procedure consists in the rat swimming to a fixed hidden o platform, located in a pool, during several trials. The development of a specialized computerized program, has made it p display in detail the spatial organisation of the movement and to provide synthetic trajectories for groups of rats subj various pharmacological treatments. To our knowledge, this methodology is new in the analysis of the water-maze procedur the ades olfactory test. This is based on the memorisation of information. This test was originally designed to study th identification and memorisation of the odour of synthetic compounds, the animal being motivated by a food reinforcement to approach the olfactory stimulus. To meet our aims, we developed a new version of this test, based on the identificati biological olfactory stimulus (congenic urine) and avoiding any reinforcement. Pharmacological approach : cholinergic agents (physostigmine and scopolamine) and benzodiazepine receptor ligand
Guillaume, Olivier. "Importance des communications chimiques dans le comportement social des urodèles cavernicoles : comparaison entre un cavernicole strict (Proteus anguinus L, proteidae) et un cavernicole facultatif (Euproctus asper D, salamandridae)." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10070.
Full textSpee, Marion. "Mécanismes hormonaux impliqués dans l’induction de l’abandon du nid chez un oiseau marin longévif : le manchot Adélie." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/SPEE_Marion_2010.pdf.
Full textThe life-history theory predicts that long-lived birds should favour their own survival when breeding becomes too costly in terms of body maintenance. Reproduction in seabirds is associated with a long-term fasting period, characterized by three metabolic phases. This natural situation of fasting can lead to body reserves’ exhaustion and abandonment of current reproduction, a refeeding signal being triggered (PIII). The aim of this doctoral research is to examine the physiological mechanisms underlying the triggering of nest abandonment by specifying the respective role of two hormones involved in the control of parental behaviour (corticosterone -CORT- and prolactin) in a long-lived bird, the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae. To do so, we used correlative and experimental studies run on free-living incubating penguins and failed breeder birds (captive birds). We found that CORT is the first to be affected by prolonged energy constraints and induces a decrease in prolactin levels. It seems that this latter hormone have to reach a low threshold value to trigger nest abandonment. Thus, the effect of CORT on prolactin levels appears as a crucial mechanism involved in the decision to stop a breeding attempt when the individual’s survival is threatened. This hormonal state (high CORT levels and low prolactin concentration) triggers nest desertion but the change in concentration of only one of these two hormones which control the parental behaviour is not sufficient to stimulate abandonment
Calatayud, François. "Contribution à l'étude des profils de réactivité émotionnelle chez la souris : aspects développementaux et comportementaux." Tours, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUR4009.
Full textMourier, Johann. "Réseaux sociaux et comportements complexes chez les requins." Paris, EPHE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EPHEA001.
Full textBouchet, Hélène. "Relation entre variabilité du répertoire vocal et système social : étude comparative chez les cercopithécinés (Cercocebus torquatus, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercopithecus neglectus)." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S035.
Full textCommunication is essential to the social functioning. Therefore social pressures may have a major role on the evolution of communicative abilities. We studied, in captivity, three non-human primate species which differed by their social systems : the red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus), the Campbell's monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli) and the de Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus). Our results highlight a strong link between vocal variability and social factors. The individual's social role is reflected in its repertoire's composition and diversity, and in its loquaciousness. The function of a call type influences its degree of acoustic variability and its potential to convey an identitary message. Finally, we were able to establish a link between size, diversity of the repertoire, vocal activity and degree of complexity of the species' social system. Thus, our comparative study supports the hypothesis of a social-vocal co-evolution in the Primate lineage
Autier-Derian, Dominique. "Discrimination des congénères et des humains chez le chien domestique Canis familiaris : étude expérimentale avec des images fixes." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA132034.
Full textThe domestic dog, Canis familiaris, is a species living in a large variety of ecological conditions and sometimes quasi exclusively with humans. Whatever their way of life, dogs widely use vision in their interactions both social and interspecific. Prior to and during these interactions, visual discrimination and species-specific recognition are likely involved. However the dog, through a large diversity of breeds, displays a very large number of morphotypes. In addition some dogs rarely meet with other dogs. Our study aimed at investigating whether dogs were able i- to discriminate and recognize their conspecifics through the visual modality, ii- to discriminate familiar humans, in relation with the unique relationships between humans and dogs. The experimental procedure was based on a simultaneous discrimination paradigm using dogs’condtioned responses through positive operant conditioning with food reward and clicker procedure. Still 2D Images of faces and full body of dogs and other species including humans werecut and pasted on the same uniform blue background were used as stimuli and presented on computer screens. Through four experiments, where nine pet dogs served as subjects, we have shown that dogs were able i- to visually discriminate their own species, despite the huge variety of breeds, from others animal species including humans, ii- familiar conspecifics from non-familiar ones, and familiar humans from non-familiar ones, iii- to recognize one particular conspecific based on his individual characteristics. Our results suggest capacities of both perceptual and conceptual categorization in domestic dogs. Our results confirm and extend the capacities in pet dogs to process and organize visual stimuli. In addition, our results confirm the importance of the familiarity of individuals represented as images in categorization processes
Saint, Jalme Michel. "La reproduction chez la caille des blés (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) : études expérimentales des cycles saisonniers et de la variabilité interindividuelle." Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN10106.
Full textFormanek, Laureline. "Rythmicité comportementale et vie sociale chez la caille japonaise." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S088.
Full textThis thesis describes the links which can exist between behavioural rhythmicity and elements of social life in Japanese quail (Coturnix c. Japonica). Two lines of birds were produced during this work: quail presenting clear circadian rhythmicity of feeding activity and quail presenting circadian arrhythmicity of feeding activity. We first showed a link between behavioural rhythmicity and some individual characteristics such as social motivation, parameter at the origin of every social relationship. Quail presenting clear circadian rhythmicity are also more socially motivated than arrhythmic quail. Then, we demonstrated that the behavioural rhythmicity of an individual could predict the quality of his integration in a stable group of quail. Quail presenting a clear circadian rhythmicity better integrate in a group than arrhythmic quail. Finally, we found that the ontogenetic development of the behavioural rhythmicity of young quail could be postnatally modified by social influence, especially by maternal influence. The mother structures the circadian and ultradian systems of her chicks. In addition, postnatal maternal effects on behavioural rhythmicity of chicks are linked to the rhythmic phenotype of the mother. Thus, this work demonstrates the importance and diversity of the links between social life and behavioural rhythmicity in a bird model
Attard, Robert Isabelle. "Evaluation de l'impact du Gypaete (Gypaetus Barbatus) et des griffons dans la constitution des accumulations d'ossements animaux et humains des sites anthropises et naturels quaternaires." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHNA001.
Full textLabarrière, Jean-Louis. "L'intelligence et la vie des animaux selon Aristote." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0034.
Full textSchweitzer, Cécile. "Caractérisation des liens sociaux chez la caille japonaise (coturnix japonica) : motivation sociale et lien entre familiers." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4014/document.
Full textWe studied the influence of social motivation, defined as the motivation to seek social proximity, on the formation of social relationships between familiar conspecifics in Japanese quail selected for their high (HSR) or low (LSR) social reinstatement behaviour. After a short duration of pair contact (= 24h), one-week-old LSR quail showed a stronger preference for a familiar conspecific than HSR quail. However, six-week-old HSR quail revealed a stronger ability to discriminate according to familiarity than LSR ones. The HSR quail chicks formed a weaker social bond with the familiar conspecific than LSR ones, despite their higher social motivation. The strength of the bond decreased with increasing group size in both lines. Social instability induced a decrease in emotional reactivity (ER) of LSR quail, which indicates habituation to social changes, whereas ER of HSR quail was high regardless of social conditions. At last, LSR quail chicks showed a higher ER than LSR quail. To conclude, social motivation clearly influences the way Japanese quail chicks perceive their social environment and interact with it, and LSR quail seem able to adapt more easily to life in groups
Fourati, Hassen. "Contributions à l’estimation d’attitude chez l’animal ou l’homme par fusion de données inertielles et magnétiques : de la reconstitution de la posture vers la navigation à l’estime : une application au Bio-logging." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6153.
Full textThis manuscript focuses on the attitude estimation problem of a body moving in 3D space. This study is devoted to the reconstruction of the posture, linear accelerations, positions and their cost in free ranging animal where the access to GPS locations is limited (application in Bio-logging). In this context, the chosen attitude representation is the quaternion, and the available data are only from a triad of sensors including a 3-axis accelerometer, a 3-axis magnetometer and a 3-axis gyroscope. Three approaches to estimate the quaternion from these data set were then proposed. The first is based on an additive nonlinear observer design and uses the quaternion addition technique for updating attitude estimates. The second and third approaches propose the design of a sliding mode observer and a complementary filter, respectively. The update of the estimates used in these last two approaches is based on quaternion multiplication. This technique shows that it is a good alternative and seems more appropriate for the quaternion algebra. The obtained results from both simulations and experimental studies show the efficiency of these approaches to reconstruct the attitude with a good accuracy for the Biologging application and allow estimating also the linear acceleration and the energetic index of the animal. Moreover, a dead reckoning approach is proposed to estimate the 3D position of pedestrian locomotion animal by exploiting only data from an inertial measurement unit. The obtained experimental results in the case of human locomotion, with an adjusted velocity, are satisfactory and remain promising for the application of this approach in Bio-logging
Saleh-Mghir, Essam. "La reconnaissance coloniale chez l'abeille : Apis mellifica L." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30273.
Full textGraziani, Laurent. "L'allocation aux sexes chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota, Linné 1758)." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10326.
Full textBaraud, Isabelle. "Interactions sociales et modalités sensorielles (vocale et visuelle) impliquées, chez deux espèces de mangabés (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus et Lophocebus albigena albigena)." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S138.
Full textResearches on the process of communication permit to understand social relations' dynamics. In this work, we focalised on vocal and visual communication signals, in two species of mangabeys. The determination of the informative value of a communication signal was approached by different ways: 1/ a sequential analysis of the signals emitted during dyadic interactions, 2/ an analysis of the structure of the signal, associated with an analysis of the emission context, 3/ an analysis of the relative positions of the individuals in the different visual fields, and 4/ a manipulation of the emission context. The differences between the species could be due to the different characteristics of their habitats in the field, which could constrain them to use preferentially one signal rather than another from another sensorial modality
Lapeyronie, Paul. "Sevrage et séparation maternelle chez l'agneau : incidences nutritionnelles, modifications neuroendocrines et comportementales associées, conséquences zootechniques." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20214.
Full textFerreira, Guillaume. "Neuro-éthologie de la reconnaissance multisensorielle du jeune par sa mère chez les ovins : implication du système cholinergique central." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR4025.
Full textAbi, Rizk Georges. "Étude des déviances comportementales du veau de lait sous la mère." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10065.
Full textThe objective of this work is to include/understand the mechanisms at the origin of the behaviors known as "deviating" of sucked veal calves; these behaviors are primarily of 4 types: a hyperactivity, pica accompanied or not by coprophagie, urine drinking, and tongue chewing. We endeavoured throughout this study to observe the reality of these behavioral anomalies and to understand that it was their origin. Thus according to the first results of this study, the behavioral deviances are on the one hand ascribable with a feeling of thirst. And in addition with deficiencies in trace elments. We can affirm that the deviating calves have a blood Zn, Cu and Se level lower than not deviating calves. These deviances can be controlled by a modification of the practices of breeding with, for example, the provision of water. The deficiencies in trace elements are much more difficult to manage. It seems that a complementation of the mother during the gestation and the good catch of the colostrum are a preamble to be respected. Indeed, because of the interactions between absorption, transport, the storage and the use of these trace elements, the contribution in excess of the one can create a deficiency for another. The excess of the thyroxine T4 in deviating calves is secondary to Se deficiency. We thus could put forth the assumption that the hyperthyroïdie T4 could be at the origin of the behavioral deviances observed, in particular the hyperactivity and urine drinking (feeling of thirst). These deficiencies in trace elements seem to be at the origin of the abnormal behaviors; the methods of breeding would not seem to present of bond with the appearance or not of behavioral deviances. A food correction adapted for the mothers and calves is carrying out
Pourtier, Lionel. "Etude comportementale de l'anosmie spécifique d'origine génétique chez la souris." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10114.
Full textTolon, Vincent. "Du processus de sélection d'habitat à la survie des proies dans le paysage du risque : implications pour l'exploitation de la faune sauvage." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS013.
Full textThis work studies interrelations between ultimate and proximal aspect of habitat selection strategies in the landscape of risk of a game species, the wild boar Sus scrofa L. , known to be source of numerous management troubles in Europe. To initiate this work we highlighted the necessity of a good fit between telemetry tools, statistical analyses and biological question when studying habitat selection on free ranging animals. Following works therefore rely on telemetric locations dataset performed on wild boar living in the vicinity of a protected area of the Geneva basin (France, Switzerland), and on GPS tracking of hunting dogs. First, we showed that shifts of activity centres in response to daily and seasonal risk variations were the highest in the vicinity of the protected areas, and reflected therefore the underlying scaling structure of the landscape of risk. Then we showed that the progressive dissociation of both wild boar and hunting dogs' multivariate habitat selection patterns led to a switch of mortality from adults to younger age classes when adults found refuge in the protected perimeter. Then, we showed that individuals selected directly, by moving between consecutive resting sites, the lowest hunted areas even if no hunting occurred at dawn when animals performed this habitat choice. This suggested the use of indirect information or a memorisation of risk levels from wild boar. Through the light of these results, we finally showed how the use of a moderate harvesting pressure, combined with the creation of a perceptual bias about risk levels in animals, could help to restore the control of population escaping from harvesting in refuges
Vergne, Amélie. "Acoustic communication in crocodilians : experimental analysis of juvenile vocal repertoire (calls’ acoustic structure, information coding,cerebral processing of sounds)." Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STET4025.
Full textEn dépit de la place centrale qu’occupent les communications sonores dans la vie des crocodiliens, les connaissances sur leur monde acoustique restent superficielles. Avec comme triple objectif la synthèse des connaissances actuelles, la mise en évidence de perspectives de recherche, et la volonté d’apporter un éclairage scientifique sur les interactions vocales de ces reptiles par la mise en place de protocoles expérimentaux, le présent rapport de thèse s’oriente suivant les questions suivantes : (1) Quelles sont les caractéristiques (nature, fonction, codage de l’information) faisant d’un son crocodilien un véritable signal de communication ? (2) Quelles sont les bases anatomophysiologiques de production et de l’audition des signaux acoustiques chez ces animaux ? Enfin, (3) Quels sont les processus neurophysiologiques du traitement des informations sensorielles auditives ? Nous avons mis en évidence l’existence d’un répertoire de signaux acoustiques chez les jeunes jouant un rôle primordial dans les interactions familiales. L’utilisation des sons chez l’adulte reste encore à approfondir. D’un point de vue anatomo‐physiologique, les connaissances sur la production du son sont réduites. Plus de choses sont connues concernant l’oreille et les capacités auditives de ces animaux bien que la question de leurs capacités de localisation d’une source sonore ne soit pas résolue. D’un point de vue neurophysiologique, les voies du traitement des informations sensorielles auditives n’ont été que superficiellement décrites mais les expériences d’IRM fonctionnelle présentées dans cette thèse apportent des informations quant à la localisation des zones télencéphaliques impliquées dans le traitement de l’information auditive. En défrichant un domaine encore quasiment inexploré, la présente thèse démontre l’importance de la communication acoustique chez les crocodiles et l’intérêt de son étude. Les questions soulevées appellent à de nouveaux travaux qui viendront sans doute conforter la présence de fortes ressemblances avec les oiseaux et peut‐être renforcer l’hypothèse d’un caractère commun hérité de leurs ancêtres archosauriens
Goñi, Nicolas. "Habitat et écologie trophique du germon (Thunnus alalunga) dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est : variabilité, implications sur la dynamique de la population." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3033.
Full textHabitat and trophic ecology of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in the North-East Atlantic were studied through (1) the analysis of annual catch per unit of effort (CPUE), (2) sonic tracking and echosounding, (3) stomach content analysis and (4) fat content measurements. The vertical habitat of smaller individuals appears shallower, and limited by the seasonal thermocline in the case of age-2 albacore. An important geographical variability of the diet is shown, and suggests a possible geographical variability in the associated feeding behaviour. Stomach repletion appears higher, and ability to store energy lower and more variable in smaller individuals, which suggests higher energetic needs for these individuals. These results have implications on three aspects regarding the exploitation and assessment of the population: - a variability in the catchability of age-2 albacore, related to the variability of their thermal vertical habitat, can induce an important fishing mortality when their thermal habitat favours high catchabilty levels, and introduce a bias in the stock assessment if the environmental influences on catchability are not taken into account. - a geographical variability of albacore catchability by trolling and baitboat, related to the geographical variability of their feeding behaviour, could also introduce a bias in CPUE standardization. - a higher natural mortality in smaller individuals, due to important energetic needs related to their growth and to their physiological restrictions
Bousquié, Lara. "Etude des processus cognitifs impliqués dans la différenciation des émotions chez l'agneau (Ovis aries)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21498.
Full textLaffort, Brigitte. "Orientation spatiale et lumière polarisée chez Talitrus saltator (Crustacea, Amphipoda) aspects comportementaux et évolutifs." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30104.
Full textArnaud-Franco, Gustavo. "Structure de populations et organisation sociale de Ammospermophilus Leucurus (Rodentia, Sciuridae), en Basse-Californie sud, Mexique." Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA132019.
Full textAmy, Mathieu. "Utiliser les informations fournies par les interactions entre les congénères pour ajuster son comportement : études chez le canari domestique commun (Serinus canaria)." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100133.
Full textGrowing studies have focused on the social environment in which communication occurs. This social context has been for a long time ignored in the study of animal behaviour. These studies show that individuals gather information from the interactions of their conspecifics. This information allows individuals to choose the best alternative to enhance their survival or fitness. To date, the different contexts in which individuals gather and use this information are poorly understood. The aim of my thesis is to explore some of these contexts in the domestic canary. Overall my results show that mates and females eavesdrop on visual and acoustic mate-mate interactions and use the gathered information to adjust their behaviour. Females use information gathered from a visual interaction and information gathered from a vocal interaction differently; the kind of signals used in male-male interactions may account for this discrepancy. Females do not seem to use information to adjust their behaviour when gathered information is conflicting. Furthermore they do not copy the mate choice of other females. Mates are inhibited by a 'winner' of a visual or acoustic interaction. This thesis suggests that multiple social interactions can be at the origin of different types of information