Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Animaux prédateurs – Lutte contre'
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Imbert, Camille. "Les mécanismes de la régulation des ravageurs des légumes en verger-maraîcher PESTS, BUT NOT PREDATORS, INCREASE IN MIXED FRUIT TREE-VEGETABLE PLOTS COMPARED TO CONTROL VEGETABLE PLOTS." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0706.
Full textMixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are diversified, agroforestery plot associating fruit trees and vegetables. In this type of cropping systems, the whole available 3D space is used to produce food based on vegetables at the ground level and on fruits at several heights. Mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are thus a possible response to the limited available space for agricultural areas.Moreover, conservation biological control, i.e. control of pests by their naturally occurring predators, is frequently increased in diversified plots although results seem to be context-dependent. The objective of this PhD thesis is to understand the mechanisms governing conservation biological control of vegetable pests in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. As mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are diverse and their structure can be complex, we chose to base our study on the comparison of these mechanisms in experimental plots. Two plots mimic a simplified mixed fruit-tree-vegetable orchard associating apple trees and cabbages, and two control plots are vegetable monocultures. All plots were pesticide-free and the experiment was carried out during one growing season. First of all, we compared abundances of the cabbage pests and their predators, between fruit-tree-vegetable plots and vegetable monocultures. Combining pest and predator monitoring, an exclusion experiment and a model of pest population dynamics, we compared the predation rate, the survival rate and the immigration rate of the pests between the two plot types. Then, we focused on the predation function and on the ground predator community. We investigated if the fruit-tree-vegetable plots fostered the emergence of an efficient predator community, i.e. a community with 1) high abundances, 2) high complementarity, 3) low intraguild predation and 4) including key-stone species or functional groups that were high consumers of pests. According to our results, most of the vegetable pests, i.e. Myzus persicae, caterpillars, and white flies, but not the cabbage grey aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, were more abundant in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots . The pest survival rate was higher in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots and immigration was lower for one pest. Differences in predation rates between mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots were pest dependant. For Myzus persicae and the caterpillars, predation rate was higher in monocultures whereas for Brevicoryne brassicae, it was higher in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. Concerning the predator community, we found that, 20% of predator species were less abundant in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. The species richness, the Shannon diversity, the equitability were also lower. The wolf spider Pardosa proxima was the only species with a positive impact on predation rate and only in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. Lower predation rate of Myzus persicae and caterpillars in mixed plots were thus possibly explained by the fact that the predator community was less rich and thus less efficient. Predation in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots may thus be mainly due to just few species that are high pest consumers, which would have a greater impact on aggregated pests such as Brevicoryne brassicae. This PhD thesis results provides a first hint of mechanisms ruling pest control in a simplified mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plot and for one culture season, which can serve as a basis to plot design optimising pest control
Benhammou, Farid. "Crier au loup pour avoir la peau de l'ours : une géopolitique locale de l'environnement à travers la gestion et la conservation des grands prédateurs en France." Paris, ENGREF, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENGRA001.
Full textBouchet, Jean-Claude. "Histoire de la chasse à la grande faune (ours, loups, rapaces, lynx, bouquetins) dans les Pyrénées françaises du XVIème au XXème siècle." Pau, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PAUU1005.
Full textBarbar, Ziad. "Structure inter et intra-spécifique des guildes d’acariens prédateurs (Acari phytoseidae) dans un agrosystème viticole du sud de la France conduit en agroforesterie." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0034.
Full textPhytoseiid mites are the most widespread predatory mites in agrosystems and some species are efficient to control phytophagous mite outbreaks. The aim of this work is to determine, in an experimental site in the South of France, the influence of Sorbus domestica and Pinus pinea co-planted in vine plots on the structure of Phytoseiidae occurring on vines. Before realising samplings, several experiments (morphological and molecular analyses) and hybridization were made under laboratory conditions to answer a taxonomic interrogation concerning the occurrence in the site of study of two real species, Typhlodromus exhilaratus and T. Phialatus, morphologically very close. The results of these experiments showed that the two species are not synonyms and can be distinguished morphologically only by the spermatheca or insemination apparatus shape (genital organ of females). Results of samplings (2003-2005) showed the occurrence of Phytoseiidae on vines and on co-planted trees. The densities of these predators on vine seem to be positively affected by the presence of trees particularly in 2005. However, diversity of Phytoseiidae does not seemed to be affected by the plantations of trees inside vine crops. Typhlodromus exhilaratus was the dominant species in vine plots (with trees or not) and on co-planted trees. Population exchanges of this species between vines and co-planted trees seem to be possible. Pinus pinea could be more favourable host plant to phytoseiid mites than S. Domestica on which very low densities of these predators were observed. The present work also showed the dominance of T. Phialatus in monocultural plots with trees and also in uncultivated areas surrounding vine crops. The interspecific competition and especially the side effects of pesticides applied on vine seem to be among factors tested in the present work the two more interesting for explaining the spatial segregation observed of T. Exhilaratus and T. Phialatus. Thus, plantation of trees inside vine crops could have many applied implications on biological control by conservation of the biodiversity and habitats and the durability of the agrosystems. However many studies remain necessary to have more information about biotic and abiotic factors affecting the occurrence and the development of these predators and their movement between the differents parts of the agrosystem and on the other hand the possibility to generalize the results of these studies to other sites and on other biological models especially others beneficials
Chailleux, Anaïs. "Importance des interactions multi-trophiques dans les agrosystèmes pour la mise au point d'une lutte biologique contre une espèce invasive." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4030/document.
Full textMulti-trophic interactions play a key role in structuring agro-ecosystems and regulating arthropod population dynamics. The objective of the PhD was (i) to study the possible disruptions of biotic interactions owing to the recent invasion by T. absoluta in European tomato crops, (ii) to identify local natural enemies attacking T. absoluta, (iii) to evaluate their effectiveness against T. absoluta when integrated into the agro-ecosystem. We showed that new interactions occurred after the arrival of T. absoluta, mainly apparent competition between whiteflies and T. absoluta, in presence of the omnivorous and generalist predator M. pygmaeus. We recorded possible new biocontrol agents and focused first on Trichogramma parasitoids, as Trichogramma achaeae was promptly commercialized against T. absoluta in France. Laboratory and field experiments failed to detect promising Trichogramma strains. In addition, intraguild predation of M. pygmaeus on parasitoid juveniles i.e. parasitized eggs, was observed and we demonstrated that T. absoluta was not a suitable host for Trichogramma parasitoids. Therefore, further studies switched on parasitoids of larval stages of T. absoluta. We demonstrated the importance of Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) as a possible biological control agent against T. absoluta. The parasitoid was able to reproduce on T. absoluta over several generations under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Despite negative interactions between the predator and the larval parasitoid, further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that two competitors can coexist for several months. Moreover, the presence of an alternative prey for the omnivorous predator (whitefly) in the agro-ecosystem did not prompt larval parasitoid exclusion, and the parasitoid remained in the crop even in the presence of other prey for the predator
Coudreau, Marin. "Guerre et lutte contre les nuisibles en URSS, 1910-1940." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2053.
Full textThis research explores the interrelations between war and the destruction of the environment through the entanglements of the soviet policy of chemical struggle against agricultural pest and the preparation for war. The first chapter is organized around the institutionalization of applied entomology and the telescoping of war and « natural disasters » until the early 1920s. The second chapter focuses on the collaborations between military, industrial chemists and entomologists for the transfer of technologies to agriculture and the policy of the establishment of the double standard policy of the German war economy. The introduction of war gas and plane dusting in agriculture is supported by the military sector organizing the promotion of a new « aerochimical » weapon. The third chapter focuses on the regions of the South East in the 1920s where intertwined human and nonhuman risks cross-fertilized and where warlike modes of struggle against pest are forged. The fourth chapter relates to the creation of a hyper centralized and planned system of struggle against pest stimulated by the mass proliferations of the Great Turn and to the promotion of “brute force technologies” for pest control during the first Five Year Plan. The fifth chapter focuses on the interdependencies of the internal colonization of the USSR, the struggle against pest and dekulakization during the crisis of the collectivization, the famine and preparation for war. In 1933, the intertwined destruction of life reaches an apogee. New organizational practices emerge during this period for the whole decade
Bertrand, Colette. "L'hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle des paysages agricoles influence les auxiliaires généralistes des cultures et le potentiel de contrôle biologique des ravageurs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S161/document.
Full textIn the context of reducing pesticide use, the potential role of some arthropod groups as pest natural enemies provides them an ecological and economic interest. In particular, ground beetles and spiders are generalist predators likely to be effective biocontrol agents. Previous studies have shown that the structure and composition of their communities, as well as the effectiveness of biological control, are influenced by landscape heterogeneity, and in particular by the presence of semi-natural habitats. However, the role of the crop mosaic, which can be highly heterogeneous in space and time, have been little considered. The main objective of our study was to determine the influences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes on generalist natural enemies and the potential for biological pest control. We sampled carabid and spider communities in winter cereal fields, and estimated biological control potential using sentinel aphids glued on predation cards. We characterized the spatial heterogeneity of the landscapes around each cereal field by 1) the amount of wooded habitats and the length of the hedgerow network, 2) the average size of the agricultural fields, and 3) crop diversity. We also proposed four new metrics that synthesize different aspects of the multi-year temporal heterogeneity of cropped areas. Our results show that in spring, landscapes characterized by small fields, and therefore by a high density of non-cropped field margins, promote spiders abundance in cereal fields. In early summer, landscapes with small fields also promote aphid predation rates and the abundance of carabid spring breeders, which overwinter as adults in semi-natural habitats. Crop diversity promotes the abundance of carabids overwintering in soils of arable fields and breeding in autumn. Our results also show that the temporal heterogeneity of the crop mosaic - characterized among other things by the changes in crop diversity over a five year period - benefits some carabid species commonly found in agricultural landscapes (such as Poecilus cupreus and Pterostichus melanarius) which are likely to play an important role as pest natural enemies. These results highlight the complementary role of the crop mosaic and the non-cropped field borders for generalist natural enemies, and show the importance of taking into account the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the cultivated area in further ecological studies on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In the context of reducing pesticide use, our results suggest that landscapes with 1) a high crop diversity that change over time, and 2) small fields that promote the interspersion between crops and semi-natural habitats, are likely to promote generalist natural enemies and biological pest control
Duron, Quiterie. "Rats invasifs et biodiversité native au sein des forêts denses humides de Nouvelle-Calédonie. : Eléments pour l’amélioration des stratégies de gestion." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0006/document.
Full textIntroduced rats (Rattus spp.) are one of the major invasive species threatening native biodiversity on islands worldwide. Twospecies, the black rat (R. rattus) and the Pacifie rat (R. exulans) are sympatric in New Caledonian rainforests, where questionsasto the feasibility and the utility of their control (i.e. local limitation of their abundance) for the conservation of nativebiodiversity remain unanswered. ln response to the lack of a conceptual framework for control projects, we fi rst conducted areview of invasive rat control operations in island natural areas worldwide. Then we sought to characterize and understand thepopulation dynamics of these two sympa tric rat species and the ir interactions with native biodiversity in the rainforest of MontPanié mountain. Lethaltrapping operations and capture-mark-recapture showed that black rats were more abundant thanPacifie rats. Diet analysis revealed that the two species consume both shared and unshared prey likely resulting in astrengthening and a broadening oftheir impacts on native biodiversity, relative to the impact that each species would haveal one. Rats consume a large quantity of fruits and seeds, invertebrates, and Squamates. However, birds, which often justify theimplementation of rat management projects, do not appear here to be one of the ir preferred prey, either as adults or throughnest predation. A potential positive rat impact on seed dispersal was a Iso highlighted through a comparison of seedgermination after seeds had passed through rat versus native frugivore digestive tracts. Finally, we propose lethal trappingstrategies to efficiently control invasive rat populations. A better understanding ofboth rat impacts in sympatric situations,and the link between rat density and the intensity of their effects on biodiversity would allow optimizing rat control strategieswhen eradication is not feas ible
Diaz-Castaneda, Victoria. "Étude expérimentale in situ de la succession écologique lors de la recolonisation d'un sédiment defauné par pollution en Méditerranée et en Mer du nord." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10178.
Full textDubreuil, Catherine-Marie. "Ethnologie de l'antispécisme : mouvement de libération des animaux et lutte globale contre tous les types de domination." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA070090.
Full textEthnology of the french antispecisist struggle, which is a struggle for animal equality and human equality. The french movment is close to anarchists circles. It is based on the following principle: the interests of an animal, not to suffer and to live a fulfilling life, is as important as the equivalent interests of a human being. Both of them want the same: to live their life. The animal liberation struggle wants to be seen as a progressist struggle, as a political change in our relationships to other animais and to ourselves. Above ail, the french choice is a complete and a deep criticism of the modem society
Almady, Saad. "Technical feasibility of the mechanical release of predator insects to control the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30284/30284.pdf.
Full textThe Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a pest insect that can cause real damage to potato, tomato, and eggplant crops by consuming their leaves if left uncontrolled. The CPB is becoming an alarming phenomenon because of its presence in about 16 million km² spread across North America, Europe, and Asia, and it is still spreading. Currently, chemical insecticides are the most effective mean to control the CPB. Unfortunately, the exclusive use of chemicals to control the CPB becomes ineffective after few years because this pest insect succeeds to develop resistance to such chemicals. Also, excessive and uncontrolled use of chemical insecticides is costly for potato growers and could lead to serious human health and environmental problems. Therefore, scientists have been trying to find interesting alternatives to control the CPB. One of these alternatives consists of using the biological control by massive release of natural enemies of the CPB. This chemical free alternative has several significant advantages as it allows producing organic food while preserving the environment. The effectiveness of this alternative in controlling CPB populations has been proven at small scale. However, hand release of predator insects at large scale is unconceivable. To remedy to this problem, some recent studies carried out in the last few years have focused on the mechanical release of predators to control pest insects. The objective of this research study was to test a mechanical distributor of second, third, and forth-instar nymphs of Podisus maculiventris in a potato field. Obtained results showed that the mechanical release system is efficient in releasing predators in potato plots. Also, the control of CPB in the mechanical release plots is as efficient as that in the manual release plots compared the check plots with no control.
Ruellet, Thierry. "Infestation des coquilles d'huîtres Crassostrea gigas par les polydores en Basse-Normandie : recommandations et mise au point d'un traitement pour réduire cette nuisance." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2015.
Full textMartin-Chave, Ambroise. "Facteurs de régulation naturelle des bio-agresseurs par les cortèges de prédateurs généralistes : effets microclimatiques dans un système maraîcher agroforestier biologique." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0697/document.
Full textAgroforestry, and more specifically sylvo-arable systems, are poorly studied systems with agronomic and environmental interests in temperate systems. They could provide a favorable microclimate for vegetable crops grown in organic agriculture in Mediterranean pedoclimatic context. However, there are still few scientific references on the subject, and the outcome of the interactions between trees and cultures are still unknown. The microclimate generated by old trees is likely to alter the relations between crops, pests and generalist predators, which can condition the performance of an agroforestry system.This thesis had two main objectives:• To evaluate the impact of canopy openness on ground beetle diversity and activity-density• Identify how the microclimate can influence natural regulation processes.Agroforestry systems develop over long periods (pluriannual): the study focused on a system already having 20-year-old trees to study the impact on microclimate and soil fauna. To modulate this microclimate, a canopy opening gradient has been realized. The ambient air temperature, the hygrometry and the percentage of canopy aperture were then measured.First, the soil fauna was sampled for 2 years and the structure of the Carabidae communities was analyzed from a taxonomic and functional point of view, using 5 ecological traits. The results show that the taxonomic structure is poorly affected, but that both species specific activity-density and functional traits are modified by the canopy openness, which favored species with affinity for closed and moist environments.The diel activity of two abundant predators was characterized in a hot summer period (July), and cooler (September). The results show that both the season and the opening of the canopy can modify the daily rhythms of the most abundant Arachnidae and Carabidae (Pardosa hortensis, Pseudoophonus rufipes).Thirdly, the work focused on the predation potential of predators of soil fauna, using sentinel preys method at two periods, (June and August). The results show that for at least one period, the predation potential on Lepidoptera larvae (Cydia pomonella) was different between treatments. These differences are probably correlated with differences in activity-density and microclimatic differences induced by the differences in canopy treatmentLastly, the study focused on lettuce crops and the damage caused by slugs in the different treatments, on the visible leaves. More damage under the trees was observed, despite a similar activity- density of Arion lusitanicus and Deroceras reticulatum compared to control in June, where the damage increased significantly. The methods used (boards, neutral traps and attractive traps) presented different efficiencies, whose respective interest is discussed
Braham, Mohamed. "Analyse structurelle et fonctionnelle de la biocoenose de la mineuse des agrumes, phyllocnistis citrella (Lep. , gracillariidae) en Tunisie. Application à la lutte biologique contre le ravageur." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30030.
Full textThe aim of this work is the best knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) with the emphasis of its biological control. The population dynamic of the insect was studied on 5 different species and varieties of Citrus in 1996,1997 and 1998. The screening of the Tunisian cultivars of Citrus was undertaken including the percentage of infested leaves, the abundance of eggs, larva and nymphs and shows that all species and varieties were attacked. The location of pre-imaginal stages on the upper and under side of leaves was specified. The parameters a and b from Taylor Power model and Iwao's Patchiness line regression formula were calculated for two cultivars : Citrus sinensis cv Thomson and C. Grandis. The sequential sampling plan was used to determine the number of samples to take for the latest cultivar
Kotchi, Serge Olivier, and Serge Olivier Kotchi. "Estimation et évaluation d'incertitude d'indicateurs agrométéorologiques par télédétection en vue de supporter la lutte phytosanitaire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26403.
Full textLa caractérisation de la variabilité spatiale des conditions agrométéorologiques est essentielle à la prévision des insectes ravageurs et des maladies des cultures (IRMC) et à leur gestion spécifique par site. L’objectif de notre étude a été de modéliser, estimer et spatialiser à l'échelle locale et régionale des indicateurs agrométéorologiques (IAM) ainsi que leurs incertitudes. L'imagerie multispectrale et la thermographie infrarouge aéroportée ont été utilisées pour estimer à l'échelle locale des IAM dont le NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), la proportion de couverture végétale (PCV), la température de surface (TS) et l'indice TVDI (Temperature/Vegetation Dryness Index) de l’humidité de surface. Deux nouveaux indicateurs ont été proposés: l’indicateur MTVX (Modified Temperature/Vegetation Index) de la température de l’air près de la surface (TAPS), et l’indice des conditions de stress thermique des cultures (ISTC). Les IAM ont été estimés à l'échelle régionale à l’aide des images satellite AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer). Les incertitudes résultantes (ICR) des IAM ont été formulées sur la base de la loi de propagation des incertitudes. La spatialisation des IAM a été réalisée selon une approche dynamique basée sur un krigeage multivariable intégrant les facteurs dominants de leur variabilité spatiale. Les IAM ont démontré de fortes variabilités intraparcellaires, locales et régionales. Ils permettent de répondre aux besoins de caractérisation des conditions agrométéorologiques qui régissent les occurrences et le développement des IRMC. Des corrélations élevées ont été observées entre les mesures d'occurrence de plusieurs IRMC des cultures maraîchères et les indicateurs thermiques TS, TVDI, MTVX et ISTC. Celles-ci démontrent que les conditions de température qui prédominent à la surface des champs influencent davantage les IRMC. Ces indicateurs devraient être privilégiés dans la prévision des IRMC et dans la mise en place d’approche de gestion intégrée des ravageurs. Les aspects novateurs de la modélisation des indicateurs MTVX et ISTC, la formulation des ICR et leur estimation en tout point du territoire, la mise en place d'un cadre formel basé sur les ICR et un coefficient de performance globale pour évaluer et comparer différents modèles d'estimation des IAM, ainsi que l’approche de spatialisation dynamique, constituent des apports majeurs de notre étude.
The characterization of the spatial variability of agrometeorological conditions is essential to the prediction and site-specific management of crop pests and diseases (CPD). The aim of our study was to model, estimate and spatialize local and regional agrometeorological indicators (AMI) and their uncertainties. Airborne multispectral imaging and infrared thermography were used to estimate AMIs at local scale such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Percent Canopy Cover (PCC), Surface Temperature (ST) and the Temperature/Vegetation dryness index (TVDI), an indicator of surface moisture. Two new indicators were also proposed: the Crop Heat Stress Index (CHSI) and the Modified Temperature/Vegetation Index (MTVX), an indicator of the near-surface air temperature. AMIs were estimated at the regional scale using satellite images from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The formulation of resultant uncertainties (RUC) of AMIs was based on the law of propagation of uncertainty. The spatialization of observed AMIs in-field was performed using a dynamic approach based on a multivariate kriging that integrated the dominant factors of their spatial variability. AMIs showed a high spatial variability at intra-site, local, and regional scales. They meet the need of the characterization of agrometeorological conditions under which the CPDs appear and develop. High correlations were observed between measures of the occurrence of several vegetable CPDs and thermal indicators like ST, TVDI, MTVX, and CHSI. These correlations show that surface temperature and near-surface air temperature have the most influence on the occurrence and the development of CPDs. Therefore, these indicators should be used in forecasting and in the implementation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. Major contributions of our study are the innovative aspects of the modeling of indicators MTVX and ISTC, the formulation of the RUs of AMIs and their estimation anywhere in the area of interest, the establishment of a formal framework based on RUs and a global performance index to evaluate and compare different models used to estimate AMIs, and the dynamic spatialization approach.
The characterization of the spatial variability of agrometeorological conditions is essential to the prediction and site-specific management of crop pests and diseases (CPD). The aim of our study was to model, estimate and spatialize local and regional agrometeorological indicators (AMI) and their uncertainties. Airborne multispectral imaging and infrared thermography were used to estimate AMIs at local scale such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Percent Canopy Cover (PCC), Surface Temperature (ST) and the Temperature/Vegetation dryness index (TVDI), an indicator of surface moisture. Two new indicators were also proposed: the Crop Heat Stress Index (CHSI) and the Modified Temperature/Vegetation Index (MTVX), an indicator of the near-surface air temperature. AMIs were estimated at the regional scale using satellite images from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The formulation of resultant uncertainties (RUC) of AMIs was based on the law of propagation of uncertainty. The spatialization of observed AMIs in-field was performed using a dynamic approach based on a multivariate kriging that integrated the dominant factors of their spatial variability. AMIs showed a high spatial variability at intra-site, local, and regional scales. They meet the need of the characterization of agrometeorological conditions under which the CPDs appear and develop. High correlations were observed between measures of the occurrence of several vegetable CPDs and thermal indicators like ST, TVDI, MTVX, and CHSI. These correlations show that surface temperature and near-surface air temperature have the most influence on the occurrence and the development of CPDs. Therefore, these indicators should be used in forecasting and in the implementation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. Major contributions of our study are the innovative aspects of the modeling of indicators MTVX and ISTC, the formulation of the RUs of AMIs and their estimation anywhere in the area of interest, the establishment of a formal framework based on RUs and a global performance index to evaluate and compare different models used to estimate AMIs, and the dynamic spatialization approach.
Ali-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textMaiga, Idrissa. "Ecologie du criquet sénégalais oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) en Afrique de l'Ouest et stratégies de lutte." Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0013.
Full textThe Senegalese grasshopper is one of the main pest for the food crops in the Sahel of West Africa. This work, completed in Niger, focuses on the ecology of the embryonic stage and the control strategies. The analysis of 15 years of historical data underlines the recurring impact of this pest. The geographical distribution of the diapausing eggs has been studied in connection with the dynamics of the intertropical convergence zone at the end of the rainy season. The North-South gradient of distribution of the egg pods at this time of the year is not confirmed implying new mortality factors, thermics, whose role would deserve to be explored. The study of the egg mortality in the dry season reveals an important impact of various parasitoïdes. Experiments in semi-natural conditions of the diapausing eggs indicate that the survival strategy in the dry season is complex and involves a combination of diapause and quiescence and two types of hatching more or less restricted in time, allowing an adaptation to the regularity as to the risks of the annual pluviometric mode. The analysis, at a regional scale, of the role of chemical treatments on the natural enemies of the eggs shows only a negligible impact, making it possible to eliminate the assumption from an indirect perverse effect of the chemical treatments on the outbreaks. The application of modelling methods allows to estimate the impact of various strategies of control and a comparison of the effects of chemical and biological treatments. A bibliographical synthesis gives a progress report on current knowledge and the various ways of research for a sustainable management of this pest
Dianzinga, Niry Tiana. "Diversité des communautés d’arthropodes et efficacité de la lutte biologique contre les insectes ravageurs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0006.
Full textUnderstanding of driving forces that affect diversity in herbivorous insect communities figures prominently in ecological research, and is necessary for integrated pest management, because some herbivorous insect can become crop pests. Natural enemies and environmental variables are among factors that structure herbivorous insect communities. While natural enemies regulate herbivorous insects, environmental variables affect their diversity and their spatial distribution. The main goal of this thesis was to understand effects of landscape features on diversity of herbivorous thrips communities along elevational gradients in Reunion, and to investigate effects of natural enemy diversity in biological control of pest thrips. In first study, thrips were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling site, landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Study has shown that the greatest diversity of thrips in Reunion is concentrated at lower elevation, although habitats situated in these localities are highly degraded. Thrips diversity was not affected by fragmentation but landscape heterogeneity and habitat amount interacted to affect positively thrips diversity.In second study, we manipulated communities composed of two pest thrips Thrips parvispinus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and two predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii and Proprioseiopis mexicanus. These communities were in cages and were established in greenhouse. Study has shown that both predators are better than one in thrips regulation. That confirms the necessity to maintain biodiversity at the upper trophic level for herbivore control. Moreover, this study revealed that despite intraguild predation, predators would have coexisted because of competition-colonization trade-off
Labbé, Roselyne. "Intraguild interactions of the greenhouse whitefly natural enemies, predator Dicyphus hesperus, pathogen Beauveria bassiana and parasitoid Encarsia formosa." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22512/22512.pdf.
Full textIn Canada, an increasing diversity of natural enemies, which includes generalist predators, is available in the control of greenhouse pests such as the greenhouse whitefly on tomato crops. Successful whitefly suppression is now achieved through the concurrent use of the specialist parasitoid Encarsia formosa, the native zoophytogphagous predatory bug Dicyphus hesperus and products such as biological insecticide BotaniGard®, an entomopathogenic formulation based on the conidia of fungus Beauveria bassiana strain GHA. In this study, experiments conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse evaluated the impact of interactions among these organisms on non-target organisms. In the laboratory, we identified an important decrease in predation of infected whitefly at late infection stages, but not of parasitized whitefly suggesting that D. hesperus may interfere with parasitoid biological control. In the greenhouse, reduced predation of B. bassiana infected whitefly by D. hesperus may be avoided by applying temporal or spatial separation between these two agents.
Vallat, François. "Les bœufs malades de la peste : La peste bovine en France et en Europe, XVIIIe – XIXe siècle." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN1525.
Full textMarchal, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de la biologie d'Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Col. : Curculionidae) : inventaire, incidence et perspectives d'utilisation des champignons entomopathogènes : suivie d'une mise au point monographique sur le genre Otiorhynchus." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112330.
Full textKnowledge acquired and personal observations on the biology and ecology of the species showed its economic importance and its current pest status in France, Europe and the world, especially in relation to the evolution of cultural practices, commercial trade and the relative efficacy of chemical control. The study of natural populations of the grubs and adults in the PlougastelDaoulas peninsula (France) allowed to inventory the parasitic and microbial complex of O. Sulcatus. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae prevailed amongst the entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes encountered; their distribution and endemism were studied in this biotope. The infectious potential of several species within the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium and Paecilomyces was tested against the eggs and the grubs of O sulcatus. The aptitude of several isolates to infect and sporulate on the target stages of the pest should allow their use in a microbial control program, especially in green houses. The monographic study on the genus Otiorhynchus lists damages due to numerous species in various sectors of vegetable crop production, emphasizes hazards linked to their polyphagy and their world wide dispersal from European foci. The general catalog of the pests'natural ennemies lists about 70 genera and species of predators, parasites and pathogens, most of which are new records for several species of Otiorhynchus
Marel, Marine. "Lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points (Acari: Tetranychidae) sur le rosier : lâchers de phytoséiides et échantillonnage binominal des tétranyques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27790/27790.pdf.
Full textPhytoseiid and spider mites are poorly studied in nursery systems. The objectives of this study were 1) to test the efficacy of combined versus single releases of these two predaceous mite species, Neoseiulus fallacis Garman and N. californicus Mc Gregor, for the suppression of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on roses (Rosa rugosa); and 2) to develop a sampling method for spider mites on R. rugosa. The first objective was tested in the greenhouse. Our results showed a similar efficacy for the monospecific releases and the combined releases; and 2) equivalent proportion of occurrence at which N. californicus and N. fallacis were found on individual plants, suggesting that these two predatory species are compatible. The second objective was tested in the field. We found that the proportion of infested rose leaflets was highly correlated with spider mite densities; revealing that a binomial sampling method could be developed in the future. Keywords: acarine predators, binomial sampling, biological control, multiples natural ennemis, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus californicus, ornamental nursery, Rosa rugosa, Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mites.
Boreau, de Roincé Catherine. "Biodiversité et aménagements fonctionnels en verger de pommiers : Implication des prédateurs généralistes vertébrés et invertébrés dans le contrôle des ravageurs." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00952799.
Full textLaval, Géraud. "Analyse coût-bénéfice des méthodes de lutte contre la PPCB (péripneumonie contagieuse bovine) : une application au niveau du troupeau dans le district de Boji, West Wellega (Éthiopie)." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10231.
Full textDérédec, Anne. "De la menace à l’outil : modélisation de l’impact du parasitisme en biologie de la conservation." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112351.
Full textThe current erosion of biodiversity makes crucial the understanding of the mechanisms involved in population decline. As parasites strongly affect the dynamics of their hosts, their impact needs to be accurately modeled. The Allee effect is implicated in numerous extinction events. It shares common characteristics with parasitism that make their combined effect difficult to predict. To analyse the impact of the Allee effect on a host population facing an infection, we built a simple model of ordinary differential equations of type SI. This model highlights that the Allee effect of a host population can protect it from invasion of microparasits. However, if infection succeeds in spreading, the Allee effect increases the detrimental consequences of parasites on theirhosts. In order to protect ecosystems from pest species, a new method is currently under development : virus-vectored immunocontraception. It consists in genetically modifying viruses so that they would sterilize the target species. This method has been theoretically studied only through asexual models, yet it sterilizes only one sex. In order to estimate the error made by neglecting this characteristic when assessing the control success, we built a stochastic individual based model and ran simulations. We show that asexual models generally fail to predict the impact of this method on pest dynamics and highlight the necessity to take account of the mating system of the target species. Considering parasitism in turn as a tool in conservation biology, this work gives rise to some reflection on modelling and highlights the importance of an in-depth knowledge of the biological situations considered
Lardoux, Yvan. "Etude de la répartition au sol des produits phytosanitaires sous une rampe en mouvement a partir d'une modélisation dynamique application à la définition de methodes d'évaluation des pulvérisateurs a jets projetés." Montpellier, ENSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENSA0010.
Full textApplied to field sprayer, it is useful to try to optimise the quality of pesticide treatments depending on boom movements. Thus, a conveyor and a shaking platform were used to generate uniform translations and rotational movements on a small boom in laboratory conditions. The overall ground spray distribution was studied using image analysis. Therefore, it can be useful to use a modelisation approach because experimental study can be tedious. At last, this modelisation approach was applied to field sprayer diagnosis. The two presented methods are based on the utilization of a bump or a track simulator to move field sprayers
Janis, Carole. "Contribution à la lutte contre la Péripneumonie contagieuse bovine : typage moléculaire par MLVA et inactivation de gènes chez Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21340.
Full textMycoplasma mycoides subsp. Small Colony ( MmmSC) is the etiologic agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumoniae (CPP), a disease causing important losses in cattle herds. The threat of a re-emergence of this disease is a reality in Europe and CBPP is still endemic in Africa. Understanding how CBPP spreads during an epidemic is essential to control this disease. However, typing tools are inefficient to discriminate precisely between the different strains of MmmSC, especially European strains. We developed a typing method based upon the study of polymorphic minisatellites (MLVA or MultiLocus VNTR Analysis). Three of the identified minisatellites permitted the distribution of the 32 studied strains into 17 groups, and of the 14 European strains into 5 groups. This latter result represents an improved sensitivity of MmmSC typing compared to existing methods. The CBPP prophylaxis in Africa is mainly based upon vaccination, using MmmSC, strains that were attenuated by several passages ex vivo. The protection they afford is too time-limited and induce sometimes severe post-vaccine reactions. To produce new and safer vaccines by inactivating MmmSC virulence determinants, we developed a transposon-based mutagenesis method. Mutant libraries were obtained and the transposon insertion into genes of interest was demonstrated. A mutant, defective in the lipoprotein LppQ, a major antigen, was isolated and characterized
Morvan, Xavier. "Influence de la variabilité spatiale de différentes caractéristiques du milieu aux échelles de la parcelle expérimentale et du bassin versant hydrogéologique sur la contamination d'un aquifère sableux par les phytosanitaires." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2042.
Full textLaugier, Claire. "Contribution à l'étude des infestations par des petits strongles chez le cheval en Normandie : données épidemiologiques et aspects lésionnels." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20125.
Full textKolodziej, Cyrille. "La louveterie et la destruction des animaux nuisibles : théorie et pratique en Lorraine et Barrois au XVIIIème siècle." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN20007/document.
Full textThe vision of wildlife has changed substantially during the last century. On behalf of biodiversity, protection becomes a watchword. In this new paradigm, wolf hunting and pests catching laws are challenged. Yet these laws show a reality of the relationship between humans and wildlife that legal history can grasp and understand. This study helps to describe this reality in the historic and geographical Lorraine and Barrois in the eighteenth century. To understand the progressive and the organic development of wolf hunting and pests catching in Lorraine and Barrois in the eighteenth century, the study defines what are the pests and determines the legal nature of their destruction. It shows that these animals are a kind of game and their destruction depends on the general law of hunting. Thefore, administrative measures against them are only a part of special hunting law. These measures fall into two categories : measures using specialized agents as wolf hunters, one of whose main powers is to make public huntings ; measures delegating to individual initiative the task of killing these animals, especially wolves with the establishment of a system of bonuses. The analysis of these bonuses reflects a popular destruction of these predators in the late eighteenth century
Charbonnier, Nathalie. "Utilisation des organophosphorés comme antiparasitaires externes chez le chien et le chat." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2P058.
Full textBerdah, Delphine. "Innovation biologique, expertise et crise sanitaro-agricole : la lutte contre la tuberculose bovine et la fièvre aphteuse en France et en Grance-Bretagne, du milieu du dix-neuvième aux années mille neuf cent soixante." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0163.
Full textThree main axes are followed in this thesis 1) The double comparison of the research, production and utilization processes of vaccines against two diseases: bovine tuberculosis and foot-and-mouth disease, in two countries, France and Great Britain. This thesis shows the circulations –of strains techniques, protocols, knowledge, researchers -between the spheres of human and veterinary processes in the two countries. 2) The professionalization process of French veterinarians: focusing on the gradual transformation of their knowledge from the late eighteenth century, this thesis shows the major role of bacteriology (creating new tools to diagnose and control contagion) in the recognition of a veterinary expertise over the control of contagion. 3) The analysis of the construction of the legislation and its secondary norms of application to control animal contagious diseases. This thesis shows how the two countries established the same legislations in the late nineteenth century to control animal diseases but analyses how practically, the control of the diseases varied according to the nature of diseases, local situations, as well as expertises and experiences of the various actors involved in the control of animal diseases. This thesis proposes an explanation of the experimental uses of vaccines in Great-Britain, as well as of the abandon of the BCG vaccine against bovine tuberculosis in France, while at the same period, a 'veterinary biomedical complex' associating pharmaceutical companies, veterinarians and farmers associations managed to make foot-and-mouth disease vaccination compulsory in France in 1961
Babin, Régis. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le miride du cacaoyer Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemiptera : Miridae). Influence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur la dynamique des populations du ravageur." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871800.
Full textPorphyre, Vincent. "Comment concilier le développement des systèmes d'élevage porcin et l'amélioration de la qualité des produits animaux : modélisation multi-agents appliquée au secteur de l'élevage porcin à Madagascar pour la conception et l'évaluation de scénarii de lutte contre la cysticercose." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0025.
Full textPorcine cysticercosis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease due to Taenia solium, with a cycle involving humans and pigs, is responsible for 50,000 deaths each year, mainly in the developing countries. Our PhD work has tried to explore the epidemiological situation of this disease in the swine population of Madagascar and to understand the determinants explaining its prevalence in the epidemiological and economic context of the country. As a first step, abattoir surveys estimated an apparent prevalence of 4.6% [4.2-5.0%] at the national level and a corrected prevalence of 21.03% [19.18-22.87%] taking into account the sensitivity of the method (veterinary inspection by macroscopic observation). In a second step, we modeled the environment-animal-human link in the context of Malagasy highlands where pig farming is semi-intensified but porcine cysticercosis remains endemic. Our multi-agent model, developed under Cormas, allowed us to model the simplified behaviors of human and animal actors as well as health and environmental processes. A multivariate sensitivity analysis helped us better understand the model's responses to the input parameters used. It was sensitive primarily to parameters describing (i) the exposure of animals to food contaminated with T. solium eggs, including the distribution of non-farmer-controlled feed and access to contaminated environment, and (ii) the infectious capacity of T. solium eggs, their excretion and survival in the environment. This exploratory approach allowed us to identify the important parameters, highlighting the research needs to be carried out to reinforce the likelihood of the model results and help us to test the impact of the control scenarios against cysticercosis in pig production areas characteristic of the country's situation
Elanga, N'Dille Clément Emmanuel. "Développement d’un biomarqueur salivaire mesurant l’exposition de l’Homme aux piqûres des moustiques Aedes : applications aux risques de transmission et à l’évaluation de l’efficacité des stratégies de lutte contre les arboviroses." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20023/document.
Full textHuman viral infections transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes are rapidly emerging or re-emerging worldwide. Vector control strategies remain currently the unique method to control these infections. To improve the effectiveness of this control, much effort is being devoted to develop new indicators for measuring the human exposure to Aedes bites. In this way, this project aimed to develop a biomarker based on the quantitative assessment of antibody response (Ab) to Ae. aegypti Nterm - 34kDa salivary peptide, in human exposed populations. We evaluated thus the potential of this specific Ab response to: i) measure the intensity of human exposure to Aedes bites, ii) assess the risk of transmission of arboviruses and iii) evaluate the efficacy of vector control strategies. Our results showed that a specific IgG response to Nterm-34kDa peptide could be detected in individuals exposed to Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus. The level of specific IgG response increased from the season of low mosquito densities to high densities one, indicating that this biomarker candidate could evaluate the intensity of exposure to the Aedes bites. The observed similar spatial distribution of the prevalence of new infections with dengue virus and specific IgG response showed that this biomarker candidate could identify areas at risk of transmission. The comparison of the specific IgG responses to Nterm-34kDa peptide before and after the vector control intervention showed a decline of the specific Ab response after implementation of control. It indicated that such salivary biomarker could assess the effectiveness of vector control against Aedes, and that this salivary biomarker could be an indicator of the reduction of man-vector contact. Altogether, the results of this work show that the specific IgG response to the Nterm-34kDa salivary peptide could be a relevant biomarker for assessing human exposure to arboviruses vectors. This promising indicator, developed as a rapid test, could represent a complementary tool for entomological and epidemiological surveillance of arboviruses diseases
Martini, Xavier. "Évolution du cannibalisme et du comportement de ponte chez les coccinelles aphidiphages." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/803/.
Full textThe framework of this Thesis is the evolution of cannibalism and oviposition strategies in Coccinellidae. The first chapter of is an evolutionary model that deals with the links between egg-cannibalism and female response to oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP). The second chapter is a behavioral study on female's response to the ODP synthesized by related larvae, compared to ODP synthesized by non-related larvae. As predicted by the model, we show that females are more sensitive to tracks synthesized by kin, but this discrimination do not hold with the experience, and the age of female. Finally, the third chapter deals with the interest and the decision making of eggs-cannibalism by larvae. We show that cannibalism is particularly advantageous before the end of the larval development, because it brings more reserves than aphids. Moreover, due to chemical protection eggs are less predated than aphids, but we demonstrate the possibility of learning that make this protection useless
Bahlaoui, Moulay Abdellah. "Lagunage à haut rendement expérimental : dynamique de différents groupes bactériens et performances épuratrices sanitaires." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20289.
Full textBorel, Gae͏̈tan. "Le foyer de bilharziose à Schistosoma Mansoni de l'arrière mangrove de Guadeloupe : essai de lutte biologique contre le mollusque vecteur, Biomphalaria glabrata, à l'aide du mollusque compétiteur, Melanoides tuberculata : dynamique des populations du parasite chez l'hôte réservoir, Rattus rattus." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20208.
Full textPrawirosukarto, Sudharto. "Etude d'un virus pathogène de "Setothosea asigna" Van Eecke (Lepidoptera : limacodidae), ravageur du palmier à huile en Indonésie : caractérisation, diagnostic et épidémiologie en plantation." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20261.
Full textD’Amico, Frank. "Rôle de "Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead 1910" dans la transmission des trypanosomes bovines en Afrique centrale : Le cas de la zone d'élevage d'Ouro-Djafoun (République centrafricaine)." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20214.
Full textPaiva, Toledo André de. "Les grands enjeux contemporains du droit international des espaces maritimes et fluviaux et du droit de l'environnement : de la conservation de la nature à la lutte contre la biopiraterie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020084/document.
Full textEnvironmental international law is based on two fundamental principles: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the principle of conservation of nature. The contemporary global economy is characterized by systematic violations of these legal norms through overexploitation and pollution of ecosystems, as well as the clandestine access to biological resources, or biopiracy. This thesis has been especially developed from discussions on the quantitative management of biotic biological resources (fauna and flora) and abiotic biological resources (water), in spite of the analysis on pollution, which can be found in the body of the thesis. The latter analysis is, however, always connected with the overexploitation and biopiracy, which are actually two major contemporary issues of environmental international law. For the demonstration of the generalization of these environmental issues, all regimes relating to the use of resources have been examined, independently of whether they concern the air, the sea, or land. That which could be verified is the existence of a common legal system for the use of biological resources based, in addition to the two fundamental principles mentioned supra, on international cooperation, good faith and the duty not to cause transboundary harm to other States. All these legal norms on nature management are established in international agreements on the use of a biological resource based on the notion of sustainability quotas and national quotas of exploitation. Therefore, States may control the compliance with environmental international law by ensuring the conservation of nature and the fight against biopiracy
Verwilghen, Aude. "Rodent pest management and predators communities in oil palm plantations in Indonesia : comparison of two contrasted system." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2042/document.
Full textRodent pest control is often a major issue in agroecosystems. We conducted a 3-year comparative study (2010-2012) in oil palm plantations in Riau and Bangka provinces, in Indonesia: in both areas barn owls have been introduced for rat control, and were at least as abundant in Bangka plantations than in Riau, but in Riau rat populations have been maintained at an acceptable level without the use of rodenticide, whereas in Bangka intensive rodenticide applications did not prevent high levels of rat damage. We compared these two contrasting systems in terms of predator community (barn owls and small carnivores) abundance and/or diet. We found that small carnivores were much more abundant in Riau plantations than in Bangka, and that the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was the dominant species in Riau while absent from Bangka. Our results on diet suggested that rat prey intake from barn owls and from the small carnivore community would be less in Bangka plantations than in Riau. Broadly, our results suggest that small carnivores, notably the leopard cat, play an important role in rodent control. In addition, we investigated spatial distribution of small carnivores within the oil palm habitat. Our results support the hypothesis that, although the oil palm may be habitable for some small carnivore species such as the leopard cat, where they supposedly forage at night, most species still need forest for their survival in oil palm landscapes. Oil palm plantations managers should adapt agricultural practices and land-use to enhance small carnivores, with the view to improve rodent control
Normand, Alexia Delannoy. "Recherche de gènes impliqués dans l'installation du strongle Haemonchus contortus par une approche transcriptomique." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4034/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus have a major impact on health of small ruminants world-wide. The control of infections remains largely based on anthelminthic treatments, but spreading of resistance has reduced their efficiency. An attractive solution would be the development of anti-nematode vaccines. Genes expressed during the early parasitic stage of H. contortus constituted our main targets. We have developed an approach based on SSH (Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization) technique and generated 4 subtracted cDNA libraries of H. contortus enriched in cDNA specifically expressed during L4 stage (five days post infection). 400 clones were analyzed by dot-blotand 51 clones regrouped in 10 contigs. All contigs were validated by RT-PCR. Homologues of candidates possessing a signal peptide were searched in T. colubriformis and T. circumcincta to evaluate their polymorphism. Recombinant proteins of theses candidates were produced and purified in order to know if they have a good vaccine potential with cross protection against two major gastro-intestinal nematodes
Toone, Julia. "Discontinuités géomorphologiques et organisation des communautés benthiques sur le continuum fluvial de la rivière Drôme." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_toone_j.pdf.
Full textA mixed bedrock-alluvial reach of the River Drôme, France forms the central focus of this thesis. The first part examines long-term changes in channel morphology, and the development of present-day geomorphic zonation. The second part examines the present-day organisation of in-stream macroinvertebrate communities and associations with channel morphology. The study reach is located 200 m downstream from the Béoux sub-catchment, a site chosen for the experimental remobilisation of sediment to rehabilitate degradation along the reach and in downstream parts of the Drôme. The third part evaluates the likely morphological and ecological impacts of this management strategy. Analyses reveal that degradation is a discontinuous process both in time and in space. A large flood in 1978 is seen as the catalyst of zonation. By locking the reach into a particular geometry it imposed substantial spatial discontinuity in the capacity and the propensity of the channel to adjust. Spatial differences in macroinvertebrate community structure reflect spatial differences in channel behaviour. Zone-scale variation in longitudinal, lateral and vertical connectivity, and in particular bed disturbances associated with zone-scale regimes of sediment transfer and storage, control the organization of in-stream fauna. It is considered that the present-day mixed bedrock-alluvial morphology supports a more diverse fauna than historical, alluvial channels. If fluxes of bedload reintroduced to the Drôme are not inferior or excessive to the present-day regimes responsible for maintaining zonation, then this self-regulating dynamic could be maintained. This would also maintain the present-day patterns of macroinvertebrate community structure and so it is concluded that if the reach is secured with a moderate and frequent supply of bedload then the remobilization of sediment is a desirable management strategy
Eyraud, Vanessa. "Etude d’un insecticide naturel nommé PA1b : Mécanisme d’action et expression hétérologue." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0020/document.
Full textIn a context where chemical pesticides are increasingly criticized, new crops protection strategies that do not affect agriculture efficiency and productivity, must be found. A new peptide extracted from pea (Pisum sativum) seeds, named PA1b (Pea albumin 1 subunit b), and showing an important insecticide activity, was discovered in our laboratory. PA1b induces 100% mortality in our insect model, the cereal weevil, Sitophilus sp. PA1b acts by interacting with a receptor, this interaction is present in sensitive weevil, but not present in resistant weevil. The PA1b receptor is the vacuolar H+ -ATPase (V-ATPase), a multi-subunit proton pump. The V-ATPase is composed of two functional protein complexes named V1 (in the cytoplasm) and V0 (in the membrane). As PA1b is known to act only in the extracellular space, thus only the V0 complex, composed on the subunits a, c, d and e, can be the toxin receptor. The first aim of this thesis is to understand the PA1b mode of action: (i) identifying the subunit(s) acting as the receptor(s), (ii) understanding how the binding mechanism of PA1b on the receptor lead to the insect death. The weevil V0 complex genes were cloned and we used them for a functional complementation tests in yeasts strains deleted for these genes. Our data, together with those obtained through collaboration, lead to the proposal of model for the PA1b perception signaling which would involve subunits c and e of the V-ATPase. The identification of the PA1b receptor allows us to propose a hypothetical model explaining resistance mechanism to the peptide. Using immunohistology and biochemistry methods, we showed that PA1b-receptor interaction induced cells death triggered by apoptosis thus leading to insect death. The second aim of this thesis was the development of a PA1b heterologous production system. Through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transient transformation by infiltration in tobacco leaves (Nicotiana benthamiana) an efficient system for PA1b production was developed. After identification of the essential parts of the complex PA1 gene necessary for efficient PA1b production, we created an expression cassette to simplify our heterologous production system. We used the system to produce six pea PA1b-isoformes with unknown individual toxic activity. The isoforms toxicity was experimentally determined, and our data showed that the amphiphilic properties of PA1b are essential for the maintenance of its toxic activity. For the first time, we implemented a quick and efficient production system, which allows to produce and to test many naturals or synthetics PA1b isoforms. This work will be useful to achieve one of the most important objectives of the research on this molecule, that is the identification
Hamdi, Faten. "'Identification morphologique et moléculaire et caractérisation bio-écologique d'un agent de lutte biologique zoophytophage méditerranéen : Macrolophus pygmaeus'." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20053/document.
Full textThe success of a biological or integrated pest management control program is deeply dependant of the involved biological control agent as well as its intrinsic characteristics and its various interactions with the target introduction area. Before any implication in such a program an accurate/correct identification, a detailed knowledge of its biology, ecology, potential in pest control are necessary. This work was developed in a context of the sanitary and environmental fruits and vegetables production limitation risk problems. It consists, more specifically, in the phytosanitary and environmental impact limitations of some tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pests. In the last twenty years, the biological and integrated pest management has considerably changed by involving a large scale of biological control agents for a successful control of the main parasitic invasions (the two whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci [Gennadius, 1889) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), more recently the moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)]. Among the natural enemies used on the Mediterranean region, one finds a zoophytophagous bug belonging to the Macrolophus genus (Hemiptera: Miridae. In spite of its marketing since the 1990s under the name Macrolophgus caliginosus, its specific identity still remains unclear. This is due to the presence in the origin zone (Mediterranean area) of two morphologically closed species: Macrolophus caliginosus/melanotoma and Macrolophus pygmaeus. The first part of this thesis shed light on the identification problem through a double morphological and molecular approach. It also provided a new identification key of all the Palaearctic species belonging to the genus Macrolophus. The second part focused on some bio-ecological traits of the commercialised species, identified in this work as M. pygmaeus. The influence of trophic/feeding resources on the survival capacity has been studied and a cannibalistic behaviour has been demonstrated. The close relationship between phytophagy and zoophagy was characterized; finally the impact of temperature on its functional response was described. The results showed the importance of all these parameters on M. pygmaeus predation potential and emphasized their contribution on the success or failure in tomato pest management
Serrano, Lizana Mercedes. "Recherches sur l'écopathologie et la prévention en salmoniculture." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20057.
Full textMarquez, Aurélie. "Gestion de populations de rongeurs dans un contexte leptospirosique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1010.
Full textManagement of rodent populations is important because they can cause various economic, ecologic and health problems. This management relies on prevention methods, these ones being architectural, hygienic and agricultural practices. It relies on biologic, chemical and mechanic control methods. Chemical control methods are made mainly with the use of anticoagulant rodenticide acting several hours after ingestion to provide food eviction. Excessive use of these molecules led to resistance selection of some individuals yielding their use underperforming. Then there has been new molecules development, but they are more ecotoxic. In these thesisworks we are interested in management of rodent populations within a framework of health risk of leptospirosis. Rodents are main reservoirs of pathogenic leptospires, Spirochete bacterias responsible of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonosis of which there are approximately one million of cases each year and of which there is an increasing number of cases these last years. It is endemic in tropical regions. It is a disease of which real incidence is underestimated because of especially large variability of possible symptoms ranging from flu syndrome to renal forms. Mortality rate is high around 10% and up to 50% in certain cases with pulmonary complications. Numerous factors influence on complex transmission cycle of leptospirosis. There can be health risk associated with presence of rodent carriers of pathogenic leptospires, which can be difficult to control if rodents are resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides used to regulate their populations. Furthermore, there can have exposition problems to ecotoxic risks throughout establishment of chemical treatment. We studied several concrete cases showing the difficulty in decision-making relied with rodent management in various contexts. In a context of economic problems, we analysed pathogenic leptospires carriage by meadow voles and ground voles as well as target resistance to bromadiolone, used molecule in chemical control of low population density. We are interested in influence of societal perception on health risk relied with mice in bovine farming in which there are human and bovine leptospirosis cases. In framework of a project leading to study efficiency of commensal rodent populations management in Martinique in a leptospirosis context, we looked rodent exposition to AVKs and target resistance to AVKs. For pathogenic leptospires carriage by voles we found prevalence ranging from 3% to 53% according to studied area. There were 3 mutations on vkorc1 gene leading to few target resistances to bromadiolone. In the bovine farming we found especially that societal perception of the breeder underestimated risk relied with mice of which 41% were carriers of pathogenic leptospires and 50% were carriers of vkorc1 gene mutations leading to target resistance to AVKs. In Martinique we found that 54% of analysed individuals have been exposed to at least one AVKs molecules and that there were several vkorc1 gene mutations in which certain were not characterised yet leading to target resistance to AVKs. Rodent management is a complex problem with several factors to take into account whether risks relied with rodent exposition or those relied with the use of anticoagulant rodenticides. Furthermore, the concept of risk is scientific but the perception which is subjective participates in decision-making of a way of management
Mollot, Grégory. "Régulations biologiques de Cosmopolites sordidus dans le réseau trophique des bananeraies." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932464.
Full textGoulois, Joffrey. "Diversité des modes de résistance de cible aux antivitamines K chez les rongeurs." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1048/document.
Full textRodent populations are responsible for many economic and health problems. For these reasons different rodents species are called pests and particularly brown rats, house mice and black rats. Their populations need to be managed. This management involves health and environmental measures strictly necessary but is also based on the use of toxic chemicals. As part of chemical control, the AVKs are currently the most commonly used molecules. These AVKs inhibit blood coagulation and are the cause of fatal bleeding. The pharmacological target of AVK is the VKOR enzymatic activity, encoded by the vkorc1 gene. However, the intensive use of AVKs since the 1950s has led to the development of resistance to these molecules. The target resistance has been well studied in the brown rat, but little is known in the house mouse and the black rat