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Journal articles on the topic 'Anisotropic Diffuse Irradiance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Khatri, Pradeep, Tamio Takamura, Akihiro Yamazaki, and Yutaka Kondo. "Retrieval of Key Aerosol Optical Parameters from Spectral Direct and Diffuse Irradiances Observed by a Radiometer with Nonideal Cosine Response Characteristic." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00111.1.

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Abstract The spectral direct and diffuse irradiances observed by a radiometer with a horizontal surface detector have been frequently used to study aerosol optical parameters, such as aerosol optical thickness (τaer) and single scattering albedo (ω). Such radiometers more or less lack an ideal cosine response. Generally, either the cosine error of observed diffuse irradiance was corrected by assuming an isotropic distribution of sky radiance or it was neglected in the past studies. This study presents an algorithm to retrieve τaer and ω from direct and diffuse irradiances observed by a radiometer with a nonideal cosine response characteristic by taking into account the cosine errors of observed irradiances in detail. The proposed algorithm considers the anisotropic distribution of sky radiance while correcting the cosine error of observed diffuse irradiance. This algorithm can also be used to calculate the cosine error correction factor of diffuse irradiance. The results show that the aerosol optical parameters and the aerosol direct effect (aerosol radiative forcing and the heating rate) can be heavily affected by the cosine errors of observed direct and diffuse irradiances. The study further shows that assuming the isotropic distribution of sky radiance while correcting the cosine error of observed diffuse irradiance can affect the retrieved ω at small and large solar zenith angles; thus, the estimated aerosol direct effect can be quantitatively affected. Because of the cosine errors, this study found the actual values of diffuse irradiances at different wavelengths were underestimated by around 5%–11%.

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2

Wang, Y., J. Grimaldi, L. Landier, E. Chavanon, and J. P. Gastellu-Etchegorry. "INTRODUCTION OF CLOUDS IN DART MODEL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-843-2020.

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Abstract. Clouds cover around two thirds of the Earth’s surface. Most of them are thick enough to influence the radiative budget of our planet: they increase the top of atmosphere (TOA) exitance and they alter the bottom of atmosphere (BOA) direct and diffuse irradiance. However, most radiative transfer models dedicated to Earth surfaces, such as DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer), simulate only cloudless atmospheres. We recently introduced clouds in DART in order to improve the modelling of weather for remote sensing simulations. In this implementation, clouds were characterized with user specified optical properties and vertical distribution. They were modelled as layered one-dimensional medium that coexists with gases and aerosols. The atmospheric radiative transfer modelling relies on the discrete ordinate method already in DART. In addition, an iterative inversion procedure was designed to test this improvement with field measurements during two cloudy days at Lamasquère meteorological station (France). Specifically, it derives time-series of atmosphere parameters from time-series of BOA solar irradiance measurements. These inversed atmospheric parameters were used to simulate total and diffuse BOA irradiance in PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) domain. The comparison of time-series of measured and DART simulated PAR irradiance lead to very encouraging results (mean relative error ∼8% for total irradiance and ∼20% for diffuse irradiance). It stresses the potential of DART to accurately simulate irradiance in cloudy days.

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3

Muneer, T., and X. Zhang. "A New Method for Correcting Shadow Band Diffuse Irradiance Data." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1435647.

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An instrument commonly used to measure diffuse irradiance is the polar-axis shadow band pyranometer. However, the shadow band that is used to prevent the beam energy from entering the pyranometer also obscures part of sky-diffuse irradiance. A correction factor must hence be applied to obtain as accurate as possible the estimation of the true diffuse irradiance. In this article, the development of a new model based on an anisotropic sky-diffuse distribution theory is presented. The proposed model is validated using two databases from different sites with various sky conditions. Drummond’s method, which is based on geometrical calculation, is also examined using the same databases. Comparison of the results obtained through application of the proposed model, with those generated by Drummond’s method shows that, for the case of Bracknell, UK the proposed method gives a root mean square error (RMSE) of 12 W/m2, as compared to Drummond’s figure of 16 W/m2. For the case of Beer Sheva, Israel the proposed model produces an RMSE of 17 W/m2, while Drummond’s procedure results in 23 W/m2. It has been demonstrated herein that the proposed method is not site specific.

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4

Vartiainen, Eero. "An anisotropic shadow ring correction method for the horizontal diffuse irradiance measurements." Renewable Energy 17, no. 3 (July 1999): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(98)00756-3.

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5

Hess, Stefan, and Victor I. Hanby. "Collector Simulation Model with Dynamic Incidence Angle Modifier for Anisotropic Diffuse Irradiance." Energy Procedia 48 (2014): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.011.

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6

Michalak, Piotr. "Modelling of global solar irradiance on sloped surfaces in climatic conditions of Kraków." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0054.

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Abstract The paper presents calculations of global solar irradiance on inclined surfaces of any orientation in the hourly time step. For computational purposes there were used the data from typical meteorological years (TMY) available in a form of text files on the website of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development. Hourly solar global horizontal irradiance from measurements from the file for Kraków was used as input for five anisotropic models (Hay, Muneer, Reindl, Perez and Perez according to the new PN-EN ISO 52010-1 standard). Direct normal and diffuse horizontal and then global irradiances were calculated. To illustrate the effects of using different models, for the exemplary residential building, monthly solar heat gains and heating demand was determined according to the monthly method of PN-EN ISO 13790. In comparison to the solar data from the TMY, an average decrease in the value of solar gains amounted 37%, what resulted in an increase in the calculated heat demand of the building by 10%. This is very important since this change takes place without any modernisation works.

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7

Li, Zhengrong, Haowei Xing, Shiqin Zeng, Jinpeng Zhao, and Ting Wang. "Comparison of Anisotropic Diffuse Sky Radiance Models for Irradiance Estimation on Building Facades." Procedia Engineering 205 (2017): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.010.

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8

Zakšek, K., K. Čotar, T. Veljanovski, P. Pehani, and K. Oštir. "Topographic Correction Module at Storm (TC@Storm)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-721-2015.

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Different solar position in combination with terrain slope and aspect result in different illumination of inclined surfaces. Therefore, the retrieved satellite data cannot be accurately transformed to the spectral reflectance, which depends only on the land cover. The topographic correction should remove this effect and enable further automatic processing of higher level products. The topographic correction TC@STORM was developed as a module within the SPACE-SI automatic near-real-time image processing chain STORM. It combines physical approach with the standard Minnaert method. The total irradiance is modelled as a three-component irradiance: direct (dependent on incidence angle, sun zenith angle and slope), diffuse from the sky (dependent mainly on sky-view factor), and diffuse reflected from the terrain (dependent on sky-view factor and albedo). For computation of diffuse irradiation from the sky we assume an anisotropic brightness of the sky. We iteratively estimate a linear combination from 10 different models, to provide the best results. Dependent on the data resolution, we mask shades based on radiometric (image) or geometric properties. The method was tested on RapidEye, Landsat 8, and PROBA-V data. Final results of the correction were evaluated and statistically validated based on various topography settings and land cover classes. Images show great improvements in shaded areas.

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9

Schauberger, G. "Anisotropic model for the diffuse biologically-effective irradiance of solar UV-radiation on inclined surfaces." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 46, no. 1 (1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00866447.

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10

Dal Pai, Alexandre, Enzo Dal Pai, Valéria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen, and João Francisco Escobedo. "Evaluation of anisotropic correction models for diffuse solar irradiance measured by the MEO shadow ring method." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 12, no. 6 (November 2020): 063701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0012181.

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11

Arnfield, A. J. "Estimating diffuse irradiance on organisms: A comparison of results from isotropic and anisotropic sky radiance models." International Journal of Biometeorology 30, no. 3 (September 1986): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02189464.

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12

Arnfield, A. J. "Estimating diffuse irradiance on organisms: A comparison of results from isotropic and anisotropic sky radiance models." International Journal of Biometeorology 31, no. 1 (March 1987): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02192839.

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13

Ivanova, Stoyanka Marinova. "Estimation of background diffuse irradiance on orthogonal surfaces under partially obstructed anisotropic sky. Part I – Vertical surfaces." Solar Energy 95 (September 2013): 376–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.01.021.

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14

Ivanova, Stoyanka Marinova. "Estimation of background diffuse irradiance on orthogonal surfaces under partially obstructed anisotropic sky. Part II – Horizontal surfaces." Solar Energy 100 (February 2014): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.12.010.

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15

Staiger, Henning, and Andreas Matzarakis. "Accuracy of Mean Radiant Temperature Derived from Active and Passive Radiometry." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080805.

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The concept of the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) allows the study of radiative exchanges between a human and its environment. It presupposes that the radiant effects on the person of the actual environment, which is generally heterogeneous, and the virtual environment, which is defined as homogeneous, are identical. ISO 7726 specifies the required accuracy in Tmrt as input of rational thermal indices, outdoors ±5 (K). Tmrt accounts for the radiant heat absorbed by skin/clothing from the shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) spectral bands. Most of the radiant components are isotropic. However, there are anisotropic SW components; namely the direct irradiance and under clear or partly obstructed skies a significant circumsolar fraction (fcs) in the diffuse irradiance. Both originate from the close proximity of the solar disk. This study highlights the effect of fcs on Tmrt. In the scope of human biometeorology a standing body posture is standard. For unidirectional irradiances its radiant cross-section varies dependent on the solar altitude. Active radiometry in deriving Tmrt is based on measured irradiances. One method is the Klima-Michel-Modell (KMM) that uses readily available measurements from standard meteorologically radiant observations. KMM references Fanger’s area projection factors that are derived from precise measurements of real humans. Thus, KMM serves as reference in evaluation of further methods. One is the six-directional instrument (Tmrt,r,6−Dir). Slightly simplifying a standing human, it represents a subject as a rectangular solid. Tmrt,r,6−Dir is derived based on measured irradiances incident on the vertical and horizontal planes. In passive radiometry the energy balance equation of a black globe thermometer is solved that leads to Tmrt,Tg,BG. fcs significantly impacts Tmrt with noticeably reduced values for high and increased for low solar altitudes. Hence, accounting for fcs is essential for the accuracy of Tmrt. For KMM an extension to an existing algorithm is provided in order to include fcs into the Tmrt calculation that results in Tmrt,r,KMM. For Tmrt,r,6−Dir the radiant cross-section of the solid depends to a minor extent on its azimuth relative to the solar azimuth. As a result Tmrt,r,6−Dir slightly scatters compared to Tmrt,r,KMM. However, it remains within ±2 (K). Tmrt,Tg,BG compared to Tmrt,r,KMM complies only at night with the ISO 7726 bin of ±5 K. Tmrt,Tg,BG significantly overestimates Tmrt,r,KMM during the daytime, because of its greater SW absorptance compared to skin/clothing and to a smaller extent because the standing posture is represented by a sphere. Particularly in sunny conditions, Tmrt,Tg,BG is subject to considerable variance. Thus, outdoors during the daytime, Tmrt,Tg,BG is unable to serve as an appropriate input for the calculation of rational-based thermal indices.

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16

Bishop, Michael P., Brennan W. Young, Jeffrey D. Colby, Roberto Furfaro, Enrico Schiassi, and Zhaohui Chi. "Theoretical Evaluation of Anisotropic Reflectance Correction Approaches for Addressing Multi-Scale Topographic Effects on the Radiation-Transfer Cascade in Mountain Environments." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232728.

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Research involving anisotropic-reflectance correction (ARC) of multispectral imagery to account for topographic effects has been ongoing for approximately 40 years. A large body of research has focused on evaluating empirical ARC methods, resulting in inconsistent results. Consequently, our research objective was to evaluate commonly used ARC methods using first-order radiation-transfer modeling to simulate ASTER multispectral imagery over Nanga Parbat, Himalaya. Specifically, we accounted for orbital dynamics, atmospheric absorption and scattering, direct- and diffuse-skylight irradiance, land cover structure, and surface biophysical variations to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing multi-scale topographic effects. Our results clearly reveal that the empirical methods we evaluated could not reasonably account for multi-scale topographic effects at Nanga Parbat. The magnitude of reflectance and the correlation structure of biophysical properties were not preserved in the topographically-corrected multispectral imagery. The CCOR and SCS+C methods were able to remove topographic effects, given the Lambertian assumption, although atmospheric correction was required, and we did not account for other primary and secondary topographic effects that are thought to significantly influence spectral variation in imagery acquired over mountains. Evaluation of structural-similarity index images revealed spatially variable results that are wavelength dependent. Collectively, our simulation and evaluation procedures strongly suggest that empirical ARC methods have significant limitations for addressing anisotropic reflectance caused by multi-scale topographic effects. Results indicate that atmospheric correction is essential, and most methods failed to adequately produce the appropriate magnitude and spatial variation of surface reflectance in corrected imagery. Results were also wavelength dependent, as topographic effects influence radiation-transfer components differently in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our results explain inconsistencies described in the literature, and indicate that numerical modeling efforts are required to better account for multi-scale topographic effects in various radiation-transfer components.

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17

Kuhn, M. "Bidirectional Reflectance of Polar and Alpine Snow Surfaces." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010259.

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The reflectance distribution of polar and alpine snow was measured under various conditions at 450, 514, 750 and 1000 nm wavelength. A reflectance peak appears in the azimuth directions up to 60° to both sides of the solar azimuth, is more prominent at high zenith angles of incidence and of reflectance and is better developed in coarse than in fine-grained snow. Under natural conditions, when only hemispherical-directional reflectivity can be determined, the anisotropy is spread in the blue part of the spectrum where the diffuse component dominates global irradiance. Bidirectional reflectance of a laser beam at 514 nm over alpine snow is comparable to that at 1000 nm over polar snow.

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18

Kuhn, M. "Bidirectional Reflectance of Polar and Alpine Snow Surfaces." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500010259.

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The reflectance distribution of polar and alpine snow was measured under various conditions at 450, 514, 750 and 1000 nm wavelength. A reflectance peak appears in the azimuth directions up to 60° to both sides of the solar azimuth, is more prominent at high zenith angles of incidence and of reflectance and is better developed in coarse than in fine-grained snow. Under natural conditions, when only hemispherical-directional reflectivity can be determined, the anisotropy is spread in the blue part of the spectrum where the diffuse component dominates global irradiance. Bidirectional reflectance of a laser beam at 514 nm over alpine snow is comparable to that at 1000 nm over polar snow.

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