Academic literature on the topic 'Annual average temperature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Annual average temperature"
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Pal, Satyabrata, and Arunava Ghosh. "Global annual average temperature – a precise modelling." Biometrical Letters 51, no. 1 (2014): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2014-0003.
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SUMMARY Global annual average temperature (GAAT) is regarded as a precise indicator of the warming of the globe over the centuries, and its spectre is looming large with the passage of time and with the advancement of civilization. Global warming, caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has become the worst environmental threat to mankind. The phase 1981 to 2012 was the most crucial phase, and the impact of global warming in that phase indeed points to a disaster if not controlled now. Work on the building of appropriate models to represent the GAAT data can be found in the literature, although the precision levels (in terms of R2 values) of such models do not exceed 0.86. In this paper, six models are developed by using different combinations of mathematical functions. The developed models are superior to existing models in terms of their precision. In fact, to generate such models, extensive simulation work has been carried out not only with respect to the types of mathematical functions, but also with respect to the choices of initial values of the coefficients involved in each model. The models developed here have attained R2 values as high as 0.896.
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Wang, Jian, and Jinfeng Yin. "TREND ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN JINAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 8 (2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/5030.
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Kitaev, D. N., A. T. Kurnosov, Z. S. Hasanov, and S. O. Kharin. "CALCULATION OF ANNUAL WATER TEMPERATURES IN HEAT NETWORKS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 4(48) (January 6, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.48.4.001.
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Statement of the problem. When carrying out design calculations of heating networks, in particular, calculating the thickness of thermal insulation structures, thermal elongations during thermal expansion, standard losses during the transportation of thermal energy to the consumer, it is often necessary to use the design values of the average annual temperatures of the coolant indicated depending on the design temperature schedule in modern standards [18, 24]. According to a number of researchers, the recommended values of average annual coolant temperatures do not take into account climatological characteristics and their use can lead to significant errors [1--3]. In addition, recommended temperatures have changed over the past few years and there has been a contradiction in regulations. Currently, there are no substantiated values of the design average annual temperatures of the heat carrier in the heating network, taking into account climatological data. Results. For the design temperatures of the temperature graphs of the central quality regulation95 / 70--150 / 70 for the settlements of the territory of the central federal district, presented in the latest edition of building climatology, the values of the average annual water temperatures in the supply line of the heating network have been determined. The averaged values of temperatures for the considered temperature graphs are obtained.Conclusions. For most of the temperature graphs, significant discrepancies have been established between the calculated values of the average annual water temperatures in the heating network and those recommended by the JV “Heating Networks” of the latest edition. The maximum difference is observed for the 150/70 graph and is 12 ° C.
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Kitaev, D. N., A. T. Kurnosov, Z. S. Hasanov, and S. O. Kharin. "CALCULATION OF ANNUAL WATER TEMPERATURES IN HEAT NETWORKS." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 4(48) (January 6, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.48.4.001.
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Statement of the problem. When carrying out design calculations of heating networks, in particular, calculating the thickness of thermal insulation structures, thermal elongations during thermal expansion, standard losses during the transportation of thermal energy to the consumer, it is often necessary to use the design values of the average annual temperatures of the coolant indicated depending on the design temperature schedule in modern standards [18, 24]. According to a number of researchers, the recommended values of average annual coolant temperatures do not take into account climatological characteristics and their use can lead to significant errors [1--3]. In addition, recommended temperatures have changed over the past few years and there has been a contradiction in regulations. Currently, there are no substantiated values of the design average annual temperatures of the heat carrier in the heating network, taking into account climatological data. Results. For the design temperatures of the temperature graphs of the central quality regulation95 / 70--150 / 70 for the settlements of the territory of the central federal district, presented in the latest edition of building climatology, the values of the average annual water temperatures in the supply line of the heating network have been determined. The averaged values of temperatures for the considered temperature graphs are obtained.Conclusions. For most of the temperature graphs, significant discrepancies have been established between the calculated values of the average annual water temperatures in the heating network and those recommended by the JV “Heating Networks” of the latest edition. The maximum difference is observed for the 150/70 graph and is 12 ° C.
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Fuzhi, BI, and YUAN Youshen. "Average Annual Temperature Changes in the Holocene in China." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 72, no. 3 (2010): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1998.tb00410.x.
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Khorchani, Makki, Natalia Martin-Hernandez, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, et al. "Average annual and seasonal Land Surface Temperature, Spanish Peninsular." Journal of Maps 14, no. 2 (2018): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1500316.
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Thapa, A., A. Silwal, S. P. Gautam, C. K. Nepal, S. Bhattarai, and D. Timsina. "Surface air temperature trends in Kathmandu Valley for 2011-2017." BIBECHANA 18, no. 2 (2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i2.29495.
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In this study, we reviewed the maximum and minimum temperature trends of the Kathmandu valley over the period of 2011-2017. In addition, the average monthly temperature trends were studied annually for the same period, with the data made available from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal. The annual temperature trended in the same direction, with winter temperatures being lower and summer temperatures being higher. The annual average minimum and maximum air temperature trends were found to be slightly rising at 0.097˚C/year and 0.04˚C/year, respectively. The mean air temperature in Kathmandu valley is increasing at a rate of 0.06 degrees Celsius per year, with 2016 being the warmest year and 2012 being the least warm, with annual mean temperatures of 19.82˚C and 19.32˚C, respectively. The temperature difference is much smaller in the summer (less than ~12˚C) than in the winter. 
 BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 95-104
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Mia, Md Younus, Md Ramjan Ali, and Shimul Roy. "Comparison of climatic variables among different climatic sub-regions of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 29, no. 1 (2016): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v29i1.29759.
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The study was conducted to compare the rate of change of selective climatic variables such as annual maximum and minimum temperature, annual total rainfall and annual average humidity among the three different climatic sub-regions (Western zone, northwestern zone and north-eastern zone) of Bangladesh. Annual averages of climatic parameters were calculated to analyze the trend lines, variation and change rate of climatic parameter during the study period. Five years moving average rainfall and humidity were also determined. It was observed that change rate of annual maximum temperature and annual average maximum temperature both were highest in north-eastern zone at the rate of 0.048 and 0.046°C per year, respectively. Highest annual minimum temperature change rate (0.003°C per year) was also found in the north-eastern zone but highest annual average minimum temperature change rate (0.034°C per year) was found in the north-western zone. Average annual rainfall was decreasing insignificantly in all the three climatic sub-regions whereas the highest change rate (21.50 mm per year) was observed in the north-eastern zone of Bangladesh. Highest annual average humidity change rate (0.113% per year) was found in the north-western zone of Bangladesh and five years moving average of annual average humidity was increasing at the highest rate of 0.132% per year in the north-western zone of Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(1): 63-71, June-2016
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Pandžić, Krešo, and Tanja Likso. "Homogeneity of average annual air temperature time series for Croatia." International Journal of Climatology 30, no. 8 (2009): 1215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1922.
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Китаев, Д. Н., А. Т. Курносов, З. С. Гасанов, and С. О. Харин. "MODELLING ANNUAL WATER TEMPERATURES IN HEAT NETWORKS." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 4(60) (December 29, 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.60.4.004.
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Состояние проблемы. При проведении проектных расчетов тепловых сетей (в частности, расчетов толщины теплоизоляционных конструкций, удлинений при тепловом расширении, нормативных потерь при транспортировке тепловой энергии) потребителю часто приходится пользоваться проектными значениями среднегодовых температур теплоносителя, указанными в зависимости от проектного температурного графика в современных нормативах[18,24]. По мнению ряда исследователей, рекомендуемые значения среднегодовых температур теплоносителя не учитывают климатологические характеристики, и их использование может приводить к значительным ошибкам[1-3]. Кроме того, за последние несколько лет значения рекомендуемых температур изменились, и наблюдается противоречие в нормативах. В настоящее время отсутствуют обоснованные значения проектных среднегодовых температур теплоносителя в тепловой сети, учитывающие климатологические данные. Результаты. Для проектных температурных графиков центрального качественного регулирования 95/70-150/70 для населенных пунктов территории центрального федерального округа, представленных в последней редакции строительной климатологии, определены значения среднегодовых температур воды в подающей магистрали тепловой сети. Получены осредненные значения температур для рассмотренных температурных графиков. Выводы. Для большинства температурных графиков установлены значительные расхождения между полученными расчетными значениями среднегодовых температур воды в тепловой сети и рекомендуемыми СП «Тепловые сети» последней редакции. Максимальная разница наблюдается для графика 150/70 и составляет 12°С. Statement of the problem. When carrying out design calculations of heating networks, in particular, calculating the thickness of thermal insulation structures, thermal elongations during thermal expansion, standard losses during the transportation of thermal energy to the consumer, it is often necessary to use the design values of the average annual temperatures of the coolant indicated depending on the design temperature schedule in modern standards [18, 24]. According to a number of researchers, the recommended values of average annual coolant temperatures do not take into account climatological characteristics and their use can lead to significant errors [1-3]. In addition, recommended temperatures have changed over the past few years and there has been a contradiction in regulations. Currently, there are no substantiated values of the design average annual temperatures of the heat carrier in the heating network taking into account climatological data. Results. For the design temperatures of the temperature graphs of the central quality regulation 95/70-150/70 for the settlements of the territory of the central federal district presented in the latest edition of building climatology the values of the average annual water temperatures in the supply line of the heating network have been determined. The averaged values of temperatures for the considered temperature graphs are obtained. Conclusions. For most of the temperature graphs, significant discrepancies have been established between the calculated values of the average annual water temperatures in the heating network and those recommended by the JV “Heating Networks” of the latest edition. The maximum difference is observed for the 150/70 graph and is 12°C.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Annual average temperature"
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Mudelsee, Manfred. "Rampenregression - Quantifizierung von Temperaturtrends." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-215518.
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Die Jahresmitteltemperatur-Zeitreihen dreier Stationen (Berlin, Leipzig und Stockholm) werden auf ihre langfristigen Trends im Zeitbereich 1830-1980 untersucht. Dazu wird die neuartige, parametrische Methode der Rampenregression (Mudelsee 1999a) verwendet. Die Vorteile gegenüber bisher verwendeten Verfahren sind (1) eine realistischeres Übergangsmodell und (2) Angaben des statistischen Fehlers geschätzter Übergangs-Zeitpunkte und -Niveaus. Leipzig (Erwärmung um 0.86±0.13 °C von 1889±7bis1911±7) und Stockholm (Erwärmung um 1.01±0.22 °C von 1879±23 bis 1945±21) zeigen beide einen rampenförmigen Trendverlauf, Berlin dagegen einen noch komplizierteren Trend. Im Falle von Leipzig liegt wahrscheinlich ein deutlicher Urbanisierungseinfluß vor. Die Rampenregression bietet die Möglichkeit, einen globalen Klimawechsel genauer zu quantifizieren<br>Timeseries of annual average temperature from three stations (Berlin, Leipzig and Stockholm) are investigated with regards to their long-term trends in the time interval 1830-1980. For that, the new, parametric method of ramp function regression (Mudelsee 1999a) is used. The advantages against other previously employed methods are (1) a more realistic transition model and (2) information about the statistical accuracy of estimated transition dates and levels. Both Leipzig (warming by 0.86±0.13 °C, from 1889±7 to 1911±7) and Stockholm (warming by 1.01±0.22 °C, from 1879±23 to 1945±21) show a ramp-form trend, whereas Berlin\'s trend is even more complicated. In the case of Leipzig a significant contribution by urbanization is likely. Ramp function regression has the potential to quantify a global climate change more accurately
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Mudelsee, Manfred. "Rampenregression - Quantifizierung von Temperaturtrends." Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Leipziger Instituts für Meteorologie ; 17 = Meteorologische Arbeiten aus Leipzig ; 5 (2000), S. 148-162, 2000. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15161.
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Die Jahresmitteltemperatur-Zeitreihen dreier Stationen (Berlin, Leipzig und Stockholm) werden auf ihre langfristigen Trends im Zeitbereich 1830-1980 untersucht. Dazu wird die neuartige, parametrische Methode der Rampenregression (Mudelsee 1999a) verwendet. Die Vorteile gegenüber bisher verwendeten Verfahren sind (1) eine realistischeres Übergangsmodell und (2) Angaben des statistischen Fehlers geschätzter Übergangs-Zeitpunkte und -Niveaus. Leipzig (Erwärmung um 0.86±0.13 °C von 1889±7bis1911±7) und Stockholm (Erwärmung um 1.01±0.22 °C von 1879±23 bis 1945±21) zeigen beide einen rampenförmigen Trendverlauf, Berlin dagegen einen noch komplizierteren Trend. Im Falle von Leipzig liegt wahrscheinlich ein deutlicher Urbanisierungseinfluß vor. Die Rampenregression bietet die Möglichkeit, einen globalen Klimawechsel genauer zu quantifizieren.<br>Timeseries of annual average temperature from three stations (Berlin, Leipzig and Stockholm) are investigated with regards to their long-term trends in the time interval 1830-1980. For that, the new, parametric method of ramp function regression (Mudelsee 1999a) is used. The advantages against other previously employed methods are (1) a more realistic transition model and (2) information about the statistical accuracy of estimated transition dates and levels. Both Leipzig (warming by 0.86±0.13 °C, from 1889±7 to 1911±7) and Stockholm (warming by 1.01±0.22 °C, from 1879±23 to 1945±21) show a ramp-form trend, whereas Berlin\''s trend is even more complicated. In the case of Leipzig a significant contribution by urbanization is likely. Ramp function regression has the potential to quantify a global climate change more accurately.
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Beckett, Matthew Campbell. "Changes in the annual average temperature, flow rates and flood probability in Prince George, British Columbia." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/486.
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Three key questions are identified and answered in this paper. Firstly, have the average annual temperatures in the Prince George Region changed in recent years? Secondly, have the seasonal flow rates changed for local waterways? Lastly, have the timing of the annual flood cycles in the Prince George, British Columbia changed? By reviewing data from local weather and hydrological monitoring stations, this paper identifies that the average annual temperature in Prince George, British Columbia has not only increased but also shifted to a pattern of warmer winters and cooler summers. The flow rates for the region were seen to have been altered as well, indicating increased flow rates in the winter and early spring and decreased flow rates in the summer and early fall. The magnitude of flood frequency events such as the 10, 25 and 100 year flood occurrence does not seem to have the increased in recent years.
Books on the topic "Annual average temperature"
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Harstine, Leonard J. Hydrologic atlas for Ohio: Average annual precipitation, temperature, streamflow, and water loss for 50-year period, 1931-1980. Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Ground Water Resources Section, 1991.
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Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.
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Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.
Book chapters on the topic "Annual average temperature"
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Roy, Arindam, Dharmpal Singh, Sudipta Sahana, Pranati Rakshit, and Souvik Pal. "Assessment of Annual Average Temperature by Clustering Algorithm." In Research in Intelligent and Computing in Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7527-3_41.
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Nthambi, Mary, and Uche Dickson Ijioma. "Retracing Economic Impact of Climate Change Disasters in Africa: Case Study of Drought Episodes and Adaptation in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_66.
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AbstractValuation studies have shown that drought occurrences have more severe economic impact compared to other natural disasters such as floods. In Kenya, drought has presented complex negative effects on farming communities. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the economic impacts of drought and identify appropriate climate change adaptation measures in Kenya. To achieve this objective, an empirical approach, combined with secondary data mined from World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal and FAOSTAT databases, has been used in three main steps. First, historical links between population size and land degradation, temperature and rainfall changes with drought events were established. Second, economic impacts of drought on selected economic indicators such as quantities of staple food crop, average food value production, number of undernourished people, gross domestic product, agriculture value added growth, and renewable water resources per annum in Kenya were evaluated. Third, different climate change adaptation measures among farmers in Makueni county were identified using focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, for which the use of bottom-up approach was used to elicit responses. Findings from the binary logistic regression model show a statistical relationship between drought events and a selected set of economic indicators. More specifically, drought events have led to increased use of pesticides, reduced access to credit for agriculture and the annual growth of gross domestic product. One of the main recommendations of this chapter is to involve farmers in designing and implementing community-based climate change adaptation measures, with support from other relevant stakeholders.
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Sami Abourayya, Mahmoud, and E. K. Nabila. "Expansion in Cultivating Almond Trees in Egypt." In Prunus - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98618.
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Egypt spends a lot of hard currency annually to import nut fruits (almond- walnut and pistachio) to apply market needs of these crops especially in Ramadan month. It is known that there are wide uncultivated areas in Sinai despite of its suitability for cultivation. Cultivating nut trees can share in development of Sinai. There are scarcity of these trees in Egypt in spite of the relevance of environmental conditions for growing almond trees in different regions. Since the last 25 years I and a group of scientists studied the possibility of achieving self sufficiency of almond by cultivating in Sinai Peninsula and different regions after carrying out climatic, economical, water requirements, nutrition and genetic studies. Many fruit trees require cold temperatures during the winter to overcome their seasonal dormancy.() Most fruit species that evolved in temperate or cool subtropical climates have such chilling requirements that need to be fulfilled each winter to achieve homogeneous and simultaneous flowering and regular crop yields. Coldness. (). Monthly historical data of minimum temperature from Central laborator for Agricultural climate of four districts were analyzed in order to determine the changes in minimum temperature from October to February during the period from 2001 to 2010. Understanding monthly temperature changes from October to February during the period 2001–2010 was the first step in carrying out this study. The highest minimum temperature was found during 2010 year during the studied period in the October month for all districts except in November and December, the highest minimum temperature was observed in the year of 2009. Saint Catherine district was the lowest minimum temperature in all months during the studied period. Understanding average monthly temperature trends of the studied time serious from 2001 to 2010 was the second step in carrying out this study. October month was the highest values of minimum temperature and January was the lowest value of minimum temperature at the four districts. The highest and lowest values for temperature were found in Ras Sudr and Saint Catherine respectively. The third step in carrying out this study is to understanding the annual trend of minimum temperature for the period 2001–2010 at the Suez, Ras Sudr, El Tur and Saint Catherine districts. Data shows the average annual minimum temperature at the four districts during the years from 2001 up to 2010 and it can be observed that, Ras Sudr district has the highest average annual minimum temperature while Saint Catherine has the lowest one among the studied districts. It can be concluded that the carried out climatic studies, estimate the irrigation water requirements of almond trees and genetic studies help in solving the problem of achieving self sufficiency of almond fruits through expansion of cultivating almond trees in Egypt.
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Walker, James C. G. "Climate: A Chain of Identical Reservoirs." In Numerical Adventures with Geochemical Cycles. Oxford University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195045208.003.0009.
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One class of important problems involves diffusion in a single spatial dimension, for example, height profiles of reactive constituents in a turbulently mixing atmosphere, profiles of concentration as a function of depth in the ocean or other body of water, diffusion and diagenesis within sediments, and calculation of temperatures as a function of depth or position in a variety of media. The one-dimensional diffusion problem typically yields a chain of interacting reservoirs that exchange the species of interest only with the immediately adjacent reservoirs. In the mathematical formulation of the problem, each differential equation is coupled only to adjacent differential equations and not to more distant ones. Substantial economies of computation can therefore be achieved, making it possible to deal with a larger number of reservoirs and corresponding differential equations. In this chapter I shall explain how to solve a one-dimensional diffusion problem efficiently, performing only the necessary calculations. The example I shall use is the calculation of the zonally averaged temperature of the surface of the Earth (that is, the temperature averaged over all longitudes as a function of latitude). I first present an energy balance climate model that calculates zonally averaged temperatures as a function of latitude in terms of the absorption of solar energy, which is a function of latitude, the emission of long-wave planetary radiation to space, which is a function of temperature, and the transport of heat from one latitude to another. This heat transport is represented as a diffusive process, dependent on the temperature gradient or the difference between temperatures in adjacent latitude bands. I use the energy balance climate model first to calculate annual average temperature as a function of latitude, comparing the calculated results with observed values and tuning the simulation by adjusting the diffusion parameter that describes the transport of energy between latitudes. I then show that most of the elements of the sleq array for this problem are zero. Nonzero elements are present only on the diagonal and immediately adjacent to the diagonal. The array has this property because each differential equation for temperature in a latitude band is coupled only to temperatures in the adjacent latitude bands.
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Hirata, So, and Punit K. Jha. "Converging finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory in the grand canonical ensemble that conserves the average number of electrons." In Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.arcc.2019.08.003.
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Haigh, Joanna D., and Peter Cargill. "The Earth’s Climate System." In The Sun's Influence on Climate. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691153834.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on solar radiation and its interaction with the terrestrial atmosphere in the context of the Earth's radiation budget and radiative forcing of climate, as well as its direct impact on atmospheric composition and temperature. The composition, temperature, and motion of Earth's atmosphere are determined by internal chemical and physical processes as well as by complex interactions with other parts of the climate system—notably the oceans, cryosphere and biosphere. On a global and annual average the solar energy absorbed by the Earth is balanced by thermal infrared radiation emitted to space. However, solar radiation absorption has a strong latitudinal variation, while the outgoing infrared radiation has only a weak latitudinal dependence. Thus there is a net surplus of radiative energy at low latitudes and a deficit at high latitudes.
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"Anadromous Sturgeons: Habitats, Threats, and Management." In Anadromous Sturgeons: Habitats, Threats, and Management, edited by Daryl C. Parkyn, Debra J. Murie, Julianne E. Harris, Douglas E. Colle, and James D. Holloway. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569919.ch3.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>Eighteen Gulf of Mexico sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi</em> netted at the mouth of the Suwannee River, Florida, in February–April 2001, were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters to examine riverine and estuarine movements. In addition, 30 fish (11 carrying ultrasonic transmitters) were fitted with archival temperature-logging tags to record temperatures encountered by Gulf sturgeon over the course of a year, including both their riverine and estuarine residency. Movement rates of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River were greatest during the upstream migration in March and April 2001 (4.8 km/d) and upon their emigration from the river in September 2001 (6.4 and 16.0 km/d for males and females, respectively). Mean maximum distance that fish were relocated upstream was significantly greater for male Gulf sturgeon (165 km) than for females (126 km). This may relate to female Gulf sturgeon not spawning annually and thus not migrating to putative spawning grounds upriver. In contrast, rates of upstream movement did not differ significantly between sexes. Movements in the nearshore regions of the Suwannee River estuary did not differ between males and females (0.8 and 2.2 km/d, respectively), and was much lower than in the river. Three Gulf sturgeon bearing archival temperature tags were recovered in subsequent netting activities in 2002. Data downloaded from the tags demonstrated that on average Gulf sturgeon were exposed to a 13°C annual flux in temperature, ranging from 26°C in the river during the summer to 13°C in the estuary in the winter, although individual fish experienced as much as a 20°C range (8.1–28.5°C) over the course of a year. Given the influence of temperature on the metabolism of ectotherms such as sturgeon, this broad fluctuation in temperature may have profound implications for the bioenergetics, and hence growth and reproduction, of Gulf sturgeon.
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"Climate Change Overview." In Utilizing Innovative Technologies to Address the Public Health Impact of Climate Change. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3414-3.ch001.
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There is overwhelming scientific evidence that we are experiencing global warming, and that is it due to human-made greenhouse gas emissions, not to a “natural” cycle. Two key indicators of climate change had record-breaking years in 2016: the global mean surface temperature was the highest since recording began in 1880, and the average Arctic sea ice extent was the smallest annual average since record-keeping began in 1979. The greenhouse effect, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, has accelerated as carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has soared to more than 400 parts per million (ppm). As a result of global warming, sea levels are projected to rise at least one-meter (39.4 inches), possibly two meters (78.7 inches), by 2100. It is vitally important that the nations of the world reduce CO2 emissions to slow down global warming. This chapter gives an overview of domestic and global trends in, and impacts from, climate change.
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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Introduction and Overview." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0008.
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The sunlight that falls on the oceans is so strongly absorbed by the water that effectively all of its energy is captured within a shallow “mixed layer” at the surface, 35 to 100 m (100 to 300 ft) thick, where wind and wave actions cause the temperature and salinity to be nearly uniform. In the regions of the tropical oceans between approximately 15° north and 15° south latitude, the heat absorbed from the sun warms the water in the mixed layer to a value near 28°C (82°F) that is nearly constant day and night and from month to month. The annual average temperature of the mixed layer throughout the region varies from about 27°C to about 29°C (80 to 85°F). Beneath the mixed layer, the water becomes colder as depth increases until at 800 to 1000 m (2500 to 3300 ft), a temperature of 4.4°C (40°F) is reached. Below this depth, the temperature drops only a few degrees further to the ocean bottom at an average depth of 3650 m (12,000 ft). Thus, a huge reservoir of cold water exists below a depth of 3000 ft. This cold water is the accumulation of ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions. Because of its higher density and minimal mixing with the warmer water above, the cold water flows along the ocean bottom from the poles toward the equator, displacing the lower-density water above. The result of the two physical processes is to create an oceanic structure with a large reservoir of warm water at the surface and a large reservoir of cold water at the bottom, with a temperature difference between them of 22 to 25 degrees Celsius (40 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit); this structure is found throughout the entire area of the tropical oceans where the depth exceeds 1000 m (3300 ft). The temperature difference is maintained throughout the year, with variations of a few degrees Fahrenheit due to the seasonal effects and weather, and day-to-night changes on the order of one degree. The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) process uses this temperature difference to operate a heat engine, which produces electric power.
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McHugh, Maurice J., and Douglas G. Goodin. "Interdecadal-Scale Variability: An Assessment of LTER Climate Data." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0023.
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Interdecadal-scale climate variability must be considered when interpreting climatic trends at local, regional, or global scales. Significant amounts of variance are found at interdecadal timescales in many climate parameters of both “direct” data (e.g., precipitation and sea surface temperatures at specific locations) and “indirect” data through which the climate system operates (e.g., circulation indices such as the Pacific North American index [PNA] or the North Atlantic Oscillation index [NAO]). The aim of this study is to evaluate LTER climate data for evidence of interdecadal-scale variability, which may in turn be associated with interdecadal-scale fluctuations evident in ecological or biophysical data measured throughout the LTER site network. In their conceptualization of climatic variability, Marcus and Brazel (1984) describe four types of interannual climate variations: (1) Periodic variations around a stationary mean are well known to occur at short timescales, such as diurnal temperature changes or the annual cycle, but are difficult to resolve at decadal or longer timescales. (2) Discontinuities generated by sudden changes in the overall state of the climate system can reveal nonstationarity in the mean about which data vary in a periodic or quasi-periodic manner. These sudden alterations can result in periods perhaps characterized by prolonged drought or colder than normal temperatures. (3) The climate system may undergo trends such as periods of slowly increasing or decreasing precipitation or of warming or cooling until some new mean “steady” state is reached. (4) Climate data may exhibit increasing or decreasing variability about a specific mean value or steady state. Interdecadal contributions to climate variability can be described in terms of types 2 and 3 of Marcus and Brazel’s conceptual classification—discontinuities in the mean and trends in the data. Records of the Northern Hemisphere’s average land surface temperature show discontinuities in the mean state of the hemispheric temperature record in conjunction with obvious trends. Conceptually, it is hard to distinguish between these aspects of climate variability. Trends are an essential component of an alteration in the mean state of the temperature series, as they serve as a temporal linkage between the different mean states.
Conference papers on the topic "Annual average temperature"
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Scholl, James W., and Marija S. Scholl. "Measurement Of Small Temperature Fluctuations At High Average Temperature." In 32nd Annual Technical Symposium, edited by Irving J. Spiro. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.948325.
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Chunan Song and Jianhua Xu. "The nonlinear variation of annual average temperature in the Yangtze Delta and its correlation with global oscillations." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893724.
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Zou, Ying, Ting Wang, Jiangwen Xiao, and Xuan Feng. "Temperature prediction of electrical equipment based on autoregressive integrated moving average model." In 2017 32nd Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation (YAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/yac.2017.7967404.
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Yang, Qian, Jianghua Zheng, and Zhihui Liu. "Which one is the best: The interpolation methods comparison on average annual temperature in Xinjiang from 1951 to 2013." In IGARSS 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7730164.
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Lomakina, N. Ya, V. S. Komarov, S. N. Il'in, and A. V. Lavrinenko. "Correlation of annual average seasonal values of temperature within the atmospheric boundary layer and amount of stratiform low clouds." In XXII International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2248529.
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Krishnamurthy, Arvindra, Claire Keeble, Michelle Anderson, et al. "16 Outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention according to average monthly temperature." In British Cardiovascular Society Annual Conference ‘High Performing Teams’, 4–6 June 2018, Manchester, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-bcs.16.
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Marquez, S., L. Leija, and A. Vera. "Influence of temperature variations on the average grayscale of B-mode images of HIFU-induced lesions." In 2010 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2010.5627576.
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Kho, Seonghee, Jayoung Ki, and Myoungcheol Kang. "Feasibility Assessment for ORC Generation System Development Using Low Temperature Geothermal Water." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26870.
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Since around 70°C of geothermal water exists in Seokmo-do of Republic of Korea, this study is to assess the feasibility of electricity generation by utilizing ORC system, and the pertinent economic impact. It is generally believed that economic feasibility can be secured only when the source of geothermal water is above 100°C in order to generate electricity by operating ORC system. However, there was an exceptional case that ORC system was commercialized by Pratt-Whitney for around 70 °C of geothermal water in the hot springs of Chena, Alaska. The annual average temperature in the hot springs of Chena, Alaska is approximately 1°C whereas that of Seokmo-do is around 11°C, which makes 10°C of annual average temperature difference in operational environment between the two. Thus, the 2 phases of absorption refrigerating machine is considered for the ORC generation system. With establishing ORC system in consideration of operational environment, the feasibility of the development of ORC system in Seokmo-do is assessed by performance analysis and economic feasibility. As a result of the assessment, it is identified that the economic feasibility can be secured if the price of electricity is over $0.42/kWh same as that of photovoltaic generation as an incentive of the RPS program granted by the Korean government.
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Sharipova, Rаside B. "CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE ULYANOVSK REGION AND THEIR CHANGES." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-239-241.
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The article summarizes the results of changes in climate conditions: the average annual air temperature for 1961-2018 in the Ulyanovsk region increased by 1.8°C, the most significant increase in temperature was observed in the last twenty-five-year period of time, in the winter pe-riod. There is a tendency to increase both average and seasonal values. When analyzing the time values of the dynamics of the average monthly precipitation amounts, it was found that: the min-imum amount of precipitation falls in the winter months, in June – July they are maximum. There is a clear trend of their growth in September, in the winter months: December, January, February, March. A steady decline in precipitation is observed in June, July, August, and November.
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Friesen, Dawn, Brian Seymour, and Aaron Sanders. "A Novel Gemini Cationic Viscoelastic Surfactant-Based Fluid for High Temperature Well Stimulation Applications." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206297-ms.
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Abstract Viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based fracturing fluids can reduce the risk of formation damage when compared with conventional polymer-based fracturing systems. However, many VES systems lose viscoelasticity rapidly under high-temperature conditions, leading to high fluid leakoff and problems in proppant placement. A gemini cationic VES-based system offering thermal stability above 250°F and its efficiency in friction reduction is presented in this paper. Rheology measurements were conducted on viscoelastic cationic gemini surfactant fluids as a function of temperature (70 – 300°F) and surfactant concentration. The length of surfactant alkyl chain was varied to investigate the impact of surfactant chain length on VES fluid viscosity at elevated temperatures. The effect of flow rate on friction reduction capability of the surfactant fluid was measured on a friction flow loop. Foam rheology measurements were conducted to evaluate the VES fluid's ability to maintain high temperature viscosity with reduced surfactant concentration. A gemini cationic surfactant was used to prepare a viscoelastic surfactant system that could maintain viscosity over 50 cP at a shear rate of 100 s−1up to at least 250°F. With this system, viscoelastic gel viscosity was maintained without degradation for over 18 hours at 250°F, and the fluid showed rapid shear recovery throughout. Decreasing the average alkyl chain length on the surfactant reduced the maximum working temperature of the resulting viscoelastic gel and showed the critical influence of surfactant structure on the resulting fluid performance. The presence of elongated, worm-like micelles in the fluid provided polymer-like friction reduction even at low surfactant concentrations, with friction reduction of over 70% observed during pumping (relative to fresh water) up to a critical Reynolds number. Energized fluids could also be formulated with the gemini surfactant to give foam fluids suitable for hydraulic fracturing or wellbore cleanouts. The resulting viscoelastic surfactant foams had viscosities over 50 cP up to at least 300°F with both nitrogen and carbon dioxide as the gas phase. The information presented in this paper is important for various field applications where thermal stability of the treatment fluid is essential. This will hopefully expand the use of VES-based systems as an alternative to conventional polymer systems in oilfield applications where a less damaging viscosified fluid system is required.