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Journal articles on the topic 'Annuity factor'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Wilde, Joerg. "Generalization of the Annuity Factor." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 2 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n2p83.

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The well-known Annuity Factor, restricted to constant payments only, can be generalized for time dependent payments. A Generalized Annuity Factor (GAF) broadens the application potential considerably as is shown exemplarily for the valuation of loans and pension obligations. For the first time for such linear and nonlinear payments over time, compressed closed-form formulae for important financial key numbers such as present value, duration, convexity or value at risk can be derived. Moreover, easy computation makes General Annuity Factors a useful valuation tool especially in the field of fin

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2

CHU, CHI CHIU, and YUE KUEN KWOK. "VALUATION OF GUARANTEED ANNUITY OPTIONS IN AFFINE TERM STRUCTURE MODELS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 10, no. 02 (2007): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024907004160.

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We propose three analytic approximation methods for numerical valuation of the guaranteed annuity options in deferred annuity pension policies. The approximation methods include the stochastic duration approach, Edgeworth expansion, and analytic approximation in affine diffusions. The payoff structure in the annuity policies is similar to a quanto call option written on a coupon-bearing bond. To circumvent the limitations of the one-factor interest rate model, we model the interest rate dynamics by a two-factor affine interest rate term structure model. The numerical accuracy and the computati

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Zhou, Jiaxuan. "An Empirical Study on Residents' Consumption Changes Based on the Development of Commercial Annuity." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 8 (2020): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.88.8760.

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The relationship between the level of pension insurance development and the consumption of Chinese residents is a topic of constant debate. However, few scholars have analyzed residents' consumption behavior based on the level of commercial annuity development. Using China's 2010-2018 inter-provincial panel data, this article builds a dynamic panel regression model to explore the impact of the development of commercial annuities on household consumption and its structure. In addition, the paper also compares the impact of the protection levels of basic pension insurance and commercial annuity

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Rathore, Avinash. "Delay Factor Analysis for Indian HAM Highway Construction Projects." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (2021): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39242.

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Abstract: Government has approved the hybrid annuity model (HAM) for building National Highways (NH) to speed up the construction of roads in the country by renewing interest of private developers in highway projects. 40% the Project Cost is to be provided by the Government as Construction Support during the construction period and the balance 60% as annuity payments over the operations period along with interest thereon to the concessionaire. Execution of hybrid annuity model (HAM) projects, which is the preferred mode of awarding by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), is largely

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Karabey, Uǧur, Torsten Kleinow, and Andrew J. G. Cairns. "Factor risk quantification in annuity models." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 58 (September 2014): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2014.06.004.

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Chen, Anran, Steven Haberman, and Stephen Thomas. "Cumulative prospect theory and deferred annuities." Review of Behavioral Finance 11, no. 3 (2019): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-10-2017-0102.

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Purpose Although it has been proved theoretically that annuities can provide optimal consumption during one’s retirement period, retirees’ reluctance to purchase annuities is a long-standing puzzle. The purpose of this paper is to use behavioral model to analyze the low demand for immediate annuities. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ cumulative prospect theory (CPT), which contains both loss aversion and probability transformations, to analyze the annuity puzzle. Findings The authors show that CPT can explain the unattractiveness of immediate annuities. It also shows that retiree

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Ramsay, Colin M. "On an Integral Equation for Discounted Compound – Annuity Distributions." ASTIN Bulletin 19, no. 2 (1989): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.19.2.2014908.

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AbstractWe consider a risk generating claims for a period of N consecutive years (after which it expires), N being an integer valued random variable. Let Xk denote the total claims generated in the kth year, k ≥ 1. The Xk's are assumed to be independent and identically distributed random variables, and are paid at the end of the year. The aggregate discounted claims generated by the risk until it expires is defined as where υ is the discount factor. An integral equation similar to that given by Panjer (1981) is developed for the pdf of SN(υ). This is accomplished by assuming that N belongs to

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Narayan, Pragya, and Dr Abhijit Rastogi. "Hybrid Annuity Model in Road Infrastructure Projects." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (2022): 2207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48444.

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Abstract: Hybrid Annuity Model has grown into popularity as a PPP model for development of highways since its introduction in 2016, after declined interest in PPP to revitalize the sector. The model is considered to have the best of both worlds, as it reduces the financial burden on concessionaire, by investment of 40% of the money during construction by government and return of 60 % of the investment by concessionaire in bi-annuity over a period of 15 year. This study's objective is to provide an evaluation of the hybrid annuity model used in road infrastructure projects by analysing the mode

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Olivieri, Annamaria. "Designing Annuities with Flexibility Opportunities in an Uncertain Mortality Scenario." Risks 9, no. 11 (2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9110189.

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We consider annuity designs in which the benefit amount is allowed to fluctuate (up or down), based on a given mortality/longevity experience. This way, guarantees are relaxed in respect of traditional annuity arrangements. On the other hand, while the annuitant is exposed to the risk of a future reduction of the benefit amount because of higher longevity, he/she can immediately take advantage of a lower premium loading, as well as of a future increase of the benefit amount in the case of higher mortality. Flexibility in the annuity design could be welcomed by individuals, as the conservative

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Wilde, Joerg. "What is the Return Rate of a Corporate Pension Scheme? Generalized Annuity Factors Simplify Calculation." Accounting and Finance Research 9, no. 1 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v9n1p76.

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Corporate pension schemes are widely spread especially in Northern Europe, North America, Japan. Often the major portion of defined contributions to the scheme is shouldered by the employer. A crucial question for an employee is, whether the return from his/her corporate pension plan - taking into account the corporate engagement and eventually governmental savings promotion - is favourable in comparison to other capital products for the time of retirement. This question is not answered by the absolute return in form of the future pension amount. Additionally, the employee must know the relati

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Niu, Gao, Jeyaraj Vadiveloo, and Cary Lakenbach. "A Financial Protection Strategy for Families That Have a Child With Down Syndrome." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 29, no. 1 (2018): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.29.1.91.

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Families that have a child with Down syndrome (DS) are facing financial challenges due to the increased life expectancy and daily life dependencies that he or she experiences. This article uses pediatric findings to supplement child mortality impairment assumptions and proposes a combination annuity pricing model to explore an annuity solution for families that have a child with DS. A Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation model is constructed with features such as a fixed death benefit, return of premium, different premium payment patterns, and the widowhood effect factor. The results indicate t

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VIDAL-MELIÁ, CARLOS, and ANA LEJÁRRAGA-GARCÍA. "Demand for life annuities from married couples with a bequest motive." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 5, no. 2 (2006): 197–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205002349.

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The aim of this paper is to explain the ‘annuities puzzle’ in greater depth by introducing the bequest motive. It will try to determine whether this motive really is a relevant feature influencing the demand for life annuities from married couples. With this aim in mind, we develop an optimization model of the utility provided by purchasing a life annuity with contingent survivor benefit or a joint survivor life annuity. Our model is based on that first put forward by Brown and Poterba (2000), to which we have added elements from other models, such as Friedman and Warshawsky's (1990) and Vidal

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Ibrahim, Rose Irnawaty, and Norazmir Mohd Nordin. "Analysis of Mortality Improvement on the Pension Cost Due to Aging Population." MATEMATIKA 36, no. 3 (2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/matematika.v36.n3.1273.

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Aging is a good indicator in demographic and health areas as the lifespanof the elderly population increases. Based on the government’s Economic Outlook 2019,it was found that an aging population would increase the government pension paymentsas the pensioners and their beneficiaries have longer life expectancy. Due to mortalityrates decreasing over time, the life expectancy tends to increase in the future. Theaims of this study are to forecast the mortality rates in the years 2020 and 2025 usingthe Heligman-Pollard model and then analyse the effect of mortality improvement onthe pension cost (

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Michael, Ogungbenle Gbenga, and Adeoye Vincent Oluseyi. "A Comparative Study of Immediate Annuities and Ordinary Annuities in establishing the Phantom of Zero Liability Under the Trusteeship Pension Valuation Structure." Journal of Business and Management 7, no. 01 (2023): 102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbm.v7i01.54549.

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Background: The liabilities of a pension scheme define the financial value to be paid at a definite period in the future. The underlying goal of pension plans is to provide retirees with sufficient stream of income to enable them to live a decent financially independent life post-employment period. The regulatory framework for occupational pension schemes necessitates the services of trustees as administrators who assume legal administrative responsibilities on the scheme and saddled to oversee actuarial valuations of the scheme's liabilities at definite points in time. Objectives: The objecti

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Planchet, Frédéric, and Guillaume Gautier de La Plaine. "Adding Shocks to a Prospective Mortality Model." Risks 12, no. 3 (2024): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks12030057.

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This work proposes a simple model to take into account the annual volatility of the mortality level observed on the scale of a country like France in the construction of prospective mortality tables. By assigning a frailty factor to a basic hazard function, we generalise the Lee–Carter model. The impact on prospective life expectancies and capital requirements in the context of a life annuity scheme is analysed in detail.

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Krisha Prafidya Romantica and Paiz Jalaludin. "ANALISIS PREMI TAHUNAN INDIVIDU DENGAN MANFAAT YANG DIBAYARKAN PADA AKHIR TAHUN KEMATIAN." JURNAL LENTERA AKUNTANSI 9, no. 1 (2024): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34127/jrakt.v9i1.1157.

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Life insurance is an insurance product that provides guarantees in the form of benefits to the insured's family if the insured dies in the future. The amount of this benefit is influenced by the amount of the annual premium paid by the insurer to the insured. The researcher will calculate the amount of the individual's annual premium on endowment insurance. The researcher will use a fixed interest rate to calculate the discount factor and the Gompertz distribution approach to calculate the insurer's chance of survival. Previously, the researcher will estimate the Gompertz distribution paramete

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Jichkar, Rahul, Mayank Paunikar, Mayuri Walke, et al. "Study of Hybrid Annuity Model on Maharashtra Samruddhi Mahamarg." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (2022): 2121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41085.

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Abstract: The recent introduction of Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) for highway up gradation projects in India marks a significant policy departure. This is aimed at revitalizing private sector led infrastructure development. The model has been pitched as a panacea to the numerous ills plaguing the highway sector, which had led to a record fall in the award of new projects, both in numbers and in value. Taking a dispassionate look, this paper critically examines the extent to which HAM has fulfilled its stated objectives during its introductory stage. The analysis of project award data provides mi

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Крчмар, Миливој. "Модели амортизације зајма исподгодишњим варијабилним ануитетима // Models of loan amortization under annual variable annuities". ACTA ECONOMICA 11, № 19 (2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/ace1319067k.

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РезимеУ овом раду презентовани су модели амортзације зајма исподгодишњим варијабилним ануитетима уз фиксну каматну стопу. Овде се разматрају два модела:а)ануитети током године су једнаки, а сваке сљедеће већи (мањи) у односу на претходну годину за q пута и б)ануитети се мијењају циклично, гдје се полази од претпоставке да су исподгодишњи ануитети у току првих k година по а1, у току наредних k година по a1q,..., у току посљедњих k година по a1qs-1 новчаних јединица, гдје је s број циклуса (серија) у току n година. За сваки модел амортизације зајма приказана су три начина обрачуна и плаћања кама

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Kuzmina, Elena, and Andrei Ianin. "Modelling the profitability of reverse mortgage loans with life-long annuity payments." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 05020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020305020.

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The article deals with the economic mechanism of reverse mortgage as a loan product aimed at raising the welfare of senior citizens who own real estate, for organic farming and soil management. The article discusses the financial and historical aspects of the implementation of the reverse mortgage instrument, as well as defines a potential of implementation of this instrument in Russia. Having identified the potential, the authors also mentioned the factors that could prevent Russian banks from adopting this mechanism. The article addresses one specific factor – absence of adequate instruments

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Aprijon, Aprijon. "Annual Premium of Life in Insurance with Uniform Assumptions." Science, Technology and Communication Journal 1, no. 2 (2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.59190/stc.v1i2.191.

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This Study discusses life insurance for life with a uniform assumption method. The purpose of this study is to calculate the annual premium that must be paid by life insurance participants. This research was conducted at the General Insurance Group company, which is located on the street Arifin Ahmad. To determine the annual life insurance premium, the interest rate and discount factor, initial lifetime annuity, single premium, and the annual premium. After doing the research, the results of the calculation of the annual premium for life insurance for life using uniform assumptions for each pa

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Thomson, R. J. "The Use of Utility Functions for Investment Channel Choice in Defined Contribution Retirement Funds. II: A Proposed System." British Actuarial Journal 9, no. 4 (2003): 903–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700004402.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper a system for recommending investment channel choices to members of defined contribution retirement funds is proposed. The system is interactive, using a member's answers to a series of questions to derive a utility function. The observed values are interpolated by means of appropriate formulae to produce a smooth utility function over the whole positive range of benefits at retirement. The resulting function, together with stochastic models of the returns on the available channels and of the annuity factor at exit, is then used to recommend an optimum apportionment of the

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Sita Rama Praveen Madugula and Nihar Malali. "The Economic Impact and ROI of AI/ML Adoption in Life and Annuity Actuarial Functions." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 2 (2025): 2323–35. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit23112570.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enable the adoption of AI and ML in actuarial functions to revolutionize the life and annuity insurance industry by enhancing risk assessment and policy pricing and also offering improvement of operational efficiency. Traditional actuarial models use historical data and rule-based approaches, which are, in most cases, not flexible or accurate in terms of prediction. Using AI-powered tools like deep learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics, insurance companies can better use large datasets for fraud detection, new pol

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Mohammed, Baniyounis, Agha Ayman, Al-kashashneh Hudefah, and Al-Omoush Abdullah. "Economic evaluation of induction motor based on motor's nameplate data and initial cost." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 3 (2022): 1340–51. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1340-1351.

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This paper presents a practical approach to calculate the total owning cost (TOC) of a three-phase Induction Motor, which is based on the motor’s nameplate data and the purchasing price. The economic evaluation is performed considering both the induction motor electrical energy losses and its amortized annual capital cost. The proposed technique consists of three stages, where the total power losses are determined analytically in the first stage. The load loss factor (LSF) is statistically obtained to determine the total energy losses in the second stage. In the third stage, the economic

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Zou, Xiaopeng, Zihan Ye, and Qiuzi Zhang. "Securitization of longevity risk – survivor swap perspective." China Finance Review International 6, no. 4 (2016): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-06-2015-0092.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a clear path to securitize the longevity risk with two distinct swaps in order to inspire a new Chinese life market. Design/methodology/approach Studies on longevity risk securitization consist of three aspects, respectively, instrument design, pricing methodology and mortality projection. The swaps designed are referenced, respectively, to vanilla and complex survivor swaps (Dowd et al., 2006; Lin and Cox, 2005). Methods applied are RHH model and Gompertz law for mortality projection, as well as two-factor Wang transformation for pricing. Findin

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KNELL, MARKUS. "Increasing life expectancy and NDC pension systems." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 17, no. 2 (2016): 170–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747216000226.

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AbstractIn this paper, I study how pay-as-you-go pension systems of the notional defined contribution type can be designed such that they remain financially stable in the presence of increasing life expectancy. For this to happen three crucial parameters must be set in an appropriate way: the notional interest rate, the adjustment rate and the annuity conversion factor. I show that there exist two main approaches to implement a stable system. The first uses period-specific annuitization and indexation rates that correct for labor force increases, which are only due to rises in the retirement a

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Risdiari, Inas Aulia, and Fauziah Nur Fahirah Sudding. "Joint-Life Endowment Insurance Premium Calculation Based on Makeham Mortality Law." Journal of Actuarial, Finance, and Risk Management 3, no. 1 (2024): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jafrm.v3i1.5190.

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<p>This research determined life insurance premiums joint-life endowment insurance, that is the insurance that the benefit is paid if one of the insureds dies or all the insureds survive until the end of the contract. This premium calculation uses one of the famous mortality laws, that is Makeham. Makeham mortality law is an updated law of Gompertz's mortality law where the reason that makes Makeham different from Gompertz is the death calculation factor, because Gompertz only takes the cause of death from the age factor. Even though the death factor can also come from accidents, therefo

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Koul, Puneet, Piyush Verma, and Lalit Arora. "Road infrastructure development under PPP model in India: a credit rating perspective." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 11, no. 2 (2021): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-08-2020-0137.

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PurposeThe study analyzes significant parameters defining the credit worthiness, economic viability and managerial efficiency of special purpose vehicles (SPVs) of infrastructure development firms engaged in the execution of road projects under PPP model in India.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a comprehensive review of credit rating reports of major rating agencies. In particular, 18 special purpose vehicles (13 BOT-toll–based and 5 BOT-annuity–based road projects) during the period 2010–2019 were considered to conduct a comparative analysis of their rating progression. Consi

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Tang, Sixian, Jackie Li, and Leonie Tickle. "A New Fourier Approach under the Lee-Carter Model for Incorporating Time-Varying Age Patterns of Structural Changes." Risks 10, no. 8 (2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10080147.

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The prediction of future mortality improvements is of substantial importance for areas such as population projection, government welfare policies, pension planning and annuity pricing. The Lee-Carter model is one of the widely applied mortality models proposed to capture and predict the trend in mortality reductions. However, some studies have identified the presence of structural changes in historical mortality data, which makes the forecasting performance of mortality models sensitive to the calibration period. Although some attention has been paid to investigating the time or period effects

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Kwon, Youngsik, Sangmu Bae, and Yujin Nam. "Development of Design Method for River Water Source Heat Pump System Using an Optimization Algorithm." Energies 15, no. 11 (2022): 4019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114019.

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River water source heat pump (RWSHP) systems are being proposed to reduce the energy consumption and carbon emissions of buildings. The RWSHP system is actively applied to large-scale buildings due to its stable performance. The application of RWSHP in large-scale facilities requires an accurate capacity design with considerations of building load, heat source, and environment conditions. However, most RWSHP systems are over-designed based on peak load of buildings. These design methods, based on peak loads, are economically and environmentally disadvantageous. Therefore, this paper aims to de

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Kurochkin, Sergey. "Optimal solution for immunizing arbitrarily scheduled multiple liabilities." Economics and the Mathematical Methods 59, no. 2 (2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s042473880025861-6.

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Immunization, a control tool for interest rate dependent changes in the value of an asset portfolio given a similar dependency for a target liability portfolio, is central to portfolio management. A vast body of academic literature describes various immunization models either for the case of a single liability payout or assuming a specific change in the yield curve, or both. This paper is the first to propose an immunization solution for the case of multiple liability payouts assuming arbitrary changes in the yield curve. For the case of multiple liability payouts, we generalize M-Absolute, wh

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Ignatieva, Katja, Andrew Song, and Jonathan Ziveyi. "FOURIER SPACE TIME-STEPPING ALGORITHM FOR VALUING GUARANTEED MINIMUM WITHDRAWAL BENEFITS IN VARIABLE ANNUITIES UNDER REGIME-SWITCHING AND STOCHASTIC MORTALITY." ASTIN Bulletin 48, no. 1 (2017): 139–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2017.23.

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AbstractThis paper introduces the Fourier Space Time-Stepping algorithm to the valuation of variable annuity (VA) contracts embedded with guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (GMWB) riders when the underlying fund dynamics evolve under the influence of a regime-switching model. Mortality risk is introduced to the valuation framework by incorporating a two-factor affine stochastic mortality model proposed in Blackburn and Sherris (2013). The paper considers both, static and dynamic policyholder withdrawal behaviour associated with GMWB riders and assesses how model parameters influence the fee

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D’Amato, Valeria, Mariarosaria Coppola, Susanna Levantesi, Massimiliano Menzietti, and Maria Russolillo. "A longevity basis risk analysis in a joint FDM framework." Journal of Risk Finance 18, no. 1 (2017): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-03-2016-0030.

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Purpose The improvements of longevity are intensifying the need for capital markets to be used to manage and transfer the risk through longevity-linked securities. Nevertheless, the difference between the reference population of the hedging instrument and the population of members of a pension plan, or the beneficiaries of an annuity portfolio, determines a significant heterogeneity causing the so-called basis risk. In particular, it is shown that if insurers use financial instruments based on national indices to hedge longevity risk, this hedge can become imperfect. For this reason, it is fun

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Napitupulu, Normalina, and Julia Kartika Hasibuan. "Implementation of Makeham Mortality Law for Calculation of Term Life Insurance Premium Using Coxx Ingersol Ross (CIR) Model." Journal of Mathematics Technology and Education 3, no. 1 (2024): 43–49. https://doi.org/10.32734/jomte.v3i1.16724.

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Life insurance is an agreement between policyholders and insurance companies,which guarantees to other family members to survive well. There are three types of lifeinsurance that are known in the insurance industry, namely Term Life (term liffe), Whole Life(whole life), and Dual Purpose (dual purpose). Term life insurance is insurance that has theadvantage that term life insurance premiums are generally more affordable than other types of life insurance and the duration of protection can be adjusted to the needs. Customers who take out insurance must pay a premium in accordance with an approve

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Kuz’mina, E. V., and A. A. Yanin. "Economic Mechanism and Cash Flows Modeling for Reverse Mortgage." Finance: Theory and Practice 22, no. 6 (2018): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2018-22-6-106-120.

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The research is devoted to the economic mechanism of reverse mortgage — a credit product aimed at improving the standard of living of senior citizens, owners of real estate. The idea of the reverse mortgage has been given, as well as the mechanisms of use of real estate owned by senior citizens in order to provide them with additional income. The examples of reverse mortgage in the uS, the uK, Spain and Australia have been given. The authors have also described the methods of reverse mortgage lending in Russia. Based on the analysis of international experience, the economic expediency of inves

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Oktavia handayani and Hendra cipta. "Analysis Of Future Health Insurance Premium Reserve Calculations Using The Commissioners Method With Woolhouse Formula." EduMatSains : Jurnal Pendidikan, Matematika dan Sains 9, no. 1 (2024): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/edumatsains.v9i1.5933.

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A premium reserve is the amount of funds that the insurance company needs to prepare for the payment of liability benefits when a claim occurs. One method of calculating premiums is the commissioners method which is an extension of the prospective reserve method.The main factor in the actuarial calculation is the mortality rate that can be determined using the WOOLHOUSE mortality law. This study aims to determine the size of the life insurance premiums reserve using the commisioners method and the WOLHOUSE mortality laws. The calculation of the premium reserve is linked to the determination of

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Hasan, Mahamudul, Kazi Tareq Ullah, and Dr Haripada Bhattacharjee. "Brand Valuation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: An Application of Marketing Profitability." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 3, no. 2 (2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v3n2p159.

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<p><em>The competitive race of banking sector in the world economy is rapidly enforcing the importance of brand valuation. The acceptance of brand valuation has been questionable in several times due to the subjective measurement that derives from customers’ volatile perceptions. At the same time, financially focused model provides only an assessment of the economic value of brand. It is still a challenging task to compute the brand valuation depending only on financial data. Interbrand technique (2004) is one of the best approaches of calculating brand value within the community o

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Meraj, Muhammad, Abida Malik, Shoaib Khan, Afaq Ali Khan, and Muhammad Noman. "Towards A Debt-Overhanged Economy: Causes and Consequences for the Economy of Pakistan." Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) 13, no. 2 (2024): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/01.00340.

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The reliance on debt is not only essential but also a key factor in economic growth of poor countries like Pakistan because of a meager tax base and an annuity of fiscal deficit. Trade surplus is a common tool that covers the budget deficit but twin deficit makes the economic conditions worst. The excessive borrowing can stimulate the economic cycle in the short run but in the in the long-run it creates the issues of debt-overhang. This timely study is an attempt to investigate the short-run and long-run dynamics of debt on the economy of Pakistan. The empirical results (ARDL co-integration) s

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Trindade, G. S., and L. A. Bortolaia. "THERMODYNAMIC AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A BIOGAS -FUELED MICRO GAS TURBINE WITH COMPRESSOR PHOTOVOLTAIC DRIVE." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 21, no. 3 (2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v21i3.89668.

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The increase in global and Brazilian energy demand plus environmental concern due to pollutant emissions are motivating investigation and development of sustainable energy sources and the interaction between them. In this context, electricity generation through solar and solid urban waste energy harnessing has become an effective option for Brazilian energy matrix diversification. Therefore, in order to ratify this trend, a thermodynamic analysis of a 200 kWe micro gas turbine using biogas as fuel and photovoltaic panels to drive compressor shaft is presented in this paper. In terms of methodo

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Ouh, Changsu, and Youngjoon Park. "A Study on the Factors of Affecting onSigning up Annuity Insurance." Korean Insurance Journal 112 (October 31, 2017): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17342/kij.2017.112.4.

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Gao, Huan, Rogemar Mamon, and Xiaoming Liu. "Pricing a guaranteed annuity option under correlated and regime-switching risk factors." European Actuarial Journal 5, no. 2 (2015): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13385-015-0118-3.

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Macdonald, Angus, and Kenneth McIvor. "Pensions and genetics: can longevity genes be reliable risk factors for annuity pricing?" Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 2010, no. 1 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03461230802693134.

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Sharma, Sonali. "Ranking, Allocation and Response of Risk Factors of Hybrid Annuity Model for Highway Construction Projects." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 4 (2021): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33541.

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Setiawan, Budi, Abubakar M. Lahjie, Syahrir Yusuf, and Yosep Ruslim. "Model of Community Forest Land Management Production and Financial Simulation of Super Teak, Solomon Teak and Sungkai Trees in Samboja Kutai Kartanegara East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Energy and Environment Research 9, no. 2 (2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v9n2p48.

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The objective of the research were to determine the volume increments, to find out the optimum ages and maximum increment, to know which plant effort was more profitable than each types exploitations, to analyze the financial feasibility and to know the farmers&#39; financial needs and the level of interest by sensitivity analysis. This research was conducted in community forest of Sungai Merdeka Village Km. 38 Samboja District, Kutai Kartanegara Sub District of East Kalimantan Province. The research data was taken based on a purpose sampling system in the research plots of each Model I to

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Dubrovskis, Edgars, Eduards Rācenis, Oskars Krišāns, Jānis Donis, Guntars Šņepsts, and Āris Jansons. "FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF STORM DAMAGE TO CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN LATVIA." SOCIETY. TECHNOLOGY. SOLUTIONS. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (April 17, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.35363/via.sts.2019.6.

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INTRODUCTION Storms are the primary factor reducing carbon sequestration in Europe’s forests, thus negatively affecting the ability of countries to fulfil their targets related to greenhouse gas balance (emission vs. sequestration). The impact of storms is rising due to an increase in forest cover, a preference for less wind-firm species (namely the Norway spruce) as well as the aging of forests in Europe (leading to greater vulnerability). Furthermore, climate change will affect the amount of damage. The frequency of windstorms and/or high speed wind gusts is expected to increase. The l

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Khasanova, G. R., S. M. Yamalov, and M. V. Lebedeva. "Segetal vegetation of the Southern Urals: alliance Scleranthion annui (Kruseman et Vlieger 1939) Sissingh in Westhoff et al. 1946." Vegetation of Russia, no. 34 (December 23, 2018): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2018.34.120.

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Segetal communities are the sets the weed plant species which are formed under the influence of edafo-climatic conditions and the mode of disturbance — the systems of processing of the soil in a crop rotation (so-called agrotechnical factor) (Mirkin, Naumova, 2012). The history of their study in the Southern Urals is more than 80 years old (Dmitriyev, 1935; Gaysin, 1950; Minibaev, 1961; Bakhtizin, Rakhimov, 1968; Denisova et al., 1970). Development of classification according to floristic approach has been begun in the 1980th by Ufa geobotanists. Results have been generalized in the collective

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Khasanova, G. R., S. M. Yamalov, M. V. Lebedeva, A. S. Tretyakova, P. V. Kondratkov, and N. Yu Grudanov. "To the syntaxonomy of the Middle Urals weeding vegetation." Vegetation of Russia, no. 40 (2021): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2021.40.95.

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The decrease in the crop area and changes in their ratio have led to changes in weed vegetation in the Middle Urals, where its cenoflora was studied relatively well (Tretyakova, 2006; Tretyakova, Kondratkov, 2018; Kondratkov, Tretyakova, 2018; 2019 a, b), while community diversity so far has not yet been assessed. The first results of the ecological and floristic classification of basic crop communities (wheat, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, peas, rapeseed etc.) in six botanical and geographical regions of the taiga and forest-steppe zones (Kulikov et al., 2013) within the Sverdlovsk region, ba

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Khasanova, G. R., S. M. Yamalov, M. V. Lebedeva, and Z. Kh Shigapov. "Segetal vegetation of the South Urals: the alliances Caucalidion Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 and Lactucion tataricae Rudakov in Mirkin et al. 1985." Vegetation of Russia, no. 37 (2019): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2019.37.118.

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Segetal, or weed, communities are the stands of the weed plant species which are formed under the influence of edafo-climatic conditions and the mode of soil disturbance within the processing of crop rotation (agrotechnical factor) (Mirkin, Naumova, 2012). This paper is the second part of weed community study in the South Ural, assigned to the class Papaveretea rhoeadis S. Brullo et al. 2001, syntaxon unites the weed communities of winter cereals with two orders: Aperetalia spica-venti J. Tx. et Tx. in Malato-Beliz et al. 1960 and Papaveretalia rhoeadis Hüppe et Hofmeister ex Theurillat et al.

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Rambaud, Salvador Cruz, Fabrizio Maturo, Ana Maria Sánchez Pérez, and Massimo Squillante. "AnnuityRIR: an R-package to approximate the value of an annuity according to the non-central moments of the capitalization factor." Quality & Quantity, December 24, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01058-7.

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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to design the package of the R statistical software called “Annuity Random Interest Rate”, referred hereinafter as , in order to calculate the value of an n-annuity with payments of one unit each when the interest rate is random. To do this, we have employed different approaches; the two main methodologies treated in this study consider that all non-central moments of the capitalization factor are known, or contrarily some of them are unknown. Consequently, five different approaches have been developed and the practical application of the proposed methods is re

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"Effect of Hybrid Annuity Model on Road Project." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 6 (2019): 1525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f8149.088619.

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Indian road network is one of the largest road network in world and need huge funding for maintaining and construction of new project. And in India time and cost overrun on infrastructure project are very common. BOT was one of the most successful model from PPP type. But from last couple of years BOT model is lagging behind to achieve financial closure within budget. Most of the BOT project fails due to not generating minimum revenue. Government modifies the MCA (Model Concession Agreement) time to time to eliminate lacunas from existing model. Recent modification of PPP is HAM (Hybrid Annuit

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Eben Nel. "SOME CLARITY ON THE ACCRUAL OF LIVING ANNUITIES AT DEATH OR DIVORCE CM v EM (1086/2018) [2020] ZASCA 48; [2020] 3 All SA 1 (SCA); 2020 (5) SA 49 (SCA) (5 May 2020)." Obiter 42, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v42i3.12950.

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A conventional life annuity is a contract in terms whereof an annuity underwriter guarantees a periodical payment to an insured in exchange for an initial non-refundable premium. The insurer pools all the annuity premiums together and assumes both the investment performance and the mortality risk by way of actuarial comparisons. The annuitant’s income is guaranteed for life or for a minimum period.Living annuities on the other hand are regulated by the Long-Term Insurance Act 52 of 1998 and are market-linked investments (with no income guarantee) in respect of which the annuitant annually choo

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