Relevant bibliographies by topics / Anodes – Corrosion

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Anodes – Corrosion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Anodes – Corrosion"

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Huang, Yan Bin, Gao Wei Song, Hua Dong Ding, Xue Bin Liu, and Xin Hai Shao. "Cathodic Protection Performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn Sacrificial Anode." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.296.

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The solubility and cathodic protection performance of Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ga-Mn sacrificial anode in natural corrosion and self-discharge experiment was studied using electrochemistry impedance spectrum technology, weight-loss measurement and SEM. The results show that the corrosion rate of 7A52 was decreased under the protection of sacrificial anodes in the self-discharge experiment, and sacrificial anodes dissolved uniformity due to the effect of active location, the corrosion products are easy to shed. Only location corrosion occurs on the sacrificial anode’s surface which is influenced by corrosion products and oxide film in natural corrosion experiment.
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Nakisa, Shima, Naghi Parvini Ahmadi, Javad Moghaddam, and Habib Ashassi-Sorkhabi. "Study of corrosion behavior of virgin and recycled Pb anodes used in zinc electrowinning industry." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 67, no. 6 (October 16, 2020): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-04-2017-1787.

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Purpose The composition and corrosion behaviors of recycled and virgin Pb anode were investigated in industrial zinc electrowinning solution with different methods. The purpose of this study is the illustration of good anticorrosion activity of virgin Pb anodes compared to recycled one in industrial operation, while the compositions of both of them are the same which obtained from quantmetry method. Design/methodology/approach Its corrosion properties and electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction were appraised using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic polarization and ionic equilibrium methods. In addition, composition of anodes investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method. The surface composition of samples was studied via X-ray diffractogram (XRD). Findings The results indicate that the anodes display different anodic behaviors during the galvanostatic polarization. Virgin Pb anode shows a “potential reduction” about 320 mV lower than recycled Pb anode after 6 h of polarization; also, the stable potential after 72 h for virgin Pb anode is 100 mV lower than recycled Pb anode. Also, The XPS results show a trace amount of Cl in recycled anodes which cause the more corrosion activity. XRD results indicate that virgin Pb anodes have been covered by more oxides than recycled anodes after 72 h of electrowinning. Originality/value The treatment of corrosion behavior by virginity has not been detected by any researchers yet. Therefore, it is imperative to study the corrosion behavior and exact composition analysis of virgin and recycled Pb anodes to comprehension of them. This paper fulfills this need.
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Yang, Mingkun, Yan Liu, Zeyao Shi, Xiaodan Lv, Bin Liu, and Luyi Sun. "Study on the Electrochemical Behavior of Al-6Zn-0.02In-1Mg-0.03Ti Sacrificial Anodes for Long-Term Corrosion Protection in the Ocean." Corrosion 76, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3404.

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After 10 y of service in the ocean, the long-term performance of Al-6Zn-0.02In-1Mg-0.03Ti aluminum alloy sacrificial anodes for steel piles was characterized by mass loss in addition to optical and electron microscopy analysis. The electrochemical behavior was conducted by open-circuit potential with potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations. The results showed that cathodic protection potential was in the range of −0.960 VCSE to −1.103 VCSE. The corrosion type and consumption rate of the alloy anode were related to the output current. In harsh corrosion environments, the alloy anode showed uniform corrosion and lost more mass due to voltage output, therefore more current is needed to fulfill cathodic protection. Otherwise, localized corrosion and less mass loss were observed. The alloy anodes were covered by marine creatures and corrosion product. The corrosion product contained amorphous Al(OH)3 and MgAl2(CO3)(OH)·xH2O which became more crystalline from outside to inside of the alloy anode. A translucent corrosion product was found on the alloy anode surface which contained amorphous Al(OH)3·xH2O with S, along with AlxCly(OH)z·mH2O. The electrochemical performance of the alloy anode was strongly reduced by the coverage of corrosion product. Consequently, the open-circuit potential of the alloy anode increased and the output current decreased. The effect of corrosion product thicknesses on the anodic activation is not remarkable.
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Shamsudin, Shaiful Rizam, Azmi Rahmat, Mahdi Che Isa, Mohd Nazree Derman, and Abdul Razak Daud. "Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of Mg-(Ca,Mn) Sacrificial Anodes." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.530.

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The aim of the study is to identify the effect of Ca in Mg-Mn alloy on electrochemical corrosion behavior for the development of high performance sacrificial anode. Mg alloys were fabricated by casting technique under an inert atmosphere. 0.35 ~ 1.11 wt.% of Ca were added as alloying element. The finding shows that the addition of small Ca in Mg-Mn anodes was found not significantly affecting the corrosion rate. However, small content of Ca was as much as necessary improving electronegativity of open circuit potential and modifying anodic polarization in promoting the instabilities of surface passive layer hence results in the further dissolution process between ion and alloy species underneath. No passivation occurs on the standard samples. Pitting profile only occur on Mg-Mn anode that has lower Ca content (0.35 wt. %). An XRD result shows no present of Mg2Ca phase on the as-cast anode containing 1.11 wt. % Ca. As a conclusion, the influence of small content of Ca was profoundly modifying electrochemically behaviour of Mg containing Mn anodes except corrosion rate.
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López Miguel, Abraham, José Trinidad Pérez Quiroz, Raúl Ortega-Borges, Miguel Martínez Madrid, Mariela Rendón Belmonte, Juan Manuel Salgado López, Gabriel Trejo, and Yunny Meas-Vong. "Comparative Study between NiCoB and IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti Anodes for Application in Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP)." Coatings 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030199.

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In an impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP) to protect structures against corrosion, the efficient operation depends on the proper selection of the electrodes, particularly the anode, chosen considering the structure to be protected and the environment in which it is located. The nature and overpotential of the anodic reaction determine the operation costs of an ICCP system so that proper anode selection is critically important for an ICCP system to function efficiently. Commercial anodes based on titanium substrates coated with iridium–tantalum oxide mixtures (IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti) are frequently used for this purpose due to low operating overpotentials. However, the gradual passivation of its surface limits its useful life and increases its operating costs, so it is necessary to seek competitive alternatives for its replacement. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of using carbon steel substrates coated with nickel/cobalt/boron (NiCoB/CS) as a viable low-cost alternative to replace IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti anodes in ICCP systems. Comparison between the electrochemical behavior and the corrosion resistance of both types of electrodes shows that the NiCoB/CS anode shows a good electrocatalytic activity and a higher corrosion resistance than IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti coated anodes, indicating that the NiCoB/CS anodes are promising low-cost candidates for ICCP systems.
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Yuan, Xue Tao, Xu Dong Lv, Yu Gao Zhou, Zhi Qiang Hua, Yang Lei, Lei Wang, and Tao Li. "Anodic Behavior of Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr Alloy in Zinc Electrowinning." Advanced Materials Research 790 (September 2013): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.790.85.

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Over potentials for oxygen evolution reaction, corrosion rate, surface product after polarization and microstructure before and after polarization of Pb-0.2%Ag-0.08%Ca-0.05%Sr quaternary anode in zinc electrowinning were studied and compared with Pb-0.6%Ag binary anode. The results show that over potentials for oxygen evolution reaction on Pb-0.6%Ag and Pb-0.2%Ag-0.08%Ca-0.05%Sr anodes are 675 mV and 790 mV, respectively, while the corrosion current density are 8.2μAcm-2 and 20.1μAcm-2. The surface structure after experiment of in Pb-Ag anodes is dense and tightly attached to the base, while the surface of Pb-Ag-Ca-Sr is loose and porous. The phases of the surface are PbO2, PbSO4 and MnO2 on both anods.
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Zhong, Xiao Cong, Bo Hong, Yan Hong Li, Liang Xing Jiang, and Yan Qing Lai. "The Effects of Nd on Lead Anode for Zinc Electrowinning." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 1115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.1115.

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A detailed investigation of the effects of Nd on the microstructure, mechanical properties and electrochemical properties of lead anode in 160g.L-1 at 35°C was carried out. Galvanostatic polarization and Chronopotentiometry (CP) were used to study the electrochemical behavior ( such as anodic potential, corrosion rate and the composition of passive film) of the Pb and Pb-Nd anodes. The metallographic structure and passive film morphology of Pb and Pb-Nd anodes were observed and analyzed using polarizing microscope and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), respectively. The experimental results show the grains become smaller and aggregation of PbxNdy become severe as the content of Nd increases. The addition of Nd enhances the formation of PbO2, inhibits the formation of PbSO4 and PbO and reduces the anodic potential. However, Holes presenting on rough passive film of high Nd content Pb-Nd anodes accelerate the corrosion.
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Zhu, Yu Ping, Ye Dong He, and De Ren Wang. "High Temperature Corrosion of M-40Cr-0.5Ce Alloys as Inert Anodes in Aluminium Electrolysis." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.254.

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Fe-40Cr-0.5Ce and Ni-40Cr-0.5Ce alloys prepared by vacuum melting have been studied as inert anodes in aluminium electrolysis. High temperature corrosion of these alloy anodes was conducted in cryolite-alumina electrolytes at anodic current density of 0.5 A/cm2, at 800°C and 900°C for 10h respectively. It is found that a Cr2O3 scale was selectively formed on the surface of Ni-40Cr-0.5Ce anode at 900°C, corresponding to excellent corrosion resistance during aluminium electrolysis and higher purity of aluminium product. While a composite oxide film was developed on the surface of Fe-40Cr-0.5Ce anode at 800°C. The formation of Cr2O3 scale is controlled by both of the dissolving rate of Cr2O3 scale in electrolyte and the diffusing rate of Cr in alloys, so the M-Cr alloys require a high content of Cr for inert anodes application.
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Osundare, Ayomide, Daniel Toyin Oloruntoba, and Patricia Popoola. "Development of carbon anode for cathodic protection of mild steel in chloride environment." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2017-1817.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop technically efficient and economically effective sacrificial anodes that can be used for cathodic protection (CP) of pipelines in marine environment and fill the knowledge gap in the use of carbon anodes for CP. Design/methodology/approach A sacrificial anode was produced via sand casting by adding varying weight-percent of coal and ferrosilicon to a constant weight-percent of grey cast iron. The hardness of the produced anodes was evaluated using a Rockwell hardness tester. The microstructure of the anodes was observed with scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the phases present. A potentiostat was used to assess the corrosion behaviour of the produced anodes and mild steel in 3.5 Wt.% NaCl solution. Findings The SEM results showed that some anodes had interdendritic graphite formation, while others had pronounced graphite flakes. The EDS analysis showed carbon and iron to be the prominent elements in the anode. Anodes Bc, B2 and B5 with a corrosion rate of two order of magnitudes were observed to have similar dendritic structures. Anode B4 is the most electronegative with an Ecorr of −670.274 mV Ag/AgCl and a corrosion rate of 0.052475 mmpy. The produced anodes can be used to protect mild steel in the same environment owing to their lower Ecorr values compared to that of mild steel −540.907 mV Ag/AgCl. Originality/value Alloying has been majorly used to improve the efficiency of sacrificial anodes and to alleviate its setbacks. However, development of more technically efficient and economically effective sacrificial anodes via production of composite has not been exhaustively considered. Hence, this research focuses on the development of a carbon based anode by adding natural occurring coal and ferrosilicon to grey cast iron. The corrosion behaviour of the produced anode was evaluated and compared to that of mild steel in marine environment.
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Zhang, Wei, Sanae Haskouri, Georges Houlachi, and Edward Ghali. "Lead-silver anode behavior for zinc electrowinning in sulfuric acid solution." Corrosion Reviews 37, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2018-0007.

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AbstractIn recent years, a renewed interest in studying the electrochemical corrosion behavior of lead anodes during zinc electrowinning is probably due to the particularly high sulfuric acid concentrations in zinc electrolyte where lead alloy anodes have high cell voltage and high corrosion rate of lead. The high corrosion rate of lead alloy resulted in Pb contamination on zinc deposit. In zinc electrometallurgy, the electrolyte from a zinc-rich ore contains a significant amount of Mn2+. Mn2+ in the zinc electrolyte results in forming an oxide film on lead anodes during electrolysis. Pb-0.7% Ag anode is generally used in the zinc industry. To improve the technical performance and decrease product cost, other anodes, such as Pb-Ca or Pb-Ag-Ca or Pb-Ag-Ti or Pb-Ag-Se alloys were tested. Till now, none of them has succeeded in the substitution of Pb-Ag anodes in the zinc electrowinning. As an alloying element, silver in small quantities is considered because of the benefits that generates on the anode during electrolysis. During zinc electrolysis, lead dissolution into the zinc electrolyte can be harmful to the quality of zinc deposit. However, the lead silver alloy anode can decrease the lead content in the zinc deposit by pre-treated methods such as blasting and preconditioning.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anodes – Corrosion"

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Forthun, Kari. "Alternating Current Corrosion of Aluminium Sacrificial Anodes." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22387.

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Direct Electric Heating (DEH) is applied to subsea oil production and transmission pipelines to prevent freezing of hydrates as wax during productions shut downs. To prevent clogging, the pipes are heated by application of alternating current (AC) voltage. As a result, a risk for AC corrosion is introduced, which is the motivation and subject of this thesis. The steel pipes are coated and applied conventional cathodic protection (CP) by use of AlZnIn sacrificial anodes. The present work focused on the risk of increased rates of AC influenced corrosion of the AlZnIn anodes. Anode samples coupled to steel samples were investigated under applied AC by use of laboratory scale test cells in synthetic seawater at room temperature. In these experiments, which lasted for one week, the applied AC was varied in the range 0.5 to 150 A m-2, and the anode-steel area ratio (AR) was set to either 10:1 or 100:1. Corrosion rates were assessed by weight loss measurements and properties of surface deposits and corroded surfaces were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. For better assessment of anode-steel coupling in practice and the significance of anode-steel area, similar tests were performed by using a connection of two identical pairs of parallel-coupled anode-steel, with area ratio of 100:1. Equipment and methodology for investigation of AC corrosion were developed and evaluated. Results show that the anode corrosion rate increased with increasing applied AC level, while steel is sufficiently protected under the experimental conditions specified above. Anode corrosion rate was influenced both by current provided for the protection of the steel and self-corrosion and the attack was characterized by pit formation and coalescence of these at higher AC levels. High self-corrosion rates were attributed to successive alkalization, explained by hydrogen evolution, and acidification of the anode surface at each AC cycle, which destabilized the protective oxide layer. Corrosion was limited at high AC levels, explained by hydrogen blanketing of the anode surface and by hydrogen trapped within pores of the hydroxide surface film. AC corrosion of the anodes depended strongly on the anode-steel area ratio. In experiments with electrode pair configuration as described above, the significance of the steel samples vanished by increasing the anode-steel area ratio to 100:1. The system functioned as an anode?anode galvanic couple, which caused a significant decrease in the potential of the anodes, giving rise to runaway self-corrosion rates. In experiments with one anode-steel couple, the couple potential also decreased once AC was applied, increasingly in extent with applied AC potential. This further increased the current requirement by increasingly cathodic steel, thereby resulting in extreme anode corrosion at high AC levels in experiments with AR of 10:1. A subsequent positive shift in the couple potential to a stable level lower than the DC operation potential (-1.05 VSCE) of the AlZnIn anode was observed within 20 hours, caused by hydrogen evolution on steel. The time until the positive shift increased with applied AC level and decreased AR. Formation of calcareous deposits on the steel surface under DC conditions is an important aspect of CP in seawater because the deposits reduce the current requirement significantly. Such deposits did not appear to have a similar significance in the presence of applied AC. Increased water reduction by AC, causing pH increase on the steel surface higher than the DC case, reduced the protectiveness of the deposits by inhibition of electrically insulating CaCO3 formation. Preconditioning of the steel surface by CP under usual DC conditions to form the desired deposits did not have a clear influence on the AC corrosion of anodes. The decrease of both the AC and DC components of the cell current as a function of time under moderate applied AC levels, however, indicated the formation of calcareous deposits on steel. No calcareous scales were found to deposit on the anode surface. The decrease of cell current with time can also be attributed to the development of corrosion products on the anode surface. Decrease in the cell current was not appreciable for high AC levels (> 2 V RMS) with an AR of 10:1, explained by the destruction and instability of the calcareous deposits due to vigorous gas evolution. In conclusion, these results suggest that the lifetime of the CP system at high levels of applied AC (V(AC) > 2 V AC or iAC > 30 A m-2) may become significantly reduced in relation to the expected lifetime under DC conditions.
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Baker, Devon Scott. "Understanding the Corrosion of Low-Voltage Al-Ga Anodes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53835.

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Aluminum is an attractive metal for use as an anode in the cathodic protection of steels in seawater due to its low cost and high current capacity. Zinc is often used for its ability to readily corrode, but it has a low current capacity and it operates at very negative voltages, leading to hydrogen generation at the steel cathode, which may cause hydrogen embrittlement. Aluminum can operate at less-negative voltages, therefore reducing hydrogen generation, but it forms a passive oxide film, preventing the anode from corroding. Ga is added to aluminum in small amounts (0.1 wt%) to destabilize this oxide film and allow for active corrosion. The mechanism of how Ga activates Al is still not well-known, though there are prevailing proposals. A previous study noted a difference in behavior between Al-Ga master heats and the alloys that were later produced by re-melting them. This study is focused on characterizing the corrosion behavior of Al-0.1 wt% Ga in synthetic seawater, with samples from a master heat and two subsequent remelts. Galvanostatic, potentiostatic, and open-circuit tests were run, as well as galvanic coupling with 1123 steel. It was found that the remelted anodes behaved more consistently and maintained stable corrosion behavior for longer times than the master heat. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis showed elevated concentrations of Ga inside the oxide layer. The findings support the mechanism in the literature of discrete particles of Ga forming under the oxide film but do not support the mechanism of an amalgam layer formation. This project was funded by NACE International, Virginia Tech project number 457789.
Master of Science
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Tunnicliffe, Matthew. "Corrosion of lead anodes in metallic electrowinning environments." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37789.

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The corrosion of anodes in electrowinning is costly because of their relatively short lifespan, material cost, and their impact on cathodic deposit quality. The objective of this thesis was to understand the corrosion behavior of Pb anodes in electrolyte simulating Zn and Ni electrowinning conditions. Pb-based alloys have been used because they are cheap, conductive and stable at high potential and low pH. Experiments in this thesis included open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic, and potentiostatic polarizations. The parameters studied include; icorr, Ecorr, slope of the oxygen evolution region and O₂ potential. For Zn electrowinning, variables changes included modifying H₂SO₄, Mn²⁺, Cl⁻, Zn²⁺ concentrations and increasing temperature. The best corrosion resistance in Zn electrowinning was achieved by increasing H₂SO₄ concentration, using 15 g/L Mn²⁺, 0 g/L Cl⁻, and increasing both Zn²⁺ temperature. Corrosion products were studied using SEM and EDX and the relationship between surface morphology of the working electrode and operating potential. Deaerating the cell reduced the dissolved oxygen in the cell and generally increased icorr, oxygen evolution region slope and OER overpotential. For Ni electrowinning applications, three materials were used as cast PbAg, rolled PbAg, and as cast PbCaSn. The effects of H₂SO₄ and Cl- on corrosion behavior were studied using both potentiodynamic and galvanostatic polarizations. Corrosion rates were determined by measuring the length of the discharge peak after 24 hours galvanostatic polarization and SEM and XRD were used to determine the surface morphology and phase composition of the anodes.
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Dinh, Thi Mai Thanh. "Stabilité et performances de matériaux d'électrode à base de titane en milieu acide." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066095.

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Dugarte, Margareth. "Polarization of Galvanic Point Anodes for Corrosion Prevention in Reinforced Concrete." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3466.

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The polarization performance of two types of commercial galvanic point anodes for protection of reinforced steel around patch repairs was investigated. Experiments included measurement of the polarization history of the anode under constant current impressed by galvanostatic circuits and in reinforced concrete slabs. The tests revealed, for both types of anodes, a potential-current function (PF) indicating relatively little anodic polarization from an open circuit potential at low current levels, followed by an abrupt increase in potential as the current approached an apparent terminal value. Aging of the anodes was manifested by a continually decreasing current output in the concrete tests, and by increasingly more positive potentials in the galvanostatic tests. Those changes reflected an evolution of the PF generally toward more positive open circuit potentials and, more importantly, to the onset of elevated polarized potentials at increasingly lower current levels. There was considerable variability among the performance of replicate units of a given anode type. Modest to poor steel polarization levels were achieved in the test yard slabs. Modeling of a generic patch configuration was implemented with a one-dimensional approximation. The model calculated the throwing distance that could be achieved by a given number of anodes per unit perimeter of the patch, concrete thickness, concrete resistivity, amount of steel and amount of polarization needed for cathodic prevention. The model projections and aging information suggest that anode performance in likely application scenarios may seriously degrade after only a few years of operation, even if a relatively optimistic 100 mV corrosion prevention criterion were assumed. Less conservative criteria have been proposed in the literature but are yet to be substantiated. Other investigations suggest a significantly more conservative corrosion prevention may apply instead. The latter case would question the ability of the point anodes to provide adequate corrosion prevention.
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Christodoulou, Christian. "Repair and corrosion management of reinforced concrete structures." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13577.

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The durability of concrete structures is affected by a number of factors such as environmental exposure, electrochemical reactions, mechanical loading, impact damage and others. Of all of these, corrosion of the reinforcement is probably the main cause for the deterioration of steel reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Corrosion management is becoming increasingly necessary as a result of the growing number of ageing infrastructure assets (e.g. bridges, tunnels etc.) and the increased requirement for unplanned maintenance in order to keep these structures operational throughout their design life (and commonly, beyond). The main RC repair, refurbishment and rehabilitation approaches generally employed can be broadly categorised under a) conventional, b) surface treatments, c) electrochemical treatments and d) design solutions. The overarching aim of this research was to identify the key corrosion management techniques and undertake empirical investigations focused on full-scale RC structures to investigate their long-term performance. To achieve this, individual research packages were identified from the above broad five approaches for repair, replacement and rehabilitation. These were 1) Patch repairs and incipient anodes, 2) Impressed Current Cathodic Protection, 3) Galvanic Cathodic Protection and 4) Hydrophobic treatments. The selection of the above research packages was based on past and present use by the construction industry to repair, refurbish and rehabilitate RC structures. Their contributions may be broadly categorised as i) Investigations on how specific treatments and materials perform, ii) Investigations on the effectiveness of existing methods of measurements and developing alternatives, iii) Changes to the existing theory of corrosion initiation and arrest and iv) Changes to management framework strategies. The key findings from each research package can be summarised as follows: Macrocell activity appears to be a consequence rather than a cause of incipient anode formation in repaired concrete structures, as has previously been presented; ICCP has persistent protective effects even after interruption of the protective current; Discrete galvanic anodes installed in the parent concrete surrounding the patch repair are a feasible alternative to galvanic anodes embedded within the patch repairs of RC structures; Silanes may have a residual hydrophobic effect even after 20 years of service.
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Mohammadi, Maysam. "Development of Pb-MnO₂ composite anodes for electrowinning application : electrochemical and corrosion evaluations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57299.

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Electrowinning is the last step of the extraction of zinc in which aqueous zinc ions are electrodeposited to produce highly pure zinc metal. This process operates in highly acidic solutions and at high current densities. Conventional lead-based anodes used in the zinc electrowinning are associated with high corrosion rates and oxygen evolution overpotential in the electrowinning process. These result in some problems such as Pb contaminating the zinc cathode, shortened anode lifetime, and high energy consumption in the process. Lead-based composite anodes have been introduced to address these issues by using electroactive oxide particles dispersed in the Pb anode. Manganese ions, which typically exist in the zinc electrowinning electrolyte, can influence the anode performance, depending on their concentration and the anode material. The main aim of this work was to develop a new composite anode using MnO₂ particles in a Pb matrix to improve the anode performance in the zinc electrowinning operating conditions in Mn-free and Mn-containing electrolytes. A combination of electrochemical and analytical methods was used to understand the oxidation, electrocatalytic activity, and corrosion performance of the Pb-MnO₂ composite anodes compared to the conventional PbAg anode. Potentiometric titration was utilized to measure the oxidation rate of manganese ions. The anodic corrosion layers and the MnO₂ deposited layers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. A new electrochemical method was also developed for an on-site investigation of the deposited MnO₂ layer on the anodes. The Pb-MnO₂ composite anodes showed higher catalytic activity and better corrosion resistance than the PbAg anode under the zinc electrowinning operating conditions. The Pb–MnO₂ anode can decrease the energy consumption in the electrowinning process in the Mn-free electrolyte by up to 5%. The composite particles were not effective in decreasing the anode potential in the Mn-containing electrolyte. The MnO₂ particles catalyzed Mn(III) disproportionation, contributing to the deposition of a uniform, adherent, and protective MnO₂ layer. Formation of this layer decreased the lead dissolution and manganese consumption rates. The Pb-MnO₂ composite anode can be put into service without any pre-treatment since it quickly develops a stable MnO₂ layer and generates very low MnO₂ mud.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Alhamalawi, Mazen. "Offshore Wind Power Foundations' Corrosion Protection Strategy : Anlysis remotely controlled corrosion protection system and comparison to traditional corrosion protection of offshore wind foundation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-103460.

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När en metall är omgärdad av en elektrolyt, så som havsvatten, kommer det att byggas upp en naturlig potential. Det sker en elektronvandring mellan materialet och havsvattnet och ju större potentialskillnad desto större sannolikhet att metallen kommer korrodera. Korrosion är en stor och viktig fråga för offshorekonstruktioner och byggnader.  För att uppnå en konstruktions designade livslängd kan åtgärder vidtas med hänsyn till kapitalkostnader och drift- och underhållskostnader.  Denna studie syftar till att jämföra ekonomiska för- och nackdelar hos de två korrosionsskyddssystemen Galvanic Anode Corrosion Protection (GACP) och Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) på havsbaserade vindkraftsfundament. Det förstnämnda systemet använder offeranoder och det sistnämnda är ett katodiskt korrosionsskydd med hjälp av påtryckt ström.  Studien bestod av flera steg av litteraturstudier där teori om korrosion och korrosionssystem användes för att till slut kunna jämföra valda korrosionsskyddssystem.  Resultatet visar att GACP har fler fördelar och färre nackdelar än ICCP och skulle därmed vara mer ekonomiskt fördelaktig i marina miljöer. GACP ger också önskad effekt direkt vid installation och behöver inte någon strömkälla, ICCP är mer komplicerat och är inte effektivt förrän hela systemet är monterat och i drift. Dessutom behöver ICCP extra strömkälla samt kablage.
When a metal is surrounded by an electrolyte, such as seawater, a natural potential will be built up. An electron migration between the material and the seawater will happen and the greater the potential difference, the greater the probability that the metal will corrode. Corrosion is an important issue when it comes to offshore structures. In order to achieve a structure designed lifetime, measures can then be taken with regard to capital costs and operating and maintenance costs. This study aims to compare the economic advantages and disadvantages of the two, Galvanic Anode Corrosion Protection (GACP) and Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP), corrosion protection systems on offshore wind power foundations. The first mentioned system uses sacrificial anodes and the second is a cathodic corrosion protection by an applied current. The study consisted of several stages of literature studies where theory of corrosion and corrosion systems was used to finally be able to make a comparison between selected corrosion protection systems. The result shows that GACP has more advantages and fewer disadvantages than ICCP and would thus be more economical. GACP, for example, is efficient during installation and does not need an additional power source, but ICCP is more complicated and not efficient until complete assembly of the entire system and requires additional power source and cables. Right now, there is no design standard available with detailed requirements and advice has been given as for galvanic anodes systems.
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Kidd, Jr Michael Scott. "Al-Ga Sacrificial Anodes: Understanding Performance via Simulation and Modification of Alloy Segregation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89066.

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Marine structures must withstand the corrosive effects of salt water in a way that is low cost, reliable, and environmentally friendly. Aluminum satisfies these conditions, and would be a good choice for a sacrificial anode to protect steel structures if it did not passivate. However, various elements can be added to aluminum to prevent this passivation. Currently, Al-Ga alloys are used commercially as sacrificial anodes but their performance is not consistent. In this research, Thermo-Calc software was used to simulate various aspects of the Al-Ga system in an attempt to understand and potentially correct this reliability issue. Simulations showed that gallium segregates to the grain boundaries during solidification and then diffuses back into the grains during cooling to room temperature. Simulations also suggest that faster cooling rates and larger grains cause the potential segregation of gallium at the grain boundaries to remain after cooling. A set of aluminum plus 0.1% weight percent gallium alloy plates were produced with varying cooling rates, along with a control set (cooled slowly in a sand mold). Some samples were later homogenized via annealing. Samples were subjected to a 168 hour long galvanostatic test to assess voltage response. The corrosion performance of samples was found to have both consistent and optimal voltage range when subjected to quick cooling rates followed by annealing. Testing samples at near freezing temperature seems to completely remove optimal corrosion behavior, suggesting that there are multiple causes for the voltage behavior.
Master of Science
Ships must withstand the corrosive effects of salt water in a way that is low cost, reliable, and environmentally friendly. Aluminum has properties which could allow a plate of it to rust instead of a ship it is attached to, thus protecting the ships from rusting. However, because aluminum usually does not rust, gallium can be added to aluminum to allow it to rust. Currently, aluminum-gallium alloys are used commercially to protect ships, but their performance is not consistent. In this research, various aspects of the aluminum-gallium system were simulated in an attempt to understand and potentially correct this reliability issue. Simulations showed that the gallium concentration may not be uniform in the alloy, and various conditions can cause the gallium concentration to be inconsistent. A set of aluminum-gallium alloy plates were cast in molds from liquid aluminum. Some of the plates were cooled quickly, and some cooled slowly. Some samples were later heated in an oven at high temperatures in an attempt to even out the gallium concentration. Samples were subjected to tests to observe corrosion behavior. The corrosion performance of samples was found to be best when subjected to quick cooling rates followed by the oven heating. Testing the samples in cold temperatures seemed to remove the desired corrosion behavior, suggesting that there are multiple reasons for the inconsistent corrosion behavior of aluminum gallium.
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Kidd, Michael Scott Jr. "Al-Ga Sacrificial Anodes: Understanding Performance via Simulation and Modification of Alloy Segregation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89066.

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Marine structures must withstand the corrosive effects of salt water in a way that is low cost, reliable, and environmentally friendly. Aluminum satisfies these conditions, and would be a good choice for a sacrificial anode to protect steel structures if it did not passivate. However, various elements can be added to aluminum to prevent this passivation. Currently, Al-Ga alloys are used commercially as sacrificial anodes but their performance is not consistent. In this research, Thermo-Calc software was used to simulate various aspects of the Al-Ga system in an attempt to understand and potentially correct this reliability issue. Simulations showed that gallium segregates to the grain boundaries during solidification and then diffuses back into the grains during cooling to room temperature. Simulations also suggest that faster cooling rates and larger grains cause the potential segregation of gallium at the grain boundaries to remain after cooling. A set of aluminum plus 0.1% weight percent gallium alloy plates were produced with varying cooling rates, along with a control set (cooled slowly in a sand mold). Some samples were later homogenized via annealing. Samples were subjected to a 168 hour long galvanostatic test to assess voltage response. The corrosion performance of samples was found to have both consistent and optimal voltage range when subjected to quick cooling rates followed by annealing. Testing samples at near freezing temperature seems to completely remove optimal corrosion behavior, suggesting that there are multiple causes for the voltage behavior.
Master of Science
Ships must withstand the corrosive effects of salt water in a way that is low cost, reliable, and environmentally friendly. Aluminum has properties which could allow a plate of it to rust instead of a ship it is attached to, thus protecting the ships from rusting. However, because aluminum usually does not rust, gallium can be added to aluminum to allow it to rust. Currently, aluminum-gallium alloys are used commercially to protect ships, but their performance is not consistent. In this research, various aspects of the aluminum-gallium system were simulated in an attempt to understand and potentially correct this reliability issue. Simulations showed that the gallium concentration may not be uniform in the alloy, and various conditions can cause the gallium concentration to be inconsistent. A set of aluminum-gallium alloy plates were cast in molds from liquid aluminum. Some of the plates were cooled quickly, and some cooled slowly. Some samples were later heated in an oven at high temperatures in an attempt to even out the gallium concentration. Samples were subjected to tests to observe corrosion behavior. The corrosion performance of samples was found to be best when subjected to quick cooling rates followed by the oven heating. Testing the samples in cold temperatures seemed to remove the desired corrosion behavior, suggesting that there are multiple reasons for the inconsistent corrosion behavior of aluminum gallium.
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Books on the topic "Anodes – Corrosion"

1

Jeffers, T. H. Minimizing lead contamination in copper produced by solvent extraction-electrowinning. Pittsburgh, Pa: United States Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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Boy, J. H. Development of new materials and design configurations to improve ceramic anode performance. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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McGill, Galen E. Field application of a thermal-sprayed titanium anode for cathodic protection of reinforcing steel in concrete: Final report. Salem, OR: Oregon Dept. of Transportation, Research Unit, 1999.

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Clemeña, G. G. Performance of a conductive-paint anode in cathodic protection systems for inland concrete bridge piers in Virginia. Charlottesville: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 1997.

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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. The corrosion protection of 2219-T87 aluminum by anodizing. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1991.

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Riggs, Olen. Anodic Protection: Theory And Practice In The Prevention Of Corrosion. Springer, 2012.

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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. The corrosion protection of aluminum by various anodizing treatments. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.?]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Anodes – Corrosion"

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Tarcy, Gary P. "Corrosion and Passivation of Cermet Inert Anodes in Cryolite-Type Electrolytes." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 1082–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118647745.ch145.

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Tarcy, Gary P. "Corrosion and Passivation of Cermet Inert Anodes in Cryolite-Type Electrolytes." In Essential Readings in Light Metals, 1082–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48200-2_145.

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Cao, Xiao Zhou, Zhu Xian Qiu, Zhong Ning Shi, Xian Wei Hu, Yun Gang Ban, and Zhao Wen Wang. "Anti-Oxidation and Anti-Corrosion Properties of Al-Si Metal Anodes." In Materials Science Forum, 1149–52. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-432-4.1149.

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Qin, Qingwei, Yanling Xu, Jianhong Yang, and Xin Zheng. "Application of Grey Relational Analysis for Corrosion Rates of Inert Anodes in Aluminum Electrolysis." In Light Metals 2015, 1199–204. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093435.ch201.

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Qin, Qingwei, Yanling Xu, Jianhong Yang, and Xin Zheng. "Application of Grey Relational Analysis for Corrosion Rates of Inert Anodes in Aluminum Electrolysis." In Light Metals 2015, 1199–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_201.

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Wang, Guihua, Xiaofei Sun, Wenshan Wang, Deren Wang, and Yedong He. "Corrosion Behavior of Cermet Anodes in Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-Based Baths for Low-Temperature Aluminum Electrolysis Cells." In Supplemental Proceedings, 175–82. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062173.ch22.

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Bradford, Samuel A. "Cathodic and Anodic Protection." In Corrosion Control, 249–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8845-6_12.

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Pedeferri, Pietro. "Cathodic and Anodic Protection." In Corrosion Science and Engineering, 383–422. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97625-9_19.

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Tribollet, B. "Anodic Dissolution of Metal Coated by a Formed Salt Film." In Modelling Aqueous Corrosion, 141–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1176-8_7.

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Ettler, Manuel, Norbert H. Menzler, Hans Peter Buchkremer, and Detlev Stöver. "Characterization of the Re-oxidation Behavior of Anode-Supported SOFCs." In Corrosion, Wear, Fatigue, and Reliability of Ceramics, 33–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470456347.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Anodes – Corrosion"

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Hoseinieh, Seyyed Morteza, Fakhreddin Ashrafizadeh, and Mohammad Hosein Maddahi. "Increasing the Service Lifetime of Coated Titanium Anodes." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Corrosion. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130418-ms.

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Wang, Yueping. "Evaluation of Designs of Shipboard Cathodic Protection Systems Using Boundary Element Modelling Technique." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48739.

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Boundary element modelling technique was used to evaluate the performance of the underwater hull impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system of a steel-hulled vessel, as part of an investigation of the corrosion failure of the steel hull near the ICCP anodes. The same technique was also used to evaluate the designs of an alternate sacrificial anode cathodic protection system. The modelling results indicated that the existing ICCP system was capable of providing adequate cathodic protection to the underwater hull and appendages if the current demand is less than 2.4 A. Small anode size was found to have a profound effect on the potentials immediately adjacent to the anode, stressing the need for an effective, intact anode shield. Application of paint coating on the bronze propellers could substantially reduce the current demand from the anodes, resulting in less negative potentials adjacent to the anodes. The modelling results also showed that the anode design adopted from a vessel of similar size (<5% difference in all dimensions), which consists of 8 hull mounted aluminum anodes and 4 rudder zinc anodes, would provide adequate cathodic protection for the underwater hull structures of the existing vessel for more than 3 years. The performance of a modified anode placement was also studied in comparison with that of the original anode placement. The results indicated that the anodes in the modified anode placement would not only contribute more uniform current than the anodes in the original anode placement, but also result in the potential profiles that have less variations along the hull form. This modified anode placement would potentially result in a longer service life of the anodes.
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Ikeda-Cameron, Katherine, Les Stehmeier, Tom Jack, and Robert Worthingham. "Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of CP Groundbeds." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27116.

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Impressed current cathodic protection systems are widely used to provide corrosion protection for buried steel structures. Application of these systems includes installation of metallic anodes underground that gradually dissolve over the service life of a groundbed. This presentation will discuss field monitoring of groundwater quality in the vicinity of a shallow anode bed for possible soluble metal contamination arising from the dissolution of the anodes or other processes. To date soluble metal ion concentrations and hydrogeological modeling support the view that metals such as chromium, nickel, boron, copper and vanadium released in soluble form by dissolution of the anode do not pose a threat to groundwater quality.
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Tinnea, J. S. "Field Performance of Sprayed Zinc Cathodic Protection Anodes." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0037.

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Abstract The corrosion of steel in the global reinforced concrete infrastructure is at epidemic proportions. The resulting damage is seen in highway bridges, apartments, paper mills and aquariums. In North America reinforcement corrosion in concrete bridges and parking garages generates cost estimates that range from $325 million to $1 billion per year.1 One anode material gaining acceptance is zinc thermal spray (TS) coating. Since the first installation in 1983, zinc TSCP systems have been applied to reinforced concrete bridges, docks, parking garages and even aquariums. This paper discusses the performance of field applications of zinc thermal spray coating CP systems. The systems discussed have sprayed surface areas ranging from 280m2 to 24,000m2 The installations are on major concrete structures. The performance of both galvanic and impressed current systems are discussed.
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HE, Hanbing, and Hanning XIAO. "Effect of Additive BaO on corrosion resistance of 10NiO-NiFe2O4 Composite Ceramic anodes." In 2nd International Conference on Electronic and Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emeit.2012.305.

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Purcell, John E. "Preventing Corrosion in Gas Turbine Fuel Systems." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-014.

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Most failures of fuel system components, such as flow dividers and fuel pumps, are caused by the effects of corrosion. Rusting of iron and steel can jam rotating components, while surface pitting of many materials from traces of acids in the fuel can weaken parts. It can be shown that preventing fuel system corrosion can substantially increase the reliability and availability of the gas turbine. Part of the reason that corrosion is such a problem in gas turbine liquid fuel systems is that most land based turbines operate most of the time on natural gas. This means that the liquid fuel system sits idle for most of the time. The liquid fuel almost always contains some water from sources such as condensation in the tank. Water also enters the fuel system from moisture rich combustion gases that can leak past check valves while the turbine is operating on natural gas. When the liquid fuel system is idle, this water separates from the fuel, collecting into a layer inside components. This forms an area of rust in the bottom of any unprotected component. This rust can prevent components from operating or can plug orifices and fuel nozzles downstream when the liquid fuel system is operated. Corrosion in the fuel system can also come from traces of acid in the fuel. This usually comes about when operating on crude or residual oils with a high sulfur content. Water washing and heating of the fuel as part of the fuel treatment process may cause a chemical reaction that produces small amounts of sulfuric acid in the fuel. Over time, this acid may cause surface pitting in fuel system components. These pits can encourage and speed the formation of fatigue cracks in highly stressed parts such as shafts or bearings. These fatigue cracks will eventually cause the failure of these parts. Two methods have been used to protect fuel system components against these corrosion problems. The first is to substitute inherently corrosion resistant materials, such as stainless steels, in place of existing materials. This is effective, but it is relatively expensive and creates lubrication and wear problems. These problems come from the poor wear characteristics of stainless steels and many other corrosion resistant materials when rubbing against other metals. Cathodic protection is the other method of protecting components against corrosion. This consists of introducing sacrificial anodes of a material, such as magnesium or zinc, that is more electrochemically active than frequently used materials such as cast iron or steel. The presence of these anodes reverses the corrosion process and makes the iron and steel parts the cathodic or protected end of the corrosion reaction. These anodes must be changed periodically since they are gradually consumed during use.
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Møller, Peter H. "Monitoring the performance of concrete repairs." In IABSE Conference, Copenhagen 2018: Engineering the Past, to Meet the Needs of the Future. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/copenhagen.2018.344.

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<p>A monitoring system for measuring the durability of concrete repairs has been developed and tested for 6 years as part of a pilot project for renovation of bridge piers. Beside testing traditional repair methods, the possible service life extension from cast-in sacrificial anodes was tested.<p>The system was focused on the zone between original concrete and repair material where corrosion often starts. It was seen that this zone for most of the repairs can be expected to reduce service life to <50years. But the monitoring system cannot determine the service life precisely, but precision is highly increased compared to other methods, e.g. surface based mapping of reinforcement potentials. The results furthermore indicated that cast-in anodes can increase the service life by 10- 20 years. By the new anode model, Galva Shield XP2, service life be might increased by 15-30 years.<p>It was found that corrosion risk at repairs has high areal- and time-based variations and to obtain an overview of the durability of the repairs several repairs must be monitored for a long time.
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Thalapil, Jeslin, Durgesh Tamhane, Sauvik Banerjee, and Siddharth Tallur. "Corrosion Monitoring Of Sacrificial Anodes Based On Contour Plot Analysis Of Electro-Mechanical Impedance Spectra." In 2021 21st International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (Transducers). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers50396.2021.9495493.

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Ellor, James A., and Patrick J. Cassidy. "Electrostatic-Based Cathodic Protection Modeling." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86308.

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A corrosion engineer is often faced with the design of complex cathodic protection systems. Cathodic protection (CP) is defined as the application of an electrical current to suppress the corrosion (anodic or oxidation) reaction. When steel (or iron) corrodes, the reaction is Fe ← Fe+2 + 2e− (anodic or oxidation reaction). The reaction is suppressed through CP by using an external energy source or sacrificial material to make the reaction shown above unfavorable. If we are using an outside energy source, which is actually an external current source, we call it Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP). Design of an ICCP system involves establishing the optimal location and functional parameters for anodes and reference cells on the structure that the engineer is trying to protect. One of the more challenging aspects of this design effort is the ability to predict the distribution of current from one or more anodes to the structure protected. There are various empirical methods for making such estimates as well as comprehensive, computer-based software for modeling complex structures. However, a reasonable estimate of current distribution can be made on the basis of the principles of electrostatics using a common commercial spreadsheet program. This modeling approach proves to be simple to use, is inexpensive compared to the other modeling software on the market and gives meaningful results in a very short period of time.
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He, Han-Bing, Pei-Yu Huang, and Xu-Peng Liu. "The effect of the elemental content of aluminum on electric conductivity and corrosion resistance of anodes." In 2016 International Conference on Advanced Materials and Energy Sustainability (AMES2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813220393_0013.

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Reports on the topic "Anodes – Corrosion"

1

Kozarek, R. L., S. P. Ray, R. K. Dawless, and A. F. LaCamera. Corrosion of cermet anodes during low temperature electrolysis of alumina. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/296819.

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Macdonald, D. D., C. English, and M. Urquidi-Macdonald. Development of anodes for aluminum/air batteries: Solution phase inhibition of corrosion: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6112988.

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Windisch, Jr, C. F., L. A. Chick, G. D. Maupin, and N. D. Stice. The effects of microstructure on the corrosion of glycine/nitrate processed cermet inert anodes: A preliminary study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5419847.

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Kelley, John V., Elizabeth A. Charleton, Steven M. Kilczewski, and Paul Huang. Efficacy of Two Novel Anodic Coatings for Enhanced Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Armor Alloys. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada597719.

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Fujita, M., H. Tanaka, H. Muramatsu, H. Asoh, and S. Ono. Corrosion Resistance Improvement Technology of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum Alloy that uses a Lithium Hydroxide Solution. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9049.

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