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Journal articles on the topic 'Anodisation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Mustafa, CM, MA Habib, and MS Islam. "Anodisation of Aluminium in Aqueous Sodium Oxalate and Sodium Sulphate Media." Rajshahi University Journal of Science 38 (October 10, 2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v38i0.16544.

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An investigation was conducted on the anodisation of commercial grade aluminium in aqueous sodium sulphate and sodium oxalate solutions. The parameters investigated were anodisation potential and electrolyte composition. Degree of anodisation was evaluated by visual observation of the anodised surface, analyses of current-concentration graphs at constant potential and current-potential characteristics, and measurement of corrosion rate of the anodised surface. Anodisation potential played an important role on the degree of anodisation. The optimum potential was 400 mV and 800 mV wrt saturated Ag/AgCl (SSE) reference electrode for sodium sulphate and sodium oxalate solutions respectively. Below and above the optimum potential poor anodisation was due to insufficient production of Al3+ to form anodic film and surface breakdown respectively. Anodisation increased with the increase of oxalate concentration. Sulphate concentration was less effective on the degree of anodisation. Between the two electrolytes sodium oxalate was more suitable than sodium sulphate for aluminium anodisation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v38i0.16544 Rajshahi University J. of Sci. 38, 09-16 (2010)

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2

Dass, G., and M. K. Kushwaha. "Nanoporous surface treatment of aluminium by anodisation in oxalic acid." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1-2, no. 93 (March 1, 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4140.

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Purpose: Well-ordered nanoporous anodic surface on aluminium substrate was obtained by anodisation method in 0.3 M of oxalic acid as an electrolyte. The objective of this perusal is to describe a system for the magnifying diameter of pores and resistance of demolition of the oxide layer at various voltages. The effect of voltage and time of anodisation process in which obtaining the required structure in AAO film. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments have been performed on a setup for anodisation considering variables parameters. In this study, AAO Templates were prepared in oxalic acid of 0.3 M concentration under the potential range of anodisation 30-40 V at relatively temperatures range from 20-30°C of an electrolyte. Anodic voltage, current density and temperature of electrolyte were adopted as electrical parameters during anodisation. Before anodisation starts two crucial pre-treatment i.e. annealing and electropolishing are finished. Findings: The diameter of pores and pitch of pores are well-proportional to anodisation voltage and process time. The pore diameters were 85 nm, 138 nm, 184 nm, 248 nm with having 9, 16, 27, 37 porosity % respectively. The thickness of AAO film in all cases has been found to be maximum or constant after one hour in second step anodisation. The anodisation parameters like voltage, the time duration of the anodisation process and temperature are very essential features which influencing the fabrication of an AAO film. Research limitations/implications: The anodisation process is very easy to perform but very complex to understand as there are many parameters which may affect it. Practical implications: After that, the second step anodisation for the next half hour, there will be no change in the thickness of AAO film but after that dissolution rate starts over the formation rate and finally thickness will be decreasing. Originality/value: Therein is numerous macropores in the membrane with the size of pores variation from 163 to 248 nm. The diameter of pores, thickness, and pore density of AAO film was determined through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which exhibited that homogeneous honeycomb-like structure has appeared on the entire surface where anodisation performed precisely.

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3

Thongyoy, Sasitorn, and Areeya Aeimbhu. "Synthesis of Self-Aligned Titanium Oxide Nanotube Arrays in Ammonium Fluoride-Ethylene Glycol Electrolytes with Different Water Contents." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.788.

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The aim of this research is to fabricate of TiO2nanotube arrays by potentiostatic anodisation process on titanium sheets. Anodisation is carried out under various applied potentials ranging from 20 to 30 volts for 1-3 hours at room temperature. Anodised were conducted in 1-4 wt% NH4F, water-based electrolyte and ethylene glycol-based electrolyte. The morphology of the anodised surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. When titanium sheets were anodised in various conditions, surface morphology of anodised titanium change remarkably with the changing of applied voltages, chemical composition of the electrolyte and anodisation time. The results of the present work show that the highly ordered and uniformly distributed TiO2nanotubes on titanium substrate can be fabricated by using mixtures of NH4F, ethylene glycol and water with appropriate conditions. Moreover, the anodisation potential and the water content play significant roles in the formation of TiO2nanotube with different inner tube diameters. The length of TiO2nanotube was controlled by anodisation time.

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4

Mahmud, Abdul Hadi, Anisah Shafiqah Habiballah, and A. M. M. Jani. "The Effect of Applied Voltage and Anodisation Time on Anodized Aluminum Oxide Nanostructures." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.103.

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The use of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) is vastly being explored in recent years. The application includes molecular separation, sensing, energy storage and template synthesis for various nanostructures. The reason AAO is preferred was because of the ability to control the nanopore structure by manipulating some factors during the anodisation process. This study will investigate the exploitation of voltage and anodisation time during the anodisation process and the effect it has on the nanopore structure of the AAO by examining the structure under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). The experiment was carried out by anodizing aluminum foil in 0.3 M oxalic acid as electrolyte under the constant temperature of 5 °C. The applied voltage was varied from 40, 60 and 100 V with different anodisation time. The outcome of this study demonstrates that applied voltage has a proportional relationship with the developed pore size. Increasing the applied voltage from 40 to 100 V had increased the pore size of the AAO from 38 nm to 186 nm, respectively. Aluminium oxide anodized at 60 V demonstrates pore size in the range of 76 nm. Prolong anodisation time had improved the pore morphology of anodized aluminium oxide in the case of 40 V, however, the pore wall starts to collapse when anodisation time is more than 4 minutes at 100 V.

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5

Ringnalda, J., J. F. Zhang, S. Taylor, and D. M. Maher. "Microscopy of plasma anodised materials for VLSI." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 632–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100176290.

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Plasma anodisation is an attractive technique for growing insulating layers of SiO2 at much lower temperatures then those needed for thermal oxide growth. Defects can be generated in silicon when it is subjected to prolonged high temperature oxidation processes, which in turn lead to degradation in both yield and performance of small geometry devices. An additional disadvantage of thermal oxide growth lies in the lateral oxidation behaviour (i.e. oxidation underneath the mask or ‘bird-beaking’ effect) which limits the minimum device separation which can be achieved. Although plasma anodisation has been widely investigated (see and references therein), previous studies have highlighted the severe difficulty of producing effective masks for this process, particularly during the high power anodisation studies which are the subject of this paper. Most of the established masks against thermal oxidation appear to be consumed during the plasma anodisation process. Therefore an important issue with regard to plasma anodisation is to find material systems in which the vertical oxidation rate of the mask is low compared to silicon and the lateral oxidation of both the mask and the silicon substrate under the mask are minimal. For the present study, two materials systems have been investigated; Si3N4/SiO2 strips on Si and Al/SiO2 strips on Si.

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6

Lim, Yingchin, Zulkarnain Zainal, Mohd Zobir Hussein, and Weetee Tan. "Morphology and Dimensions Controlled of Titania Nanotubes in Mixed Organic-Inorganic Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.13.

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The formation of self-organized and highly ordered Titania nanotubes was achieved by anodisation of Ti in a mixture of water-ethylene glycol electrolyte. Control over the dimensions and morphology of nanotubes was successfully established by changing the anodisation voltage, the ammonium fluoride (NH4F) concentration and the anodisation time. A threshold voltage of 5 V is required for nanotube formation. Collapsed tubes were formed by applying electrochemical etching at high fluoride concentration. This study also showed that the nanotube lengths ranging from 0.5 to 2.6 μm could be formed by controlling the voltage applied and fluoride concentration with preferred growth along the c-axis.

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7

Asli, N. A., Mohamad Rusop, and Saifollah Abdullah. "Relation of Anodisation Parameter for Nanocrystallite Size of Porous Silicon Template Studied by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy." Advanced Materials Research 667 (March 2013): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.667.324.

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Nanostructured porous silicon templates (NPSiT) were prepared by photo-electrochemical anodization of p-type crystalline silicon in HF electrolyte at different etching time. Two set anodisation parameter were observed, anodisation time nd current density applied. For set one, five samples were prepared with etching time varied from 10 to 50 minutes at 20 mA/cm2 of current density. For set two, five samples were prepared with current density varied from 5 to 40 mA/cm2 for 30 minutes. The effects of these anodisation parameter on NPSiT were observed based on nanocrystallite size. These studied was demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that NPSiT sample with large pore diameter, which is smaller nanocrystallites size of Si between pore.

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8

Lockman, Zainovia, Syahriza Ismail, Go Kawamura, and Atsunori Matsuda. "Formation of Zirconia and Titania Nanotubes in Fluorine Contained Glycerol Electrochemical Bath." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.76.

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The formation of self-aligned titania and zirconia nanotubes is achieved by the anodisation of Ti and Zr in a fluorine contained electrochemical bath. The anodic oxidation was performed at 30 V for 60 min in a two-electrode glycerol (15% water) bath containing varying amount of NH4F. Despite the fact that a self-aligned nanotubular structure is formed on both titanium and zirconium, the dimensions of zirconia and titania nanotubes are different under the same anodisation parameters. It appears that by using 30 V as the anodisation voltage, the diameter of zirconia nanotubes (30-60 nm) is much smaller compared to that of titania nanotubes (80-100 nm). The length of zirconia nanotubes in the bath consisting of 0.7 g NH4F is 3 µm whereas titania nanotubes formed in the same bath have a length of ~700 nm. The fundamental difference between the nanotubes formed on titanium and zirconium may be related to the rate of oxidation, initial oxide formation during anodisation, pits formation and rate of pits growth for pores formation and stabilisation. Moreover, investigation on the crystallinity of the nanotubes reveals that titania nanotubes are weakly crystalline with crystallite sizes of <5 nm. Whereas, zirconia nanotubes are much more crystalline in cubic modification. The stabilisation of the high temperature phase is thought to originate from the size of the nanotubes walls and the deficiency in oxygen during the growth of the anodic oxide by anodisation.

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9

Nickel, Daniela, Dagmar Dietrich, Roy Morgenstern, Ingolf Scharf, Harry Podlesak, and Thomas Lampke. "Anodisation of Aluminium Alloys by Micro-Capillary Technique as a Tool for Reliable, Cost-Efficient, and Quick Process Parameter Determination." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1374897.

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Anodisation is essential for improving surface properties of aluminium alloys and composites regarding wear and corrosion behaviour. Optimisation of the anodising process depends on microstructural constituents contained in aluminium alloys and represents a key task, consisting of the control of process parameters and electrolyte formulation. We applied the micro-capillary technique known from corrosion studies and modified it to form anodic aluminium oxide films on high-strength aluminium alloys in comparison to pure aluminium in sulphuric acid. A glass capillary with an opening of 800 μm in diameter was utilized. Corresponding electrochemical measurements during potentiodynamic and potentiostatic anodisation revealed anodic current responses similar to conventional anodisation. The measurement of film thickness was adapted to the thin anodised spots using ellipsometry and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Cross sections prepared by focused ion beam milling confirm the thickness results and show the behaviour of intermetallic phases depending on the anodising potential. Consequently, micro-capillary anodising proved to be an effective tool for developing appropriate anodisation conditions for aluminium alloys and composites because it allows quick variation of electrolyte composition by applying low electrolyte volumes and rapid film formation due to short process durations at small areas and more flexible variation of process parameters due to the used set-up.

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10

Kok, Kuan Ying, Inn Khuan Ng, Nur Ubaidah Saidin, and Suhaila Hani Illias. "Preparation of Porous Alumina Template for Nanostructure Fabrication." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.21.

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Porous alumina films are widely used as templates for fabricating one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures such as nanowires or nanotubes. Using a two-step anodisation process, we have successfully optimized the growth conditions for fabricating highly ordered porous alumina films with pore diameters ranging from 20 to 150 nm, to be used as templates for 1-D nanostructure synthesis. The effects of the anodisation conditions on pore structure and the formation rate of the films were systematically studied. It was found that low electrolyte temperatures and agitations decreased the growth rate of the films but favored the process of pore ordering. Removal of oxide layer formed from first anodisation process and removal of barrier oxide at pore ends had an important bearing on pore morphology. Besides the stand-alone porous alumina films, we have also fabricated porous alumina films on rod-shaped Al substrates.

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11

Ktifa, S., M. Ghrib, F. Saadallah, H. Ezzaouia, and N. Yacoubi. "Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy Study of Nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si) Thin Films Deposited on Porous Aluminum with PECVD." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/418924.

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We have studied the optical properties of nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) film deposited by plasma enhancement chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on porous aluminum structure using, respectively, the Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS) and Photoluminescence (PL). The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of anodisation current on the optical properties of the porous aluminum silicon layers (PASL). The morphology characterization studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique has shown that the grain size of (nc-Si) increases with the anodisation current. However, a band gap shift of the energy gap was observed.

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12

Uttiya, Sureeporn, Ornella Cavalleri, Michele Biasotti, Marcella Pani, Maria Maddalena Carnasciali, Daniele Caviglia, Lorenzo Mattera, and Maurizio Canepa. "Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Thin Films on Quartz via Electrochemical Anodisation Process." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.456.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared by means of electrochemical anodisation or anodic spark deposition (ASD) from thin and flat metallic titanium (Ti) films pre-deposited on high quality quartz substrates by electron beam evaporation. AFM analysis indicates the formation of uniform mesoporous layers and a definite increase about 50% of the film thickness upon anodisation and about 90% upon annealing. Anodised mesoporous TiO2films have been characterized by Raman spectroscopy, which indicates the presence of well-defined peaks related to anatase structure. Phase transformation from anatase to rutile was observed after annealing at temperatures up to 900°C for 3h.

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13

Wolff, Karsten, Petri Heljo, and Donald Lupo. "Growth of Ultra-thin Titanium Dioxide Films by Complete Anodic Oxidation of Titanium Layers on Conductive Substrates." MRS Proceedings 1494 (2012): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1580.

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ABSTRACTThe growth of thin and ultra-thin titanium dioxide layers was investigated. Oxide films were grown by galvanostatic and potentiodynamic anodisation of evaporated titanium layers on conductive substrates. It is shown that thin-film oxidation differs significantly from anodic oxidation of solid foils or plates, due to the sudden stop of anodisation process before complete oxidation of the thick films. Depending on the pH value and the potential sweep rate, the effective defect density and the dielectric constant of the anodized layers vary from 3·1019 cm-3 to 1020 cm-3and from 16 to 27, respectively, whereas the electrolyte temperature plays only a minor role.

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14

Saidin, Nur Ubaidah, Kuan Ying Kok, Inn Khuan Ng, and Suhaila Hani Ilias. "Fabrication of Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide via a Two-Step Anodisation Process." Advanced Materials Research 620 (December 2012): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.464.

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In this study, we report the fabrication of nanoporous aluminum oxide film from high purity aluminium foil via a two-step anodisation process controlled by a constant direct current potential ranging from 40 60 V from a DC power supply. The anodisation process was conducted at 20˚C in an electrochemical cell with the Al foil acting as anode, Pt as cathode and an acidic bath as electrolyte. Porous aluminium oxide films of pore diameters ranging between 30 90 nm were successfully fabricated. The morphologies and phase compositions of the anodized porous alumina films were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) for characterizations.

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15

Tsyntsaru, N. "Aluminum alloys anodisation for nanotemplates application." Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry 52, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068375516010142.

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16

Olsson, C. O. A., and D. Landolt. "Anodisation of a Nb–Zr alloy." Electrochimica Acta 48, no. 27 (November 2003): 3999–4011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00540-1.

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17

Ou, Haiyan, Qinqing Yang, Hongbing Lei, Hongjie Wang, Qiming Wang, and Xiongwei Hu. "Thick SiO2 layer produced by anodisation." Electronics Letters 35, no. 22 (1999): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19991277.

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18

Jani, Nur Aimi, Mohd Faizal Achoi, Mohd Muzamir Mahat, Saifollah Abdullah, Zainovia Lockman, and Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor. "Surface and Structural Properties of TiO₂ Nanotubes Formation via Electrochemical Anodization." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.71.

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An electrochemical anodization is a simple and low cost technique, to electrochemically synthesize self-organized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) from 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte with anodization of Ti foil. The FESEM results showed that the average diameter size and length of TiO2 NTs was found between 50 to 60 nm and 2.5 μm, respectively. The surface morphology of arrays TiO2 NTs is uniformly deposited on Ti substrate. While, the cross-sectional of TiO2 NTs revealed that, the TiO2 NTs is arrays alignment and close each other deposited. From current-anodisation time analysis (I-t) indicates that TiO2 nanotubes were start formed at anodisation time 429.03 sec with current flows is 51.69 mA in electrochemical system.

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19

Ni, Chengsheng, Darragh Carolan, Conor Rocks, Jianing Hui, Zeguo Fang, Dilli Babu Padmanaban, Jiupai Ni, et al. "Microplasma-assisted electrochemical synthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles in absolute ethanol for energy applications." Green Chemistry 20, no. 9 (2018): 2101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc00200b.

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20

TAYLOR, S., W. ECCLESTON, J. RINGNALDA, D. M. MAHER, D. J. EAGLESHAM, C. J. HUMPHREYS, and D. J. GODFREY. "PLASMA ANODISATION OF SILICON FOR ADVANCED VLSI." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 49, no. C4 (September 1988): C4–393—C4–396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988482.

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21

Katschmarek, Oliver. "Neue Ideen für die Anodisation von Aluminium." JOT Journal für Oberflächentechnik 58, S4 (October 2018): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35144-018-0357-6.

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22

Zhang, Jifang, Ivette Salles, Sam Pering, Petra J. Cameron, Davide Mattia, and Salvador Eslava. "Nanostructured WO3 photoanodes for efficient water splitting via anodisation in citric acid." RSC Advances 7, no. 56 (2017): 35221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05342h.

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We report the production of nanostructured WO₃ photoanodes for solar water splitting produced via anodisation using for the first time citric acid, a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to fluoride-based electrolytes.

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23

Law, Cheryl Suwen, Siew Yee Lim, Andrew D. Abell, Lluís F. Marsal, and Abel Santos. "Structural tailoring of nanoporous anodic alumina optical microcavities for enhanced resonant recirculation of light." Nanoscale 10, no. 29 (2018): 14139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr04263b.

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A study about the structural engineering of high quality nanoporous anodic alumina optical microcavities (NAA-μCVs) fabricated by rationally designed anodisation strategies to enhance the light-confining capabilities of these photonic crystal (PC) structures is presented.

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24

Ain Zubaidah, M., N. A. Asli, Mohamad Rusop, and Saifollah Abdullah. "Effect of Electrolyte Volume Ratio on Electroluminescence of Porous Silicon Nanostructures (PSiNs) Intensity." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.49.

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For this experiment, the main purpose of this experiment is to determine the electroluminescence of PSiNs samples with optimum electrolyte volume ratio of photo-electrochemical anodisation. PSiNs samples were prepared by photo-electrochemical anodisation by using p-type silicon substrate. For the formation of PSiNs on the silicon surface, a fixed current density (J=20 mA/cm2) and 30 minutes etching time were applied for the various electrolyte volume ratio. Volume ratio of hydrofluoric acid 48% (HF48%) and absolute ethanol (C2H5OH), HF48%:C2H5OH was used for sample A (3:1), sample B (2:1), sample C (1:1), sample D (1:2) and sample E (1:3). The light emission can be observed at visible range. The effective electroluminescence was observed for sample C. Porous silicon nanostructures light–emitting diode (PSiNs-LED) has high-potential device for future flat screen display and can be high in demand.

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25

Lee, Chong-Yong, Yong Zhao, Caiyun Wang, David R. G. Mitchell, and Gordon G. Wallace. "Rapid formation of self-organised Ag nanosheets with high efficiency and selectivity in CO2electroreduction to CO." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 5 (2017): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00069c.

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Rapid formation of hierarchical AgCl nanosheets is achieved through rational optimization of anodisation parameters. The electroreduced halide-derived Ag nanosheets exhibit excellent performance with a ∼95% CO₂to CO conversion efficiency at an overpotential as low as 0.29 V.

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26

Cheung, Keng Ho, Pramod Koshy, Moreica Beatrice Pabbruwe, Brendan Lee, and Charles Christopher Sorrell. "Photocatalytic Activation of TiO₂ Biomaterials by UV and X-Rays." Advances in Science and Technology 99 (October 2016): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.99.22.

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TiO2 films of varying mineralogical and microstructural characteristics were fabricated on sand-blasted Ti6Al4V plates by anodisation in 2 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and 2 M phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at 120 V and 300 mA/cm2 for 10 min and 15 min, respectively. The film formed by anodisation in H2SO4 consisted of both anatase and rutile while the film formed by anodisation in H3PO4 consisted only of rutile. This inconsistency is attributed to the presence of anatase below the level of detection in the sample anodised in the H3PO4, which consisted of a thinner TiO2 anodised film. SEM images demonstrated that H2SO4 resulted in arcing and resultant porosity while H3PO4 did not. Profilometry revealed that the former was rougher than the latter and that the latter was nearly the same roughness as the sand-blasted plate. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that H3PO4 formed a thinner anodised film and that the greater thickness from H2SO4 resulted in asperity formation, which enhanced arcing and densification. Although the anatase-rutile mixture and the greater roughness of the sample anodised in H2SO4 could be expected to have yielded superior performance, the fact that it did not is attributed to the greater bulk density and associated lower surface area of the TiO2 matrix. Preliminary cell culture tests showed that human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) were attached effectively on smooth anodised films (on polished plates) after 4 h of incubation while cell proliferation was confluent after 2 days. The major finding of the present work is that X-radiation in clinical doses (<200 cGy) is sufficient to cause degradation of organic species via photocatalysis.

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27

Lu, Shijing, Zixue Su, Jian Sha, and Wuzong Zhou. "Ionic nano-convection in anodisation of aluminium plate." Chemical Communications, no. 37 (2009): 5639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b909256k.

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28

Ijomah, M. N. C., and A. I. Ijomah. "Influence of anodisation on recycling of aluminium scrap." Materials Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 2002): 1221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708302225005981.

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29

Haseeb, A. S. M. A., P. L. Schilardi, A. E. Bolzan, R. C. V. Piatti, R. C. Salvarezza, and A. J. Arvia. "Anodisation of copper in thiourea-containing acid solution." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 500, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00216-3.

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30

Capek, D., M. P. Gigandet, M. Masmoudi, M. Wery, and O. Banakh. "Long-time anodisation of titanium in sulphuric acid." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 8 (January 2008): 1379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.027.

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31

Taylor, Caitlin M., Davide Mattia, and Jannis Wenk. "Photocatalytic immobilised TiO2 nanostructures via fluoride-free anodisation." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8, no. 3 (June 2020): 103798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103798.

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32

Pochon, M., and M. Mantel. "Amélioration du collage des aciers inoxydables par anodisation." Revue de Métallurgie 97, no. 5 (May 2000): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/200097050627.

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33

Hurbo, A. D., A. V. Klimenka, and V. P. Bondarenko. "FORMATION OF POROUS SILICON ON A HIGHLY DOPED P-TYPE MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON." Doklady BGUIR, no. 6 (October 3, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2019-124-6-31-37.

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Porous silicon layers were formed on a p-type silicon wafers by electrochemical anodisation. Dependencies of thickness and porosity of porous silicon layers as well as effective valence of silicon dissolution versus anodizing time and current density were obtained and analysed. A mathematical model for growth of layers of porous silicon was developed.

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34

Lim, Ying Pei, Devagi Kanakaraju, and Ying Chin Lim. "Photocatalytic deposition of silver particles on titania nanotube thin films: Influence of precursor concentration." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i2.10943.

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Titania nanotubes (TiNT) has gained much interest as it has high surface area and fewer grain boundaries. In order to enhance the photoelectrochemical properties of TiNT, modification has been carried out to dope silver on TiNT. In this study, a combination of electrochemical anodisation and a photochemical reduction was employed to fabricate silver supported on titania nanotubes (AgTiNT). TiNT was synthesized via anodisation of titanium plate in a two-electrode system containing ethylene glycol and ammonium fluoride. Then, the silver particles were deposited on TiNT by immersion in various concentrations of silver precursor solution followed by ultraviolet light radiation. The prepared samples were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphology, x-ray diffractometry (XRD) for crystal structure and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) to determine the element content. TiNT demonstrated a well-ordered structure, but the nanotubes tend to clump together upon deposition of Ag. The effect of Ag deposition on the photoelectrochemical performance of TiNT was studied where almost one-fold enhancement in the photoelectrochemical property was observed for AgTiNT compared to pure TiNT.

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Rozana, Monna, Khairunisak Abdul Razak, G. Kawamura, Atsunori Matsuda, and Zainovia Lockman. "Formation of Aligned Iron Oxide Nanopores as Cr Adsorbent Material." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.460.

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Elongated iron oxide nanopores (FNPs) were fabricated by anodisation of iron in fluoride-ethylene glycol (EG) added to it 1 ml, 1 M KOH electrolyte at three different voltages: 30 V, 40 V and 50 V. It was observed regardless of the voltage applied; the nanopores seem to be separated from one to another at the bottom part of the anodic film forming rather discreet nanotubular structure at this region. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate the phases present within the anodic layer. γ-FeOOH, Fe (OH)2, and FeF5.H2O were detected in all samples. However, when the anodisation voltage was increased, peaks from the FeF5.H2O are more intense indicating either more F- insertion in the anodic layer or crystallization of this phase at higher voltage. After annealing, XRD detected only hematite; α-Fe2O3 and magnetite; Fe3O4 indicative of phase formation or transformation had occurred during the annealing process. The annealed samples displayed an ability to adsorb Cr (VI) with almost 30 % reduction of the Cr (VI) concentration after 5 hours of exposure to the nanoporous anodic film.

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Benčina, Metka, Ita Junkar, Alenka Vesel, Miran Mozetič, and Aleš Iglič. "Nanoporous Stainless Steel Materials for Body Implants—Review of Synthesizing Procedures." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12172924.

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Despite the inadequate biocompatibility, medical-grade stainless steel materials have been used as body implants for decades. The desired biological response of surfaces to specific applications in the body is a highly challenging task, and usually not all the requirements of a biomaterial can be achieved. In recent years, nanostructured surfaces have shown intriguing results as cell selectivity can be achieved by specific surface nanofeatures. Nanoporous structures can be fabricated by anodic oxidation, which has been widely studied for titanium and its alloys, while no systematic studies are so far available for stainless steel (SS) materials. This paper reviews the current state of the art in the anodisation of SS; correlations between the parameters of anodic oxidation and the surface morphology are drawn. The results reported by various authors are scattered because of a variety of experimental configurations. A linear correlation between the pores’ diameter anodisation voltage was deduced, while no correlation with other processing parameters was found obvious. The analyses of available data indicated a lack of systematic experiments, which are recommended to understand the kinetics of pore formation and develop techniques for optimal biocompatibility of stainless steel.

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Khaw, Juan Shong, Michele Curioni, Peter Skeldon, Christopher R. Bowen, and Sarah H. Cartmell. "A Novel Methodology for Economical Scale-Up of TiO2 Nanotubes Fabricated on Ti and Ti Alloys." Journal of Nanotechnology 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5902346.

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The prospective use of nanotechnology for medical devices is increasing. While the impact of material surface nanopatterning on the biological response is convincing, creating a large surface area with such nanotechnology remains an unmet challenge. In this paper, we describe, for the first time, a reproducible scale-up manufacturing technique for creating controlled nanotubes on the surfaces of Ti and Ti alloys. We describe an average of approximately 7.5-fold increase in cost and time efficiency with regards to the generation of 20, 50, and 100 nm diameter nanotubes using an anodisation technique. These novel materials have great potential in the medical field through their influence on cellular activity, in particular, protein absorption, focal adhesion, and osteoinduction. In this paper, we provide a step-by-step guide to optimise an anodisation system, starting with design rationale, proof of concept, device upscaling, consistency, and reproducibility check, followed by cost and efficiency analysis. We show that the optimised device can produce a high number of anodised specimens with customisable specimen shape at reduced cost and time, without compromising the repeatability and consistency. The device can fabricate highly uniform and vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube layer with desired pore diameters.

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Cui, J., X. Wang, R. Opila, and A. Lennon. "Light-induced anodisation of silicon for solar cell passivation." Journal of Applied Physics 114, no. 18 (November 14, 2013): 184101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4829701.

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Sieber, M., I. Althöfer, D. Höhlich, I. Scharf, D. Böttger, S. Böttger, E. Böttger, and T. Lampke. "Anodisation with dynamic current control for tailored alumina coatings." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 118 (March 2016): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/118/1/012038.

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Sanz, O., L. M. Martínez T, F. J. Echave, M. I. Domínguez, M. A. Centeno, J. A. Odriozola, and M. Montes. "Aluminium anodisation for Au-CeO2/Al2O3-Al monoliths preparation." Chemical Engineering Journal 151, no. 1-3 (August 2009): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.03.062.

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41

Wu, Shizhao, Yuru Li, Jing Gao, Guohua Li, and Xiaojuan Wang. "Preparation of tungsten trioxide film with mesoporosity by anodisation." International Journal of Nanomanufacturing 14, no. 3 (2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnm.2018.093476.

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Gao, Jing, Guohua Li, Xiaojuan Wang, Yuru Li, and Shizhao Wu. "Preparation of tungsten trioxide film with mesoporosity by anodisation." International Journal of Nanomanufacturing 14, no. 3 (2018): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnm.2018.10014651.

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43

Rajendra, A., Biren J. Parmar, A. K. Sharma, H. Bhojraj, M. M. Nayak, and K. Rajanna. "Hard anodisation of aluminium and its application to sensorics." Surface Engineering 21, no. 3 (June 2005): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329405x50000.

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Barlow, K., A. Kiermasz, and W. Eccleston. "An improved theory for the plasma anodisation of silicon." IEE Proceedings I Solid State and Electron Devices 132, no. 4 (1985): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-i-1.1985.0039.

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Mu, X., Y. Peng, T. Gnanavel, B. J. Inkson, and G. Möbus. "Nanoporous structures from anodisation of non-planar aluminium surfaces." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 241 (July 1, 2010): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/241/1/012089.

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Zhao, Y., and T.-Y. Xiong. "Formation of bioactive titania films under specific anodisation conditions." Surface Engineering 28, no. 5 (June 2012): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329409x409512.

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Rosa, J. L., A. Robin, R. Z. Nakazato, M. B. Ribeiro, M. P. Piassa, and M. B. Silva. "Formation of titania nanotube arrays by anodisation: DOE approach." Surface Engineering 30, no. 2 (December 26, 2013): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294413y.0000000217.

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Momeni, M. M., Y. Ghayeb, and F. Mohammadi. "Fe2O3nanotube films prepared by anodisation as visible light photocatalytic." Surface Engineering 31, no. 6 (November 27, 2014): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294414y.0000000425.

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Momeni, M. M., M. Mirhosseini, and M. Chavoshi. "Fabrication of Ta2O5nanostructure films via electrochemical anodisation of tantalum." Surface Engineering 33, no. 2 (February 26, 2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294415y.0000000071.

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Trivinho-Strixino, Francisco, Donizete X. da Silva, Carlos O. Paiva-Santos, and Ernesto C. Pereira. "Tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition observed during Zr anodisation." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 17, no. 1 (September 22, 2012): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1883-4.

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