Journal articles: 'Anodizing process'

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Rattanasatitkul, Aunyanat, Suksan Prombanpong, and Pongsak Tuengsook. "An Effect of Process Parameters to Anodic Thickness in Hard Anodizing Process." Materials Science Forum 872 (September 2016): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.872.168.

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The anodizing process is an aluminum surface treatment process which an aluminum oxide film forms on an aluminum substrate. Typically, the anodic thickness is a required specification which depends upon current density and anodizing cycle time. In addition, another important factor is ramp time which must be proper set to prevent a burn defect. Thus, this paper investigates a relationship among these three factors to determine the setting condition which minimizes the anodizing cycle time. Moreover, the required thickness must be obtained without increasing the burn defect rate. The experimental design technique is proposed to achieve this goal and it is found that the current of 35 amp, ramp time of 340sec and anodizing time at 1400 sec ensure the obtained anodic thickness greater than 30 micron.

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Torng, Chau Chen, Chi Kong Huang, and Hsien Ming Chang. "Reliability Evaluation for Aerospace Anodizing Process of Aluminum." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.419.

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Detail parts of airframe should have higher precision and lightweight to satisfy the requirements of safety, payload, and controllability. Due to requirement of lightweight, aluminum alloy is widely used in airframe parts. Anodizing process is an important surface treatment process uses to prevent corrosion in aluminum parts. Salt spray is the critical test to verify the anodizing process of aluminum alloy and ensure the corrosion resistance can meet the requirement of specification. This study collects the failure time of salt spray and uses statistical method to construct the suitable probability distribution of those failure data. Furthermore, analyzes the failure time of salt spray and evaluate the reliability of anodizing process. Thereby the process control engineer can use the concept of reliability to monitor the anodizing process.

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Xiong, Zhong Ping, Yu Jun Si, and Min Jiao Li. "Analysis on the Anodizing Process of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in an Environmental Friendly Alkaline Electrolyte." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.128.

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AZ31 magnesium alloy was anodized in an environmental friendly electrolyte containing 50 g/l NaOH + 40 g/l Na2B4O7·10H2O + 60 g/l Na2SiO3·9H2O. The voltage transient was recorded in anodizing process. The surface morphology of anodizing film was examined by SEM. The corrosion resistance of the anodizing film was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results show that the anodizing process can be divided to four stages according to the voltage transient. The anodizing film obtained at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2 for 15 minutes has the optimum corrosion resistance.

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Juyana, A. Wahab, and Mohd Nazree Derman. "Characterization of Porous Anodic Aluminium Oxide Film on Aluminium Templates Formed in Anodizing Process." Advanced Materials Research 173 (December 2010): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.173.55.

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A porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) films were successfully fabricated on aluminium templates by using anodizing technique. The anodizing process was done in the mixed acid solution of phosphoric acid and acetic acid. The growth, morphology and chemical composition of AAO film were investigated. During the anodizing process, the growth of the oxide pores was strictly influenced by the anodizing parameters. The anodizing was done by varying the voltage at 70 V to 130 V and temperature from 5 °C to 25 °C. The electrolyte concentration was remaining constant. In this study, all the samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. From this study, the optimum parameters to obtain porous AAO film with the mixture of phosphoric acid and acetic acid solution can be known.

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Ma, Yan Long, and Yi Liao. "Visual Detection of Machining Damage on Aerospace Aluminium Alloys during Manufacturing Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (December 2012): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.302.

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In aerospace industry, chromic acid anodizing (CAA) has been traditionally used as a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique to detect flaws in aluminium alloys. However, with the increasing restriction on the use of chromic acid and the application of lithium-containing aluminium alloys to aircraft structures, the capability of anodizing as a NDT method is challenged. In this work, machining damage was deliberately introduced to an Al-Li-Cu alloy AA2099-T8. Then, the visibility of the machine damage after tartaric-sulphuric acid anodizing (TSAA), which is an environmentally friendly anodizing process, was studied. It is suggested that, with proper lighting condition, it is possible to replace CAA with TSAA for detecting machining damage on lithium-containing aluminium alloys during manufacturing.

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Luo, Sheng-lian, Lei Dai, Hai-hui Zhou, Li-yuan Chai, and Ya-fei Kuang. "New anodizing process for magnesium alloys." Journal of Central South University of Technology 13, no. 2 (April 2006): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-006-0145-y.

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Tsuchiya, Shoichi. "Applied technology in aluminum anodizing process." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 70, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.70.530.

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Setyarini, Putu Hadi, and Purnomo. "Molarity Relationship of Electrolyte Solution to Aluminum Anodizing Process on Morphology and Corrosion Resistance." Materials Science Forum 961 (July 2019): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.961.91.

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One type of aluminum that has a widely use is AA 6061 because it has a good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance when compared to the other types of aluminum. Those properties of this alloy can be improved even better by using the anodizing process. In this study, the results of anodizing AA 6061 will be investigated using molarity of sulfuric acid 1, 2 and 3 M, with an anodizing processing time of 60 minutes and temperature of electrolyte solution 10°C towards morphology and corrosion rate. The cathode used in this process is titanium alloy. After the anodizing process was completed, a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test was carried out to examine the surface morphology produced, testing Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) is used to determine the chemical composition of the anodic layer formed after the anodizing process and the test of corrosion rate is done using 128N Autolab PGSTAT Potentiodynamic in 3.5% sodium chloride. From the test results, it appears that there is an increase in pore size and corrosion rate along with an increase in the molarity of the electrolyte solution. In addition, there is also an increase in sulfate levels and a decrease in titanium deposits in anodizing results with higher solution molarity.

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Voon, C. H., Mohd Nazree Derman, U. Hashim, and K. R. Ahmad. "Effect of Anodizing Voltage on the Growth Kinetics of Porous Anodic Alumina on Al-0.5 wt% Mn Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.56.

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In this study, the effect of anodizing voltage on the current density versus time transient, oxide mass and the current efficiency of anodizing of aluminium manganese alloy was reported. It was found that the anodizing voltage facilitated the pore nucleation process and increased the steady state current density. However, when the anodizing voltage is 70V, dielectric breakdown occurred. The current density versus time transient for anodizing conducted at 30 to 60 V were typical while the shape was unusual for anodizing conducted at 70 V. The rate of oxide growth increased as a function of anodizing voltage. The current efficiency of anodizing increased as the anodizing increased from 30V to 70V.

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Eo, Jae Dong, Jingyu Kim, Yongsug Jung, Jong-Hang Lee, and Wook Bae Kim. "Effects of Two-Step Anodization on Surface Wettability in Surface Treatment of Aluminum Alloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.2.73.

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Industrial anodizing of aluminum alloys is widely employed for various products, to improve corrosion and contamination protection as well as aesthetic appearance. At the same time, nanostructure fabrication using highly ordered porous aluminum oxides has been increasingly investigated in academic research for diverse micro-/nano applications. This approach is based on two-step anodization with limited process conditions, such as extended process time and low temperature. In this study, two-step anodizing was employed to anodize hairline-finished Al 1050 with sulfuric acid considering industrial processing conditions. The method is particularly suited for anodized products that require post-processing such as printing, dyeing and/or bonding. Porous anodized layers that were fabricated using conventional single anodizing, and twostep anodizing under identical processing conditions were compared. Variations in porosity, pore diameter, and inter-pore distance were examined in relation to the anodizing parameters, such as temperature and voltage. The results showed that two-step anodizing caused an increase in all measured pore-related measurements, and produced a much more uniform porous layer than the conventional anodizing process. Water contact angles were evaluated on the anodized surface of the previously machined hairline specimen. It was found that the water contact angles clearly decreased on the surfaces treated by two-step anodization, compared to the conventional anodizing process.

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Li, Jing, Qiang Li, Jin Kai Xu, and Hua Dong Yu. "Effects of Process Parameters on Hydrophobicity of Alumina Surfaces Fabricated by Hard Anodizing." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.64.

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In the present article, hard anodizing technique was used to prepare alumina films on aluminum alloy substrate. The change of the water contact angles on the surface of the as-anodized samples with the hard anodizing process parameters was studied. The wettability of the alumina films was reinforced by means of controlling the surface microstructure. The rough structures can trap a large amount of air and minimize the real contact area between surfaces and water droplets. The measurement of the wetting property showed that the water contact angle of the as-anodized samples increases from 82° to 130° with adjusting hard anodizing process parameters. In a word, the rough structure on the surface prepared by adjusting hard anodizing process parameters plays a vital role in the constructing of the stable hydrophobic surface on aluminum alloy.

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Chung, Myung Jin. "Development of Aluminum Anodizing Process by the Power Supply Using Pulse Width Rectifying Method." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.176.

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Pulse width rectifying method, adopted in the power supply using for anodizing process, is proposed. This method needs low requiring voltage and short processing time than previous anodizing method to make a same thickness of Al2O3 layer. The performance test is conducted with power supply using the pulse width rectifying method. The aluminum specimen having Al2O3 layer generated by proposed anodizing process is analyzed by using the SEM image. From the analysis of SEM image, the generation rate of Al2O3 layer is calculated as 1.25μm/min.

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Wang, Guowei, Dan Song, Zhikai Zhou, Edwin Eyram Klu, Yi Liu, Ningning Liang, Jinghua Jiang, Jiapeng Sun, and Aibin Ma. "Effect of Ultrafine Grains on the Coating Reaction and Anticorrosion Performance of Anodized Pure Aluminum." Coatings 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030216.

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This work analyzes the effects of ultrafine aluminum (Al) grains on the anodizing coating reaction and anticorrosion performance of anodized industrial pure Al. Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was applied to cast pure Al continuously for 16 passes at room temperature, and its average grain size was dramatically refined to about 1.5 μm. The ultrafine-grain (UFG) pure Al was further anodized with a cast sample via a parallel anodizing circuit at a constant total input current. Benefited by the higher volume fraction of grain boundaries and higher internal energy of the UFG substrate, the anodizing process of the ECAP-processed pure Al was significantly accelerated, showing a more intense initial anodizing reaction, a faster initial coating thickening, and much earlier porous-layer formation compared to the cast sample. As the anodizing reaction continued, the newly formed thicker coating of the ECAP-coated sample significantly hindered the diffusion process, weakening the thermodynamic advantage and decreasing the anodizing current of the ECAP-processed sample. During the entire anodizing duration, the ECAP-processed pure Al experienced gradually decreased anodizing current, while the cast sample experienced increased anodizing current. Because of the more total reaction, the ECAP-coated sample always maintained a relatively thicker coating and better anticorrosion performance during the entire anodizing duration.

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Aiempanakit, Kamon, Sukittaya Jessadaluk, Sunisa Tongmaha, Attawit Supati, Narathon Khemasiri, Supanit Pornthreeraphat, Mati Horprathum, Viyapon Patthanasetakul, and Pitak Eiamchai. "Vertical Alignment TiO₂ Nanotube Based on Ti Film Prepared via Anodization Technique." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.167.

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A highly ordered nanotube TiO2 was successfully prepared from sputtered Ti metal film using anodization process. Ethylene glycol and ammonium fluoride was introduced as the electrolyte solution. The applied of anodizing voltage was systematically controlled between 20 - 60 volts along fabrication process, respectively. The physical characteristic of the fabricated TiO2 nanotube including anodizing rate, tube diameter and tube width was investigated through the characterization system as field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). According to cross-section FE-SEM photograph, the anodizing rate and tube width significantly increases when the anodizing voltage was future increased due to higher the electric field. Moreover, the tube diameter directly depends with the anodizing voltage also. The anodizing voltage provides a significant role on the feature of TiO2 nanotube. Finally, the fabricated nanotube TiO2 is potentially promising for Photo-activated application and Nanostructure template.

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Ramdan, Raden Dadan, Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah, Mohamed Rafiq Abdul Kadir, Hadi Nur, and Esah Hamzah. "Formation of Titanium Oxide by Thermal-Electrochemical Process on the Blasted Titanium Alloys Substrate." Advanced Materials Research 650 (January 2013): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.650.12.

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Titanium oxide is believed as one of the key factors that influence the excellent corrosion properties as well as biocompatibility of titanium alloy. In the present research, thermal-electrochemical anodizing processes were performed in order to form thick layer of titanium oxide on titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V) surface. Oxidation temperature, blasting and anodizing voltage were selected as the evaluated parameters process at the present study. It was observed that temperature plays important role in the formation of oxide layer, where the thickness of the oxide increases significantly as temperature increases. However, for the case of oxide layer formed by thermal oxidation at temperature of 950oC, oxide layer on the non-blasted sample become easily peel off, whereas oxide layer on the blasted sample shows good adhesion properties. In addition, oxide layer on the blasted samples also have thicker layer as compared with oxide on the non-blasted sample. On the other hand, it was observed that further oxidation by anodizing at 43V and 63V create finer oxide layer by the filled up of porosity on the existing oxide layer. However decreasing of oxide layer thickness was also observed after anodizing, which is predicted due to the breaking up the outer oxide layer during anodizing process.

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Voon, Chun Hong, M. N. Derman, U. Hashim, and K. L. Foo. "Effect of Anodizing Voltage on the Formation of Porous Anodic Alumina on Al-0.5wt% Mn Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.455.

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In this study, the effect of anodizing voltage on the morphologies, pore diameter and interpore distance on the porous anodic alumina formed on aluminium manganese alloy was reported. It was found that the anodizing influenced the morphologies and regularities of porous anodic alumina formed on aluminum-manganese substrate. Well ordered porous anodic alumina was obtained when anodizing voltage were 40 V and 50 V respectively. Disordered porous anodic alumina was formed when anodizing of 30 V and 70 V were applied during the anodizing process. Both pore diameter and interpore distance of porous anodic alumina increased linearly with the anodizing voltage.

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Ramdan, Raden Dadan, Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah, Rochim Suratman, Esah Hamzah, and Sudin Izman. "Effect of Cold Rolling Treatment on the Formation of Titanium Oxide Layer on Ti6Al4V Alloys by Thermal-Electrochemical Anodizing Processes." Materials Science Forum 737 (January 2013): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.737.54.

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The present work concerns on preparing suitable titanium alloy substrate that might induce better characteristic of titanium oxide layer on the substrate. Different degree of cold rolling treatments were applied on Ti6Al4V alloy before thermal-electrochemical anodizing processes. The later processes were performed to produce titanium oxide layer which combines thermal process by heat treatment and followed with electrochemical anodizing process. After thermal heat treatment process, it was observed more homogeneous titanium oxide layer for the samples given cold rolling treatment as compared with sample without the treatment. This condition is believed due to the finer substrate surface after cold rolling treatment as observed from surface roughness measurement. Similar situation was observed after anodizing process that irregular oxidized layer was observed for sample without cold rolling treatment, whereas more homogenous layer was observed for sample with cold rolling treatment. Except for sample without cold rolling treatment, anodizing treatment tends to create finer oxidized layer. Therefore, it can be concluded that cold rolling treatment on titanium substrate before oxidizing process induces the formation of homogeneous oxide layer, whereas additional anodizing process create finer titanium oxide layer.

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Han, Hye-Jeong, Jae-Ho Choi, and Seok-Hong Min. "Porous SnO2Films Fabricated Using an Anodizing Process." Korean Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 8 (August 27, 2006): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2006.16.8.503.

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Kudari, Shashidhar K., and C. M. Sharanaprabhu. "The Effect of Anodizing Process Parameters on the Fatigue Life of 2024-T-351-Aluminium Alloy." Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2017, no. 9 (December 1, 2017): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fas-2017-0009.

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AbstractThe effect of an anticorrosive layer on the fatigue life of 2024-T-351-aluminium alloy has been studied in the present investigation. The fatigue tests were conducted on the aluminium alloy with and without anodizing to evaluate the fatigue life. The results indicate that the fatigue life of the anodized specimens is significantly shorter than that of untreated specimens. Further, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the anodizing process parameters on the fatigue life of anodized specimens. These results show that the fatigue life of anodized aluminium alloy can be improved by controlling the anodizing process parameters such as process temperature, voltage, and time of immersion.

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Correia, Anabela, Alexandra Franco, Teresa Chambino, and Filomena Bartolomeu. "Aluminium Anodizing Waste as Coagulant for Domestic Wastewater." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.768.

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The use of Al mineral salts in wastewater treatment is a well known process and most common [1]. For a long time we have been studying the feasibility of the aluminium anodizing waste as coagulant. In previous works, we have tested anodizing sludges in the treatment of municipal wastewaters and of paint industry wastewater in batch processes [2]. In this study we have tested the use of the aluminium anodizing waste as coagulant for the treatment of municipal wastewaters in continuous processes. Different muds from nine different anodizing facilities were collected and prepared for use as coagulant. In addition, two mud mixtures were prepared to study the influence of the combination of different muds in the efficiency of the treatment. The tests were made, being controlled important parameters such as pH, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). We have verified that the coagulation process was effective for all the muds and mixtures tested. The formation of flocs that settle rapidly was visible and the Turbidity and COD reduction obtained has demonstrated the efficiency of the anodizing mud as coagulant. Aluminium anodizing plants generate a large quantity of wastes that are a burden to the industry. This works regards the reuse of anodizing sludges in wastewater treatment.

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Alves, Guilherme José Turcatel, Sandra Masetto Antunes, Andre Lazarin Gallina, Guilherme Arielo Rodrigues Maia, and Paulo Rogério Pinto Rodrigues. "Optimization of Aluminum Anodizing and Coloring Process Employing Organic Pigment." Materials Science Forum 805 (September 2014): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.805.137.

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The process of aluminum anodizing forms an oxide layer constituted of nanotubes where it is possible to insert compounds, amongst these are the pigments and dyes. This study has as its main aim to study the behavior of aluminum alloy 6000, anodized and dyed with monolite red in Na2SO4 0.5 mol L-1 and pH = 4. The techniques employed were: anodic potentiostatic polarization, open circuit potential, chemometry, polarization resistance and optical micrograph. The factorial planning was proposed using four variables (anodizing time, current density, electrolyte concentration, and dye), the response to the planning was the charge transfer resistance. Polarization curves revealed that the anodized and dyed aluminum samples are much more resistant than the non-anodized aluminum. Optical microscopy analyses demonstrated that the dissolution of dye occurs in the solution, but not enough to break the film. As the main result, efficient coloring of aluminum parts was verified with reduction in costs in relation to the energy employed in the process, associated to reduction in time spent for the anodizing process, which makes it suitable to increase industrial production of dyed aluminum parts.

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AL-Sudani, Ibrahim M., Samir A. Al-Rabii, and Dhafir S. Al-Fattal. "The Effects of Anodizing Process on the Corrosion rate and Fatigue Life of Aluminum Alloy 7075-T73." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 1A (January 25, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i1a.1594.

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This research aims to study the effect of using the anodizing process on the corrosion rate, mechanical properties as well as the fatigue life for aluminum alloy (7075-T73), which is one of the most commonly used aluminum alloy in production of aircrafts, vehicles and ships structures. The anodizing process was employed through using sulfuric acid for time (20) min in a salty atmosphere. The mechanical properties and fatigue life of the AA7075-T73 were obtained before and after the anodizing process. All the results were listed in detailed tables and figures for comparison purpose. Generally, these results showed a decrease in corrosion rate by (155.06%) in comparison with untreated, an increase in hardness by (21.54%) and a slight decrease in fatigue life by (7.7%) due to anodizing for a time of 20 min at the stress level of (σa = 491.10 MPa). It was concluded that this technique could be applied on other aluminum alloys in order to know the magnitude of change in the mechanical characteristics and their fatigue life.

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Setyarini, Putu Hadi, Femiana Gapsari, and Purnomo. "Growth of anodic Aluminum Oxide using titanium as cathode – a review." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820405019.

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Aluminum is a material with a variety of uses in various fields because this material is easy to obtain, can be made in various ways and has good corrosion resistance. Now this material begins to be studied and applied to the realm of biomaterials, with the use of the membrane of the aluminum oxide layer on the body of living things began to be applied. In this paper further elaborated on the use of titanium alloys as cathodes in the aluminum anodizing process. Deep discussion is emphasized on the growth process of the oxide layer that occurs during the anodizing process, where the oxide layer consists of a barrier layer and a pore layer. During the process, not only does the oxide layer grow with time but also the appearance of voids in the pore lining wall. In the final result, it was found that titanium was able to penetrate the oxide layer formed during the anodizing process. As for future applications, it is expected that the anodizing material is expected to be an alternative material in the field of biomaterial replacement

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Paz Martínez-Viademonte, Mariana, Shoshan T. Abrahami, Theodor Hack, Malte Burchardt, and Herman Terryn. "A Review on Anodizing of Aerospace Aluminum Alloys for Corrosion Protection." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111106.

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Aluminum alloys used for aerospace applications provide good strength to weight ratio at a reasonable cost but exhibit only limited corrosion resistance. Therefore, a durable and effective corrosion protection system is required to fulfil structural integrity. Typically, an aerospace corrosion protection system consists of a multi-layered scheme employing an anodic oxide with good barrier properties and a porous surface, a corrosion inhibited organic primer, and an organic topcoat. The present review covers published research on the anodic oxide protection layer principles and requirements for aerospace application, the effect of the anodizing process parameters, as well as the importance of process steps taking place before and after anodizing. Moreover, the challenges of chromic acid anodizing (CAA) substitution are discussed and tartaric-sulfuric acid anodizing (TSA) is especially highlighted among the environmentally friendly alternatives.

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Ma, Di, Shu Bai Li, Long Gui Xu, Xin Yan Dong, and Xiu Ying Hu. "Fabrication of Self-Organized Porous Anodic Alumina Film in Malonic Acid." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1271.

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The surface of porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film anodizing in malonic acid, which is characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and ImageJ software. There are disorderly tiny pores or stripes on the first once anodizing surface. Pore diameter, pore density and porosity are decided by the first anodizing process. With anodizing step increased, pore diameter of the membrane decreased. Two-step anodization improves the order of PAA membrane greatly, which is processed on the basic of the ordered array pits at the aluminum that is observed after removing membrane of the one-step anodization. According to the experiments, porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAA) was prepared in 1.0 mol/L malonic acid, its pore diameter increased and porosity decreased with anodizing voltage increased.

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Laslaz, G. "A new process for anodizing extruded aluminium sections." Transactions of the IMF 63, no. 1 (January 1985): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1985.11870721.

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Liu, Jun Quan, Xiao Hui Wang, and Jin L. Xu. "The Study of the Electrochemical Graining Process in NaBO₂- H₃BO₃ Solution and Grain Appearance on the Surface of Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.236.

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The mainly process of electrochemical graining on 6063 aluminum alloy included graining at alternating current, anodizing and chemical coloring. The graining used NaBO2- H3BO3 system as film-forming solution, proper AC current density, treating time, temperature , adding agents and solution concentration were ascertained through operating orthogonal experiment, the grain of appropriate density and width could be obtained, the grained surface of aluminum alloy presented intergranular corrosion in the graining zone, the appearance was improved after anodizing, enough thick anodizing film could make intergranular corrosion eliminated. Cyclic voltammetry experiment was used to preliminarily explaine the grain process, the main cause of graining zone formation was hydrogen evolution.

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Shin, Je Sik, Bong Hwan Kim, and Sang Mok Lee. "A Study on Surface Oxidation Coating Characteristic of Al-Si Casting Alloys." Materials Science Forum 724 (June 2012): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.724.173.

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in this paper, it was aimed to improve understanding about the effects of physical melt treatment on the morphologies of eutectic silicon crystal size, and then the effects of these microstructural features on anodizing characteristics. A380 and A356 casting aluminum alloys were used in this experiment. A twin-screw melt-shearing process and an electro magnetic stirring process were utilized before high pressure die casting. In order to refine and homogenize the microstructure of the diecast Al-Si alloys, the melt-shearing process parameters were controlled and T6 heat treatment was carried out. A uniform microstructure over the whole thickness of the diecast specimens caused smaller difference in oxidation coating layer thickness between machined and non-machined surfaces. More uniform anodic coating layer was obtained by AC/DC coupled anodizing and PEO processes compared to conventional DC anodizing process.

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Morgenstern, Roy, Daniela Nickel, Dagmar Dietrich, Ingolf Scharf, and Thomas Lampke. "Anodic Oxidation of AMCs: Influence of Process Parameters on Coating Formation." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.636.

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Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) consisting of high-strength, age-hardenable aluminium alloys and homogeneously dispersed hard particles open up new possibilities in designing light-weight material based security related structures. The susceptibility of the matrix alloy to selective corrosion can be reduced significantly by anodic oxidation. A powder-metallurgical processed alloy AlCu4MgMn with hard particles and a commercial wrought alloy for reference were used for the investigations.In order to control the microstructure of anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) formed on AMCs, it is necessary to understand the formation mechanism and the influencing parameters. Therefore in a first run, the anodizing behaviour of matrix alloy was separated from the behaviour of hard particles. The AAO coatings show small growth rates on the matrix and the reference alloy accompanied by a complex pore structure which differs from the ordered vertical pore structure on pure aluminium. Depending on the type and the size as well as the anodizing parameters, the particles are either incorporated into the AAO coating unchanged or partly resp. completely oxidized. The AAO microstructure changes significantly in dependence of the anodizing parameters. It is shown that a technically relevant coating thickness can be achieved on AMCs by choosing appropriate process parameters.

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Zhou, Song, Liang, Jiang, Gao, Wu, Ma, et al. "Promoted Anodizing Reaction and Enhanced Coating Performance of Al–11Si Alloy: The Role of an Equal-Channel-Angular-Pressed Substrate." Materials 12, no. 19 (October 5, 2019): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193255.

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In this paper, the effect of the equal-channel-angular-pressed (ECAPed) substrate on the coating formation and anticorrosion performance of the anodized Al–11Si alloy was systematically investigated. The ECAP process dramatically refines both Al and Si phases of the alloy. The parallel anodizing circuit is designed to enable a comparative study of anodizing process between the cast and the ECAPed alloys by tracking their respective anodizing current quota. The optimum coatings of both alloys were obtained after anodization for 30 min. The ECAPed alloy attained a thicker, more compact, and more uniform coating. Energetic crystal defects in the fine Al grains of the ECAPed substrate promote the anodizing reaction and lead to the thicker coating. Fragmented and uniformly distributed fine Si particles in the ECAPed alloy effectively suppress the coating cracks, enhancing the compactness of the coating. Overall, the ECAP-coated sample exhibits the best anticorrosion performance, which is evidenced by the concurrently enhanced prevention of coating and improved corrosion resistance of the substrate.

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Mauricio-Mateus, Henry, José Barba-Ortega, and Miryam Rincón-Joya. "Behavior in the electric current curve by changing the anodizing area." Respuestas 25, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.2953.

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In this work, we studied the change in the electric current and the length of the nanotubes depending on the area and the exposure time in the anodizing process. Over time the anodizing area was changed with a rate of 0.5 cm2 to 2.5 cm2 using a total anodizing time of 60 min, using a chemical solution (2ml /3 ml /0.30g ) and maintaining a constant anodizing voltage equal to 20 V. The behavior in the nanostructures was recorded by the evolution of the current density as a function of the anodizing time. The morphology of the nanostructures was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the use of the Imagej program. The size, length and diameter of the titanium nanostructures are obtained. The sample that presented the best behavior was that of an anodizing area of 1.5 cm2 and an anodizing time of 36 min. This presents a surface where open nanotubes are observed in the upper part with a vertical length of 0.23 μm and a pattern thereof organized in a circular arrangement with a diameter of 0.035 μm. It was observed that increasing the area under these anodizing conditions decreased the length of the nanotubes. The mobility of the loads was always greater with the area of exposure, which is observed in the increase of the current

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Pezzato, Luca, Katya Brunelli, and Manuele Dabalà. "Grey Anodizing of a Grade 5 Titanium Alloy: Study of Process Parameters." Materials Science Forum 844 (March 2016): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.844.115.

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Anodizing is one of the most promising surface treatments for lightweight metals as titanium because it can increase wear and corrosion-resistance, as well as provide aesthetic appearance and electrical insulation.Three different types of anodizing can be performed on titanium alloys: type I for elevated temperature forming, type II as anti-galling application and type III for coloured surfaces. The type II anodization, called also grey anodizing, is often requested in aerospace or biomedical applications. It is characterized by the use of alkaline electrolyte and it is standardized according to the SAE AMS 2488D norm. However, in literature it is difficult to find information about the process parameters of grey anodizing.In this work, different parameters of the grey anodizing process on a grade 5 titanium alloy were investigated and optimized, in order to obtain an anodized layer with the desired properties, in terms of corrosion resistance, thickness of the coating and wear properties. In particular, the effect of current and voltage applied, treatment time, temperature and electrolyte composition on the characteristics of the anodized layer was studied.The thickness, the composition, the morphology and the adhesion of the protective layers were characterized by SEM/EDS analysis. The chemical and phase composition were analyzed by XRF and XRD techniques. The corrosion resistance of the samples was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. The best results were obtained using as electrolyte a solution containing sodium hydroxide, titanium dioxide, sodium silicate and activated charcoal, with the formation of an anodized layer mainly constituted by titanium oxides and silicates. Intermediate treatment times and ambient temperature were the best conditions to produce the anodized layer. The sample with the best performances showed a homogeneous protective layer about 5 μm thick and was characterized by a lower corrosion current density, higher corrosion potential and polarization resistance, compared with the other anodized samples.

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Yamamoto, Dai, Ikki Kawai, Kensuke Kuroda, Ryoichi Ichino, Masazumi Okido, and Azusa Seki. "Osteoconductivity and Hydrophilicity of TiO2Coatings on Ti Substrates Prepared by Different Oxidizing Processes." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/495218.

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Various techniques for forming TiO2coatings on Ti have been investigated for the improvement of the osteoconductivity of Ti implants. However, it is not clear how the oxidizing process affects this osteoconductivity. In this study, TiO2coatings were prepared using the following three processes: anodizing in 0.1 M H3PO4or 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution; thermal oxidation at 673 K for 2 h in air; and a two-step process of anodizing followed by thermal oxidation. The oxide coatings were evaluated using SEM, XRD, and XPS. The water contact angle on the TiO2coatings was measured as a surface property. The osteoconductivity of these samples was evaluated by measuring the contact ratio of formed hard tissue on the implanted samples (defined as theRB-Ivalue) after 14 d implantation in rats' tibias. Anatase was formed by anodizing and rutile by thermal oxidation, but the difference in the TiO2crystal structure did not influence the osteoconductivity. Anodized TiO2coatings were hydrophilic, but thermally oxidized TiO2coatings were less hydrophilic than anodized TiO2coatings because they lacked in surface OH groups. The TiO2coating process using anodizing without thermal oxidation gave effective improvement of the osteoconductivity of Ti samples.

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Nugroho, Fajar. "PENGARUH RAPAT ARUS ANODIZING TERHADAP NILAI KEKERASAN PADA PLAT ALUMINIUM PADUAN AA SERI 2024-T3." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 7, no. 2 (September 13, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v7i2.147.

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Aluminum alloy AA 2024-T3 is widely applied in the aircraft industry because it has good mechanical properties such as; light weight, good conductivity and the corrosion resistance. However Aluminium 2024-T3 susceptible to wearing. One method to improve the wear resistance o f AA 2024-T3 is the anodizing process. The aims of this research to study the effect of current density and anodizing time against the hardness of aluminum alloy AA 2024-T3. The process of anodizing was carried out using 10 percent sulfuric acid solution with the current density of 1.5 Ampere per decimeters square, 3.0 Ampere per decimeters square and 4.5 Ampere per decimeters square with immersion times of 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Furthermore, the surface hardness was measured by using the Vickers hardness test method. As the supporting data the composition of the test conducted, testing the microstructure, and vickers hardness test. This study shows that the surface hardness of aluminum alloy AA 2024-T3 is influenced by the current density and anodizing time with varying values. Its shows that higher current density o f the anodizing caused optimal time tends to be short. The longer anodising time it will produce greater layer of aluminum oxide.

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Muzaki, Mochamad, Endi Sutikno, and Putu Hadi Setyorini. "Pengaruh Rapat Arus Proses Continuous Hard Anodizing Elektrolit (H2SO4) terhadap Laju Korosi Pipa Aluminium 6061 dengan Pengujian Kabut Garam." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 2, no. 02 (December 31, 2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v2i02.40.

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Anodizing is an electro-chemical process used to coat metal surfaces with a stable oxide layer. The function of this oxide layer is to increase corrosion resistance. The purpose of this study is determine the effect of variations in current density on the continuous hard anodizing process carried out in sulfuric acid electrolyte solution (H2SO4) on the corrosion rate of aluminum alloy 6061. Corrosion rate testing is carried out through salt fog testing. The values of the current variation used are 1 A/dm2; 2 A/dm2; 3 A/dm2; 4 A/dm2; and 5 A/dm2. Statistical calculations using the analysis of variance proved the current density in the anodizing process has a significant effect on the corrosion resistance of the anodizing workpiece. Corrosion testing provides information that the highest corrosion rate is an anodizing workpiece with a current density of 1 A/dm2, which is 125.6861 mdd, then 2 A/dm2 of 104.33333 mdd. The lowest corrosion rate value obtained at the use of current density 3 A/dm2, that is 51,8083 mdd. Meanwhile, the use of current density of 4 A/dm2 has a slightly higher corrosion rate compared to the use of current density of 3 A/dm2, which is 86.5444 mdd. Furthermore, the use of current density of 5 A/dm2 has the highest decay rate, so that the formed oxide layer will be damaged, as seen from the higher corrosion rate of the material, which is 100.8361 mdd.

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Qian, Jian Gang, Di Li, and Feng Zhang. "Process of Film Formation By Anodizing AZ91D Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3905.

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Bouchama, L., N. Azzouz, N. Boukmouche, J. P. Chopart, A. L. Daltin, and Y. Bouznit. "Enhancing aluminum corrosion resistance by two-step anodizing process." Surface and Coatings Technology 235 (November 2013): 676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.08.046.

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John, Peter, Islam Ullah Khan, Shahid Tufail Sheikh, Naeem Gulzar, and Aziz-ur-Rehman. "Enhancing Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium by Anodizing Process." Asian Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 7 (2013): 3815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.13799.

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Yuferov, Yu V., F. M. Zykov, and E. Malshakova. "Defects of Porous Self-Structured Anodic Alumina Oxide on Industrial Aluminum Grades." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1134.

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In this paper, an experimental examination of defects in anodization of aluminum of the industrial grade A7E is presented. A two-step method of anodizing was used in an electrolyte containing 20% wt. % sulfuric acid at 0 ° C at constant voltage. Micro-video recording was carried out in both anodizing stages to examine anodizing process on a micrometer scale, and to determine the corresponding macro-scale effects indicating incorrect anodization process. Macro-scale effects in the form of gas evolution were detected. Subsequently confirmed on the surface of the coating from which it occurred, using scanning electron microscopy. Methods for preparing samples subject to anodization are proposed to reduce the number of defects. The results should lead to industrial implementation of inexpensive and high-quality nanoporous anode materials with a variety of applications.

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Munir, Badrul, Vika Rizkia, Johny W. Soedarsono, Bambang Suharno, and Andi Rustandi. "Growth of Anodized Layer and Cerium Sealing on Al7xxx/SiC Composite." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.212.

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Anodizing process conducted in Al7xxx/SiC produced non-uniform thickness of porous anodic film with cavities, micro-pores and micro-cracks. Cerium sealing was chosen as a post treatment to remedy the poor anodic film by providing a composite layer in order to further enhance the corrosion resistance in aggressive environment. In this study, anodizing process was conducted in H2SO4solution at current density values of 15, 20, and 25 mA/cm2at room temperature, 0°C and-25°C for 30 minutes. Subsequently, electroless sealing was conducted in CeCl3.6H2O + H2O2solution at room temperature and pH 9 for 30 minutes. Integrated protection composed of anodizing at 0°C and cerium sealing process in Al7xxx/SiC produced cerium rich deposits in the diameter of 64 nm (± 3nm) on the surface of anodic oxide layer. These spherical deposits covered the entire surface of anodic oxide layer in accordance with the morphology of the oxide layer. Otherwise, almost no cerium deposit formed on the surface of the oxide layer by conducted integrated protection at room temperature and-25°C. The integrated process conducted at anodizing temperature of 0°C presented a highest protection degree. The cerium protective layer which leads to the decreasing of corrosion rate and current density up to 99,99% or four orders magnifications than that of bare composite.

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Zhang, Shao Yu, Qun Fang Gui, Xiao Min Zhong, Xi Chen, Hua Peng Xiao, and Xu Fei Zhu. "Self-Ordering Process of Hexagonal Cells in Porous Anodic TiO₂ Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1330.

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Cylindrical TiO2nanotubes and hexagonal TiO2nanotubes were obtained in the anodizing process of titanium in fluoride-containing electrolyte. Based on the experimental findings and viscous flow model, a mechanism of self-ordering process of hexagonal cells arrangement for porous anodic TiO2nanotubes (PATNT) is proposed in this paper. The analysis results show that oxygen evolution in the pore bottoms plays an important role in the self-ordering process. Oxide grows around the oxygen bubbles in the pore bottoms, which results in the formation of cylindrical TiO2nanotubes. Volume expansion of TiO2takes place during the anodizing process. Plastic deformation and repulsive force caused by volume expansion are responsible for self-ordering process of PATNT hexagonal cells.

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Razak, Kamrosni Abdul, and Mohd Nazree Derman. "Corrosion Behaviour of Anodised Powder Metallurgy Aluminium-Magnesium Composites." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.469.

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The corrosion behavior of anodized powder metallurgy Al/2wt%Mg composites reinforced with the short fibre alumina SaffilTM was studied using potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5% NaCl solutions. The materials under investigation were fabricated using powder metallurgy route. Anodising process has been done to the materials to improve their corrosion resistance. Anodising process were carried out in sulphuric acid solutions with different anodizing voltage, which are 10V, 12V, 14V, 16V and 18V and different concentration of sulphuric acid (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). Results from Tafel plot showed that corrosion behavior of PM Al-Mg composites strongly depends on the anodizing parameters. Corrosion resistance increases with the increase in anodizing voltage and concentration of sulphuric acid. The maximum corrosion resistance was recorded by the PM Al-Mg composite anodized using 16V and in the 15% concentration of sulphuric acid.

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Michal, Peter, Alena Vagaská, Miroslav Gombár, Ján Kmec, Emil Spišák, and Daniel Kučerka. "Usage of Neural Network to Predict Aluminium Oxide Layer Thickness." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/253568.

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This paper shows an influence of chemical composition of used electrolyte, such as amount of sulphuric acid in electrolyte, amount of aluminium cations in electrolyte and amount of oxalic acid in electrolyte, and operating parameters of process of anodic oxidation of aluminium such as the temperature of electrolyte, anodizing time, and voltage applied during anodizing process. The paper shows the influence of those parameters on the resulting thickness of aluminium oxide layer. The impact of these variables is shown by using central composite design of experiment for six factors (amount of sulphuric acid, amount of oxalic acid, amount of aluminium cations, electrolyte temperature, anodizing time, and applied voltage) and by usage of the cubic neural unit with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm during the results evaluation. The paper also deals with current densities of 1 A·dm−2and 3 A·dm−2for creating aluminium oxide layer.

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Groza, A., and A. Surmeian. "Characterization of the Oxides Present in a Polydimethylsiloxane Layer Obtained by Polymerisation of Its Liquid Precursor in Corona Discharge." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/204296.

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By combining the reflection-absorption infrared spectral studies with the peak fitting analysis we determined the type of the silicon oxides present in polydimethylsiloxane layers obtained on germanium and aluminium substrates in corona discharges. We have also evidenced that the dependence of silicon oxides density on the corona discharge current intensity is related to the existence of a concurrent anodizing process occurring at the polymer/Al substrate interface. The morphology of the Al substrate surface investigated by scanning electron microscopy proved that the anodizing process occurs.

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Remešová, Michaela, Lenka Klakurková, Ladislav Čelko, Lucia Sládková, David Jech, and Jozef Kaiser. "Anodizing of Zinc-Titanium Alloy in NaOH and KOH Baths." Solid State Phenomena 258 (December 2016): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.258.399.

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Electrochemical process of conversion coatings formation on Zn-Ti alloy surface during one-step anodizing process was studied in NaOH and KOH electrolytes over the range of voltages (4-50 V) and constant time in order to investigate parameters for the origin of anodic zinc coating. Stainless steel was used as a counter electrode and electrolyte during the anodizing process was agitated by compressed air. Coatings microstructures and morphology were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Surface topography was investigated prior and after the anodizing using non-contact optical 3D profilometer. It was found that high voltage (50 V) and low concentrations of electrolyte (0.04 and 0.1 mol/L NaOH) led to origin of white coloured oxide coatings, while lower voltage (4 and 6 V) and higher concentrations of electrolyte promote the origin of black coloured oxide coatings. Concentration of electrolyte and voltage influenced the thickness of conversion coatings and its surface morphology. Moreover, the surface morphology of the coatings was also influenced by the heterogeneity of substrate alloy.

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Soekrisno, Soekrisno, and Budy Anggoro. "Effect of Anodizing in Surface Finishing on Speed Boat Impeller Made of Aluminum." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.253.

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Aluminum alloy have been used for machine components in many functions and sizes. Every part need to be strong and long life, but when wear should be considered, then one have to hardened the surface, usually the harder the surface, the longer the life. One of the components that mention above is speed boat impeller. The sea water may cause the surface of the impeller eroded. Base on that reason the impeller should be hardened to extend its life. The anodizing process was chosen to improve the surface quality of the aluminum to reduce abrasion/erosion. Aluminum is a special material, other metal will be damaged or being worse when corroded, but Aluminum oxide is harder then the pure aluminum. In this process we use H2SO4solution and the range of the anodizing temperature were changed gradually. This process was using single electrical force 20 Volt, to serve the anodizing for several minutes. All specimens finally were tested in Vickers micro hardness tester, also in Ogoshi High Speed Universal Wear Testing Machine. The last but not least, we cuts the specimens to see the thickness of the oxide layer by SEM. The result shows that for both hardness and wear, the quality of the surface increase with the increase of the solution of H2SO4, and also better for longer anodizing time. The thickness of the oxide layer was measured using SEM, at five places, and the average of the thickness is 2.662 mm.

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Setyarini, Putu Hadi, Rudy Soenoko, Agus Suprapto, and Yudy Surya Irawan. "Adhesion Phenomenon of Titanium as Cathode in Aluminum Anodizing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.140.

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This paper discusses the film coating formation mechanism after an anodizing process carried out in AA6061 with a varying potential between 15-30V. The electrolyte used to be 1M H3PO4with titanium as the cathode. From this study, it was found that after the anodizing process the pore uniformity occurs with a size varied from 1.09-5.74 μm become 2.78-4.56 μm. There was also an increase in the titanium content on the deposition surface about 21% and was achieved at an electric potential of 25V where titanium in the pore penetration occurs up to the depth of 5 μm.

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WANG, YUJIANG, XINXIN MA, and GUANGZE TANG. "FORMATION MECHANISM OF POROUS STRUCTURE ON 316L STAINLESS STEEL BY ANODIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209060440.

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The micro-pores with size of 0.2 to 1.8 µm, which randomly distribute in a 316L stainless steel substrate, were fabricated by the transfer of the porous structure of anodic porous alumina. The mask anodic porous alumina was directly prepared by anodizing of aluminum film, which was deposited on 316L substrate by DC magnetron sputtering. The transfer of the porous structure of anodic alumina into the 316L substrate could be achieved without the additional through-hole treatment to the barrier layer. The localized priority dissolution on porous alumina is observed during the anodizing. And this process is considered to lead to the micro-pores formation on 316L substrate. In addition, the effect of anodizing time on the pores size and number on 316L substrate also was discussed.

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Setyarini, Putu Hadi. "Influence of anodizing process on tensile strength AA 6061 T6." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 2501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/48862020.

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Bensalah, W., K. Elleuch, M. Feki, M. Depetris-Wery, and H. F. Ayedi. "Optimization of tartaric/sulphuric acid anodizing process using Doehlert design." Surface and Coatings Technology 207 (August 2012): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.06.059.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anodizing process'

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