Books: 'Anomer effect'

1

Thatcher, Gregory R. J., ed. The Anomeric Effect and Associated Stereoelectronic Effects. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1993-0539.

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2

Juaristi, Eusebio. The anomeric effect. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995.

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3

Popelar, Patrik. Current-voltage behaviour during anode effect in cryolite melts. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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4

Kegel, Kathryn A. Lab and field work with the temperate sea anomene, Anthopleura elegantissima. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2005.

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5

Burroni, Luigi, Fortunata Piselli, Francesco Ramella, and Carlo Trigilia, eds. Città metropolitane e politiche urbane. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-072-7.

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More than fifteen years after the introduction of direct election, the mayors are still the most popular politicians in Italy. The personal relationship set up with the citizens and the strengthening of the city councils has restored energy and stability to the action of the municipal administrations. Nevertheless, these institutional reforms, while important, have failed to guarantee good government. The effects of the mayoral reform are, in fact, considerably different from one city to another, and from one type of policy to another. What does this variety of results derive from? The book provides an answer to this question through an investigation of the decisional processes of around a hundred "local collective assets" in six large metropolitan cities. To explain the different outcomes – in addition to the "council effect", that is, the relevance of policy, and the "sector effect", the relevance of the different decisional milieus – the authors also underscore the role of the "governance effect", namely the different approaches to decision-making and building consensus on urban policies.

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6

Serven, Luis. Terms-of-trade shocks and optimal investment: Another look at the Laursen-Metzler effect. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Macroeonomics and Growth Division, 1995.

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7

Addison, John T. The effect of worker representation on employment behavior in Germany: Another case of -2.5%. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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8

Blackburn, McKinley L. Are OLS estimates of the return to schooling biased downward?: Another look. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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9

Gilbert, Henry. Allelopathy: The harmful effects of chemicals produced by one plant upon another, 1979-85 : 335 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1985.

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10

1927-, Morrison Phylis, and Office of Charles and Ray Eames., eds. Powers of ten: A book about the relative size of things in the universe and the effect of adding another zero. New York: Scientific American Library, 1994.

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11

Behrman, Jere R. The action of human resources and poverty on one another: What we have yet to learn. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1990.

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12

Thatcher, Gregory Robert James, 1959-, American Chemical Society. Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. The Anomeric effect and associated stereoelectronic effects. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993.

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13

Young, Dennis, and Anthony John Kirby. The Anomeric Effect and Related Stereoelectronic Effects at Oxygen. Springer, 2012.

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14

M, Curran Francis, Larson C. A, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Effects of anode material on arcjet performance. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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15

W, Clark Gregory, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Effects of surface oxygen on the performance of carbon as an anode in lithium-ion batteries. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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16

Anjum, Rani Lill, and Stephen Mumford. One Effect, One Cause? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0007.

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We saw the notion of regularity-posited causation as a one–one relation: a cause was ‘one object, followed by another’, etc. But, as well as the same cause being able to produce different effects, one effect can have several causes. The ceteris paribus approach treated background conditions as incidental, taking them out of the regularity and making them supplementary. Instead, we accept the complexity of causes as essential to them, as allowed by Mackie, Martin, and Mill’s total cause. In this way, context is not an inconvenience to be explained away; it is what allows a cause to do its work.

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17

Echterhoff, Gerald, and René Kopietz. The Socially Shared Nature of Memory: From Joint Encoding to Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0007.

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This chapter explores incidental, indirect ways in which memory is shaped by interpersonal interaction and communication, that is, without collaboration of several individuals on an explicit memory task. The first section discusses research showing that encoding stimuli together with another person improves memory for the experience. Some studies examine memory effects from task sharing and joint action, while others explore effects of the mere joint experience of stimuli. The second section turns to effects of social sharing in communication on memory, specifically, the effects of conversational retellings and the audience-tuning effect on memory. Regarding explanations for the audience-tuning effect, the chapter focuses on shared reality theory and review evidence for the motives and goals underlying shared-reality creation.

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18

Wunderlich, J., K. Olejník, L. P. Zârbo, V. P. Amin, J. Sinova, and T. Jungwirth. Spin-injection Hall effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the Spin-injection Hall effect (SiHE), another member of the spin-dependent Hall effects that is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect (AHE), the spin Hall effect (SHE), and the inverse spin Hall effect (iSHE). The microscopic origins responsible for the appearance of spin-dependent Hall effects are due to the spin-orbit (SO) coupling-related asymmetrical deflections of spin carriers. Depending on the relative strength of the SO coupling compared to the energy-level broadening of the quasi-particle states due to disorder scattering, scattering-related extrinsic mechanisms or intrinsic band structure-related deflection dominate the spin-dependent Hall response. Both the iSHE and the SiHE require spin injection into a nonmagnetic system. Similar to the AHE, a spin-polarized charge current flows in the case of the SiHE and the SO coupling generates the spin-dependent Hall signal.

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19

Rohde, Christopher, and Jimmi Nielsen. Managing common adverse effects of clozapine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0007.

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Adverse effects during clozapine treatment are common, and can be divided into very common (>10%: constipation, weight gain, metabolic side effects, sedation, and sialorrhea), common (1–10%: seizures and enuresis), and cardiac (sinus tachycardia, electrocardiogram abnormalities, and orthostatic hypotension) adverse effects. Most adverse effects are benign, but often reduce the quality of life for the patient, leading to reduced adherence and thereby psychotic relapse. As a consequence, treatment of these adverse effects is important and should not be neglected. In this chapter, we present specific treatment strategies for each adverse effect. In addition, we also emphasize that, by applying simple general managing strategies, such as reducing the clozapine dose, re-arranging the dose, or augmentation with another antipsychotic drug, many of these adverse effects can be avoided or reduced, which should reduce the need for specific rescue medications.

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20

Temperley, David. Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.003.0009.

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Strategies are recurrent structural patterns that combine the musical dimensions explored in previous chapters—key/tonality, harmony, melody, rhythm/meter, phrase structure, timbre, form—for structural or expressive effect. One set of strategies concerns the boundary between the first VCU (verse-chorus unit) and the second; here there often seems to be an effort to balance continuity and closure. Another set of strategies involves the IV chord, which is used in rather specific ways to achieve cadential effects. VCUs often reflect an overall trajectory of tension, either “middle-peaking” or “end-peaking,” through increased rhythmic density, phrasal irregularity, and emphasis of non-tonic harmonies. Other strategies may be used to shape the energetic or tensional trajectory of a song as a whole. Finally, shifts in scale or tonal center can contribute greatly to the expressive impact of a song.

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21

McAnany, Emile G. Another Paradigm. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036774.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the rise of the participation paradigm from the early 1980s through the end of the 1990s, noting that it is still the dominant discourse within the field of communication for development (c4d) today. The idea of people participating in their own development goes back to the beginning of communication for development and social change. This approach refocused the effort of c4d on people as the engines of change, and trusting them to be up to the challenge. This chapter first considers different kinds of participation and what they might mean, along with the context for participatory communication in c4d during the period 1970–1990s. It then turns to pioneers of participatory communication in development and goes on to address the question of whether the approach deserves the title of paradigm, much less that of a dominant one. It also examines a case that illustrates both the problems and the successes of the application of the participation paradigm: Canada's Challenge for Change initiative, implemented by the National Film Board in Fogo Island.

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22

Goodin, Robert E., and Kai Spiekermann. Direct versus Representative Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823452.003.0016.

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On the face of it, direct democracy should outperform representative democracy based on the number of voters. If, however, the electorate is better at selecting representatives than policies (the Selection Effect) or if the deliberation feasible among representatives leads to epistemic gains (the Deliberation Effect), then representative democracy may be preferable. Another factor is whether representatives act as delegates or trustees. If the former, the epistemic loss from bunching voters into constituencies is minimal. If the latter, the much smaller number of voters may be compensated for by the ability to deliberate among trustees. A mix of delegates and trustees can possibly benefit from both Selection and Deliberation Effects.

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23

Servén, Luis. Terms-of-Trade Shocks and Optimal Investment: Another Look at the Laursen-Metzler Effect. The World Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1424.

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24

Nikiforidis, Lambrianos, Ashley Rae Arsena, and Kristina M. Durante. The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Intrasexual Competition. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.23.

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This chapter examines how the ovulatory cycle affects the tactics women use to compete with one another. As fertility increases near ovulation, women’s mating psychology changes, with implications for intersexual courtship (i.e., attracting opposite-sex mates) and intrasexual competition (i.e., outshining same-sex rivals) which is the primary focus of this chapter. The ovulatory competition hypothesis refers to the effect of fertility on women’s competition, manifested mainly in the domains of physical attractiveness and relative status. Previous research shows that women’s tendency to enhance their appearance near ovulation is driven not by a desire to impress men, but by a motivation to outcompete other women, when those women are perceived as potential rivals. Moreover, the effect of fertility on women’s consumption and financial decision making stems from a desire to surpass other women in status and resources. Implications for women’s materialism, consumption of luxury items, and financial decision making are discussed.

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25

Guthrie, James P. Remuneration: Pay Effects at Work. Edited by Peter Boxall, John Purcell, and Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0017.

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This article reviews effects associated with two dimensions of pay structure. The first dimension, the extent to which a firm's pay structure is relatively hierarchical or flat (also referred to as ‘pay dispersion’), is specifically mentioned by Jim Sinegal, CEO of Costco. He states that a pay structure in which top executives make ‘100 or 200 or 300 times more than the average person working on the floor is wrong’ and intimates that Costco's egalitarian pay structure promotes organizational effectiveness. Another aspect of pay structure is the basis of pay. Along with research on pay dispersion effects, the article also reviews a limited number of studies examining the use of person-based, as opposed to job-based, pay systems. It begins with pay form, then review pay structure, followed by a discussion of pay level effects.

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26

Alkhalifah, Khaled. The effect of x-ray tube anode and filter materials on image quality and breast dose in mammography. 1995.

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27

Woywodt, Alexander, and Diana Chiu. Drug-induced and toxic glomerulopathies. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0082.

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Glomerulopathies induced by particular exogenous compounds or molecules include those attributable to toxicity, and those caused by inducing an immune or autoimmune response. Tubules are more commonly the target of toxicity as they absorb and concentrate components of filtrate. Damage to endothelial cells may account for thrombotic microangiopathy in response to calcineurin inhibitors. Endothelial cells are also likely to be the target in drug-induced small vessel vasculitis. Toxicity to podocytes accounts for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis caused by pamidronate and other agents. Chloroquine can cause a remarkable pseudo-storage disorder with inclusions in podocytes that resemble those seen in Fabry disease. The mechanism by which drugs cause minimal change disease, another podocyte disorder, is not known. Membranous nephropathy may be caused by exposure to gold, mercury, and some other drugs; this is antibody mediated and presumably the targets are altered podocyte surface molecules. Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cause proteinuria, possibly through effects on vascular endothelial growth factor, inhibitors of which are associated with not only proteinuria (an expected podocyte effect) but also thrombotic microangiopathy (endothelial cell effect). This latter may be through disturbing podocyte-endothelium cross-signaling.

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28

Kreit, John W. Respiratory Mechanics. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0001.

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Ventilation can occur only when the respiratory system expands above and then returns to its resting or equilibrium volume. This is just another way of saying that ventilation depends on our ability to breathe. Although breathing requires very little effort and even less thought, it’s nevertheless a fairly complex process. Respiratory Mechanics reviews the interaction between applied and opposing forces during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. It discusses elastic recoil, viscous forces, compliance, resistance, and the equation of motion and the time constant of the respiratory system. It also describes how and why pleural, alveolar, lung transmural, intra-abdominal, and airway pressure change during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation, and the effect of applied positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).

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29

Morrison, Phylis, Philip Morrison, and Office of Charles and Ray Eames. Powers of Ten: A Book About the Relative Size of Things in the Universe and the Effect of Adding Another Zero. W.H. Freeman & Company, 1985.

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30

Pettit, Philip. The Program Model, Difference-makers, and the Exclusion Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0012.

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How do the notions of programming and difference-making relate to one another? A higher-level property programs for an effect just in case, intuitively, the actual realizer of the property at any lower level gives rise to a realizer of the effect and any possible realizer at that level would also have done this. A higher-level property makes a difference to the effect just in case its presence programs for the effect and, in addition, its absence programs for the absence of the effect. Christian List and Peter Menzies argue for the capacity of the difference-making model to explain away the exclusion problem raised for physicalists by Jaegwon Kim. But the program model, developed in earlier work by Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit, offers a simpler and more straightforward way of handling the challenge.

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31

Gray, Erik. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198752974.003.0007.

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The brief conclusion reflects on the fact that love and poetry both grapple with the impossibility of ever fully knowing or communicating with another person. Yet both also depend on that impossibility: the distance that inevitably separates one human being from another is the source of pleasure as well as frustration. This dual effect is forcefully conveyed in the poetry of Lucretius concerning love.

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32

Manglos-Weber, Nicolette D. The Nature of Faith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841041.003.0007.

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This final empirical chapter shows how becoming embedded in religious-based relationships of personal trust can effect changes in migrants’ personal trajectories. In other words, new religious memberships and their associated trust networks can lead transnational Ghanaians to revise their aspirations and negotiate their identities in ways they otherwise wouldn’t. One example is how dedicated members and leaders in the congregation often retrospectively attach new meanings to their migrations, coming to believe that they came abroad to serve the religious community, even if they were not aware of it at the time of their initial moves. Another example is how members base their identities in religion in order to transcend the significance of ethnic, racial, and national identities. These effects reinforce the central argument that religious memberships indeed serve as a basis of trust networks, which are the relations in which people answer questions about meaning, identity, and desires for the future.

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33

Reintges, Chris H., and Sonia Cyrino. Analyticization and the syntax of the synthetic residue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0010.

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Current understanding of syntactic variation and change relies on the notion of parameters of varying magnitude (micro- and macroparameters). This chapter focuses on the flipside of parameter change, namely the retention and survival of synthetic morphological structure in a context of widespread analyticization. The global effects of synthetic-to-analytic drift are examined in two diachronic scenarios: one in which the process has almost, though not entirely been completed (Coptic Egyptian), and another one in which the process is still under way (Brazilian Portuguese). Coptic has gone very far in abandoning its former synthetic features and thus exhibits a high degree of analyticity. In Brazilian Portuguese, the analyticization process is an advanced state, with synthetically inflected tenses exhibiting a decreasing productivity and gradually being replaced by the corresponding auxiliary verb constructions in the spoken language. The restriction on verb movement is a side effect of ongoing analyticization that affects language’s word order.

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34

Picarelli, John T. Crime: The Illicit Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.136.

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Transnational crimes are crimes that have actual or potential effect across national borders and crimes that are intrastate but offend fundamental values of the international community. The word “transnational” describes crimes that are not only international, but crimes that by their nature involve cross-border transference as an essential part of the criminal activity. Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but their consequences significantly affect another country and transit countries may also be involved. Examples of transnational crimes include: human trafficking, people smuggling, smuggling/trafficking of goods, sex slavery, terrorism offences, torture and apartheid. Contemporary transnational crimes take advantage of globalization, trade liberalization and new technologies to perpetrate diverse crimes and to move money, goods, services, and people instantaneously for purposes of perpetrating violence for political ends. While these global costs of criminal activity are huge, the role of this criminal market in the broader international economic system, and its effects on domestic state institutions and economies, has not received widespread attention from an international political economy (IPE) or political science perspective. Given the limits on the exercise of extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction, states have developed mechanisms to cooperate in transnational criminal matters. The primary mechanisms used in this regard are extradition, lawful removal, and mutual legal assistance.

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35

Diran, Ingrid. Antonio Negri. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423632.003.0029.

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Agamben describes his posture as a reader as one of seeking a text’s Entwicklungsfähigkeit, or capacity for elaboration.1 In examining Agamben’s practices of reading, we can attend to the opposite phenomenon: the counter-elaboration that a text, in having being read by the philosopher, performs upon Agamben’s own thought. This reciprocal elaboration might constitute a paradigm for Agamben’s use of reading, according to his own idiosyncratic definition of use as an event in the middle voice, in which (according to a definition of Benveniste) the subject ‘effects an action only in affecting itself (il effectue en s’affectant)’ (UB 28). With this definition in mind, we could say that Agamben effects a text (he writes) only to the extent that he is also affected by another text (he reads). This is why Agamben’s position as a reader proves particularly important to any assessment of his work, quite aside from the problem of influence or intellectual genealogy. For this same reason, however, assessing Agamben’s relation to Antonio Negri – a figure with whom, by most measures, he is at odds – poses an unexpected challenge: how can Agamben’s thought be a use of Negri? Answering this question means not only assessing the critical distance between the two thinkers, but also taking this distance as a measure, in the Spinozan sense, of mutual affection.

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36

Stojnić, Una. Context and Coherence. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865469.001.0001.

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Natural languages are riddled with context-sensitivity. One and the same string of words can express indefinitely many different meanings on an occasion of use. And yet we understand one another effortlessly, on the fly. What fixes the meaning of context-sensitive expressions, and how are we able to recover this meaning so quickly and without effort? This book offers a novel response: we can do so because we draw on a broad array of subtle linguistic conventions that fully determine the interpretation of context-sensitive items. Contrary to the dominant tradition, which maintains that the meaning of context-sensitive language is underspecified by grammar, and depends on non-linguistic features of utterance situation, this book argues that meaning is determined entirely by discourse conventions, rules of language that have largely been missed, and the effects of which have been mistaken for extra-linguistic effects of an utterance situation on meaning. The linguistic account of context developed in this book sheds a new light on the nature of linguistic content, and the interaction between content and context. At the same time, it provides a novel model of context that should constrain and help evaluate debates across many sub-fields of philosophy where appeal to context has been common, often leading to surprising conclusions: for example, in epistemology, ethics, value theory, metaphysics, metaethics, and logic, among others.

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37

Silja, Schaffstein. Part II The Doctrine of Res Judicata in International Commercial Arbitration, 6 Transnational Res Judicata Principles for International Commercial Arbitral Tribunals. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715610.003.0007.

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This chapter explains principles of the res judicata doctrine for international commercial arbitral tribunals based on transnational law. There are two main values that transnational litigation upholds in determining the scope of the preclusive effects of a prior judgment in one country and the subsequent proceedings in another country. First, a judgment must be accepted in the recognising state with the original effects it would have in the state in which it was first rendered. Thus, the law of the country, where the first judgment was rendered, will determine the judgment’s preclusive effects in the subsequent proceedings. Second, the application of the law of the rendering state should preserve the integrity of the rendering state’s judicial system and that state’s resources.

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38

Hopkins, Lisa. Christopher Marlowe and Religion. Edited by Andrew Hiscock and Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.18.

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To many of his contemporaries Marlowe was associated not with religion but, publicly and repeatedly, with irreligion. This chapter begins by suggesting that all Marlowe’s major works are in effect first contact narratives, and can be seen as responding in one way or another to Elizabethan encounters with other civilizations, and that this might be a possible reason why a man apparently initially destined for the Church ended his life as a playwright and poet. It then examines some of the various representations of religion in his works, including his use of classical mythology as well his inclusion of Jewish and Muslim characters, and finally attempts to trace some of the effect these had on his contemporaries. Ultimately it argues that Marlowe exerted a major influence on ways of both thinking about and writing about religion in early modern English culture.

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39

Waddington, Lisa. The Domestication of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786627.003.0016.

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This chapter reflects on jurisdiction-specific approaches to the domestication of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), considering in particular the domestic legal status of the CRPD and the relevance of that legal status for case law. The chapter explores four dimensions of the CRPD’s legal status: direct effect; indirect interpretative effect (where the CRPD influences the interpretation given to domestic law); use of the CRPD because of commitments to another international treaty; and absence of domestic legal status. With the exception of the first category, all dimensions can potentially present themselves in legal systems which tend towards the monist approach as well as in those which tend towards the dualist approach. The chapter discusses examples of relevant case law and reflects on similarities and differences emerging from a comparison of that case law.

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40

O’Callaghan, Casey. Synesthesia vs. Crossmodal Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0003.

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We can discern two opposing viewpoints regarding synesthesia. According to the first, it is an oddity, an outlier, or a disordered condition. According to the second, synesthesia is pervasive, driving creativity, metaphor, or language itself. I favor the first perspective, according to which cross-sensory synesthesia is an outlying condition. But the second perspective is not wholly misguided. My discussion has three lessons. First, synesthesia is just one of a variety of effects in which one sense causally impacts and reshapes experience associated with another. These effects are utterly common. However, due to their unfamiliarity and their conflict with a widespread conception of the role of the senses in perception and experience, until recently they have been surprising. Second, synesthesia nevertheless must be distinguished from other intermodal effects that lead to misperception, such as crossmodal illusions. Third, synesthesia may also be distinguished from the potentially much broader class of synesthetic effects.

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41

Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part V The Effects of Assignment, The Persistence of Property Rights, and The Vindication of An Owner’s Rights, 29 Vindication Of An Owner’s Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0029.

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This chapter studies the manner in which an owner of property can vindicate his rights if they are interfered with by another. An owner who has been wrongfully deprived of his property, whether that property is tangible or intangible, and whether the claim is brought as a claim in tort (as a claim in conversion) or in equity (as an ‘equitable vindicatio’), must frame that claim as a ‘following’ claim and/or as a ‘tracing’ claim. When an owner seeks to follow property, he is seeking to identify his property in the hands of another. Essentially, in order to follow property, an owner must show: that he was unlawfully deprived of property that he owned; that the person he is asserting his claim against holds that property; and that he has a better right to the property than the person holding it.

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42

Tzanakopoulos, Antonios, and Eleni Methymaki. Sources and the Enforcement of International Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0039.

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This chapter examines the role of domestic courts in the ideal continuum commencing from sources and ultimately ending in the enforcement of the law in a specific case. It asks whether domestic court decisions are a cause (source) or an effect (enforcement) of international law. The chapter argues that the enforcement of international law is reflexive, rather than reactive. There is thus no real continuum, with domestic courts occupying this or that position on it. Rather, domestic court decisions are both part of the cause and of the effect of international law. The enforcement of a rule of law in a specific case constitutes, in accordance with the sources doctrine, yet another brick in the wall of that same ever-changing rule. And given the increasingly important position that domestic courts are assuming in the enforcement of international law, they become ever more important agents of the development of that law.

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43

Riojas-Rodríguez, Horacio, Isabelle Romieu, and Mauricio Hernández-Ávila. Air Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0018.

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This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.

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Sonja, Meier. Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, s.1: Plurality of Obligors, Art.11.1.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0220.

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This commentary analyses Article 11.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the effects of expiration or suspension of the limitation period. Joint and several obligations do not necessarily share the same fate in terms of limitation periods. Under Art 11.1.7(1), the limitation period of the obligee's rights against one obligor has expired while the limitation period of its rights against another obligor has not. This commentary explains how the expiration of limitation period affects the obligee's claims against other obligors. It also considers the suspension of running of limitation period due to initiation of legal proceedings and the effects of other events regarding limitation.

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Lane, Christel. Publicans Between the State and the Brewers: A Subordinate Relationship. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826187.003.0006.

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Throughout most of the period covered in this book, establishments that sell alcohol consumed on the premises have had regulation imposed on them. Regulation and control have weighed more heavily on pubs than on the other two types of hostelries and, given their chief customer base, on the working class. Another state instrument to weaken pubs has been high taxation. The conditions for running pubs and publicans’ livelihoods were just as strongly influenced by the giant breweries as they were by state regulation and taxation. Particular attention is paid to the ‘tied houses’ system from the early eighteenth century onwards and to the more recent Beer Orders Act (1989). Over time, this Act had the effect of substituting the tie of pubs to breweries with that of pub companies. The ensuing dependence of tenants and the adverse effect on their livelihoods is viewed as contributing to the large-scale pub closures in the twenty-first century.

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McKitrick, Jennifer. Manifestations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717805.003.0005.

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Manifestations are events which are effects of dispositions being activated. Events often involve something acquiring a property. According to dispositional monism or pandispositionalism, all properties are dispositions. If all properties were dispositions, then all manifestations would involve something acquiring a disposition. Whether this leads to a vicious regress is unclear. However, pandispositionalism may render nearly all properties unobservable. Another issue about manifestations involves the question of whether dispositions are all single-track or whether some of them are multi-track. Some philosophers argue that each type of disposition has one type of manifestation. However, the events that occur when a disposition manifests vary according to the circumstances. This motivates some philosophers to say that manifestations are not effects but are instead contributions to effects. But it is not clear what kind of entity a contribution is, or if it is needed. Consequently, dispositions are extremely numerous or massively multi-track.

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Frankham, Richard, Jonathan D. Ballou, Katherine Ralls, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Michele R. Dudash, Charles B. Fenster, Robert C. Lacy, and Paul Sunnucks. Genetic rescue by augmenting gene flow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783398.003.0006.

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Inbreeding is reduced and genetic diversity enhanced when a small isolated inbred population is crossed to another unrelated population. Crossing can have beneficial or harmful effects on fitness, but beneficial effects predominate, and the risks of harmful ones (outbreeding depression) can be predicted and avoided. For crosses with a low risk of outbreeding depression, there are large and consistent benefits on fitness that persist across generations in outbreeding species. Benefits are greater in species that naturally outbreed than those that inbreed, and increase with the difference in inbreeding coefficient between crossed and inbred populations in mothers and zygotes. However, benefits are similar across invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. There are also important benefits for evolutionary potential of crossing between populations.

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Paterson, Helen, and Lauren Monds. Forensic Applications of Social Memory Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0020.

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Within the legal system an assumption exists that witness testimonies should be independent of one another; however the evidence suggests that this is frequently not the case. Witnesses commonly discuss the event with each other. It is important to determine the effects of cowitness information on the validity of eyewitness testimony. It is generally recognized that discussion between witnesses can be detrimental; the possibility of false information (or information that the participant never saw) entering recall is a key concern. We review the prevalence of cowitness discussion, legal opinions about cowitness discussion, and finally experimental research investigating the effects of discussion on eyewitness memory. We also provide some suggestions of how to prevent cowitness discussion and contamination of testimony.

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Hartman, Adam L. Amino Acids in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders. Edited by Dominic P. D’Agostino. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0035.

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Studies of metabolism- and diet-based therapies in epilepsy and neuroprotection have focused primarily on the quality and quantity of fat supplementation or carbohydrate restriction. However, protein is another key dietary component that has not been as thoroughly studied. A number of amino acids have been shown to stop, terminate, or prevent seizures. In addition, some have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in other neurological disorders. Amino acids (and their metabolites) may exert their effects by acting at membrane or cytoplasmic receptors, serving as substrates for membrane transporters and as modulators of signaling pathway activity. This chapter highlights examples of each of these mechanisms of action in select nervous system disorders.

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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. Trips and Later Inter-Se Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0005.

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This chapter focusses on how ‘Free Trade Agreements’ (FTAs) fit within the existing multilateral framework, primarily with the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which most FTAs take as basis and benchmark from which the contracting parties modify rules among another (inter-se). In this context, the most prominent issue is the effect the continuous strengthening of the standards of intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement has on the optional provisions and flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement. The chapter examines whether and how the TRIPS addresses such further increases in protection and enforcement. It also looks at conflict clauses in FTAs and how they perceive their relation with the multilateral IP rules, especially the TRIPS Agreement. The principal question here is whether rule-relations within the international IP system are still primarily determined by harmonious interpretation — or if conflict resolution rather functions by choosing one rule over another.

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Books on the topic 'Anomer effect'

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