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Journal articles on the topic 'Anomer effect'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Achs, M. J., and D. Garfinkel. "Pancreatic islet discrimination of hexose anomers. II. Transient computer simulation." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 255, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): E201—E205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.2.e201.

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We have previously modeled pancreatic islet glycolysis under idealized steady-state conditions where the input is a pure hexose anomer and there is no mutarotation and reproduced the known preference for the alpha-anomers of glucose and mannose as substrates. This model is here extended to simulate real experiments, where the hexoses mutarotate and measurements may be taken over time. The behavior of our model system agrees with available experimental data. The hexose diphosphate activators of phosphofructokinase, whose effect was seen as not important in the preceding steady-state analysis, are found here to have a modest (approximately 10–15%) effect on its flux. The previous conclusion that the anomeric preference of the glycolytic pathway follows from that of glucokinase continues to hold in the real experimental situation.

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2

Lee, Sang Jun, Dale E. A. Lewis, and Sankar Adhya. "Induction of the Galactose Enzymes in Escherichia coli Is Independent of the C-1-Hydroxyl Optical Configuration of the Inducer d-Galactose." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 24 (October 17, 2008): 7932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01008-08.

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ABSTRACT The two optical forms of aldohexose galactose differing at the C-1 position, α-d-galactose and β-d-galactose, are widespread in nature. The two anomers also occur in di- and polysaccharides, as well as in glycoconjugates. The anomeric form of d-galactose, when present in complex carbohydrates, e.g., cell wall, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, is specific. Their interconversion occurs as monomers and is effected by the enzyme mutarotase (aldose-1-epimerase). Mutarotase and other d-galactose-metabolizing enzymes are coded by genes that constitute an operon in Escherichia coli. The operon is repressed by the repressor GalR and induced by d-galactose. Since, depending on the carbon source during growth, the cell can make only one of the two anomers of d-galactose, the cell must also convert one anomer to the other for use in specific biosynthetic pathways. Thus, it is imperative that induction of the gal operon, specifically the mutarotase, be achievable by either anomer of d-galactose. Here we report in vivo and in vitro experiments showing that both α-d-galactose and β-d-galactose are capable of inducing transcription of the gal operon with equal efficiency and kinetics. Whereas all substitutions at the C-1 position in the α configuration inactivate the induction capacity of the sugar, the effect of substitutions in the β configuration varies depending upon the nature of the substitution; methyl and phenyl derivatives induce weakly, but the glucosyl derivative does not.

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3

Praly, J. P., and R. U. Lemieux. "Influence of solvent on the magnitude of the anomeric effect." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-034.

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A novel application of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance provided the effects of solvent polarity and hydrogen-bond formation on the conformational equilibria for a range of 2-substituted tetrahydropyrans and the results are interpreted in terms of how solvent affects the competition between the endo- and exo-anomeric effects in determining the magnitude of the anomeric effect. In accord with the generally accepted origin of the endo- and exo-anomeric effects (anti-periplanar n–σ* interaction of the oxygen lone-pair orbital with the antibonding orbital of the adjacent C—O bond), the exo-anomeric effect for the α anomer is expected to be weaker because charge delocalization from the glycosidic oxygen to anomeric center is in competition with delocalization from the ring-oxygen atom. The effects of solvent on the relative magnitudes of the endo- and exo-anomeric effects are then considered to arise from the formation of specific complexes with the solvent, and the exo-anomeric effect of a β-glycoside is more strongly influenced. It is contended that hydrogen bonding of solvent to the ring oxygen increases the exo-anomeric effects. For this reason water is particularly effective for the strengthening of the exo-anomeric effect and, thereby, the conformational rigidity of glycosides. Experimental evidence is presented that indicates that the anomeric hydroxyl groups of free sugars dissolved in water tend to prefer the equatorial orientation because these provide stronger hydrogen bonds as proton donors to water.

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4

MAENAKA, Katsumi, Masaaki MATSUSHIMA, Gota KAWAI, Akinori KIDERA, Kimitsuna WATANABE, Ryota KUROKI, and Izumi KUMAGAI. "Structural and functional effect of Trp-62→Gly and Asp-101→Gly substitutions on substrate-binding modes of mutant hen egg-white lysozymes." Biochemical Journal 333, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3330071.

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In order to clarify the structural role of subsite B of hen egg-white lysozyme in hydrolytic activity towards a carbohydrate substrate, we analysed the structures of Trp-62 → Gly and Asp-101 → Gly mutant hen lysozymes, which have no side chain at positions 62 or 101, complexed with a substrate analogue, (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine)3 [(GlcNAc)3], using X-ray crystallography. The overall protein structures in the mutant lysozyme complexes were almost identical to those in the wild type. In the crystals of all the mutant complexes, the (GlcNAc)3 molecule, which is an inhibitor of wild-type lysozyme, had no inhibitory effect, but was hydrolysed as a substrate. One of the products, (GlcNAc)2, the reducing end of which is an α-anomer, was bound in an unproductive binding mode, protruding from the active-site cleft, and was able to act as an inhibitor. Hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate by the mutants occurred in a β-anomer-retaining manner, and so the α-anomer product was converted from the β-anomer product. Thus the interactions of Asp-101 and Trp-62 in subsite B are not essential for the catalytic mechanism, but co-operatively enhance the affinity of the substrate in the productive binding mode, other than the inhibitor in the unproductive mode.

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5

Leitch, Jeffry M., and Anthony Carruthers. "α- and β-Monosaccharide transport in human erythrocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 296, no. 1 (January 2009): C151—C161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2008.

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Equilibrative sugar uptake in human erythrocytes is characterized by a rapid phase, which equilibrates 66% of the cell water, and by a slow phase, which equilibrates 33% of the cell water. This behavior has been attributed to the preferential transport of β-sugars by erythrocytes (Leitch JM, Carruthers A. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292: C974–C986, 2007). The present study tests this hypothesis. The anomer theory requires that the relative compartment sizes of rapid and slow transport phases are determined by the proportions of β- and α-sugar in aqueous solution. This is observed with d-glucose and 3- O-methylglucose but not with 2-deoxy-d-glucose and d-mannose. The anomer hypothesis predicts that the slow transport phase, which represents α-sugar transport, is eliminated when anomerization is accelerated to generate the more rapidly transported β-sugar. Exogenous, intracellular mutarotase accelerates anomerization but has no effect on transport. The anomer hypothesis requires that transport inhibitors inhibit rapid and slow transport phases equally. This is observed with the endofacial site inhibitor cytochalasin B but not with the exofacial site inhibitors maltose or phloretin, which inhibit only the rapid phase. Direct measurement of α- and β-sugar uptake demonstrates that erythrocytes transport α- and β-sugars with equal avidity. These findings refute the hypothesis that erythrocytes preferentially transport β-sugars. We demonstrate that biphasic 3- O-methylglucose equilibrium exchange kinetics refute the simple carrier hypothesis for protein-mediated sugar transport but are compatible with a fixed-site transport mechanism regulated by intracellular ATP and cell shape.

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6

Garton, Caleigh S., Noelle K. DeRose, Dylan Dominguez, Maria L. Turbi-Henderson, Ashley L. Lehr, Ashley D. Padilla, Scott D. Twining, et al. "Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of 2-Deoxy-N-glycosylbenzotriazoles/imidazoles." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123742.

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A series of 2-deoxy-2-iodo-α-d-mannopyranosylbenzotriazoles was synthesized using the benzyl, 4,6-benzylidene and acetyl protected D-glucal in the presence of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS). Subsequent removal of the iodine at the C-2 position using tributyltin hydride under free radical conditions afforded the 2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosylbenzotriazoles in moderate to high yields. This method was extended to the preparation of substituted 2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylimidazoles as well. The stereoselectivity of the addition reaction and the effect of the protecting group and temperature on anomer distribution of the benzotriazole series were also investigated. The anticancer properties of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated in a series of viability studies using HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma), human breast and lung cancer cell lines. The N-[3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl]-1H-benzotriazole and the N-[3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl]-2H-benzotriazole were found to be the most potent cancer cell inhibitors at 20 µM concentrations across all four cell lines.

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7

Sosa-Gil, Concepción, Reyes Babiano, Pedro Cintas, Mark E. Light, and Juan C. Palacios. "On the anomeric preference of the isothiocyanato group." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 31 (2021): 14111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj00852h.

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8

Frei, Sibylle, Andrei Istrate, and Christian J. Leumann. "6’-Fluoro[4.3.0]bicyclo nucleic acid: synthesis, biophysical properties and molecular dynamics simulations." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (December 20, 2018): 3088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.288.

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Here we report on the synthesis, biophysical properties and molecular modeling of oligonucleotides containing unsaturated 6’-fluoro[4.3.0]bicyclo nucleotides (6’F-bc4,3-DNA). Two 6’F-bc4,3 phosphoramidite building blocks (T and C) were synthesized starting from a previously described [3.3.0]bicyclic sugar. The conversion of this sugar to a gem-difluorinated tricyclic intermediate via difluorocarbene addition followed either by a NIS-mediated or Vorbrüggen nucleosidation yielded in both cases the β-tricyclic nucleoside as major anomer. Subsequent desilylation and cyclopropane ring opening of these tricyclic intermediates afforded the unsaturated 6’F-bc4,3 nucleosides. The successful incorporation of the corresponding phosphoramidite building blocks into oligonucleotides was achieved with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidation agent. Thermal melting experiments of the modified duplexes disclosed a destabilizing effect versus DNA and RNA complements, but with a lesser degree of destabilization versus complementary DNA (ΔT m/mod = −1.5 to −3.7 °C). Molecular dynamics simulation on the nucleoside and oligonucleotide level revealed the preference of the C1’-exo/C2’-endo alignment of the furanose ring. Moreover, the simulation of duplexes with complementary RNA disclosed a DNA/RNA-type duplex structure suggesting that this modification might be a substrate for RNase H.

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9

Taylor, Michael G., Robert H. Marchessault, Serge Perez, Peter J. Stephenson, and Colin A. Fyfe. "13C CP/MAS nuclear magnetic resonance of crystalline methylxylopyranosides." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-044.

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The 13C nmr spectra of solids, acquired using the Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning (CP/MAS) technique, are very sensitive to the detailed nature of crystalline packing. These effects are illustrated in the CP/MAS spectra of the α and β anomers of methyl-D-xylopyranoside. In the spectrum of the α anomer, which crystallizes with two molecules per unit cell, individual spectra can be resolved for the two molecules in the asymmetric unit of this crystal.

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10

Leclercq-Meyer, Viviane, Marcel M. Kadiata, and Willy J. Malaisse. "Stimulation by 2-deoxy-d-glucose tetraacetates of hormonal secretion from the perfused rat pancreas." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 276, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): E689—E696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.e689.

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The effects of α- and β-2-deoxy-d-glucose tetraacetate (1.7 and 8.5 mM) on insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon secretion from isolated rat pancreases perfused in the presence of 8.3 mM d-glucose were compared with those of unesterified 2-deoxy-d-glucose tested at the same two concentrations. The unesterified glucose analog caused, in a concentration-related manner, inhibition of glucose-induced insulin and somatostatin release and augmentation of glucagon secretion. The two anomers of 2-deoxy-d-glucose tetraacetate, however, increased the secretion rate of all three hormones; this effect was also related to the concentration of the esters. No obvious anomeric specificity of the secretory response to 2-deoxy-d-glucose tetraacetate was observed. These findings indicate that the insulinotropic action of hexose esters cannot be accounted for solely by the metabolic effect of their glucidic moieties. They suggest that the A, B, and D cells of the endocrine pancreas are each equipped with a receptor system responsible for the direct recognition of monosaccharide esters as secretagogues. They further support the view that a paracrine effect of insulin on glucagon-producing cells does not represent a major component in the regulation of their secretory activity.

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11

Zito, Rena C. "Institutional anomie and justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally: A multilevel examination." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865818785653.

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This study draws on insights from institutional anomie theory to examine justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally. Further, it builds on a burgeoning body of multilevel institutional anomie theory and research on crime-relevant attitudes by considering whether and how individual financial hardship intersects with anomic structural and cultural systems at the national level, acknowledging that individual responses to anomie may be contingent upon experiences with such hardships. Results from multilevel modeling using data from 74,930 World Values Survey respondents in 52 nations, the World Bank, and other organizations provide partial support for the hypotheses. Specifically, conditions of “want amid plenty,” (Bjerregaard & Cochran, 2008a, p. 183) weakened family and education institutions, and monetary fetishism predict justifications cross-nationally. Moreover, economic inequality and individualism moderate the effect of financial hardship on justifications of morally dubious actions and violence, consistent with expectations.

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12

Shin, Seong-gyu, and Hyo-Yeong Lee. "The Anode Heel Effect caused by changing the Angle of X-Ray Tube." Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology 10, no. 6 (October 31, 2016): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7742/jksr.2016.10.6.435.

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13

Trapp, Melissa L., Jonathan K. Watts, Noham Weinberg, and B. Mario Pinto. "Component analysis of the X-C-Y anomeric effect (X = O, S; Y = F, OMe, NHMe) by DFT molecular orbital calculations and natural bond orbital analysis." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-048.

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Six 2-Y-substituted oxacyclohexane and thiacyclohexane heterocycles (Y = F, OMe, NHMe) were examined using DFT molecular orbital calculations. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of the total energy behaviour yielded the orbital-interaction factors contributing to the conformational equilibria. The dipole moments of the optimized systems were used to estimate the electrostatic contributions to the anomeric effect. The primary determinant of the X-C-Y anomeric effect was found to be the orbital interaction components associated with the combined endo- and exo-anomeric effects acting in concert in the axial conformers. Electrostatic interactions made a contribution to the observed conformer stabilization in all cases, but did not account for the relative magnitudes of the energy differences among conformers of homologous molecules. In the case of the methylamino substituent, accentuated steric interactions in the axial conformer precluded stabilization by the exo-anomeric interaction and consequently, the net endo/exo anomeric stabilization did not dominate the conformational equilibria.Key words: anomeric effect, component analysis, natural bond orbital analysis, electrostatic, steric, and orbital interaction effects.

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14

Nikitha, M., H. S. Darshan, B. P. Abhishek, and S. P. Goswami. "Clinical Profiling of a Bilingual Client with Anomic Aphasia." Annals of Neurosciences 27, no. 2 (April 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972753120927518.

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Background: Aphasia is an acquired condition affecting auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading, writing and word-finding abilities along with sensory-motor impairments. Anomia refers to difficulty in word retrieval or naming which is seen irrespective of the type of aphasia. However, if a patient shows word-finding difficulty, in specific, a diagnosis of Anomic aphasia is made. There are variations within anomic aphasia on which the management and recovery depend. The article provides one such case report. Purpose: Speech and language profiling in anomic aphasia, specific treatment strategies, the effect of bilingualism on recovery. Methods: Mr S, a 38-year-old bilingual male reported 5 months post-stroke with difficulty in expressing, difficulty in writing and weakness in the right side of the body. Medical history was checked and speech and language evaluations including both formal and informal assessments were performed. After this, a diagnosis of Anomic aphasia with mild dysarthria was made. An appropriate speech–language therapeutic plan and specific activities were formulated for Mr S in his first language (L1) and he was given a therapy for a span of 3 months. A follow-up evaluation in both first and second language of the patient yielded differential recovery patterns. Results: The diagnosis was affected by different variants of anomic aphasia; treatment was specific to the clinical profiling and followed life-participation approach of aphasia. The recovery was affected by differential recovery patterns between the languages. Discussion: Factors pertaining to diagnosis, recovery, bilingualism and treatment of the client with anomic aphasia are discussed.

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15

Galletta, Elizabeth E., and Mira Goral. "Response Time Inconsistencies in Object and Action Naming in Anomic Aphasia." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 1S (March 2018): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0168.

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Purpose The effect of repeated naming on both object and action picture naming in individuals with anomic aphasia is explored. We asked whether repeatedly naming the same items leads to improved accuracy and reduced response latency. Method Ten individuals with anomic aphasia and 6 healthy adults, 3 young and 3 old, named a set of 27 object pictures and a set of 27 action pictures presented 1 at a time on a computer screen. We examined accuracy and response times (RTs) across the 2 blocks of 10 repeated trials. Results Results demonstrated higher accuracy and faster RTs for object than for action naming for all participants, with lower accuracy rates and slower RTs for the people with aphasia (PWA) compared with the healthy individuals, and diverging patterns of change across trials. Unlike the healthy participants, whose RTs decreased across trials, PWA continued to demonstrate variability in response latencies across the trials. Conclusions Our preliminary results suggest that measuring RT may be useful in characterizing retrieval difficulty in anomic aphasia and that the retrieval processes in PWA, even in those who experience mild anomia, may be less efficient or different from those processes in neurologically healthy individuals.

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16

Juaristi, Eusebio. "The Anomeric Effect and Associated Stereoelectronic Effects." Synthesis 1995, no. 02 (February 1995): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1995-3862.

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17

Tvaroska, Igor. "The anomeric effect and associated Stereoelectronic effects." Carbohydrate Research 267, no. 2 (February 1995): C9—C10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(95)90616-9.

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18

THATCHER, G. R. J. "ChemInform Abstract: The Anomeric Effect and Associated Stereoelectronic Effects." ChemInform 25, no. 21 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199421320.

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19

HITCHEN, Paul G., Nicholas P. MULLIN, and Maureen E. TAYLOR. "Orientation of sugars bound to the principal C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain of the macrophage mannose receptor." Biochemical Journal 333, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3330601.

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The extracellular region of the macrophage mannose receptor, a protein involved in the innate immune response, contains eight C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). The fourth of these domains, CRD-4, is central to ligand binding by the receptor, and binds mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine by direct ligation to Ca2+. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with NMR and molecular modelling have been used to determine the orientation of monosaccharides bound to CRD-4. Two resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of CRD-4 that are perturbed on sugar binding are identified as a methyl proton from a leucine side chain in the core of the domain and the H-2 proton of a histidine close to the predicted sugar-binding site. The effects of mutagenesis of this histidine residue, a nearby isoleucine residue and a tyrosine residue previously shown to stack against sugars bound to CRD-4 show the absolute orientation of sugars in the binding site. N-Acetylglucosamine binds to CRD-4 of the mannose receptor in the orientation seen in crystal structures of the CRD of rat liver mannose-binding protein. Mannose binds to CRD-4 in the orientation seen in the CRD of rat serum mannose-binding protein and is rotated by 180 ° relative to GlcNAc bound to CRD-4. Interaction of the O-methyl group and C-1 of α-methyl Fuc with the tyrosine residue accounts for the strong preference of CRD-4 for this anomer of fucose. Both anomers of fucose bind to CRD-4 in the orientation seen in rat liver mannose-binding protein.

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20

Pinto, B. Mario, H. Bernhard Schlegel, and Saul Wolfe. "Bond angle variations in XCY fragments and their relationship to the anomeric effect." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-277.

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The crystal structures of 2-substituted heterocyclohexanes containing exocyclic X and endocyclic Y exhibit systematic variations in their XCY bond angles. When X is in the more stable axial orientation, corresponding to the anomeric effect, the XCY angle is larger than tetrahedral; when X is in the equatorial orientation the XCY angle is smaller than tetrahedral. These geometrical effects are predicted by the perturbational molecular orbital analysis employed previously to account for the existence of the anomeric effect and its variation with changes in X and Y. Abinitio molecular orbital calculations, with full geometry opimization, of selected conformations of XCH2YH molecules also reproduce this geometrical effect.

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21

Heydari, Arash, Ali Teymoori, and Hedayat Nasiri. "Development of Suicidality within Socioeconomic Context: Mediation Effect of Parental Control and Anomie." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 68, no. 1 (February 2014): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.68.1.d.

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Despite some scientific research on suicide as one of the most serious social and mental health problems in Iran, there is still lack of research on the effective structural and socio-familial factors contributing to the issue in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate some of the effective variables conditioning suicidality while also establishing a synthetic model. Three hundred-fifty university students (165 males, 185 females) were randomly chosen from Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. The participants were asked to complete a package of self-report questionnaires including subjective socioeconomic status (SES), feeling of anomie, perceived parental control, and suicidality. The results show that all correlations among variables are significant. For testing the theoretical model, results of standardized regression coefficients suggest that SES has direct effect on suicidality and indirect effect via anomie and parental control. In addition, parental control has direct effects on suicidality and indirect effect via anomie as well. The findings confirm the expected paths hypothesized among variables which are consistent with the theories of Durkheim, Merton, Kohn, and Agnew. It implies that the development of suicidality takes place within socioeconomic context through the influence of parental control and feeling of anomie.

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22

Heydari, Arash, Ali Teymoori, E. F. Haghish, and Behrang Mohamadi. "Influential factors on ethnocentrism: The effect of socioeconomic status, anomie, and authoritarianism." Social Science Information 53, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413517521.

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This study examines the relation of dimensions of ethnocentrism with socio-structural factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), feelings of anomie, and authoritarianism. Using clustered sampling, 500 students were selected from ten high schools in Ahvaz, Iran. Results of structural equation modeling showed that SES has a direct positive effect on ethnocentrism and an indirect effect through anomie and authoritarianism. Similarly, anomie mediates the effect of SES on authoritarianism. Anomie was found to have an indirect effect on dimensions of ethnocentrism via authoritarianism. Findings confirmed the proposed conceptual path model, which is consistent with findings from other countries. The influence of feelings of anomie in the model is highlighted since it has a very important effect on dimensions of ethnocentrism.

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23

Kim, Tae, Young Cho, HoonGyu Park, Tae Lee, and Hakwon Kim. "Comparison of the Inhibitory Activities of 5,6-Dihydroergosterol Glycoside α- and β-Anomers on Skin Inflammation." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020371.

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Chronic skin inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, are associated with a dysfunctional skin barrier due to an increase in various inflammatory stimuli, for instance inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In particular, CCL17 and CCL22 expression is increased in patients with chronic skin inflammation. In this study, we synthesized several α- and β-anomers of dihydroergosterol (DHE)-glycosides and assessed their effects on CCL17 and CCL22 expression. We confirmed that the β-anomers of DHE-glycosides were superior to α-anomers of DHE-glycosides in inhibiting CCL17 and CCL22 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, we determined that DHE-glycoside β-anomers showed strong inhibitory activity towards pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and protein expression, including that of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β- in stimulated HaCaT cells. These results imply that DHE-glycoside α- and β-anomers should be separated during synthesis of drugs for chronic skin inflammation. Our results also suggest that β-anomers of DHE-glycosides may play an important role as new drugs for chronic skin inflammation because of their ability to inhibit the skin inflammatory biomarker proteins CCL17 and CCL22.

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24

Magaud, Didier, René Dolmazon, Daniel Anker, Alain Doutheau, Yves L. Dory, and Pierre Deslongchamps. "Differential Reactivity of α- and β-Anomers of Glycosyl Acceptors in Glycosylations. A Remote Consequence of theendo-Anomeric Effect?" Organic Letters 2, no. 15 (July 2000): 2275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol006039q.

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25

ARNAUD, CELIA. "PROBING THE ANOMERIC EFFECT." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 2 (January 10, 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n002.p005a.

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26

Hati, Sanchita, and Dipankar Datta. "Anomeric effect and hardness." Journal of Organic Chemistry 57, no. 22 (October 1992): 6056–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00048a049.

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27

Maulani, Rijanti Rahaju, Asep Hidayat, and Ujang Dinar Husyari. "Effect of dual chemically modified on functional properties of white corn starch." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 2, 2018): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i1.430.

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The purpose of the research was to study functional properties of dual-modified two varieties of white corn starch, namely Anoman and Pulut. Modifications of white corn starch used two treatment factors, namely hydroxypropylation reaction at two levels of propylene oxide concentration (8% and 10%) followed by crosslinking reactions on two combinations of STMP phosphate compounds and STPP (ratio 1%:4% and 2%:5%). The results showed that the dual modification can improve the functional properties of white corn starch Anoman dan Pulut variety compared with its native. The dual modified white corn starches of Anoman variety significantly different with Anoman variety on the characteristic of pasting properties, water absorption capacity, swelling volume, clarity of paste, and freeze thaw stability.

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28

Wang, Chong Bi, Xiao Dong Kong, and Zhi Qiang Tian. "Evaluation of the Protection Effect on Copper with Different Sacrificial Anodes." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.579.

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Sacrificial anodes performance of three iron alloys was measured by constant current test, The protection effects of iron alloys, zinc alloy and aluminum alloy sacrificial anodes on copper tube were compared and analysed by polarization test. The results show that all three iron alloys appearing well sacrificial anodes performance, with steady working potential, high practical electric capacity and current efficiency, the corrosion is uniform and the corrosion products fall easily. Iron alloys are more suitable for application on the cathodic protection of copper tube due to their more suitable driving voltage and coulpling current compared with zinc alloy and aluminum alloy.

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29

Qu, Dong, Jin Hu, Li Shen, Wei Jun Zhang, and Wei Wang. "The Effect of Acid Etching Process on Surface Morphology and Electrocatalytic Capability of RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂/Ti Anode." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 1663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.1663.

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Titanium substrate was etched by oxalic acid and hydrochloric acid respectively. Then the anodes of RuO2-IrO2-TiO2/Ti were prepared by Pechini method. The surface morphology of anodes was studied with SEM, EDX and XRD. The electrocatalytic capability of anodes was studied by polarization curve and cyclic voltammetry curve. The effect of Acid etching process on anode life was studied by accelerated life test. The results show that there was an obvious effect of acid etching on surface morphology of the anodes. The result indicates that the anode with hydrochloric acid etching have the better electrocatalytic capability and accelerated life.

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30

Chen, Guangwu, Richard W. Franck, Guangli Yang, and Michael Blumenstein. "Anomeric effects of sulfones." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-095.

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The anomeric effect of the sulfone group in tetrahydropyrans has been determined. The value is >2 kcal mol1, which is larger than the A-value of a methyl group but less than the A-value of the sulfone in a tetrahydropyran. Hence, in an unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl sulfone, the equatorial conformer predominates, whereas in a properly substituted methyltetrahydropyranyl sulfone, an axial sulfone is preferred over an axial methyl group.Key words: sulfone, tetrahydropyran, anomeric effect.

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31

Jeong, Jin A., and Chung Kuk Jin. "The Study on the Cathodic Protection Effect of the ICCP Anodes with Exposed Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 681 (October 2014): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.681.218.

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This paper presents the results of the effects of anodes for impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system on reinforced concrete. Experimental tests were carried out on reinforced concrete specimens with 3 different kinds of commercial anodes that are used for ICCP in order for comparative study. Results have shown that the type of anodes is irrelevant to the effectiveness of cathodic protection. CP current similarly flowed to the anodes regardless of anode types in seawater condition. In addition, current was much higher in seawater condition than freshwater and air condition. The results show that titanium rod anode was slightly more effective in fresh water, and titanium mesh anode showed a better performance in atmospheric condition. The potential drop caused by concrete resistance in atmospheric condition should be considered at depolarization potential measurement.

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32

Bauerfeldt, Glauco F., Thiago M. Cardozo, Márcio S. Pereira, and Clarissa O. da Silva. "The anomeric effect: the dominance of exchange effects in closed-shell systems." Org. Biomol. Chem. 11, no. 2 (2013): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob26818c.

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33

Sun, Tao, Xiao Shan Ning, Yong Sheng Han, and He Ping Zhou. "Study on Spark Plasma Sintering of NiAl₂O₄-Metal Inert Anodes." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.771.

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NiAl2O4-metal composite material is an effective candidate for anodes used in industrial production of aluminium as a substitute for graphite anodes. NiAl2O4-Cu-Ni anode was prepared by spark plasma sintering in present paper. According to the density and electrical conductivity of the anodes, the optimal process parameters were given and the result showed that sintering temperature had the most significant influence on the properties of the inert anodes. Moreover, NiO was added to the inert anodes. The results showed that adding NiO will highly increase electrical conductivity of the inert anodes. SEM and optical microscope were applied to study the mechanism of the effect of NiO on the inert anodes.

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34

Wiberg, Kenneth B., William F. Bailey, Kyle M. Lambert, and Zachary D. Stempel. "The Anomeric Effect: It’s Complicated." Journal of Organic Chemistry 83, no. 9 (April 5, 2018): 5242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b00707.

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35

Rahman, M. Abdur, and Bert Fraser-Reid. "Actinobolin via the anomeric effect." Journal of the American Chemical Society 107, no. 19 (September 1985): 5576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00305a068.

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36

Feshin, V. P., and E. V. Feshina. "Geminal interaction and “anomeric effect”." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 78, no. 11 (November 2008): 2142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363208110261.

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37

Apeloig, Yitzhak, and Amnon Stanger. "The anomeric effect at silicon." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 346, no. 3 (June 1988): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(88)80130-x.

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38

Lii, Jenn-Huei, Kuo-Hsiang Chen, Glenn P. Johnson, Alfred D. French, and Norman L. Allinger. "The external-anomeric torsional effect." Carbohydrate Research 340, no. 5 (April 2005): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2005.01.032.

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39

Deng, Jian Qiu, Jin Pan, Tian Chen, Hai Qing Qin, Wen Ping Liu, Qing Rong Yao, Zhong Min Wang, and Huai Ying Zhou. "The Effect of Ge on the Electrochemical Performance of Sn/C Nanocomposite Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 1094 (March 2015): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.229.

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nanosized Sn-Ge/C composite powders were successfully prepared by rocking vibratory ball milling method, and characterized with X-ray powder diffraction and laser particle size analysis method. The electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite anodes was investigated by charge-discharge tests. The results show that Ge exhibits as the elemental form in the nanocomposites. The capacity of nanocomposite anodes can be enhanced by the introduction of micro-sized Ge powders. The Sn90Ge10/C nanocomposite anodes deliver the optimum electrochemical performance, including discharge capacity and cycling stability. However, the relatively fast capacity fade of the nanocompsoite anodes need to be further improved.

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40

Kim, Young-Sook, Se-Hoon Lee, Cheun-Ho Chu, Il-Chai Na, Ho Lee, and Kwon-Pil Park. "Effect of Fabrication Method of Anode on OCV in Enzyme Fuel Cells." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 53, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.1.6.

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41

Lee, Se-Hoon, Byung-Chan Hwang, Hye-Ri Lee, Young-Sook Kim, Cheun-Ho Chu, Il-Chai Na, and Kwon-Pil Park. "Effect of Fabrication Method of Anode on Performance in Enzyme Fuel Cells." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.6.667.

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42

Cai, Chao, Lihao Wang, Fei Fan, Haotian Wu, Lei Gao, Ping Zhang, Tiantian Sun, Chendong Yang, and Guangli Yu. "Effect of Anomeric Configuration on Stereocontrolled α-Glycosylation of l-Fucose." Synlett 29, no. 20 (November 23, 2018): 2701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611311.

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In this letter, we report an approach to the stereoselective α-glycosylation of l-fucose that is exemplified by effect of anomeric configuration. The neighboring group participation is not compatible with α-glycosylation of l-fucose, therefore the remote participation by 4-O-Bz was employed to control the formation of 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. Furthermore, we found the anomeric configuration of fucose donor is crucial to stereoselectivity of the glycosylated products. The α/β-mixed products were generated by using β-anomeric donor while the glycosyl donor in α configuration yielded products in high α-selectivity possibly due to the distinct pathway to forming the key intermediates. This phenomenon supplies the basis for the synthesis of complicated natural carbohydrates containing fucose α-glycoside, such as fucoidans, fucosylated N-glycans, and fucosylated chondroitin sulfates, etc.

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43

Grein, F., and P. Deslongchamps. "The anomeric and reverse anomeric effect. A simple energy decomposition model for acetals and protonated acetals." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-192.

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Geometry optimizations at the 6-31G** level were performed on various conformers of XHmCH2YHn and XHmCH2YHn+I+ (protonated), with X, Y = N, O. The resulting anomeric stabilization energies were decomposed into steric, electrostatic (lone pair – lone pair, lone pair – hydrogen), and electronic contributions. Using approximate values for steric and electrostatic terms, the electronic energy was determined to be about −2 kcal/mol for the anomeric effect to arise from O, and −2.5 kcal/mol if it arises from N. For protonated systems, an additional energy term for the reverse anomeric effect had to be added, having a value of −4 kcal/mol for O in OH-CH2-NH3+ and −5 kcal/mol for N in NH2C-H2-NH3+. The anomeric effect due to N drives NH2-CH2-OH2+ to a charge-dipole complex of the type NH2=CH2+… OH2. The energy parameters obtained have been applied to predict relative stabilities of various conformers of methanetriol, aminomethanediol, and protonated methanetriol, with good success.

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44

Mawhinney, Robert C., Heidi M. Muchall, and Jean Lessard. "A theoretical analysis of the conformational behaviour of substituted methylenecyclohexanes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-137.

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The use of the PBE0 hybrid density functional theory method in conjunction with the COSMO solvation model allowed us to reproduce, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the experimentally observed conformational compositions of 2-substituted and 2,7-disubstituted methylenecyclohexanes. An analysis revealed several different interactions that influence the overall equilibrium. It was found that the endo (general) anomeric effect plays a significant role in the equilibrium and that the "unsaturation effect" possibly comprises two effects.Key words: conformational analysis, methylenecyclohexanes, anomeric effect, unsaturation effect.

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45

Glover, Stephen, and Adam Rosser. "Heteroatom Substitution at Amide Nitrogen—Resonance Reduction and HERON Reactions of Anomeric Amides." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112834.

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This review describes how resonance in amides is greatly affected upon substitution at nitrogen by two electronegative atoms. Nitrogen becomes strongly pyramidal and resonance stabilisation, evaluated computationally, can be reduced to as little as 50% that of N,N-dimethylacetamide. However, this occurs without significant twisting about the amide bond, which is borne out both experimentally and theoretically. In certain configurations, reduced resonance and pronounced anomeric effects between heteroatom substituents are instrumental in driving the HERON (Heteroatom Rearrangement On Nitrogen) reaction, in which the more electronegative atom migrates from nitrogen to the carbonyl carbon in concert with heterolysis of the amide bond, to generate acyl derivatives and heteroatom-substituted nitrenes. In other cases the anomeric effect facilitates SN1 and SN2 reactivity at the amide nitrogen.

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46

Hansen, Eric, Elaine Limé, Per-Ola Norrby, and Olaf Wiest. "Anomeric Effects in Sulfamides." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 120, no. 20 (May 10, 2016): 3677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02757.

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47

Cramer, Christopher J., Anne-Marie Kelterer, and Alfred D. French. "When anomeric effects collide." Journal of Computational Chemistry 22, no. 11 (August 2001): 1194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.1077.

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48

Renner, Jens, Irma Kruszelnicki, Beata Adamiak, Anthony C. Willis, Edward Hammond, Stephen Su, Christopher Burns, Edward Trybala, Vito Ferro, and Martin G. Banwell. "The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Two Analogues of the C-Riboside Showdomycin." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 2 (2005): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04273.

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Two novel analogues, 2 and 3, of the C-riboside showdomycin (1) have been prepared by exploiting the N-TIPS-substituted pyrrole 7 as a synthetic equivalent for the maleimide C3 anion. The tetraacetate precursor, 12, of target 2 as well as target 3 itself were subjected to single-crystal X-ray analyses. Analogues 2 and 3 as well as showdomycin and its anomer (4) have each been evaluated in various assays for their cytotoxic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral effects.

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49

Li, Lingyao, Jun Wang, Melissa Obrinske, Ian Milligan, Kylie O'Hara, Lindsay Bitterman, and Wenjun Du. "Syntheses of sugar poly(orthoesters) through reverse anomeric effect." Chemical Communications 51, no. 32 (2015): 6972–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc00332f.

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50

Luo, Dan, Guan Qing Wang, Xue Feng Huang, and Jiang Rong Xu. "The Influence of the NiO Content on the Microstructure and Property of IT-SOFC Anodes." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3330.

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Intermediate temperature SOFC anode/electrolyte plates are made by pechini methods. The structural property of GDC anodes in IT-SOFC was studied. The effect of the synthesizing technology, of the original powder used and that of the sintering temperature, as well as other factors, on crystallization and catalytic activation of anodes have been studied. Results indicate that shrinkage of sintered anode supports with 35％NiO contents lower than that of 50％NiO contents. The effect of porosity of sintered anodes with different NiO contents as a function of sintering temperature was investigated as well. The good sintering kinetics of the GDC anode ceramics were obtained based on the NiO contents control.

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