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1
Witczak, Anna. "“Doe wat ik schrijf, anders gaat zij eraan…” Contrastieve analyse van anonieme brieven in het Pools en in het Nederlands." Neerlandica Wratislaviensia 34 (December 29, 2023): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-0716.34.5.
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This article deals with the topic of anonymous extortion letters. Anonymous extortion letters are a challenge for linguists and criminal intelligence services and raise a whole range of questions that ultimately allow a creation of the psycholinguistic portrait of the possible author/-perpetrator. One of these questions concerns the emotional layer of the anonymous letter and the way anonymous authors express their emotions in language. This article describes a specific type of speech genre, which is anonymous extortion letter and analyses, in short, emotions in language. The last part presents the author’s own research, focusing on the characteristics of simulated and falsified extortion letters in the Dutch and Polish languages.
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Cooper, Lesley. "Teaching letters." Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v6i2.328.
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This article presents a hypothetical series of letters from an anonymous social work student at Flinders University describing their learning. The student is writing to Charles–Louis de Sécondat, Baron de la Br ède et de Montesquieu, in keeping with the Baron’s famous, anonymously published Lettres persanes (Persian Letters). The student’s letters highlight the progress of education in general and social work education in particular from the 18th Century to the present time. They illustrate the author’s approach to teaching and learning, and some of her strategies for effectively teaching social planning and social work ethics.Montesquieu wrote his Lettres persanes in 1721 as a vehicle for commenting on life and culture in contemporary France. This paper presents a series of hypothetical letters to Montesquieu from a social work student at Flinders University describing her learning. These letters were presented at the Australian Universities Teaching Committee National Teaching Forum in 2002 to convey the educator’s approach to teaching. While the letters conclude with a peroration in which the educator outlines the conceptual framework underlying her teaching, the article concludes with a reply from ‘Montesquieu’ on the letters and the student’s response.
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Beckman-Brito, Kristina I. "Framing Anonymous Grievances as Letters of Complaint." Verbum et Lingua, no. 5 (December 30, 2014): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/vel.vi5.41.
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This paper examined seven anonymous letters written to employees of a high-end grocery store in the Northeastern United States. Written and mailed over a span of five years, the initial letters complained about work issues while the latter ones escalated to include death threats. Under question was whether the letters were written by the same author. As no samples from any suspects were available, a framework for comparative analysis among the source documents was used. This study demonstrated how all seven letters shared similar features when analyzed as letters of complaint
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Krasheninnikova, Ol’ga A. "ANONYMOUS LETTERS OF THE 18TH СENTURY AS A FACT OF LITERATURE." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 1 (2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-1-102-108.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of a special genre of «people’s journalism» of the 18th century – a genre of so-called letters placed stealthily that were widely spread in Russia in the fi rst half of the 18th century and have never become the subject of special research. These rare, anonymous, preserved mainly in manuscript form monuments of literature, according to the author, can be rightfully attributed to the genre of fi ction. The article highlights the characteristic genre features of the swept letter, lists various thematic groups of such letters. As the most striking example of works in this genre the author analyses the content of the famous anonymous letter as of 1732, an outstanding work of journalism of the era of Anna Ioannovna, devoted to criticism of the Church heretics and Ernst Johann von Biron. Investigation of the 1732 letter had been conducted in the Secret Chancellery for years and came to nothing. In the text of the letter, heterogeneous in its content, the features of various literary traditions are traced – high book-biblical vocabulary and motifs coming from the traditions of the old believers accusatory and agitation literature. The most likely candidate for authorship of the letter is, according to our hypothesis, the former Director of the fi rst St. Petersburg printing house Mikhail Avramov (1681-1752), a gifted writer and publicist, associate and adherent of Archimandrite Markell Radyshevskiy (†1742), the leader of the conservative Church opposition of the fi rst third of the 18th century.
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Nicolini, Mary B. "Chatting with Letters: Developing Empathy and Critical Literacy through Writing Communities." English Journal 97, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej20086323.
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High school teacher Mary B. Nicolini designed an assignment that allows sophomore and senior students to examine an issue through an exchange of anonymous letters. Letter writing provides an opportunity for dialogue between peers, helping students critically explore questions about their assigned texts through a safe, informal medium.
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DE VOOGD, PETER. "Italian Letters." Shandean 31, no. 1 (November 2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/shandean.2020.31.15.
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Allen, Mary J., and Beth M. Rienzi. "International Attitudes toward Americans." Psychological Reports 70, no. 2 (April 1992): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.2.477.
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The lost-letter technique was used to analyze European and American attitudes toward an anonymous American citizen. Analysis of the return rates (55%, range 43 to 76%) for the 270 dropped letters suggested that Europeans and Americans have similar attitudes toward Americans, and these attitudes are not affected by nationality, city size, or recent political change.
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Goddard, Chris. "If Big Brother is watching, let’s tell him what we think: Education is a child’s right." Children Australia 24, no. 3 (1999): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200009275.
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The mail I receive is both one of the best and one of the worst things about writing this contribution to Children Australia and other pieces for journals and the broader media. The letters I receive raise a number of questions. Why are abusive letters so often written in red or green ink? Or both? Why do abusive letters use so many CAPITAL LETTERS and exclamation marks?!! Why are abusive letters so often anonymous?
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Varvaro, Mario. "Two rediscovered letters by Niebuhr from 23rd September 1816 and an anonymous publication in the 'Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung'." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 80, no. 1-2 (2012): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181912x626966.
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AbstractIn the archives of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften two letters by Barthold Georg Niebuhr of September 1816 are preserved which have never been published in a scholarly edition. The present transcription of the text is diplomatical. Furthermore the letters are examined in their historical context. The use made of these letters in an anonymous publication in the same year in the Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung is also discussed.
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Price, Alan R., Frederick Adolf Paola, Tariq K. Malik, and Robert M. Walker. "Anonymous poison pen Letters VS Allegation of Scientific Misconduct." Academic Medicine 73, no. 10 (October 1998): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199810000-00001.
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Bochkarev, Mikhail Mikhailovich. "On the authorship of a letter to V. A. Zhukovsky about the death of A. I. Turgenev." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2023): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.3.40638.
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The sudden death on December 3, 1845 of the famous public figure, historian and writer Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev caused a lot of sympathetic responses. Many «mournful» letters were received by an old friend of the deceased, the poet V. A. Zhukovsky. This article attempts to prove for the first time that the author of one anonymous letter sent to Zhukovsky was Turgenev's close friend Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Sverbeeva. This assumption is justified by comparing «the letter of an unknown person about the death of A. I. Turgenev» with other letters of A. I. Turgenev's friends and acquaintances (both published and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time). The first part of the article describes the relationship of A. I. Turgenev with the Sverbeev family; the second part compares «the letter of an unknown person» with the letters of N. A. Melgunov to V. A. Zhukovsky; the third part compares «the letter of an unknown person» and one of the messages of E. A. Sverbeeva to A. N. Popov. As a result of the conducted research, it can be stated with full confidence that the author of «the letter of an unknown person» was E. A. Sverbeeva. Firstly, it is clear from the usage of words in the compared letters that the addressee was in close friendly relations with A. I. Turgenev (the case of E. A. Sverbeeva); secondly, «the letter of an unknown person», the letters of N. A. Melgunov and E. A. Sverbeeva have several similar plots and textual coincidences. The materials used in the article may be useful in the further development of the topic of A. I. Turgenev's relations with the Sverbeev family, as well as expand and detail the idea of the intellectual atmosphere in Moscow of the Nicholas time. The article also touches upon the general problems of the methodology of source studies: questions about possible ways to find the author of the document and the limits of using the comparative method in the analysis of epistolary sources.
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McCluskey, Michael, and Jay Hmielowski. "Opinion expression during social conflict: Comparing online reader comments and letters to the editor." Journalism 13, no. 3 (September 14, 2011): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884911421696.
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News outlets serve democratic norms by providing a wide range of viewpoints, including opinions from the public. This study examined opinion expression in online reader posts and letters to the editor in a community facing social conflict. Analysis of opinion expression about the Jena Six showed more balance in both the range and tone of opinions from online reader comments than reader letters. Online posts more often challenged community institutions than did letters. Ability to post anonymous comments, the absence of media gatekeepers and a younger audience are potential reasons why online reader comments differed from reader letters.
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Stefec, Rudolf S. "Die Briefe des Gregorios Chioniades." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 115, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1031–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2022-0050.
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Abstract The present study offers a new critical edition of fifteen letters of the bishop of Tabrīz Gregory Chioniades (fl. ca. 1300) and of one further anonymous letter, all preserved in the manuscript Vind. theol. gr. 203, as well as the first edition of yet another letter penned by Chioniades and preserved in the manuscript New York, Columbia University, Smith Western, Add. 10. An attempt at the reconstruction of Chioniades’ career is made, and the content of his letters is analysed, especially with a view to exploring the cultural and political history of the Empire of Trebizond. Codex Vind. hist. gr. 4, the archetype of the medieval tradition of Arrianos’ Anabasis and Indike and one of the most important Greek manuscripts held by the Austrian National Library (ÖNB), is shown to have belonged to Gregory Chioniades and to have passed through the hands of several owners in Trebizond before reaching Constantinople via Demetrios Angelos, a physician and copyist active in the Ottoman capital shortly after the Turkish conquest.
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Mudiyanselage, Irangani, and Madhvi Belgamwar. "A study to improve the quality of writing clinic letters to patients attending the outpatient clinic." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.565.
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AimsIn many countries (including the UK and Australia) it is still common practice for hospital doctors to write letters to patients’ general practitioners (GPs) following outpatient consultations, and for patients to receive copies of these letters. However, experience suggests that hospital doctors who have changed their practice to include writing letters directly to patients have more patient centred consultations and experience smoother handovers with other members of their multidisciplinary teams. (Rayner et al, BMJ 2020)The aim of the study was to obtain patient's views to improve the quality of clinical letters sent to them, hence the level of communication and standards of care.MethodAn anonymous questionnaire was designed and posted to collect information from patients attending one of the South County Mental Health outpatient clinic in Derbyshire. 50 random patients were selected between March to November 2020. Patients were asked to provide suggestions to improve the quality of their clinic letters written directly to them and copies sent to their GPs.ResultOut of 50 patients 48% (n = 24) responded. Majority of patients (92%) expressed their wish to receive their clinic letters written directly to them and 79% preferred to be addressed as a second person in the letters. More than half (54%, N = 13) of them would like to have letter by post. Majority of them (92%, N = 22) wished to have their letter within a week of their consultations.Patients attending clinics felt that the communication could be better improved through writing clearly: a) reflection of what was discussed during the consultation b) updated diagnosis c) a clear follow-up plan d) current level of support e) medication change f) emergency contact numbers g) actions to be carried out by their GP and further referrals should there be any.ConclusionPatients in community prefer to have their clinic letters directly addressing them in second person. It was noted that the letters needed to reflect accurately on what was discussed during the consultation in order to have patient centered consultations. This in turn would improve communication and thus rapport, trust and overall therapeutic relationship.
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Dunn, James D. G. "Prolegomena to a Theology of Paul." New Testament Studies 40, no. 3 (July 1994): 407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500012649.
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We are in a better position to write a theology of Paul than the theology of anyone else for the first hundred years of Christianity. In contrast, though a theology of Jesus would be the more fascinating, we have nothing first-hand from Jesus which can provide such a secure starting point. The theologies of the Evangelists are almost equally problematic, since their focus on the ministry and teaching of Jesus makes their own theology that much more allusive. Moreover, in two at least of the four cases we have only one document to use; we can speak with some confidence of the theology of that document, but the theology of its anonymous author remains tantalisingly intangible. So too with the other NT letters: either we have only one letter from a particular pen, or the author is unknown, or the letter is too short for us to get much of a handle on its theology, or all three; a theology of 1 Peter is never going to have the depth and breadth of a theology of Paul. Within the first century of Christianity the closest parallel is Ignatius, where, arguably, there are as many genuine letters; but even so we are talking about seven letters written over a very short period, all but one to a relatively small area, in similar circumstances and on a limited range of themes.
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Taxidis, Ilias. "À la recherche de l’auteur de sept lettres inconnues: la collection épistolographique du codex Vat. gr. 1020." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 112, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2019-0009.
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Abstract F. 1v-9v of the codex Vat. gr. 1020, which is dated to the first half of the 14th century, contains seven unknown and anonymous letters, the last one mutilated. In this study, at first, the ascription of the letters to Maximus Neamonites as proposed by the database of the PINAKES is rejected, and a number of assumptions are made concerning the name of their writer in the light of the little prosopographical information offered. The content is studied, as well as the style of the letters and their place in the literary context of the Palaiologan Rennaisance of the 13th-14th centuries. A critical edition of the letters completes the article.
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Reader, Bill. "An Ethical "Blind Spot": Problems of Anonymous Letters to the Editor." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme2001_5.
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Barbaro, A., P. Cormaci, A. Teatino, A. La Marca, and A. Barbaro. "Anonymous letters? DNA and fingerprints technologies combined to solve a case." Forensic Science International 146 (December 2004): S133—S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.039.
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Seidel, Robert. "Supplex Libellus / Aller vnderthenigiste Supplication." Daphnis 50, no. 2-3 (July 21, 2022): 276–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-12340048.
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Abstract After the Battle of White Mountain (November 8, 1620), a series of satirical propaganda writings were published against Frederick V of the Palatinate, who had triggered the Thirty Years’ War with his thoughtless takeover of the Bohemian crown. Several of these writings presented themselves as parodic letters of complaint from the ‘Winter King’ to opponents of the war or to (former) allies. In each case, the aim was to ridicule the young monarch’s military inexperience, political ignorance and grotesque hubris. There is a fictitious letter published in both a Latin (Supplex libellus) and German version (Aller vnderthenigiste Supplication) at the beginning of 1621, which was addressed to Emperor Ferdinand II. In complete misjudgment of the military and political situation, Frederick V strives for far-reaching compensation for the defeat he has suffered and has absurd visions in which he even sees himself as a future Roman King. This study first outlines the historical and publicistic context of the letters, then gives a brief summary and finally offers a comparative analysis of the two texts. It pursues a literary approach and investigates the extent to which the satirical intention of the anonymous authors is supported by the choice of letter fiction.
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Hayes, Melanie, and Leela Cejnar. "Evaluating Alternative Work-Integrated Learning Opportunities: Student Perceptions of Interdisciplinary Industry-Based Projects." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 17, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.17.4.7.
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Industry and Community Project Units (ICPU) are a work-integrated learning (WIL) initiative designed to provide an interdisciplinary, project-based experience for students based on real-world industry problems. With any new program, reflecting on the course delivery is essential for future quality improvement. Brookfield (2017) has suggested many student-centred approaches through which we can reflect on teaching practice, including Letters to Successors, whereby current students reflect on their experience and provide guidance for surviving and thriving the course, in a letter to future students. This study aimed to analyse the anonymous Letters to Successors penned by four separate ICPU cohorts, to understand students’ perceptions of undertaking interdisciplinary, industry-based projects. The text within the Letters to Successors was analysed adopting a thematic analysis, using a realist and inductive approach. Four key themes were identified in the letters: working with others, focusing on tasks, having fun, and the unique experience. The students were overwhelmingly positive in describing their experience and were grateful for the opportunity to participate in a unit unlike others in their degree programs. Many of the skills and behaviours the students attributed to success align with the transferable skills required to develop their employability; this demonstrates the value of this non-placement WIL initiative as an alternative for traditionally lengthy placements or internships that can be burdensome for both student and industry. Further research to expand our findings, or to alternatively explore the views of staff and industry partners, would be valuable in ongoing evaluations of interdisciplinary, industry-based projects as an alternative model of WIL.
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Сидоркина, Т. С. "British Intellectuals and the British Government: Junius vs Grafton Administration (1768–1770)." Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, no. 4(69) (February 16, 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.69.4.006.
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В статье рассматривается процесс развертывания борьбы известного анонимного публициста Юниуса с администрацией герцога Графтона с ноября 1768 года по январь 1770. Издатель журнала “The Public Advertiser”, в котором печатались письма Юниуса, в 1772 году опубликовал их и ответы некоторых оппонентов анонимного автора в сборнике “Stat Nominis Umbra”, оставив широкое поле для исследований будущим поколениям историков. «Письма Юниуса» до сих пор не переведены на русский язык. Это объясняется, с одной стороны, трудностями интерпретации иносказательности текста, с другой — сложностью исторического контекста, связанного с ситуацией политического кризиса в Британии на рубеже 60–70-х годов XVIII века. В статье на основании текста писем Юниуса реконструирован персональный состав кабинета герцога Графтона, обстоятельства прихода его к власти, а также показана слабость правительства в решении двух принципиально важных вопросов этого периода — дело Уилкса и кризис в английских североамериканских колониях. Кульминацией карьеры Юниуса является письмо XXXV, в котором анонимный автор посмел обратиться к самому Георгу III и попытаться навязать ему свои советы. После этого в январе 1770 года герцог Графтон подает в отставку, оставив тем самым в победителях своего главного политического соперника. The article focuses on the confrontation between an anonymous publicist known to the general public as Junius and the Duke of Grafton, the prime minister of the United Kingdom. The confrontation started in November 1768 and finished in 1770. The anonymous writer Junius contributed his public letters to the Public Advertiser, a London newspaper which later, in 1772, published the letters and some answers of Junius’ opponents in the Letters of Junius: Stat Nominis Umbra. The book, which contains valuable historical information, remains untranslated into Russian. Its allegorical and figurative language makes the book highly difficult to translate. Moreover, it is exceptionally difficult to render in translation the intricacies of the historical background, namely of the political crisis Britain was involved in at the turn of the 1760s–1770s. The article analyzes the letters of Junius to reconstruct the cabinet composition and the circumstances of the Duke of Grafton’s rise to power. The analysis shows that the Grafton ministry failed to solve two crucial problems of the time, namely the Wilkes case and the crisis in Britain’s North American colonies. The turning point in Junius’ career was his letter XXXV, in which he addressed the prime minister himself and sought to impose his advice on the 3rdDuke of Grafton. After that in January 1770, the Duke of Grafton resigned from his post recognizing defeat from his major political adversary.
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Farinelli, Patrizia. "The historical testimonial value of anonymous letters about the events in Ljubljana during the first French occupation (1797)." Kronika 71, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.71.2.06.
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An anonymous text, published by Ljubljana’s publisher Wilhelm Heinrich Korn in 1797, recounts in German dialect the events of the first French occupation of Carniola—and specifically of its capital—in epistolary form. This paper aims to highlight the value of the letters as historical testimony and to provide an analysis of their content and style, emphasizing above all the perspective embraced by their author. The analysis shows that the lively discourse developed by the anonymous citizen from Ljubljana shifts between empathy for his fellow citizens, who experienced severe hardship, and an ironic attitude towards the occupiers; he avoids, however, celebrating the former and condemning the latter with words that may acquire an explicit political value.
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Carlesson Magalhães, Jens. "‘Only the murder accusations are missing’." Nordisk judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 34, no. 1 (June 19, 2023): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.122604.
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In 1848, the Götheborgs Dagblad newspaper was revived after a ten-year gap, and launched the anonymous submission column entitled ‘Anonyma Lådan’ (the Anonymous Box). In January and February 1849, many antisemitic letters and articles were published in the Swedish newspapers. Some letters defending Jews and Judaism were published in both ‘Anonyma Lådan’ and Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning. Short of blood libel, the antisemitic side accused Jews of typical anti-Jewish stereotypes: for example, greed, hypocrisy and Jewish hatred of Christianity. Anti-antisemitic writers proclaimed a Christian identity that was based on humanism, stating that one could not be a true Christian if one attacked and hated Jews and Judaism. The Jewish congregation in Gothenburg and the society Judiska Intresset (The Jewish Cause) both chose a non-engaged approach to the antisemitic attacks in the newspaper, since it was not respectable to engage in such debates and, in their view, it would only cause more anti-Jewish sentiments if they did so. In this article, it is argued that the reasons behind the attacks were societal changes, but also, more importantly, that with ‘Anonyma Lådan’, antisemitic sentiments found a platform where such sentiments could be freely expressed.
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Skiperskikh, Aleksandr Vladimirovich. "Материальная культура как объект протестного письма: политический контекст." Świat Idei i Polityki 13, no. 1 (2014): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201412.
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The classical understanding of the political process as the interaction of political actors and the relations of power can be supplemented by the understanding of the political process as a creation of political texts. Thus, political actors may also compete with each other for the right to represent and legitimize specific political meanings. In non-democratic political regimes with restricted and limited space for real competition between political actors, the formal, institutionalized political process can be articulated through the production of informal meaning. In this case, political protest texts immediately acquires certain specific features – the ability to be updated in moments of political transformation, the attraction to the periphery, anonymous and allegory. In this study, the author focuses on the forms of protest letters which manifest themselves in the material culture of the city, and determines possible trends in the development of political protest letter as a genre.
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Figurska, Małgorzata, Anna Matysik-Wożniak, Joanna Adamiec-Mroczek, Joanna Dolar-Szczasny, Marta Misiuk-Hojło, Sławomir Teper, Anna Święch-Zubilewicz, Magdalena Ulińska, Robert Rejdak, and Marek Rękas. "One-year outcomes of the Polish treatment program for the wet form of age-related macular degeneration using intravitreal therapy." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 3 (April 29, 2020): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119874598.
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Purpose: To report 12-month outcomes of a Polish National Treatment Program using aflibercept and ranibizumab in eyes with wet, age-related macular degeneration in routine clinical practice. Material and Methods: This was a non-randomized, retrospective, observational multicenter study. Anonymous data contained in the electronic Therapeutic Program Monitoring System were utilized in this study. Results: The study population consisted of 2828 eyes from 2718 patients. The median age was 76.0 [70.0, 81.0] years; 61.7% were female. Best corrected visual acuity increased from 58.86 [50.05, 69.95] letters to 65.1 [50.1, 73.9] letters (p < 0.001). The median change in best corrected visual acuity was 0.0 [−4.0, 12.2] letters: 2.9 [−2.9, 15.1] letters for treatment-naïve eyes and 0.0 [−4.0, 8.8] letters for those continuing treatment (p < 0.001). The median central retinal thickness was significantly reduced from 341.0 [281.0, 422.0] to 275.0 [221.0, 344.0] μm (p < 0.001). The median number of visits was 9.0 [8.0, 9.0]. The median number of injections was 7.0 [6.0, 8.0]: 8.0 [7.0, 8.0] for treatment-naïve eyes and 6.0 [5.0, 7.0] for those continuing treatment (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Eyes treated as part of the Polish therapeutic program gained functional stability and morphological improvement. Treatment-naïve eyes showed the greatest functional benefit.
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Baird, Grayson L., Elizabeth H. Dibble, Martha B. Mainiero, Randy C. Miles, and Ana P. Lourenco. "Dense Breast Notification Letters: What Do Breast Radiologists Think?" Journal of Breast Imaging 2, no. 3 (April 18, 2020): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbaa010.
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Abstract Objective The Food and Drug Administration is currently creating national standards for language used in letters sent to women after mammography concerning dense breasts. The purpose of the current study is to survey breast radiologists on their opinions about language to be included in dense breast notification (DBN) letters. Methods An anonymous survey (17 questions and 10 open-ended response fields) was sent to Society of Breast Imaging members between May 2019 and June 2019. Analyses were conducted using a chi-square test and the generalized linear model. Results A total of 262 surveys were completed (25% response rate). The majority of breast radiologists believe letters should be sent to patients (91%), with most (66%) believing that patients should receive DBN letters regardless of having dense breasts or not. The majority of breast radiologists believe DBNs should be sent to referring physicians (69%), include statements that define masking (89%), inform patients that dense breasts are associated with cancer risk (77%), inform patients about the possible benefits of supplemental screening (86%), be written at the sixth- or eighth-grade reading level (92%), and should be provided in other languages in addition to English (89%); half of the respondents (51%) believe the letters should contain BI-RADS density descriptors. Conclusion There is consensus that patients and referring physicians should receive DBN letters and that those letters should address masking, increased cancer risk, and supplemental screening. Respondents believe the letters should be written at a sixth- or eighth-grade reading level.
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Shelton, Donald C. "Lost in the Scotch Mist – New Attributions to Tobias Smollett." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 77–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.9-1-4.
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The year 2021 is the tercentenary of the birth of the Scottish author, Tobias Smollett, and a suitable occasion to reassess his career; wherein conventional wisdom credits him with no literary works prior to 1746. For his early career it is necessary to look into anonymous works, with those published in London in 1730-1770 largely unresearched; and their anonymity a blurry window into history. An estimate of those separately published, or as contributions within periodicals, derives a corpus of 20,000 anonymous works: essays, poems, letters, plays, satires, novels, politics, and histories. In seeking to pierce the fog of anonymity, some 5,000 of those have been reviewed, as part of a decade of research into the early career of Smollett; with the extensive, open access, research notes freely available to scholars. That research reveals him as a prolific, but anonymous, author who contributed to London periodicals from c.1731, and published individual works from c.1733. Analysis across a range of genuine or spurious imprints, revealed a distinctive style which allows tracing of his literary DNA. From the decade of research, this essay selects a score of works describing travels or events, mainly in Scotland, around the time of the Jacobite Rebellion, and presents pro forma cases for their attribution to Smollett. Keywords: anonymous works, spurious imprints, satire, author attribution, Scottish literature, Jacobite Rebellion, Tobias Smollett
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Moss, Eloise. "Penning Poison: a history of anonymous letters Penning Poison: a history of anonymous letters , by Emily Cockayne, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2023, 299 pp., £20.00/$25.00 (hardback), ISBN: 9780198795056." Social History 49, no. 3 (July 2, 2024): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2024.2352240.
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Bajda, Łukasz. "Polowania w Karpatach Wschodnich w świetle relacji zamieszczanych na łamach czasopisma „Łowiec”." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 12 (December 1, 2020): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.12.2020.12.05.
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Hunting in the Eastern Carpathians in the light of the reports published in the magazine “Łowiec”
“Łowiec” (“Hunter”), the monthly magazine of the Galician Hunting Society issued since 1878, regularly published texts on hunting in the Eastern Carpathians. The hunting appeal of the region was raised by the relatively large brown bear population. The magazine published both longer articles by famous writers and journalists as well as short letters and reports by often anonymous correspondents.
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Bulas, Ryszarda. "Grzegorz Wielki w anglosaskiej Brytanii i celtyckiej Irlandii." Vox Patrum 44 (March 30, 2003): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.8083.
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The article is the short compendium of the information about Gregory the Great's connections in the 7th-12th century period. Connections with Britain: Augustine's Mission, Gregory's model of the evangelization, the conception of religious function of the art (visual recollection, icons), the earliest "Life of Gregory" ( by anonymous monk from Whitby, Bede Venerabilis). Connections with Irltand: Laidcen's "Egloga de Morabilibus Job", Columban's letters to Gregory, "Regiula pastoralis", paschal controversy, irish manuscripts (9th-12th century) with allusions to Gregory's writings.
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Rice, James L. "Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva in Unpublished Letters to Her Son Ivan (1838-1844)." Slavic Review 56, no. 1 (1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500652.
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—V. P. Turgeneva to Ivan Sergeevich, Spasskoe, 30 July 1838On the eve of World War I the St. Petersburg Public Library acquired, from an anonymous donor, 124 letters from V. P. Turgeneva to her son, Ivan Sergeevich, written from 1838 to 1844. His side of the correspondence is not extant, but his youthful personality is often vividly evoked by his mother’s words, and his letters are reflected and occasionally quoted in hers. These letters from the hand of V. P. would comprise, an archivist once observed, a thick book.1 During the era they represent, I. S. (“Milyi drug i syn, Vanichka,” somewhat more frequently “Mon cher Jean”) entered Berlin University to study philosophy, traveled in Europe, published twenty short poems and the comic verse narrative Parasha, met Vissarion Belinskii and became his friend, began his lifelong friendship with the Viardots, was first stricken with gallstones and other complaints, published his first story (already mature and polished, “Andrei Kolosov“), and wrote part of a work of fiction now seen as a key to his creativity (“Perepiska,” published in 1856).
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Смоленцева, Т. С. "Junius’ Letter to the King on the Question of Free Speech in Britain in the 1760s – 1770s." Диалог со временем, no. 87(87) (June 15, 2024): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2024.87.87.027.
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Статья посвящена публицистической деятельности известного британского анонимного автора Юниуса, написавшего на рубеже 60–70-х гг. XVIII в. 61 открытое письмо в адрес правительства. Письма публиковались в популярном периодическом издании «The Public Advertiser» с 1768 по 1772 гг. и представляли собой развернутую критику проводимой политики в Шотландии, Ирландии и Английских североамериканских колониях. Особое место в письмах занимал казус Уилкса, радикального журналиста, подвергнутого гонениям за критику короля в прессе. В этом казусе Юниус, не испытывавший к Уилксу никаких симпатий, видел притеснение «естественных прав» народа Британии. В данной статье представлен перевод с комментариями тридцать пятого письма Юниуса (XXXV), адресованного королю Георгу III. Прямое обращение к королю, с точки зрения Юниуса, было последним аргументом в его борьбе с коррумпированным и презревшем букву английской конституции правительством герцога Графтона. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что письмо от 19 декабря 1769 г. являлось кульминационными в карьере Юниуса и оказало существенное влияние на дальнейшие политические события. The article is devoted to the journalistic activity of the famous British anonymous author Junius, who wrote sixty-one open letters to the government at the turn of the 60-70s of the XVIII century. The letters were published in the popular journal “The Public Advertiser” from 1768 to 1772 and were a detailed criticism of the policy pursued in Scotland, Ireland, and the English North American colonies. A special place in the letters was occupied by the incident of radical journalist J. Wilkes, who was persecuted for criticizing the king in the press. In this incident, Junius, who had no sympathy for Wilkes, saw the oppression of the “natural rights” of the people of Britain. This article presents a translation with comments of the thirty-fifth letter of Junius (XXXV) addressed to King George III. A direct appeal to the king, from the point of view of Junius, was the last argument in his fight against the corrupt and despised the letter of the English constitution by the government of the Duke of Grafton. The author of the article concludes that the letter dated December 19, 1769, was the culmination in Junius' career and had a significant impact on further political events.
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Piercy, Fred P. "Ethnocentrism and beyond: Letters between a family therapist and an advocate of alcoholics anonymous." Contemporary Family Therapy 13, no. 5 (October 1991): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00890502.
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Zakharova, Olga. "Attribution in the Statistics Mirror Anonymous Articles in the “Vremya” and “Epokha” Journals Published by the Dostoevsky Brothers’." Неизвестный Достоевский 8, no. 2 (July 2021): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j10.art.2021.5481.
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The attribution of content of Vremya (Time) and Epokha (Epoch) journals, in which many anonymous and pseudonymous articles have been published, presents many challenges for the researchers. In the XIX–XX centuries, a corpus of texts, which were unambiguously attributed to F. M. Dostoevsky, M. M. Dostoevsky, A. A. Grigoriev, N. N. Strakhov and other Vremya and Epokha authors, was formed on the basis of traditional documentary (letters, payroll, income and expense book, memoirs), ideological and thematic and stylistic evidence. The following types of texts were isolated within the corpus of anonymous and pseudonymous articles, author's and collective articles, editorial inserts, notes; by type of writing - authorship, co-authorship, editing and adaptation of others texts. Modern methods of statistical analysis of formal grammatical and syntactic parameters in the text can provide sufficient grounds for expanding the source attribution base. This article presents the results of a study of a number of anonymous articles in the Dostoevsky brothers' journals using three statistical methods of attribution: linguistic and statistical analysis according to the G. Kjetsaa's method, the Transformer neural network and the Random forest algorithm. These results need to be correlated; they should be taken into account as complementary to traditional attribution methods.
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Burrus, Virginia. "Priscillianism and Women." Gerión. Revista de Historia Antigua 39, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/geri.78117.
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Several names of women who were supporters of Priscillian are known, such as Euchrotia, Procula, Urbica, Hedibia, and Agape, but they are to us no more than shadowy figures. To proceed further than what prosopography has to offer, we must depend on ambiguous evidence: the accusation of magical practices and sexual promiscuity in the Council of Saragossa, the debated female authorship of two anonymous letters preserved in a single, possibly Gallic manuscript, and lastly the Life of Saint Helia, where the issue of virginity is prominent but whose links with Priscillianism are at best tenuous.
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Ann Murphy, Sharon. "Selecting Risks in an Anonymous World: The Agency System for Life Insurance in Antebellum America." Business History Review 82, no. 1 (2008): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500037491.
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Early American life insurers found themselves facing the problem of asymmetric information, as they needed to rely on applicants themselves to provide truthful, complete answers to a standard set of questions. In an attempt to repersonalize the relationship between their boards of directors and the individual applicants, firms selected highly respected local citizens to act as their agents. These agents were expected to evaluate the appearance of candidates, unearth evidence of unhealthy family histories or questionable habits, and attest to the respectability of people writing testimonial letters on an applicant's behalf. In short, the initial purpose of the agency system was not to actively solicit customers, but rather to recreate the glass-bowl mentality associated with small towns or city neighborhoods.
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Yakubova Sevara Bakhtiyarovna, Abduzhabbarova Feruza Abdunazarovna, Egamova Shagina Dzhalilovna, and Burkhanov Zaydullakhan Bakirkhanovich. "Exact Methodological Basis for Determining The Specifics of The Estate of Ten Letters to The Technique of Writing Anonymous Letters By Personality." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S-5 (November 14, 2023): 2154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is-5.1797.
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When performing manual recording in different age categories, you have your own recording technique. Modern technologies will help determine the main formative features of phonographic means. However, the relationship between recording and content, psychological, physiological, genderological and age specifics of a person, influence on the writing technique are discussed. Typically, graphological studies focus on personality and record character. Unlike graphology, the author justifies in linguistic examination not only the reflection, but also the content of the text, as well as the possibility of expressing and technical specifics of the record in three age groups.
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Núñez Seixas, Xosé M. "Private Correspondence and Migration History: Some Reflections and Examples from Iberian Galicia." Cultural History 6, no. 2 (October 2017): 164–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2017.0148.
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Recent reappraisals of the return of the subject have encouraged a gradual re-assessment of the use of oral or written personal documents in historiography. Much of the new research based on personal sources has adopted an interdisciplinary theoretical focus that borrows from cultural anthropology, linguistics, network theory and cultural history, in order to ‘rescue’ the experiences of the anonymous protagonists of social change. Yet: To what extent is it possible to maintain this optimistic, perhaps even simplistic fascination today? This essay seeks to address this question by focusing on the use of letters in Iberian migration history.
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Abdullaev, E. V. "Russia invaded by Germans A story of a literary sensation." Voprosy literatury, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 232–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2022-2-232-269.
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The article is concerned with the literary history behind the anonymous brochure entitled La Russie Envahie par les Allemands, which appeared at the Leipzig Book Fair in 1844 and quickly became a sensation in Russia and Europe alike. Its author, a former member of the Arzamas Society Filipp Vigel (Weigel), had fallen under the spell of the Slavophiles. The brochure served as the first manifesto and the first attempt at a historical-philosophical justification of the anti-German sentiment espoused by the majority of the Russian elite during the reign of Nicholas I. The book’s publication is examined in the context of the rivalry between the Ministry of the Interior (where Vigel held an office from 1829 to 1840) and the Third Department, believed to be a stronghold of the German party, and the rising Pan-Slavism in Europe, whose principal champions were in correspondence with Vigel. In addition, the article considers the connection between the brochure’s fragment describing Pushkin’s death and the anonymous anti-German letters received by V. Zhukovsky and Count A. Orlov upon the poet’s tragic demise.
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Koehler, Karin. "VALENTINES AND THE VICTORIAN IMAGINATION:MARY BARTONANDFAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD." Victorian Literature and Culture 45, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031600067x.
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The custom of celebrating Valentine'sDay dates back to the Middle Ages. The emergence of Valentine's Day as a commercial holiday, exploited above all by the greeting card industry, is more recent. In Britain, Valentine's Day cards emerged in the eighteenth century. As David Vincent writes,The observance of 14 February underwent a metamorphosis during the eighteenth century which was later to befall many other customs. What had begun as an exchange of gifts, with many local variations of obscure origin, was gradually transformed into an exchange of tokens and letters, which in turn began to be replaced by printed messages from the end of the century. (44)Early examples of pre-printed Valentine's Day stationery and manuals for the composition of the perfect valentine reveal that existing folk customs were swiftly adapted by modern print culture and an increasingly literate population. However, it was the 1840 introduction of Rowland Hill's penny post in Britain, alongside concomitant advances in American and European postal infrastructure, which led to a veritable explosion in the exchange of valentines, moulding the practice into a shape still recognisable today (see Golden 222). Hill not only democratised access to written communication by lowering prices, he also anonymised epistolary exchange. Prepaid stamps and pillar post boxes made it possible to correspond with anyone, anywhere, without giving away one's identity. And while sending an anonymous letter would have been perceived as a violation of epistolary decorum during the remainder of the year, on Valentine's Day it was not only acceptable but, as Farmer Boldwood hints in Thomas Hardy'sFar from the Madding Crowd(1874), expected. The opportunity for anonymous correspondence generated an enthusiastic response.
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Kurysheva, Marina. "Manuscripts Сompiled of Letters: Anonymous Teacher (10th C.), Michael Psellos (11th C.), Maximos Margunios (16th C.)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2018): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2018.5.19.
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Sweeney, Latanya. "Weaving Technology and Policy Together to Maintain Confidentiality." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 25, no. 2-3 (1997): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1997.tb01885.x.
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Organizations often release and receive medical data with all explicit identifiers, such as name, address, telephone number, and Social Security number (SSN), removed on the assumption that patient confidentiality is maintained because the resulting data look anonymous. However, in most of these cases, the remaining data can be used to reidenafy individuals by linking or matching the data to other data bases or by looking at unique characteristics found in the fields and records of the data base itself. When these less apparent aspects are taken into account, each released record can map to many possible people, providing a level of anonymity that the recordholder determines. The greater the number of candidates per record, the more anonymous the data.I examine three general-purpose computer programs for maintaining patient confidentiality when disclosing electronic medical records: the Scrub System, which locates and suppresses or replaces personally identifying information in letters between doctors and in notes written by clinicians; the Datafly System, which generalizes values based on a profile of the data recipient at the time of disclosure; and the μ-Argus System, a somewhat similar system which is becoming a European standard for disclosing public use data.
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Methuen, Charlotte. "‘God really hated the hypocrites’: Hypocrisy and Anti-clerical Rhetoric in the Early Lutheran Reformation." Studies in Church History 60 (May 23, 2024): 148–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2024.7.
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In 1524, two anonymous pamphlets were published, both professing to be letters written by a married woman to her sister, a nun. Both draw on a range of New Testament texts to express criticism of ‘the hypocrites’, a term the anonymous author uses to refer particularly to clergy and religious. This article examines how the author of these pamphlets constructed and characterized the category of the hypocrite. Drawing on the work of Hans-Christoph Rublack, the article shows that her critique is coherent with anti-clerical rhetoric found in a wide range of early Reformation pamphlets. It then compares her strictures on hypocrisy with references to hypocrisy and hypocrites in the early German writings of Martin Luther and Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt to explore the extent to which accusations of hypocrisy were entwined with anti-clerical and anti-monastic rhetoric in the early Lutheran Reformation. It concludes that while accusations against clergy and religious were often couched in terms of their hypocrisy, Luther's use of the term hypocrite was much broader, extending to all those whom he viewed as presenting themselves as ‘holier than thou’, while Karlstadt made less use of the term.
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Richards, Evelleen. "A Question of Properly Rights: Richard Owen's Evolutionism Reassessed." British Journal for the History of Science 20, no. 2 (April 1987): 129–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400023724.
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WhenVestiges of the Natural History of Creation, the anonymous evolutionary work which caused such a furore in mid-Victorian England, was published towards the close of 1844, Richard Owen, by then well-entrenched as the ‘British Cuvier’, received a complementary copy and addressed a letter to the author. This letter and how it should be interpreted have recently become the subject of historical debate, and this paper is directed at resolving the controversy. The question of Owen's attitude to theVestigesargument is central to the larger historical problem of the views of this leading British morphologist and palaeontologist on the contentious issue of the ‘secondary causes’ of species. Owen wrote so little directly on this subject prior to 1858, that the letter in question, together with his two letters of 1848 to the rationalist publisher John Chapman, and the controversial conclusion to hisOn the Nature of Limbs(1849), constitute the major evidence that Owen in this period subscribed to a naturalistic theory of organic change. On the basis of this evidence, historians of biology have generally concurred with Owen's biographer grandson that Owen had a ‘certain leaning towards the theories enunciated by Robert Chambers [the Vestiges' author]’, but that his ‘official’ anti-transmutationist stance of the 1840s did not permit full public expression of his own views. As Ruse most recently summed up this historical consensus: Owen in the 1840s was ‘moving down a path not completely dissimilar from that followed by Chambers’, and he ‘tried to have matters two ways, praisingVestigesto its author and condemning it to its critics’.
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Drobner, Hubertus R. "Newly identified Augustinian and Pseudo-Augustinian Texts in Manuscripts of Bodleian Library, Oxford." Augustinianum 55, no. 2 (2015): 513–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/agstm201555232.
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The article presents 111 newly-identified texts in manuscripts of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, which had hitherto all been attributed to Augustine of Hippo. Only thirty of them, however, proved to be authentic, fifty originate from works of other patristic and medieval authors, while thirty-one remain anonymous. Especially remarkable is the identification of two fragments from the new letters of St Augustine discovered by Johannes Divjak in Paris and Marseille, which predate the two manuscripts of his edition. These results complement the catalogues on the manuscript transmission of Augustine’s works compiled by the Vienna Academy and continue the Author’s earlier publications on manuscripts in Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Spain, and Sweden.
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신지영. "Sharing of Pin Money, Listening and Ensuing Writing: "Chattering beside Village Wells" in the magazine Anonymous Letters." Journal of Seokdang Academy ll, no. 56 (July 2013): 115–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17842/jsa.2013..56.115.
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Paola, F. A., T. K. Malik, and R. M. Walker. "Poison pen letters, due process, and medical schoolsʼ policies toward anonymous correspondence that disparages medical school faculty." Academic Medicine 73, no. 5 (May 1998): 534–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199805000-00023.
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Bennahum, David A. "Encounters With Death." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 1 (1996): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006678.
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I never saw a dead body until my first anatomy class. Today those who have willed their bodies to science receive letters of gratitude, visit with our students, and have their names put up on memorial plaques; but 37 years ago our subjects were derelicts and anonymous old men found dead in flop house hotels. George C, his name written on a tag tied to one toe, lay stretched out on one of the six dissecting tables in the anatomy laboratory that autumn morning when 1 was 22 and beginning medical school. I remember hesitating at the door and then joining my four partners at Mr. C.'s side, trepidation giving way to curiosity, the moment imprinted forever in my memory by the smell of formalin.
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TWELLS, ALISON. "SEX, GENDER, AND ROMANTIC INTIMACY IN SERVICEMEN'S LETTERS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR." Historical Journal 63, no. 3 (August 8, 2019): 732–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000311.
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AbstractThis article explores sex and romance as under-examined aspects of wartime masculinities through a focus on letters from servicemen recipients of woollen ‘comforts’ to girls and women who knitted for them during the Second World War. It examines the tension between the cultural ideal of ‘temperate heroism’ that formed the hegemonic masculinity during the Second World War and evidence of predatory male sexuality and sexual violence, both in combat and on the home front. Servicemen's letters to anonymous knitters reveal many aspects of their emotional lives, including the widespread deployment of romance as a mechanism for maintaining morale. They also reveal that some men were able to manipulate their image as ‘heroes’ and make use of the comforts fund as a vehicle for engaging in sexually explicit correspondence and transgressive and deviant behaviours. A foregrounding of romance and sexuality suggests that we need to look again at arguments relating to the contiguity between military cultures and middle- and working-class civilian codes of respectable masculinity and male heterosexual expression. The article further engages with critiques in the history of masculinity of the neglect of working-class masculinities and the tendency to focus on cultural scripts about masculinity rather than what men actually did or felt.
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Ross, Emily. "The Problem of Anonymity in Archives: A Literature Review." Bilgi Dünyası 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15612/bd.2013.119.
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Archivists processing documents rely on factors such as authorship and provenance to contextualize their materials and render them searchable. But in my past experience as an archives user, I repeatedly came across instances of anonymity: letters and diaries by unnamed authors or to unknown recipients, photographs of unknown subjects. In some cases this anonymity is a loss of information that was once there, but in other case it enabled the material to come into existence in the first place: such as in the case of satirical political poetry, for which a writer might face legal censure. In this literature review, the issue of anonymity in the archives is explored, both in a pragmatic sense (recommended strategies for managing it), and a philosophical sense (according anonymous documents the same status as documents with known authors).