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1
Bell, Mebbie. "'@ the doctor's office': Pro-anorexia and the medical gaze." Surveillance & Society 6, no. 2 (March 13, 2009): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i2.3255.
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The pro-anorexia movement (which advocates eating disordered practices as a legitimate lifestyle and identity choice over the internet) has provoked intense public furor since it emerged in the late 1990s. This concern hinges on the status of anorexia as a disease, situating pro-anorexic discourse as not only diseased but dangerous. A critical feminist and Foucauldian reading of this material analyzes the complex negotiations of medical surveillance undertaken by participants in the movement. Disrupting medical knowledge and usurping the medical gaze, participants produce a virtual clinical space that elides medical authority over anorexia and individual anorexic bodies. By intervening in the pattern of medical gaze-diagnosis-treatment in order to teach individuals how to perform a ‘normal’ body, pro-anorexic discourse exposes both the instability of diagnostic criteria and the limits of medical surveillance.
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Bernstein, I. L., E. M. Taylor, and K. L. Bentson. "TNF-induced anorexia and learned food aversions are attenuated by area postrema lesions." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): R906—R910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.5.r906.
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or cachectin has been proposed as an important mediator of cancer anorexia and cachexia. The present studies examined the extent to which TNF administration generates symptoms similar to those produced by tumor growth. Like the growth of certain tumors, TNF administration was found to be associated with the development of strong aversions to a novel diet. Area postrema lesions were found to significantly attenuate the effects of TNF on intake of a novel diet, a finding previously reported for tumor anorexia. In addition, the anorexic effects of TNF differed considerably as a function of the novelty of the diet. When the available diet was novel, effects of TNF in lowering food intake were substantial, whereas more modest effects were seen when the diet was familiar. These findings provide evidence for parallels between TNF- and tumor-induced anorexias. Nonetheless, these studies also confirm previous observations of the rapid development of tolerance to the anorexic effects of TNF, a finding that is not consistent with a role for TNF as a critical mediator of tumor anorexia.
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North, Clive, Simon Gowers, and Victoria Byram. "Family Functioning in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 5 (November 1995): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.5.673.
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BackgroundDifficulties in family functioning have been noted since early descriptions of anorexia nervosa and may be of importance aetiologically. Previous studies have a number of methodological problems.MethodThirty-five anorexic adolescents were age/sex matched with psychiatric and community controls. A diagnostic interview and a questionnaire, the Family Assessment Device (FAD) were administered to control subjects and their mothers. Anorexic families only received the McMaster Structured Interview of Family Functioning.ResultsMultivariate analyses of FAD scores showed pathological ratings for psychiatric control but not anorexic families, compared with community controls. By contrast objective ratings revealed marked dysfunction in anorexic families (greater in the purging subgroup).ConclusionFamily functioning in anorexic families is normal by self-report but not by an objective measure. Anorexic families in the purging subgroup appear most dysfunctional.
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Moola, Fiona J., and Moss E. Norman. "On judgement day: Anorexic and obese women’s phenomenological experience of the body, food and eating." Feminism & Psychology 27, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353516672249.
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In contemporary Western society, both anorexic and obese 1 bodies are regarded to be “out of bounds.” Although scholars have enhanced our understanding of anorexia and obesity, these “disorders” have most often been studied in isolation from one another. In this article, we examine the similarities and differences in the embodied experiences of anorexic and obese women. Informed by the phenomenological research tradition, we follow in the footsteps of other scholars who have already begun to depart from binarized, polarized views by describing how women living with anorexia and obesity in two Canadian provinces experience the body, food and eating. Anorexic and obese women described a vast range of intense emotional experiences to characterize their relationship to food, the body and eating. Shame marked the bodies of these women. Family relationships also changed how the women experienced the body and food over time. The women ascribed a diverse array of complex meanings to the body and food. We hope that our study opens new phenomenological terrain to dialogue with and for anorexic and obese bodies in a relational way, recognizing that both of these bodies hurt in a remarkably similar manner. In a judgement day of sorts, both anorexic and obese bodies carry the heavy burden of culture’s expectations to fit within a narrow range of normative slenderness.
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Uys, Debbie C., and Douglas R. Wassenaar. "The Perceptual and Affective Components of Body Image Disturbances in Anorexic and Normal Females." South African Journal of Psychology 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639602600406.
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The literature is inundated with studies reporting the body image experiences of anorexia nervosa patients and normal weight people. Such studies have not, however, yielded consistent results. The present study reinvestigated the issue bearing in mind the theoretical and methodological limitations of previous research. The perceptual and affective aspects of body image were investigated in 11 white, female anorexic patients and 51 white, female psychology undergraduate university students. A combination of the movable caliper technique and image-marking procedure was used to assess body size perception, that is, the perceptual aspect, and the Body Cathexis scale was used to assess body satisfaction, that is, the affective aspect. It was found that anorexic females overestimate the width of their waist and thighs significantly more than normal females ( p < 0.05) and that they have a significantly lower body satisfaction ( p < 0.001). It was concluded that the DSM IV criterion of a disturbance in body image has specific diagnostic relevance in anorexia nervosa.
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Holmes, Su, Helen Malson, and Joanna Semlyen. "Regulating “untrustworthy patients”: Constructions of “trust” and “distrust” in accounts of inpatient treatment for anorexia." Feminism & Psychology 31, no. 1 (February 2021): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353520967516.
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Trust has been seen as a lynchpin of therapeutic relationships. Yet due to perceptions that anorexia is one of the most difficult illnesses to treat and that patients are “treatment resistant”, achieving trust between patient and treatment provider may be challenging. This article draws on qualitative data from 14 semi-structured interviews with women who have experience of inpatient treatment for anorexia in order to analyse how trust and distrust figured in treatment contexts. In so doing, the article draws upon feminist approaches which are critical of conceptions of the “devious” “anorexic” and of the clinical discourses within which these constructions are produced. Our analysis suggests a lack of trust shown toward patients in inpatient contexts – particularly a disqualification of “voice” – which has a number of consequences for participants’ subjectivities, including the erosion of self-esteem; demotivation; dropping out/termination of treatment; and triggering experiences of trauma. As such, our analysis raises serious questions about what participants described as routine treatment practices in inpatient treatment for anorexia, and about the serious consequences of constructing “anorexics” as manipulative and untrustworthy.
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Stammers, Hannah R. "The Theological Language of Anorexia: An Argument for Greater Rapprochement between Chaplains and Physicians." Feminist Theology 28, no. 3 (May 2020): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735020906951.
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This article explores the theological themes prevalent in the language of anorexia nervosa by briefly exploring extant literature in the field before reporting on the author’s qualitative fieldwork with Christian women with anorexia nervosa. Sufferers, both those from religious and non-religious backgrounds, often convey their understanding of their illness in theological and moral language, using terms such as ‘sin’ and ‘sacrifice’. The use of theological frameworks on ‘Pro-Ana’ internet forums is also considered. The article concludes by considering the implications of this use of theological language for pastoral and chaplaincy care, and argues that highly skilled mental health chaplains would be of benefit to treatment models for anorexia nervosa and that community church leaders can pay a crucial role in long-lasting recovery, particularly for anorexic women who profess a Christian faith.
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Delogu, Anna Maria. "La trama della famiglia anoressica: reti di relazioni e di rappresentazioni." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (September 2009): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-003006.
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- Anorexia nervosa is a complex pathology that has been studied through different paradigma (Onnis, 2004; Treasure, Schimdt, van Furth, 2006). The different authors who studied anorexia nervosa seem to agree about the hypothesis of a multi-factors pathogenesis in which a very important role is played by the relational aspects and, specifically, by family relationships, in the beginning and in the going on of this pathology. Nevertheless, Reiss (1989) pointed out we have to consider both practising and represented family, that is the role of family relationships (i.e. observed interactions) and individual representations. The practising family has been studied by systems theory paradigm, which found very typical transactional patterns in anorexic families, such as enmeshment and triangulation (Minuchin et al., 1980; Selvini Palazzoli et al., 1988; 1998). On the other hand, attachment theory studied the represented family and the role of insecure attachment models in psychopathology onset (Bowlby, 1973; Main, 1996). Many studies have underlined the prevalence of insecure attachment models and unresolved attachment status in response to loss or to trauma in anorexic patients and their mothers, pointing out the role of transgenerational transmission (Cole-Detke, Kobak, 1996; Fonagy et al., 1996; Ward et al., 2001; Ammaniti, Mancone, Vismara, 2001; Ramaciotti, Sorbello, Pazzagli, Vismara, Mancone, Pallanti, 2001).Key-words: anorexia nervosa, adolescence, family, relationships, internal working models.Parole-chiave: anoressia nervosa, adolescenza, famiglia, relazioni, modelli operativi interni.
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Zechowski, C., I. Namyslowska, J. Bragoszewska, and M. Witkowska. "Different Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Patients." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70999-x.
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Aim:Proper diagnosis and choice of adequate treatment have essential influence on the course and prognosis in eating disorders. Resent research (Thompson-Brenner, Eddy, Satir, Boisseau, Westen 2008) and our clinical practice (Jakubczyk, Zechowski, Namyslowska 2003) has shown that anorectic patients are not homogenous group, and they differ in the character of clinical symptoms and personality profile. Aim of the study is differentiation of anorexic patients on the basis on personality pathology, comorbidity and outcome.Methods:50 hospitalized anorexic adolescent girls (14-19 y.o.) were investigated by SWAP-200-A procedure, EDI, YBOCS, STAI, GAF, Hamilton Scale, Beck Scale, PAS, Developmental Impairment Questionnaire. Authors also assessed parameters of outcome such as a body mass change (kg/BMI), recurrence of menses, pharmacotherapy, kind of therapy preferred by patients and length of hospital treatment.Results:Preliminary results revealed three subgroups of anorexic patients different in personality pathology (well functioning/perfectionist, emotionally deregulated and avoidant), comorbidity and outcome. (Detail description of the study will be presented at the conference).Conclusions:The study confirms clinical observations and the results of other studies that there are three groups of anorexic patients different in clinical symptoms, comorbidity and profiles of personality.
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FRANKO, D. L., P. K. KEEL, D. J. DORER, M. A. BLAIS, S. S. DELINSKY, K. T. EDDY, V. CHARAT, R. RENN, and D. B. HERZOG. "What predicts suicide attempts in women with eating disorders?" Psychological Medicine 34, no. 5 (July 2004): 843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001545.
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Background. Suicide is a common cause of death in anorexia nervosa and suicide attempts occur often in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. No studies have examined predictors of suicide attempts in a longitudinal study of eating disorders with frequent follow-up intervals. The objective of this study was to determine predictors of serious suicide attempts in women with eating disorders.Method. In a prospective longitudinal study, women diagnosed with either DSM-IV anorexia nervosa (n=136) or bulimia nervosa (n=110) were interviewed and assessed for suicide attempts and suicidal intent every 6–12 months over 8·6 years.Results. Fifteen percent of subjects reported at least one prospective suicide attempt over the course of the study. Significantly more anorexic (22·1%) than bulimic subjects (10·9%) made a suicide attempt. Multivariate analyses indicated that the unique predictors of suicide attempts for anorexia nervosa included the severity of both depressive symptoms and drug use over the course of the study. For bulimia nervosa, a history of drug use disorder at intake and the use of laxatives during the study significantly predicted suicide attempts.Conclusions. Women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa are at considerable risk to attempt suicide. Clinicians should be aware of this risk, particularly in anorexic patients with substantial co-morbidity.
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Salter-Venzon, Dawna, and Alan G. Watts. "Site-specific attenuation of food intake but not the latency to eat after hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y in dehydrated-anorexic rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, no. 6 (December 2009): R1813—R1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00116.2009.
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Anorexia that accompanies cellular dehydration in rats (DE-anorexia) offers a relatively simple model for investigating the functional organization of neural mechanisms that can suppress feeding during dehydration. Previous studies strongly suggest that the inputs that drive ingestive behavior control neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) remain active during DE-anorexia. Here we examine whether these two regions retain their sensitivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY is an important component in two major feeding-related inputs from the arcuate nucleus and the hindbrain. We found that intake responses to NPY injections in the LHA and PVH were suppressed in DE-anorexia, but the PVH remained less sensitive to the effects of NPY than the LHA in DE-anorexic animals. Indeed the higher dose of NPY (238 pmol) completely overcame shorter periods of DE-anorexia when injected into the LHA but not the PVH. However, the latency to eat after NPY injections remained unchanged from control animals, regardless of NPY dose, injection location, or intensity of anorexia. Furthermore, the onset and size of the strong and rapidly induced compensatory feeding that follows the return of water to DE-anorexic animals was also unaffected by any NPY injections. These data support the hypothesis that DE-anorexia develops as a consequence of the premature termination of regularly initiated meals, which perhaps involves processes that alter the sensitivity of satiety mechanisms downstream to the PVH and LHA.
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Kim, Sara S. "Role of Fluoxetine in Anorexia Nervosa." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37, no. 6 (June 2003): 890–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1c362.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. DATA SOURCES: Literature obtained through searching MEDLINE (1966–January 2003). DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies conducted on the efficacy of fluoxetine in treating anorexia nervosa have conflicting results. Study design and methodology should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoxetine played a role in the reduction of symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder and depression in anorexic patients. While psychotherapy, nutritional therapy, and behavioral therapy should be the mainstays of treatment, fluoxetine should be considered as an option to prevent relapse or to treat associated symptoms of anorexia nervosa following adequate weight restoration as a part of maintenance therapy and not as a primary or acute therapy. Although fluoxetine appears to be promising for the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa, further studies need to be performed with a larger sample size and/or better design.
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MONTELEONE, P., F. BRAMBILLA, F. BORTOLOTTI, and M. MAJ. "Serotonergic dysfunction across the eating disorders: relationship to eating behaviour, purging behaviour, nutritional status and general psychopathology." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 5 (September 2000): 1099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799002330.
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Background. Several recent studies have pointed to a dysfunction of serotonin transmission in patients with eating disorders. Notwithstanding, it is not known whether serotonergic abnormalities are related primarily to eating and/or purging behaviour, nutritional status or general psychopathological dimensions. Therefore, by using a validated neuroendocrine strategy, we investigated central serotonergic function in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder who differ on the above parameters.Methods. Plasma prolactin response to D-fenfluramine (30 mg p.o.) or placebo was measured in 58 drug-free female volunteers, comprising 15 underweight anorexic women, 18 bulimic women, 10 women with binge-eating disorder and 15 female healthy controls. Behavioural assessment included ratings of eating disorder symptoms, depression, aggression and food-related obsessions and compulsions.Results. A significantly decreased prolactin response to D-fenfluramine was found in underweight anorexic women and in bulimics with high frequency bingeing ([ges ]2 binge episodes/day), but not in patients with binge-eating disorder or in bulimics with low frequency bingeing ([les ]1 binge episode/day). In the whole bulimic group, a negative correlation emerged between frequency of bingeing and prolactin response. No significant correlation was found between physical or psychopathological measures and the hormonal response in any group.Conclusions. These results confirm our previous findings of an impaired serotonergic transmission in underweight anorexics and in bulimics with high frequency bingeing, but not in patients with less severe bulimia nervosa. Moreover, they show, for the first time, that the hypothalamic serotonergic system is not altered in women with binge-eating disorder.
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Kuba, Sue A. "Sources of Anorexic Rage." Psychology of Women Quarterly 27, no. 2 (June 2003): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00098_6.
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CASTRO, J., J. TORO, and M. CRUZ. "Quality of rearing practices as predictor of short-term outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 1 (January 2000): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001385.
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Background. Studies of family relationships in anorexia nervosa have produced conflicting results. Some authors claim that family factors are related to short-term outcomes.Methods. Perceived rearing practices, as measured by the EMBU (Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran: ‘My memories of Upbringing’) were examined in a sample (N = 158) of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and compared with the perceptions of adolescents (N = 159) from the general population. A further comparison was made between the groups of patients with good and bad short-term outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of different variables on short-term outcome.Results. Overall, small differences were observed in the perceptions of rearing practices as expressed by the controls and the anorexic patients. Patients with bad short-term outcome perceived more rejection and control–overprotection from both parents than those with good outcome. In the logistic regression analysis only Rejection from father and the EAT (Eating Attitudes Test) total score gave independent prediction of treatment response.Conclusions. Taken as a whole, these results do not support the idea of altered rearing practices in anorexic patients, at least in young patients with a short evolution of the disease. Perceived rearing practices, especially ‘rejection’, appear to have an appreciable effect on the short-term outcome.
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Bray, Abigail. "The anorexic body: Reading disorders." Cultural Studies 10, no. 3 (October 1996): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502389600490251.
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Schweitzer, I., K. P. Maguire, J. W. G. Tiller, A. H. Gee, L. C. Harrison, and B. M. Davies. "The Effects of Weight Change on the Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Depressed and Anorexic Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 6 (December 1986): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.6.751.
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Prior studies on weight change and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are reviewed. Data on 58 depressed and eight anorexic patients is presented. No significant difference in the frequency of cortisol non-suppression in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was found between depressed patients with a history of weight loss and those without, nor between depressed patients who lost weight during their first week in hospital and those who did not. Mean weight loss of suppressors did not significantly differ from that of non-suppressors. Of 12 patients whose DST normalised during their stay in hospital, only four gained weight. Five anorexics who were non-suppressors were <70% of their ideal body weight (IBW), while three suppressor anorexics were ≧70% IBW. These results indicate that mild to moderate weight change is not a significant influence on DST response in depression.
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Day, Cheryl. "Does my bum look big in this? Reconsidering anorexia nervosa within the culture context of 20th century Australia." Surveillance & Society 6, no. 2 (February 27, 2009): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v6i2.3254.
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Anorexia Nervosa is a mental health issue that has a history over many centuries, but has relatively recently been identified as a ‘real’ mental illness. A condition that predominantly afflicts young, middle class women it had long been subsumed among the ‘natural weaknesses’ of women, not unlike the manner in which ‘Hysteria’ was diagnosed within the Freudian understanding of women’s health. However, since the 1970s, and especially with the deaths of some high profile young women it has undergone a reassessment. While clinical understandings of Anorexia Nervosa remain contentious, there is an increasing recognition that the condition is also grounded within specific cultural understandings. The article presents a brief historical overview of the construction of ‘self-starvation’ as applied to ‘fasting saints’ and to modern anorexic women. However, the major focus of the paper is an examination of the cultural situation as exemplified in contemporary Australia. Drawing on the Foucaudian notions of self surveillance the article suggests that TV programs can be used as a vehicle for modern day ‘self surveillance ’and as guidelines for the construction of self. Briefly, TV programs, especially so called ‘reality TV,’ portray a mirror image of how we as consumers should behave. The programs I have chosen to highlight are the phenomenally popular cooking shows that are aired daily on Australian TV screens. Through an examination of the social meanings constructed around food with the TV programs as a primary carrier of these cultural references, the article seeks to address some of the contradictions with other images presented in different but contemporaneous media. While this can never be a definitive explanation of all anorectic behavior, the paper examines the images of womanhood as presented by these programs. These ‘competent and enthusiastic cooks’ are contrasted with the slim, athletic ideal as portrayed in the fashion magazines and many other ‘lifestyle’ TV programs such as holiday shows.
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Hausenblas, Heather A., and Albert V. Carron. "Eating Disorder Indices and Athletes: An Integration." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21, no. 3 (September 1999): 230–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.3.230.
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Research shows inconclusive results pertaining to the comparison of eating disorder indices between athletes and nonathletes and among different subgroups of athletes. The purpose of this study was to meta-analytically review the literature on (a) bulimia nervosa indices, (b) anorexia nervosa indices, and (c) drive for thinness (a cardinal feature of both anorexia and bulimia) in male and female athletes. Results of 92 studies with 560 effect sizes (ES) revealed small ESs (range: −.01 to .30) in relation to group membership characteristics. Results for female athletes revealed small ESs for bulimia and anorexia indices, suggesting that female athletes self-reported more bulimic and anorexic symptomatology than control groups; nonsignificant group differences were evidenced for drive for thinness. Results for male athletes revealed small ESs on all three indices, suggesting that male athletes self-reported more eating disorder symptomatology than control groups. Moderator variables that might contribute to understanding the results are examined, and future research directions are presented.
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Junckes, Jessica, Eduarda Aléxia Nunes Louzada Dias Cavalcanti, Thames Camargo Ignácio, Roberta Oliveira de Carvalho, Guilherme Albuquerque de Oliveira Cavalcanti, and Maristela Silveira Palhares. "Electrocardiographic and laboratory alterations in anorexic cats." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 3 (April 7, 2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n3p1061.
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Anorexia, the result of inadequate nutrient intake, can lead to death and is a constant problem in the feline clinic. However, we did not find any previous studies that evaluated cardiac measures in felines. Therefore, we evaluated 27 emaciated cats by means of hematological exams, urinalysis, and electrocardiography. In the serum, we noted increased creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate enzyme levels. Further, 62.96% of the cats exhibited electrocardiographic alterations. The most frequent electrocardiographic changes were increased QRS complex duration and QT interval increase. As clinicians become more aware of cardiovascular complications related to malnutrition, they are better able to recognize and assist this animal class.
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Gressgård, Randi. "The Veiled Muslim, the Anorexic and the Transsexual." European Journal of Women's Studies 13, no. 4 (November 2006): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506806068651.
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Kennedy, Meegan. "Victorian Literature and the Anorexic Body (review)." Victorian Studies 47, no. 2 (2005): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2005.0068.
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Brain, J. "Unsettling `body image': Anorexic body narratives and the materialization of the `body imaginary'." Feminist Theory 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700102003002342.
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Botteon, G. "Anxiety, Stress And Depression: a Comparison Between Anorexic, Obese And Healthy Control Women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S425—S426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1541.
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IntroductionSeveral studies have proved that people who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa (AN) experience higher levels of anxiety, stress and depression than general population; while controversial results have been found among obese people (OB); the purpose of this study is to compare levels of anxiety, stress, and depression in AN sample, in OB sample and in Healthy Control Group (HC).MethodsAN sample: 27 anorexic inpatient women in an eating disorder unit. OB sample: 27 obese women evaluated for elegibility of bariatric surgery intervention. HC group: 27 women from different countries had been recruited. DASS 21 and STAI-Y questionnaires had been subministred to evaluate anxiety, stress and depression. The questionnaires had been scores and statistical analysis had been held to determine whether the differences founded in the 3 populations were significant or not (P-value < 0.05).ResultsTable 1. The differences founded were significant.ConclusionAnxiety and stress (DASS21, STAI): AN have reported higher levels than OB and HC that present similar levels. Depression (DASS21): AN have reported higher levels than OB and HC; OB higher levels than HC.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Joiner, Greg W., and Susan Kashubeck. "Acculturation, Body Image, Self-Esteem, And Eating-Disorder Symptomatology In Adolescent Mexican American Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 20, no. 3 (September 1996): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00309.x.
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In this article the relationship among acculturation, body image, self-esteem, and eating disorder symptomatology in 120 Mexican American adolescent women was investigated. Surprisingly, acculturation levels were not related to anorexic or bulimic symptomatology, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction or thinness of ideal and attractive figures. Lower levels of self-esteem predicted higher levels of anorexic and bulimic symptomatology. Body mass was positively related to bulimic scores. In contrast to Lester and Petrie (1995), body dissatisfaction was significantly related to eating-disorder symptomatology. The high levels of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors found in this study suggest that rather than exclusively being an Anglo, middle-to upper-class phenomenon, eating-disordered behavior also exists within lower socioeconomic status Mexican American adolescent women.
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Guinzbourg de Braude, Silvia Monica, Sarah Vibert, Tommaso Righetti, and Arianna Antonelli. "Eating Disorders and the Rorschach." Rorschachiana 42, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000136.
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Abstract. In this article we review research on eating disorders with the Rorschach. In this field there are two main lines of research involving two specific methodologies: the Comprehensive System and the French school. We present the main results of the different studies separately and then comment on some similarities and differences in the findings. We find that the results of these studies are complementary on certain aspects of functioning found in anorexia nervosa as compared with other categories of eating disorders. Both sets of studies underline the self-centeredness of anorexic patients with their difficulty in communicating their feelings and thoughts. In both types of study, treatment is understood as relying on an integrative and multidisciplinary model that seeks to modify the eating behaviors and to improve ego functions in order to moderate the patient’s distress. In addition, both types of research show that secure attachment would be the first priority for the therapist in psychological treatment, which should increase the patient’s confidence in others. They also both stress the importance of the restoration of self-esteem and a sense of identity through the support offered by the relationship to the therapist.
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Valdanha-Ornelas, Élide Dezoti, and Manoel Antônio dos Santos. "Family Psychic Transmission and Anorexia Nervosa." Psico-USF 21, no. 3 (December 2016): 635–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712016210316.
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Abstract Studies show that family relationships can act as mediating agents in triggering and maintaining the symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN), especially the mother-daughter relationship configuration, which contains unconscious elements transmitted inter-generationally. This study aimed to understand the role of intergenerational psychic transmission in the articulation of anorexic symptoms in a young woman in treatment. Three generations of women of the same family were interviewed: maternal grandmother, mother and daughter, all diagnosed with AN. Some psychic contents that could not be elaborated were identified in the reports and these were, subsequently, converted into legacies transmitted to later generations. Feelings of inhibition and shame regarding sexuality and the female body, transmitted from grandmother to mother and from mother to granddaughter, seem to have blocked the emotional development in all generations. Incorporating these findings into treatment may facilitate the processing of the transmitted unconscious contents, contributing to the reorganization of the family's psychodynamic functioning.
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Jani, Deepti Kaushalkumar, and Sunita Goswami. "SCREENING OF TEN HERBAL EXTRACTS TO COMPARE AND INVESTIGATE EFFECT ON GLUCOSE LOWERING AND ANOREXIC ACTIVITY IN WISTAR RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.20869.
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Objective: Metabolic disorders are of growing concern with increasing quest for herbal medicines as treatment option. The current study is planned to screen ten herbal extracts, prepared from parts of chosen six herbal plants, to compare and investigate their antihyperglycemic and anorexic potential.Methods: Qualitative phytochemical investigation was done as per standard procedures. Acute oral toxicity study performed as per OECD 420 guideline. Glucose Tolerance Test (method optimization) was performed to select appropriate glucose load to induce hyperglycemia. Antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated by Glucose Tolerance Test (single dose and multiple dose study) and anorexic potential was screened by food intake measurement using Wistar rats.Results: All herbs were found safe in acute oral toxicity study. Glucose Tolerance Test method optimization study signaled use of 3 g/kg glucose load for induction of hyperglycemia in single and multiple dose studies. In single dose study, L. acutangula fruit extract and in multiple dose study, S. melongena, M. oleifera & R. communis extracts were found to produce significant glucose lowering effect as compared to glucose control group. Results of food intake measurement showed significant appetite suppression with extracts of W. somnifera, S. melongena, M. oleifera & R. communis. Conclusion: Present study throws light on the effectiveness of experimental herbal extracts as antihyperglycemic and anorexic agents. This also, helps in identifying potent indigenous herbs for further study.
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Tecott, Laurence H., and Luna Abdallah. "Mouse Genetic Approaches to Feeding Regulation: Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Mutant Mice." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 8 (August 2003): 578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290001885x.
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ABSTRACTNeural mechanisms underlying the regulation of ingestive behavior and energy balance are well conserved among mammals. Many neural pathways, each reflecting the function of many genes, interact to regulate these processes. Systematic genetic perturbations are not feasible in humans—the examination of gene functions relevant to feeding regulation must be performed in other species. Many advances in this field have been made through molecular genetic studies of mice, the most genetically tractable of mammalian species. The relevance of mouse ingestive behavior to the mechanisms underlying the regulation of feeding in humans is discussed. Approaches for evaluating the contribution of genes to the regulation of energy balance and to the actions of anorectic drugs are described in the context of studies focused on a line of mice lacking the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor subtype. These animals display reduced responsiveness to serotonergic anorexic drugs and a late-onset obesity syndrome associated with features reminiscent of common forms of human obesity. Developmental studies of energy balance uncovered a novel age-dependent physiological process that may contribute generally to the predisposition of humans and other mammals to accumulate fat stores during “middle-age.” These findings are presented to illustrate considerations in the use of mouse molecular genetic technologies to investigate genetic influences on ingestive behavior and energy balance.
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Marvanova, Marketa, and Kirstin Gramith. "Role of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa." Mental Health Clinician 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2018.05.127.
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Abstract Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder that is difficult to treat and is associated with frequent relapses and high mortality rates. Psychiatric symptomatology (eg, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder/behaviors) are common comorbidities. This review provides current information about safety and efficacy of antidepressant therapy for management of AN in adults. Methods: A literature review of randomized controlled trials, open-label studies, and case reports with adults or adults/adolescents was conducted. PubMed and Medline were searched using anorexia management and treatment, antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, and mirtazapine in AN, relapse prevention in AN, and psychotropic medications in AN. Results: The role and utility of antidepressants in AN were published in double-blind, placebo-controlled studies; open-label trials; and a retrospective study. Antidepressants should not be used as sole therapy for AN although their use for confounding symptomatology makes discerning efficacy difficult as they are given together with other therapies. Neurobiological changes due to starvation and AN itself complicate results interpretation. For safety, tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors are not recommended, and bupropion is contraindicated. Use of SSRIs during acute treatment lacks efficacy. Use of SSRIs—primarily fluoxetine and to some extent citalopram, sertraline, or mirtazapine—may aid in relapse prevention and improvement of psychiatric symptomatology in weight-restored anorexic patients. Discussion: Health care professionals should use clinical judgment regarding fluoxetine or possibly citalopram, sertraline or mirtazapine as adjunctive treatment to psychotherapy for relapse prevention, improvement of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and/or obsessive-compulsive behaviors unresolved with nutritional rehabilitation and psychotherapy.
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Arsenijevic, D., L. Girardier, J. Seydoux, H. R. Chang, and A. G. Dulloo. "Altered energy balance and cytokine gene expression in a murine model of chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 272, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): E908—E917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.5.e908.
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The temporal pattern of changes in energy balance and cytokine mRNA expression in spleen and brain were examined in a mouse model of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. During days 1-7 postinfection, food intake was unaltered, but energy expenditure was significantly increased, and this was associated with elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-5, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. The hypermetabolic state persisted during subsequent anorexia, whose onset coincided with elevated IL-2, and at the end of the acute phase of cachexia, the dual anorexic and hypermetabolic states were associated with the cytokines examined: TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma. In the chronic phase of the infection, the mice showed either partial weight recovery (gainers) or no weight regain (nongainers). The infected gainers, though still hypophagic, were no longer hypermetabolic, and their cytokine mRNA was no longer elevated, except for TNF-alpha and IL-10. In contrast, the infected nongainers continued to show both anoroxia and hypermetabolism, which were associated with elevations in all cytokines examined and particularly those of the TH2 profile (IL-4 and IL-5) and IL-6. Taken together, these studies reveal a distinct pattern of cytokine mRNA expression underlying 1) hypermetabolism vs. anorexia, 2) acute vs. chronic cachexia, and 3) stable weight loss vs. partial weight recovery.
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Malson, Helen M., and Jane M. Ussher. "Beyond this mortal coil: Femininity, death and discursive constructions of the anorexic body." Mortality 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713685852.
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Patterson, Michael, Kevin G. Murphy, Sejal R. Patel, Neekhil A. Patel, Hannah C. Greenwood, Jenny H. Cooke, Daniel Campbell, Gavin A. Bewick, Mohammad A. Ghatei, and Stephen R. Bloom. "Hypothalamic Injection of Oxyntomodulin Suppresses Circulating Ghrelin-Like Immunoreactivity." Endocrinology 150, no. 8 (April 9, 2009): 3513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0796.
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Ghrelin is a gastric peptide that regulates appetite and GH secretion. Circulating ghrelin levels are elevated by fasting and suppressed postprandially. However, the mechanisms regulating circulating ghrelin levels are unclear. Oxyntomodulin is an anorexic peptide hormone released from L cells in the gut. We investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of oxyntomodulin on circulating ghrelin levels. The icv administration of 1, 3, or 10 nmol oxyntomodulin reduced circulating acylated and total (acylated and des-acylated) ghrelin 60 min after icv injection. Administration of 1 nmol oxyntomodulin directly into the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus significantly reduced total and acylated ghrelin levels, and administration of 3 nmol oxyntomodulin into the lateral ventricle induced c-fos mRNA expression in arcuate nucleus neurons expressing the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. In a final study, the reduction in total ghrelin observed after icv injection of 3 nmol oxyntomodulin was blocked by coadministration of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin (9–39). These studies suggest oxyntomodulin reduces peripheral ghrelin levels via GLP-1 receptor-dependent hypothalamic pathways. Postprandial release of anorexic gut hormones may thus act centrally to contribute to the postprandial reduction in circulating ghrelin.
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Bell, Mebbie. "Re/Forming the Anorexic “Prisoner”: Inpatient Medical Treatment as the Return to Panoptic Femininity." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 6, no. 2 (May 2006): 282–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708605285622.
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Badowska, Ewa. "The Anorexic Body of Liberal Feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 17, no. 2 (1998): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/464390.
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Mallardo, L., B. Campone, T. Tofani, E. Ciampi, E. Corsi, C. Baschirotto, C. Appignanesi, et al. "Is There an Association Between Body Uneasiness and Aberrant Salience in Anorexic Patients? A Preliminary Study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S285—S286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.142.
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The process whereby objects and representations come to be attention grabbing and capture thought and behaviour is called salience, and it is defined as aberrant when a significance is allocated to neutral stimuli. The Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) is a scale to measure aberrant salience, characterized by 29 dichotomic items. By now, a correlation between aberrant salience and eating disorders is unknown. Aim of this study is to evaluate an alteration of salience in patients with anorexia nervosa, to estimate the existance of a correlation between aberrant salience and the experience of body shape.MethodsTwenty-six female patients with AN (diagnosed using DSM-5) were enrolled at the Psychiatry Department of Florence. Psychopathological features were assessed at the time of enrollment using the following scales: SCL-90-R, BUT, EDE-Q. Salience alteration was assessed by the means of the ASI. Statistical analysis were realized using SPSS 20.0 with Spearman bivariate correlation.ResultsMean age was (mean ± SD) 26.2 ± 8.72 and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) 16.1 ± 2.46. Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Total (PST) and Positive Symptom Distress Symptom Index (PSDI) were estimated for BUT and SCL-90-R and compared to total value of ASI. Thus, we found a statistical significant (P < 0.05) direct correlation between ASI and BUTpsdi and ASI and SCL-90-Rgsi (correlation coefficient of 0.446 and 0.398, respectively).ConclusionIn this study, we found a significant direct correlation between Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) values and one dimension of body uneasiness in anorexic patients. These preliminary data need further studies with a wider sample to confirm the above-mentioned data.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rowland, Neil E., Jonathan D. Roth, Megan R. McMullen, Aashish Patel, and Anna T. Cespedes. "Dexfenfluramine and norfenfluramine: comparison of mechanism of action in feeding and brain Fos-ir studies." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): R390—R399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.2.r390.
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Dexfenfluramine (dF) and dexnorfenfluramine (dNF), its metabolite, are anorectic agents that release serotonin (5-HT) and may have a direct postsynaptic action. The effects on the anorectic effects of dF and dNF of either acute ( p-chlorophenylalanine, PCPA) or chronic (5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, 5,7-DHT) brain 5-HT depletions were studied in rats and compared with the actions of a 5-HT uptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) and 5-HT1B/2C receptor agonists [1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazine and 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine]. The anorexia caused by these agonists was enhanced in rats with 5,7-DHT lesions, possibly a result of receptor supersensitivity. In contrast, fluoxetine anorexia was somewhat reduced in one study and was unchanged in a second. Both dF and dNF anorexias were enhanced in rats with 5,7-DHT lesions. In contrast, the anorectic effects of either dF or dNF were unchanged in PCPA-treated rats relative to controls. Compared with controls, 5,7-DHT-lesion rats showed greatly increased dF- and dNF-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity (ir) in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) hypothalamic nuclei, and in the median preoptic area (MnPO), but were similar to controls in most other areas. PCPA pretreatment increased dF- and dNF-induced Fos-ir in the PVN, SON, and MnPO. In controls, equianorectic doses of dF and dNF induced Fos-ir in similar brain regions, but dNF produced relatively larger effects than dF in SON, PVN, and MnPO. The data are discussed in terms of multiple pathways in the anorectic actions of dF and dNF.
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Mehta, Krishna. "To what extent does the COVID-19 pandemic impact patients with anorexia nervosa?" BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.725.
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AimsThis systematic review aims to discuss the extent to which the measures undertaken to control the COVID-19 pandemic in several countries have affected those with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The coronavirus pandemic is still raging on in many countries and its effects will still be felt years from now and previous studies have shown that it has impacted other mental illnesses. AN cases are on the rise and the nature of the illness has deadly consequences, therefore it is paramount to discuss the relationship between the COVID-19 measures and symptomatology of AN to ensure appropriate services are in place to deal with potential outcomes.MethodSystematic search of the PubMed database gave thirty-three total results with seven of these used in this review. These studies met the inclusion criteria; examples include primary studies and use of the English Language. The exclusion criteria involved literature reviews, studies with less than ten participants and studies not separating AN from other eating disorders.ResultMany studies were cross sectional in nature except two longitudinal studies. Anorexic symptomology increased in the majority of papers in this review. Specifically restricting intake has increased compared to before lockdown measures. Physical activity has varied on an individual level in most studies potentially due to compensatory behaviours. Co-morbid psychopathologies were also noted during these studies. There are many factors behind these changes such as food insecurity, the effect of media and social media, uncertainty and the lack of social interaction. A number of participants across the studies were dissatisfied with treatment services during lockdowns. Variability in study results may be due to the differences in measures between countries and the use of self-reported cases compared to those contacted through care services. Limitations of this review are largely due to the how current the topic is and recommendations for the future include reviewing new studies that are published and to review the situation once the full impact of COVID-19 is known.ConclusionPatients with AN have struggled more due to the COVID-19 measures and the true effect of the pandemic is yet to be felt. Further studies and reviews should be conducted. The appropriate services should be put into place to ensure patients are supported effectively.
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Lachey, Jennifer L., David A. D’Alessio, Linda Rinaman, Joel K. Elmquist, Daniel J. Drucker, and Randy J. Seeley. "The Role of Central Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Mediating the Effects of Visceral Illness: Differential Effects in Rats and Mice." Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0419.
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In rats, central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elicits symptoms of visceral illness like those caused by the toxin lithium chloride (LiCl), including anorexia, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) formation, and neural activation in the hypothalamus and hindbrain including activation of brainstem preproglucagon cells. Most compellingly, pharmacological antagonists of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) block several effects of LiCl in rat. The major goal of these experiments was to further test the hypothesis that the central nervous system GLP-1 system is critical to the visceral illness actions of LiCl by using mice with a targeted disruption of the only described GLP-1R. First, we observed that, like the rat, LiCl activates preproglucagon neurons in wild-type mice. Second, GLP-1R −/− mice demonstrated normal anorexic and CTA responses to LiCl. To test the possibility that alternate GLP-1Rs mediate aversive effects, we examined the ability of GLP-1 to produce a CTA in GLP1R −/− mice. Although lateral ventricular GLP-1 produced a CTA in wild-type mice, it did not produce a CTA in GLP-1R −/− mice. Furthermore, the same GLP-1R antagonist that can block the aversive effects of LiCl in the rat failed to do so in the mouse. These results support the conclusion that in mouse, unlike in rat, GLP-1R signaling is not required for the visceral illness response to LiCl. Such species differences are an important consideration when comparing results from rat and mouse studies.
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Mento, Carmela, Maria Catena Silvestri, Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello, Amelia Rizzo, Laura Celebre, Martina Praticò, Rocco Antonio Zoccali, and Antonio Bruno. "Psychological Impact of Pro-Anorexia and Pro-Eating Disorder Websites on Adolescent Females: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042186.
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(1) Background: Teenagers (in particular, females) suffering from eating disorders report being not satisfied with their physical aspect and they often perceive their body image in a wrong way; they report an excessive use of websites, defined as PRO-ANA and PRO-MIA, that promote an ideal of thinness, providing advice and suggestions about how to obtain super slim bodies. (2) Aim: The aim of this review is to explore the psychological impact of pro-ana and pro-mia websites on female teenagers. (3) Methods: We have carried out a systematic review of the literature on PubMed. The search terms that have been used are: “Pro” AND “Ana” OR “Blogging” AND “Mia”. Initially, 161 publications were identified, but in total, in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies have been analyzed. (4) Results: The recent scientific literature has identified a growing number of Pro Ana and Pro Mia blogs which play an important role in the etiology of anorexia and bulimia, above all in female teenagers. The feelings of discomfort and dissatisfaction with their physical aspect, therefore, reduce their self-esteem. (5) Conclusion: These websites encourage anorexic and bulimic behaviors, in particular in female teenagers. Attention to healthy eating guidelines and policies during adolescence, focused on correcting eating behavioral aspects, is very important to prevent severe forms of psychopathology with more vulnerability in the perception of body image, social desirability, and negative emotional feedback.
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Giusti, Emanuele Maria, Chiara Manna, Anna Scolari, José M. Mestre, Tamara Prevendar, Gianluca Castelnuovo, and Giada Pietrabissa. "The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Obesity and Eating Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Mapping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042054.
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Eating and weight disorders often develop early in life and cause a long-standing significant health burden. Given the documented role of emotional intelligence (EI) in shaping the body image and predicting the onset of eating disorders, knowledge of the mechanisms involved in EI among youth is fundamental to designing specific interventions for screening and prevention of obesity and eating disorders (EDs). The present systematic mapping review was aimed to explore and quantify the nature and distribution of existing research investigating the impact of EI on EDs in young people. A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was used to assess the included studies’ methodological quality. The included studies’ results were mapped based on stratification by age groups (children, preadolescents, and adolescents), population (clinical vs. non-clinical) and disordered eating outcomes. Nine studies were included, supporting the association between EI and body image dissatisfaction, ED risk and bulimic symptomatology, but not with anorexic symptoms. Research on children and clinical populations was scant. Further studies are needed to deepen the role of EI in the genesis and maintenance of EDs.
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Huo, Lihong, Kevin M. Gamber, Harvey J. Grill, and Christian Bjørbæk. "Divergent Leptin Signaling in Proglucagon Neurons of the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract in Mice and Rats." Endocrinology 149, no. 2 (November 1, 2007): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0633.
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The central targets mediating the anorectic and other actions of leptin have yet to be fully identified. Although previous studies focused on the hypothalamus, leptin also acts on neurons in extrahypothalamic sites, including the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Moreover, injection of leptin into the NTS of rats suppresses food intake. Within the central nervous system, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), a product of proglucagon, is synthesized almost exclusively in neurons of the NTS. Intracerebroventricular administration of GLP-1 inhibits energy intake, and GLP-1 receptor antagonists attenuate the anorexic effects of leptin in rats. To examine whether NTS proglucagon neurons are directly regulated by leptin, we performed double GLP-1 and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 immunohistochemistry on brain sections from ip leptin-treated mice and rats. Leptin induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in 100% of GLP-1 cells in the caudal brainstem of mice. In striking contrast, 0% of GLP-1-positive neurons in rats responded to leptin. We then measured regulation of NTS proglucagon mRNA using real-time RT-PCR in mice and rats fed ad libitum, fasted, or fasted and treated ip with leptin. In mice, proglucagon mRNA fell by fasting, and this was prevented by leptin administration. In rats, by contrast, proglucagon mRNA was unaffected by either fasting or leptin. Taken together, our studies reveal direct regulation of proglucagon neurons by leptin in mice but not rats along with corresponding species differences in the regulation of proglucagon mRNA expression. These data, combined with previous results, suggest a different mechanism of interaction between leptin and NTS proglucagon neurons in mice and rats.
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Xiao, Yang, Jinxin Wang, Paul B. Siegel, Mark A. Cline, and Elizabeth R. Gilbert. "Early-Life Stress Induced Epigenetic Changes of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Gene in Anorexic Low Body Weight–Selected Chicks." Life 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10050051.
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The expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were increased when low body weight–selected (LWS) line chicks, which are predisposed to anorexia, were subjected to a combination of nutritional and thermal stressors at hatch. We hypothesized that such changes resulted from epigenetic modifications. We determined global DNA methylation, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity, and methylation near the promoter regions of NPY and CRF, in the hypothalamus of LWS chicks on day 5 post-hatch. Stress exposure at hatch induced global hypermethylation and increased DNMT activity in the ARC but not PVN. In the PVN of stressed LWS chicks, there was decreased methylation of a CpG site located at the core binding domain of methyl cytosine binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), near the CRF gene promoter. We then demonstrated that this was associated with disrupted binding of MBD2. There was also reduced utilization of yolk reserves and lean and fat masses in chicks that were stress-exposed. These findings provide novel insights on molecular mechanisms through which stressful events induce or intensify anorexia in predisposed individuals and a novel molecular target for further studies.
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Rosenvinge, Jan H. "Group therapy for anorexic and bulimic patients Some aspects on the conduction of group therapy and a critical review of some recent studies." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 82, s361 (November 1990): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb10753.x.
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Wusteman, M., D. G. Wight, and M. Elia. "Protein metabolism after injury with turpentine: a rat model for clinical trauma." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 259, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): E763—E769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1990.259.6.e763.
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Subcutaneous injections of turpentine induced discrete aseptic abscesses in rats without detectable injury to other tissues. Hypoalbuminemia and high circulating concentrations of alpha 2-macroglobulin were present after 48 h. Liver size, protein content, and protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) were all increased, whereas loss of muscle protein occurred together with similar (45-50%) reductions in both intramuscular glutamine concentrations ([Gln]i, mmol/l intracellular water) and FSR. The rats became anorexic, but pair feeding (50% ad libitum for 48 h) produced a 22% increase in muscle [Gln]i and only an 18% reduction in muscle FSR. Dietary restriction therefore did not demonstrate the positive relationship between muscle [Gln]i and FSR, which has been observed in animal trauma studies. It is concluded that subcutaneous injections of turpentine produce many of the features of the acute-phase response to injury, and therefore this technique is recommended as a convenient laboratory model for studying various aspects of the protein metabolic response to injury.
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Orita, H., J. Coulter, E. Tully, M. Pinn, J. Thupari, M. Pomper, C. Townsend, D. Ettinger, F. Kuhajda, and E. Gabrielson. "Second-generation inhibitors of fatty acid synthase for lung cancer treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 18185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.18185.
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18185 Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is highly expressed in many human cancers, including lung cancers. Previous work has shown that blocking FAS activity by cerulenin, a natural antibiotic, or C75, a first-generation synthetic small molecule, leads to apoptosis in cells that overexpress this enzyme. However, the use of C75 is limited by the dose-dependent anorexia that appears to be associated with stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Pharmacokinetics studies show that the activity of C75 peaks within hours of administration and by 24 hours, approximately 80% of activity is lost. Thus, the effectiveness of C75 is limited by this short duration of anti-neoplastic activity and the prolonged anorexic effects.Several second-generation novel FAS-inhibitory compounds have been synthesized that show significant inhibition of FAS, without parallel stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Among the most promising of the compounds is C93, which inhibits FAS at nearly equal potency as C75, but has significantly less stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. We treated mice with xenografts (orthotopic and subcutaneous) developed from 3 different human lung cancer cell lines (H460, A549, and LX-7) with daily intraperitoneal injections of C93 (5 days/week) at 50 mg/kg for 4 weeks and observed significant (up to 70%) inhibition of tumor growth in all xenograft models tested. Furthermore, no significant weight loss and no organ-specific toxicity were recognized in treated animals. These results suggest that it is possible to pharmacologically uncouple inhibition of FAS from stimulation of fatty acid oxidation, and thus achieve anti-neoplastic activity by inhibition of FAS without significant drug-induced anorexia. Finally, we tested an oral formulation of C93 with the intent of developing a dosing protocol suitable for clinical applications. Similar levels of drug in tumor tissue, and similar inhibition of fatty acid synthase enzyme activity, were seen after oral and intraperitoneal administrations of drug. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of C93 to animals with subcutaneous H460 lung cancer xenografts inhibited tumor growth to a similar level observed after intraperitoneal administration. Thus, fatty acid synthase appears to be a promising target for lung cancer treatment. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Gremillion, Helen. "The Anorexic Self: A Personal, Political Analysis of a Diagnostic Discourse. By Paula Saukko. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008.Abject Relations: Everyday Worlds of Anorexia. By Megan Warin. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2010." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 37, no. 1 (September 2011): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660185.
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Armanini, D., P. Spinella, M. Simoncini, A. Basso, S. Zovato, GB Pozzan, CB De Palo, G. Bucciante, and I. Karbowiak. "Regulation of corticosteroid receptors in patients with anorexia nervosa and Cushing's syndrome." Journal of Endocrinology 158, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1580435.
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We have studied 16 patients with anorexia nervosa (11 with a stabilised weight loss and 5 in the weight-losing phase), 11 healthy controls, and 10 patients with Cushing's syndrome, by measuring plasma cortisol (by enzyme-immunoassay), ACTH (by RIA), corticosteroid (Type I-mineralocorticoid and Type II-glucocorticoid) receptors in mononuclear leukocytes (by radio-receptor assay), and lymphocyte subpopulations (by cytofluorimetry). In anorexic patients with a stabilised weight loss and in Cushing's syndrome the mean value of both Type I and Type II corticosteroid receptors in mononuclear leukocytes was significantly lower than in controls. The correlation between Type II receptors and plasma cortisol was inverse in stabilised anorexia nervosa and in Cushing's syndrome, and direct in healthy controls. Anorexic patients in the weight-losing phase showed a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels and a normal number of Type II receptors. From these results we hypothesise that in anorexia nervosa there is a progression from an increase in plasma cortisol in the weight-losing phase, to a concomitant decrease in Type II receptors when the disease is stabilised.
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Enxing, Julia. "AUTHENTIC COMPASSION? O. TOSCANI'S OUTRAGEOUS CAMPAIGNS: AN ETHIC-ESTHETICAL INQUIRY FROM A THEOLOGIAN'S PERSPECTIVE / AUTENTIŠKAS GAILESTIS? ĮŽEIDŽIANČIOS O. TOSCANI KAMPANIJOS: ETINIS-ESTETINIS TYRINĖJIMAS IŠ TEOLOGO PERSPEKTYVOS." CREATIVITY STUDIES 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297475.2013.767219.
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This article presents an ethical-esthetical examination of Oliviero Toscani's shocking photographs. Thereby it shortly introduces Toscani's life and work and proceeds with a description and analysis of three of his major works: the photographs of the anorexic model Isabelle Caro; the advertisement photographs for the jesus-jeans as well as the UNHATE campaign – one of his photo series for United Colors of Benetton. The article aims to point out the ethical implications of his works, especially from a theologian's perspective. It picks up relevant ethical theories and methods of evaluation, such as the principle of double action (Peter Knauer). Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamas šokiruojančių Oliviero Toscani fotografijų etinis-estetinis tyrinėjimas. Čia skaitytojas trumpai supažindinamas su Toscani gyvenimu ir darbais, pradedant nuo trijų svarbiausiųjų aprašymo ir analizės: anoreksija sergančio modelio Isabelle's Caro fotografijų, džinsų reklaminių fotografijų su Jėzaus atvaizdais, taip pat UNHATE kampanijos – vienos jo fotografijų serijos, skirtos United Colors of Benetton. Taip iš teologo perspektyvos šiame straipsnyje siekiama atkreipti dėmesį į numanomas jo darbų etines reikšmes. Tam pasitelkiamos tam tikros etikos teorijos ir vertinimo metodai, tokie kaip dvigubos pasekmės principas (Peteris Knaueris).
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Kennedy, Meegan. "BOOK REVIEW: Anna Krugovoy Silver.VICTORIAN LITERATURE AND THE ANOREXIC BODY. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002." Victorian Studies 47, no. 2 (January 2005): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/vic.2005.47.2.285.
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