Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ANSYS CFX'

The issue this master’s thesis discusses the cooling synchronous machines. Specifically, the calculation of cooling induction motor using the finite volume method. Using Autodesk Inventor will create a 3D model of a real electric machine, ie asynchronous motor and then ANSYS WORKBENCH perform system analysis CFX, based on the finite volume method. Furthermore, we realize the air speed measurements on a particular machine and the individual results obtained by measuring and calculating the actual compared with each other. The master’s thesis also deals marginally with closely related to it. For the same machine model, we apply the calculation of the temperature fields using the finite volume method and them perform a thermal analysis. Next, we can carry out the measurement of the temperature on the motor itself and calculate the measured values and the measured compare each other.

This thesis aims at presenting Computational Fluid Dynamics studies conducted on an axisymmetric model of the Siemens SGT-800 burner using Ansys Fluent, Ansys CFX and Ansys ICEM. The goal is to perform a mesh study and turbulence model study for isothermal flow. The result will show the differences observed while using the two solvers by Ansys, Fluent and CFX. Two different meshes, A, coarse and B, optimal have been used for the mesh study. This will reveal the mesh dependency of the different parameters and if any differences are observed between the solver’s convergence and mesh independency performance. To further validate the mesh independency, a simplified test case is simulated for turbulent flow for 32 different cases testing the numerical algorithms and spatial discretization available in Ansys Fluent and finding the optimal method to achieve convergence and reliable results. Turbulence model study has been performed where k-ε, k-ω and k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) model have been simulated and the results between solvers and models are compared to see if the solvers’ way of handling the different models varies.Studies from this thesis suggest that both solvers implement the turbulence models differently. Out of the three models compared, k-ω SST is the model with least differences between solvers. The solution looks alike and therefore it could be suggested to use this model, whenever possible, for future studies when both solvers are used. For the models k-ε and k-ω significant differences were found between the two solvers when comparing velocity, pressure and turbulence kinetic energy. Different reasons for its occurrence are discussed in the thesis and also attempts have been made to rule out few of the reasons to narrow down the possible causes. One of the goals of the thesis was to also discuss the differences in user-interface and solver capabilities which have been presented in the conclusions and discussions section of the report. Questions that still remain unanswered after the thesis are why these differences are present between solvers and which of the solvers’ results are more reliable when these differences have been found.

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This study used the Computational Fluid Dynamics code, ANSYS-CFX to predict the static aerodynamic characteristics of a canard-wing missile configuration with a hemispherical nose, triangular wedge canards and fixed trapezoidal wings. The study was conducted for Mach numbers of 0.2, 0.8 and 1.2. The results were compared against experimental data from actual wind tunnel tests and data from a semi-empirical method, AP09. The ANSYS-CFX results showed good agreement for CN, CM, and CL but less agreement for CA when compared to the experimental results. The AP09 results also showed good agreement for CN, CM, and CL but also showed less agreement for CA.

Zur Verringerung von Schadstoffemissionen werden in Kaminöfen oft Keramikfilter integriert, die Staub und Ruß aus dem Abgas entfernen sollen. Die Filter beeinflussen jedoch die strömungsmechanischen, energetischen und chemischen Vorgänge im Feuerraum. Für die Auslegung und die praktische Anwendung der Filter ist die Kenntnis der Einflussgrößen und deren Umfang nötig. Mit Hilfe von experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen wurden die Stoff- und Energietransportvorgänge von zwei Kaminöfen charakterisiert. Zur Bestimmung der Massenabnahme von Holzscheiten kam eine neue, praktisch leicht umsetzbare Methode, basierend auf einer Schockkühlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff, zum Einsatz. Parallel dazu wurde die Massenabnahme der Holzscheite mit Hilfe einer Online-Massenbestimmung mittels Waage aufgezeichnet und ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Abbrandkinetik entwickelt. Die Schwierigkeiten der messtechnischen Erfassung und Auswertung der instationären Vorgänge wurden dargestellt und diskutiert. Für die zwei Kaminöfen sind numerische Simulationen mit der Software ANSYS CFX erstellt worden, die weitgehend auf realen Geometrien beruhen. Vergleichende null- und eindimensionale Simulationen mit unterschiedlichen Reaktionsmechanismen und gasförmigen Brennstoffen wurden realisiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Berechnung von Kaminöfen untersucht. Nach erfolgter Validierung wurde ein parametrisches Simulationsmodell eines Kaminofens erstellt. Mit diesem wurde eine Parameterstudie zur Untersuchung der Veränderung der Zielgrößen Heizleistung, Kohlenmonoxid- und Rußkonzentration sowie Gesamt- und Sekundärluftmassenstrom in Abhängigkeit der Parameter durchgeführt.

Today many researchers are looking toward computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool that can help doctors understand and predict the severity of aneurysms, but there has yet to be any conclusive proof of the accuracy or the ease of implementation of this CFD analysis. To help solve this issue, CFD simulations were conducted to compare these setup practices in order to find the most accurate and computationally efficient setup. These simulation comparisons were applied over two CFD group challenges from the CFD community whose goal was not only to assess modeling accuracy, but the analysis of clinical use and the hemodynamics of rupture as well. Methodology compared included mesh style and refinement, timestep comparison, steady and unsteady flow comparison as well as flow rate amplitude comparison, inlet flow profile conditions, and outlet boundary conditions. The ?Best Practice? setup gave good overall results compared with challenge participant and in-vitro data.

Labyrinth seal force estimates are important to the prediction of the stability of turbomachinery. The force prediction methods fall into several categories: experiments, bulk flow analysis, and finite volume analysis. Finite volume analysis can be split into two subcategories: self-developed and commercial. In this research, a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program called ANSYS-CFX was used to predict the forces generated in a labyrinth seal whirling at specified speeds. The results were compared to data from VT-FAST, a bulk flow code, and TASCflow, another commercial CFD program. It was shown that there were discrepancies among the results, and several hypotheses were made as to the reason for these discrepancies. Additionally, ANSYS-CFX was used to study the effect of labyrinth seal eccentricity ratio on the resultant force generated. It was shown that the radial force component within the seal behaved linearly with respect to eccentricity ratio. However, the tangential force component had no distinguishable relationship with the eccentricity ratio. It was hypothesized that the lack of a relationship was caused by the small fluctuations in the inlet swirl. Although the inlet swirl varied very little at each eccentricity ratio, it was shown there was a relationship between the tangential force and inlet swirl.
Master of Science

Every computational fluid dynamics engineer deals with a never ending story – limitedcomputer resources. In computational fluid dynamics there is practically never enoughcomputer power. Limited computer resources lead to long calculation times which result inhigh costs and one of the main reasons is that large quantity of elements are needed in acomputational mesh in order to obtain accurate and reliable results.Although there exist established meshing approaches for the Siemens 4th generation DLEburner, mesh dependency has not been fully evaluated yet. The main goal of this work istherefore to better optimize accuracy versus cell count for this particular burner intended forsimulation of air/gas mixing where eddy-viscosity based turbulence models are employed.Ansys Fluent solver was used for all simulations in this work. For time effectivisationpurposes a 30° sector model of the burner was created and validated for the meshconvergence study. No steady state solutions were found for this case therefore timedependent simulations with time statistics sampling were employed. The mesh convergencestudy has shown that a coarse computational mesh in air casing of the burner does not affectflow conditions downstream where air/gas mixing process is taking place and that a majorpart of the combustion chamber is highly mesh independent. A large reduction of cell count inthose two parts is therefore allowed. On the other hand the RPL (Rich Pilot Lean) and thepilot burner turned out to be highly mesh density dependent. The RPL and the Pilot burnerneed to have significantly more refined mesh as it has been used so far with the establishedmeshing approaches. The mesh optimization has finally shown that at least as accurate resultsof air/gas mixing results may be obtained with 3x smaller cell count. Furthermore it has beenshown that significantly more accurate results may be obtained with 60% smaller cell count aswith the established meshing approaches.A short mesh study of the Siemens 3rd generation DLE burner in ignition stage of operationwas also performed in this work. This brief study has shown that the established meshingapproach for air/gas mixing purposes is sufficient for use with Ansys Fluent solver whilecertain differences were discovered when comparing the results obtained with Ansys Fluentagainst those obtained with Ansys CFX solver. Differences between Fluent and CFX solverwere briefly discussed in this work as identical simulation set up in both solvers producedslightly different results. Furthermore the obtained results suggest that Fluent solver is lessmesh dependent as CFX solver for this particular case.

Целью данной работы была отработка методики численного эксперимента для анализа течения в осерадиальном колесе компрессора. Был изучен и использован функционал программ, входящих в Ansys для проектирования элементов турбомашин, в частности программ Vista CCD, Vista TF, BladeGen и BladeModeler. Объектом численного моделирования было осерадиальное центробежное колесо, созданное в модуле VistaCCD. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31329

This diploma thesis deals with the phenomenon appearing in hydrodynamic pumps at the sub-optimal flow rate. This phenomenon is inlet recirculation, which is an undesirable phenomenon in the suction of the pump. This recirculation causes cavitation, pressure pulsations and may cause clogging of the suction line. The main goal of the diploma thesis is CFD simulation for the recirculation mode, identification of the flow phenomena, and designs of possible measures to suppress inlet recirculation.

Значний науковий інтерес представляє дослідження впливу надроторних елементів на структуру течії у шнекововідцентровому ступені насосу. Виконання цього дослідження за допомогою сучасних методів чисельного розрахунку течії спрощує та пришвидшує отримання результатів. Для того, щоб впевнитися у доцільності використання таких методів було виконано порівняння результатів, отриманих за допомогою фізичного експерименту та чисельного розрахунку течії за допомогою програмного продукту ANSYS CFX з моделюванням зазору між передвключеним осьовим колесом та корпусом шнекововідцентрового ступеня та без його моделювання.

The thesis is focused on possibilities of asynchronous motors cooling with use of simulation at ANSYS Workbench program. It is divided into two parts. The first part deals with analyses of cooling medium circulation through ventilator and cooling medium circulation on the motor surface. As a result of the analyses is air speed distribution and air pressure representation. The second part of the thesis includes simulation of motor temperature rise both with cooling and without cooling at Ansys Workbench application together with temperature measurement of real asynchronous motor in the laboratory. For cooling purposes air circulation was used. The goal of my research is comparison of the computing results with the measured results.

In this Master´s thesis will be performed an analysis of thermal properties of synchronous machines in the program Ansys Workbench on a simplified model of synchronous traction motor. In the first section will be performed thermal analysis without cooling followed by analysis of air flow and finally thermal analysis with cooling for fan speed 1500 min-1 and 3000 min-1. The second section will describe the principle, construction and losses on the synchronous machine. The third chapter will describe concepts such as heat, temperature, heat transfer, types of the heat transfer, specific heat capacity, emisivity and thermal conductivity. The fourth chapter will introduce the program Ansys Workbench, finite element method and Ansys CFX. In the fifth chapter will be described how to perform thermal analysis on the created model of motor. The sixth chapter will describe how to analyze the air flow of the created model of motor. The flow analysis will be performed for fan speed 1500 min-1 and 3000 min-1. In the seventh chapter will be compared the results of the air flow and pressure field in the motor model. In the eighth chapter will be performed a thermal analyzis on the created motor model with cooling for fan speed 1500 min-1 and 3000 min-1. The nineth chapter will compare the results of temperatures and heat fluxes obtained from the thermal analysis witnout cooling, with cooling for fan speed 1500 min-1 and 3000 min-1 for full losses, half losses of continous running, and full losses of interrupt running for 9000 seconds (2 hours 30 minutes).

Steam turbines are widely used in various industrial applications, primarily for power extraction. However, deviation for operating design conditions is a frequent occurrence for such machines, and therefore, understanding their performance at off design conditions is critical to ensure that the needs of the power demanding systems are met as well as ensuring safe operation of the steam turbines. In this thesis, the aerodynamic performance of three different turbine airfoil sections ( baseline, mid radius and tip profile) as a function of angle of incidence and exit Mach numbers, is numerically computed at 0.3 axial chords downstream of the trailing edge. It was found that the average loss coefficient was low, owing to the fact that the flow over the airfoils was well behaved. The loss coefficient also showed a slight decrease with exit Mach number for all three profiles. The mid radius and tip profiles showed near identical performance due to similarity in their geometries. It was also found out that the baseline profile showed a trend of substantial increase in losses at positive incidences, due to the development of an adverse pressure zone on the blade suction side surface. The mid radius profile showed high insensitivity to angle of incidence as well as low exit flow angle deviation in comparison to the baseline blade.
Master of Science

El presente trabajo de tesis es motivado por la necesidad de contribuir con la mejora y optimización de nuevos diseños, en la fabricación de tanques agitadores, que permitan minimizar el tiempo de operación, incrementar la eficiencia de mezcla y disminuir los costos de fabricación. El lector encontrará dentro de este trabajo una breve explicación de las generalidades técnicas en tanques agitadores, números adimensionales utilizados en mezcla, ecuaciones matemáticas que gobiernan el comportamiento de los fluidos, estadísticas de mallado, así como la descripción de los principales modelos de turbulencia en CFD (Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional). Una gran parte del tiempo de este proyecto se dedicó a proponer un procedimiento para simular y mostrar el comportamiento del flujo dentro de un tanque agitador vertical con superficie libre; para ello se utilizó el software Ansys versión 14.0 (herramienta computacional de simulación de CFD) considerando la interacción impulsor-deflector, flujo turbulento, fluido newtoniano, simulación bifásica, régimen estacionario y un impulsor PTB (turbina de paletas rectas inclinadas 45°) de cuatro álabes. Luego, los resultados obtenidos de la simulación, tomando como principal variable los modelos de turbulencia k-Epsilon, k-Omega o Shear Stress Transport (SST), fueron comparados, en base a la curva de potencia (Re vs Np) para este el tipo impulsores, con los resultados experimentales proporcionados por la empresa, fabricante de agitadores, Chemineer. El modelo de turbulencia SST resulto ser el más adecuado para este tipo de caso de estudio por presentar un error menor al 8% en la comparación con las curvas de potencia; con lo cual, podemos concluir que el presente trabajo nos propone un procedimiento válido para simular y mostrar el comportamiento del flujo que se produce en un tanque agitador vertical de impulsor PTB con superficie libre y régimen estacionario mediante el software Ansys versión 14.0.
Tesis

The aim of this master´s thesis was to model the fan for the induction motor, and then to solve this model using Ansys CFX in the terms of flow, when considering the different speeds of rotation of the rotor. The introduction of this work is dedicated to basic terms and definitions from spheres of fluid flow, cooling of the electrical machines, especially to the cooling of the asynchronous machine. There is also attention paid to losses in this machine. Finally, there is modeled radial fan and an air gap of specified induction machine. By using Ansys CFX the flow, which passes from the fan into the air gap, is analyzed.

This work is focused on the dynamic effects with regard to impact of wind on a slender bridge structure, namely a variant of an overhead footbridge for pedestrians and cyclists, over a river. Attention is focused on finding the so-called default steady state, as well as modal analysis, where owen frequencies are calculated, which is the basis for further dynamic assessment. The main part is focused on modeling in a fluid field of ANSYS CFX, where the effects of wind on the structure are defined and calculated. The goal of the work is to make a dynamic response to vortex excitation and, on the basis of analysis, to assess the fatigue design.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil-Perfil de construção
O presente trabalho tem como principal objectivo simular numericamente os escoamentos fluviais em canais de secção composta com rugosidade nos leitos de cheia. Estas simulações são realizadas recorrendo ao programa ANSYS CFX que resolve numericamente as equações RANS e recorre ao método VoF e ao modelo de turbulência EARSM para a modelação da superfície livre e da turbulência, respectivamente. A simulação inicia-se pelas condições de fronteira que permitem garantir as condições de regime uniforme, posteriormente analisa-se e compara-se os resultados dos leitos de cheia lisos e rugosos. Os resultados numéricos são sempre comparados com dados experimentais. Dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o modelo de turbulência EARSM simula com precisão o escoamento em canais de secção composta, visto que permite identificar as correntes secundárias existentes na interface entre os leitos, aproximando-se bastante de ensaios experimentais. A adopção de leis de parede para modelar a rugosidade nos leitos de cheia permite obter resultados precisos, desde que a altura do primeiro elemento do domínio computacional seja bem definida.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T18:34:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIEL CESAR DE MACEDO CAVALCANTE – TESE (PPGEP) 2017.pdf: 5981753 bytes, checksum: 7cb1bc84364b7e8874a0a5bd64ac28f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-24
Capes
Os hidrociclones convencionais são equipamentos versáteis, devido a elevada capacidade de processamento, baixo custo de manutenção. Vários são os estudos que visam alterar a estrutura típica do hidrociclone convencional de modo alterar seu desempenho e objetivo. Assim surgiu os hidrociclones filtrantes no qual se diferencia do hidrociclone convencional pela substituição da parede cônica ou cilíndrica por uma membrana porosa. Durante o funcionamento desse separador, além das correntes tradicionalmente observadas (alimentação, underflow e overflow), há uma corrente líquida proveniente do processo de filtração, normalmente denominado filtrado. O presente trabalho propõe estudar hidrociclones filtrantes baseados no trabalho de Façanha (2012), a partir do estudo numérico do processo de separação água/partícula sólida realizado com auxílio do “software” comercial ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. O modelo matemático usado considera escoamento tridimensional, turbulento, estacionário, baseado na abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana e modelo de turbulência SST “Shear Stress Transport”. Foram avaliados estudos da dinâmica do escoamento, Efeito da porosidade, efeito da permeabilidade e efeito da matriz porosa. Os resultados demonstram que a vazão do filtrado é menor em relação as outras saídas, altera o escoamento no interior do hidrociclone filtrante tanto em relação a porosidade, permeabilidade e efeito da posição do meio filtrante. O aumento da porosidade e permeabilidade alterou a distribuição de pressão, razão do líquido e eficiência total no interior do hidrociclo cilíndrico filtrante.
Conventional hydrocyclones are versatile equipment due to high processing capacity and low maintenance costs. Several studies are aimed at changing the typical structure of conventional hydrocyclone in order to alter its performance and purpose. In this way the hydrocyclones filtering in which it differs from the conventional hydrocyclone by the replacement of the conical or cylindrical wall by a porous membrane. During the operation of this separator, in addition to the traditionally observed currents (feed, underflow and overflow), there is a liquid stream coming from the filtration process, usually called filtrate. The present work proposes to study filtering hydrocyclones based on the work of Façanha (2012), based on the numerical study of the water / solid particle separation process performed with the commercial software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. The mathematical model used considers three-dimensional, turbulent, stationary flow, based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach and SST turbulence model "Shear Stress Transport". Studies of flow dynamics, porosity effect, permeability effect and porous matrix effect were evaluated. The results show that the flow rate of the filtrate is lower in relation to the other outlets, it changes the flow inside the filter hydrocyclone in relation to the porosity, permeability and effect of the position of the filter medium. The increase in porosity and permeability altered the pressure distribution, liquid ratio and total efficiency inside the filter cylindrical hydrocyclones.

This master´s thesis deals with influence of forced air flow from the ventilators on the power transformer cooling. For this analysis was used simulation software ANSYS CFX, that uses the finite volume method for calculations of dynamic properties of liquids. In the introduction of the thesis is presented the basic terminology of fluid flow, temperature fields and theory of transformers. The simulation is divided to the analysis of flow through the left and right radiator models.

Research has shown that mixing in cross-junctions in water distribution systems is far from perfect, and that the entering fluids bifurcate from each other rather than mix. The purpose of this thesis is to study the behaviour of two fluids entering a cross-junction in a water distribution system. In this context, experimental tests and numerical simulations are performed in order to produce and test the mixing at cross-junctions. This study focuses on cross-junctions with equal pipe diameters, with flows that can vary from laminar to turbulent. The fluids are pure water and tracer. Different tracer materials with various flow configurations were tested experimentally and numerically. Firstly, an experimental study of mixing in cross-junctions was performed at the TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Center) in Dresden. This experimental study pro-vides an overview of the parameters that can affect the mixing in cross-junctions, and is used to validate the numerical simulations. Different numerical approaches for modelling the mixing in cross-junctions are presented. The simulations use an existing commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX 19.1, and are also extensively validated using experimental and numerical results from other researchers. In ANSYS CFX there are several models that can be used to simulate the mixing of two fluids. In this study both fluids are considered to be isothermal incompressible and without phase change. Two mixing models are tested: the additional variable model and the multi-component model. The three-dimensional models use RANS turbulence models and LES simulations. The parameters of the numerical setup were investigated carefully in order to study their effect on the results. Furthermore, the effect of changing the turbulent Schmidt number in the RANS simulations was extensively studied, and the results are compared with the experimental results. The accuracy of using Large eddy simulation to simulate mixing in cross junction is also tested, taking into consideration the required mesh resolution and the turbulence in the initial bound-ary conditions. This work presents an applicable numerical approach to simulate the fluid behaviours in cross-junctions. Using this approach, the effect of different parameters is tested, such as: Reynolds number, pipe diameter, mixing time, diffusivity and density difference. The results produced using the numerical approach revealed that one of the main parameters that affect the mixing is the density difference. It has a great effect on the outgoing concentration in cross-junctions, and the mixing behaviour changes when the tracer material and the flow regime are changed. The used approach will help to investigate the effect of various flow parameters on the mixing in cross-junctions. Based on the data set of this study, an empirical conceptual model for mixing in cross-junction is also presented using multiple regression, and there is potential for this model to be further developed in combination with experimental and numerical studies.:Abstract Kurzfassung Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Transport in water distribution system 1.2.2 Mixing in pipe junctions 1.3 Research problems 1.4 Research methodology and objectives 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Basic equations and terms in pipe hydraulic 2.1.1 Conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) 2.1.2 Conservation of momentum (the Navier-Stokes equations) 2.1.3 Contaminant transport (transport equation) 2.1.4 Reynolds number 2.1.5 Flow development in pipes 2.1.6 Velocity distribution in pipe flows 2.1.7 Definition of concentration and mass fraction 2.1.8 Viscosity 2.2 Turbulence and modeling 2.2.1 Spatial discretization methods 2.2.2 Turbulence models 2.2.3 Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.2.4 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) 2.2.5 Large eddy simulation 2.3 Modeling of mixing in ANSYS CFX 2.3.1 Additional variable 2.3.2 Multi-component flow model 2.3.3 Two-phase flow model 2.4 Mixing in cross-junctions (available models) 2.4.1 Complete mixing model 2.4.2 Bulk advective mixing model (BAM) 2.4.3 BAM-Wrap mixing model 2.4.4 Shao mixing model 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the model network 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Turbulent flow experiments 3.3.2 Laminar flow experiments 3.3.3 The interpolation of the experimental results 3.4 Conclusion 4 3D Numerical Study using ANSYS CFX 4.1 Introduction to ANSYS CFX 4.1.1 Model setup in ANSYS CFX 4.1.2 Modeling of mixing in cross-junctions 4.2 Additional variable model 4.2.1 Application of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of URANS simulations 4.2.3 Application of the large eddy simulation 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Multi-component flow model 4.3.1 Setup of the multi-component simulation model 4.3.2 Results and discussion 4.4 Summary 5 Mixing Model for Cross junction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter sensitivity Analysis 5.2.1 The influence of changing the Reynolds number 5.2.2 The influence of changing the pipe diameter 5.2.3 The influence of the inflow and outflow ratios 5.2.4 The influence of changing the tracer properties 5.2.5 The influence of the pipe roughness 5.3 Conceptual model for mixing in cross junction 6 Summary 7 Outlook References APPENDIX A APPENDIX B
Frühere Forschungsergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass das Vermischen von gelösten Substanzen in Rohrkreuzen in Wasserversorgungssystemen alles andere als perfekt ist und wenn zwei Flüssigleiten in einem Rohrkreuz eintreten, trennen sie sich eher voneinander anstatt sich zu vermischen. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, das Verhalten von zwei Flüssigkeiten in einem Rohrkreuz zu untersuchen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden experimentelle Unter-suchungen und numerische Strömungssimulationen durchgeführt, um das Vermischen an Kreuzungspunkten in Wasserversorgungssystemen zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf Rohrkreuzen mit gleichen Rohrdurchmessern in Strömungen, die von laminar bis turbulent variieren können. Verschiedene Eigenschaften der Flüssigkeiten mit verschiedenen Strömungskonfigurationen wurden experimentell und numerisch getestet. Zunächst wurden im TZW (DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser) die experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Mi-schen in Rohrkreuzungen durchgeführt. Die durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen bieten einen Überblick über die Parameter, die das Mischverhältnis in Kreuzungspunkten be-einflussen können, und werden zur Validierung der numerischen Simulationen verwendet. Verschiedene numerische Ansätze zur Modellierung des Vermischens in Rohrkreuzen werden vorgestellt. Die 3D-numerische Strömungssimulationen verwenden einen vorhandenen kommerziellen CFD-Code, ANSYS CFX 19.1, und werden auch anhand experimenteller und numerischer Ergebnisse anderer Forscher umfassend validiert. In ANSYS CFX gibt es mehre-re Modelle, mit denen das Vermischen von Flüssigkeiten simuliert werden kann. In dieser Arbeit werden beide Flüssigkeiten als isotherm, inkompressibel und ohne Phasenwechsel betrachtet. Es werden zwei Mischmodelle getestet: das Additional Variable Model und das Multi-component Model. Die 3D -Strömungsmodelle verwenden RANS-Turbulenzmodelle und LES-Simulationen. Die Parameter des numerischen Aufbaus wurden sorgfältig untersucht, um ihre Auswirkung auf die Ergebnisse zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss der Änderung der turbulenten Schmidt-Zahl in den RANS-Simulationen ausführlich untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verglichen. Die Genauigkeit der Ver-wendung einer Large-Eddy-Simulation zur Simulation des Vermischens in Rohrkreuz wird ebenfalls getestet, wobei die erforderliche Netzauflösung und die Turbulenzen in den An-fangs- und Randbedingungen berücksichtigt werden. Diese Arbeit präsentiert einen anwend-baren numerischen Ansatz zur Simulation des Fließverhaltens in Rohrkreuzen. Mit diesem Ansatz wird die Wirkung verschiedener Parameter getestet, z. B.: Reynolds-Zahl, Rohrdurch-messer, Vermischungszeit, Diffusivität und Dichteunterschied. Die mit den numerischen Mo-dellen erzielten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass einer der Hauptparameter, die das Vermischen in Rohrkreuzen beeinflussen, der Dichteunterschied ist, welcher einen großen Einfluss auf die ausgehende Konzentration in Kreuzungen hat. Der verwendete numerische Ansatz wird dazu beitragen, die Auswirkung verschiedener Strömungsparameter auf das Vermischen in Rohr-kreuzen zu untersuchen. Basierend auf dem Datensatz dieser Studie wird auch ein empiri-sches konzeptionelles Modell für das Vermischen in Rohrkreuz unter Verwendung multipler Regression vorgestellt. Dieses Modell kann in Kombination mit experimentellen und numeri-schen Studien weiterentwickelt werden.:Abstract Kurzfassung Nomenclature List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.2.1 Transport in water distribution system 1.2.2 Mixing in pipe junctions 1.3 Research problems 1.4 Research methodology and objectives 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Basic equations and terms in pipe hydraulic 2.1.1 Conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) 2.1.2 Conservation of momentum (the Navier-Stokes equations) 2.1.3 Contaminant transport (transport equation) 2.1.4 Reynolds number 2.1.5 Flow development in pipes 2.1.6 Velocity distribution in pipe flows 2.1.7 Definition of concentration and mass fraction 2.1.8 Viscosity 2.2 Turbulence and modeling 2.2.1 Spatial discretization methods 2.2.2 Turbulence models 2.2.3 Direct numerical simulation (DNS) 2.2.4 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) 2.2.5 Large eddy simulation 2.3 Modeling of mixing in ANSYS CFX 2.3.1 Additional variable 2.3.2 Multi-component flow model 2.3.3 Two-phase flow model 2.4 Mixing in cross-junctions (available models) 2.4.1 Complete mixing model 2.4.2 Bulk advective mixing model (BAM) 2.4.3 BAM-Wrap mixing model 2.4.4 Shao mixing model 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Description of the model network 3.3 Results and discussion 3.3.1 Turbulent flow experiments 3.3.2 Laminar flow experiments 3.3.3 The interpolation of the experimental results 3.4 Conclusion 4 3D Numerical Study using ANSYS CFX 4.1 Introduction to ANSYS CFX 4.1.1 Model setup in ANSYS CFX 4.1.2 Modeling of mixing in cross-junctions 4.2 Additional variable model 4.2.1 Application of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulation 4.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of URANS simulations 4.2.3 Application of the large eddy simulation 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Multi-component flow model 4.3.1 Setup of the multi-component simulation model 4.3.2 Results and discussion 4.4 Summary 5 Mixing Model for Cross junction 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter sensitivity Analysis 5.2.1 The influence of changing the Reynolds number 5.2.2 The influence of changing the pipe diameter 5.2.3 The influence of the inflow and outflow ratios 5.2.4 The influence of changing the tracer properties 5.2.5 The influence of the pipe roughness 5.3 Conceptual model for mixing in cross junction 6 Summary 7 Outlook References APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

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Capes
Os separadores são equipamentos utilizados no processamento primário da indústria do petróleo com o objetivo de separar a mistura multifásica proveniente dos poços produtores. O trabalho avaliou o efeito dos dispositivos internos do vaso separador sobre a dinâmica do escoamento no processo de separação gás/óleo. Foi definido uma modelagem matemática com base na dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) do separador horizontal bifásico. Adotou-se a abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana, considerando o modelo de mistura, disponibilizado no software Ansys CFX 15.0. O domínio consiste em um separador horizontal cilíndrico constituído de uma placa porosa que o divide em duas regiões: a região de separação primária, contendo três dispositivos internos (um defletor e duas chicanas) e a região de decantação. Foi gerada uma malha numérica empregando elementos tetraédricos, para a discretização das equações de conservação de massa, momento linear e de turbulência k padrão usando o método dos volumes finitos. Assumiu-se o escoamento em regimes permanente e transiente, isotérmico, com propriedades dos fluidos constantes e das forças interfaciais foram consideradas apenas as forças de arraste. Os resultados dos campos vetoriais de velocidade, assim como a fração volumétrica das fases indicam que a dinâmica do escoamento é fortemente dependente dos dispositivos internos. Na região de separação primária observou-se um alto nível de mistura causada pela turbulência gerada pelo impacto dos fluidos sobre a placa defletora posicionada imediatamente após a seção de entrada. A placa porosa possibilitou uma redução da turbulência dos fluidos, causada pela resistência do meio poroso ao escoamento.
The separators are equipments used in the primary processing of the petroleum industry to separate the multiphase mixture from the producing wells. The work evaluated the effect of the internal devices of the separator vessel on the flow dynamics in the gas/oil separation process. A mathematical model was defined based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of the horizontal two-phase separator. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach was adopted, considering the mixture model, available in Ansys CFX 15.0 software. The domain consists of a horizontal cylindrical separator consisting of a porous plate that divides it in to two regions: the primary separation, containing three internal devices (one deflector plate and two baffles) and the settling region. A numerical grid was generated employing tetrahedral elements, for the discretization of the mass conservation, linear momentum and k standard turbulence equations using the finite volume method. Isothermal flow with constant fluid properties in both steady state and transient regimes were assumed, and, from the interfacial forces, only the drag forces were considered. The velocity vector field results as well as the volumetric fraction of the phases indicate that the flow dynamics are strongly dependent on the internal devices. In the primary separation region, a high-level of mixing was observed due to the turbulence generated by the impact of the fluids on a deflector plate positioned immediately after the inlet section. The porous plate allowed a reduction of the turbulence of the fluids, caused by the resistance of the porous medium to the flow.

Los tanques agitadores son ampliamente utilizados en diferentes industrias, en donde la eficiencia de las operaciones de mezclado tiene un impacto tanto en los costos como en la calidad del proceso, si a esto se le añade que para poder mantener la competitividad en el mercado, el tiempo de desarrollo del producto debe ser el menor posible y a un bajo costo, por ese motivo es necesario optar por nuevas formas para realizar nuevos diseños. En muchas empresas fabricantes de gran envergadura, el uso software de optimización se está convirtiendo en una herramienta ideal para conseguir estos objetivos. En este trabajo se utilizó las herramientas computacionales ANSYS CFX, MECHANICAL y DESIGN EXPLORATION para realizar una metodología que permita realizar la simulación numérica tanto a nivel de fluidos y estructural como para realizar la optimización de un modelo de tanque agitador. Para la elaboración de este procedimiento se optó por variar en un rango determinado ciertos parámetros geométricos y de funcionamiento. En el estudio fluido dinámico se trabajó tres fluidos: agua, metanol y aire, en donde los dos primeros se modelaron como “multicomponentes” es decir como fluidos miscibles, mientras que la interacción con el aire se modelo como “superficie libre”. Para esto, se utilizó el modelo de turbulencia SST (Shear Stress Transport), el cual demostró en un estudio anterior ser el que más se ajusta al ser contrastado con resultados experimentales, además se empleó los modelos de “marco de referencia móvil (MRF)” y de “Frozen Rotor” para tratar la interacción entre las partes móviles (rotor) y partes estáticas (tanque y deflectores). Para el análisis estructural se utilizó la metodología de interacción fluido-estructura (FSI) del tipo “unidireccional (one-way)” para determinar los esfuerzos y deformaciones en cada diseño. Finalmente, se utilizó el método de la superficie de respuesta (RSM) como base para la optimización, donde se utilizó un algoritmo estocástico (MOGA) como buscador de soluciones óptimas en el modelo del tanque agitador parametrizado, el cual consta de tres variables de entrada (ángulo de alabe, altura de impulsor y velocidad de rotación) y dos funciones objetivos: maximizar grado de mezcla y minimizar la potencia consumida. El presente estudio demuestra que la velocidad y el ángulo son los parámetros más incidentes en las funciones objetivas mencionadas anteriormente y que al variar estos parámetros se pueden obtener mejoras significativas en los resultados. En este estudio en particular se encontró que el ángulo de 60 grados y una altura de 300mm con respecto al tanque, mejora en un 8% y 36% el consumo de potencia y grado de mezcla respectivamente, para las configuraciones del tanque dadas.
Tesis

У роботі виконано моделювання течії газу за допомогою програмного комплексу ANSYS CFХ і дослідження впливу розмірів критичних перерізів підвідного та тягового сопла на параметри ефективності машини (пусковий момент і питомий пусковий момент) струминно-реактивної розширювальної турбомашини. Також було виконано порівняння отриманих результатів з результатами попередніх досліджень і верифікація результатів розрахунків у програмному комплексі ANSYS CFХ. Виконано дослідження параметрів течії газу в проточній частині машини при зміні кута розкриття дифузора. Розглянуті питання охорона праці
В работе выполнено моделирование течения газа с помощью программного комплекса ANSYS CFХ и исследования влияния размеров критических сечений подводного и тягового сопла на параметры эффективности машины (пусковой момент и удельный пусковой момент) струйно-реактивной расширительной турбомашины. Также было выполнено сравнение полученных результатов с результатами предыдущих исследований и верификация результатов расчетов в программном комплексе ANSYS CFХ. Выполнены исследования параметров течения газа в проточной части машины при изменении угла раскрытия диффузора. Рассмотрены вопросы охраны труда
The gas flow was simulated using the ANSYS CFX software package and the effect of the dimensions of the critical sections of the subsea and traction nozzle on the efficiency parameters of the machine (starting torque and specific starting torque) of a jet-reactive expansion turbomachine was studied. A comparison was also made of the results with the results of previous studies and verification of the calculation results in the ANSYS CFX software package. Investigations were made of the parameters of the gas flow in the flow part of the machine with a change in the opening angle of the diffuser. Occupational safety issues addressed

Diploma thesis named CFD simulation of the steam flow in the unregulated extraction of the steam turbine is about an analysis of the balance piston impact on the area of the steam turbine, where the extraction is located. First part describes basic knowledge of the steam turbine in general. At the end of this chapter, there is a description of the solved steam turbine. Next chapter is about introduction to the CFD. Practical part deals with a construction of 3D models, meshing and setting of the boundary conditions in the program ANSYS CFX. The main part of this thesis summarizes the results of the CFD simulation and stipulates the temperature range on the extraction pipe. In conclusion, there is a recommendation how to determine design temperature of the extraction pipe influenced by the balance piston.

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Capes
Na indústria de petróleo, o transporte de óleos pesados em oleodutos requer altas potências de bombeamento devido a sua alta viscosidade, sendo este um dos inconvenientes na produção de óleos dessa natureza; surge assim a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que otimize tais processos. Uma técnica economicamente viável e que pode ser usada, é o core anular flow, onde uma camada de água é responsável pela lubrificação do óleo que escoa no centro do duto. Desse modo, o presente trabalho apresenta um estudo energético e hidrodinâmico envolvendo o transporte de óleos pesados e água em dutos de conexões curvadas, através de simulação numérica via software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático que considera o modelo de mistura para tratar o escoamento bifásico águaóleo pesado, tridimensional, transiente e isotérmico, assumindo regime laminar para fase óleo e turbulento para a fase água adotando o modelo de turbulência k . Uma análise energética envolvendo as bombas também foi realizada. Resultados de campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica para as duas fases são apresentados e analisados. Verifica-se que o uso da técnica core-flow proporciona uma redução de 95,4% na queda de pressão por fricção comparado ao escoamento monofásico de óleo pesado, e que o desligamento e repartida das bombas de óleo e água afetam a queda de pressão por fricção.
In the oil industry, the transport of heavy oils in pipelines requires high power pumping due to its high viscosity, which is one of the drawbacks in oils production of this nature, thus emerge a need to develop new technologies that optimize such processes. An economically viable technique that can be used is the core annular flow, where a water layer is responsible for oil lubrication flowing in the center of the duct. In this way, this work presents an energy and hydrodinamic study of the heavy oils transportation in curved connections by numerical simulation via software ANSYS CFX® Release 15.0. It used a mathematical model that considers the mixture model to treat heavy oil-water two-phase flow, three-dimensional, transient and isothermal, assuming laminar flow to oil phase and turbulent flow to water phase, using k-ε turbulence model. An energy analysis involving pumps was performed. Results of pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction fields for the two phases are show and analysed. It was verified that the use of core-flow technique has decreased in 95.4% friction pressure drop as compared to monophase heavy oil flow and that stop-and-go from the oil and water pumps affect pressure drop by friction

It has been recognized that certain performance functions are best handled by one kind of material such as metals, and that other functions are best handled by another kind of material such as polymers. This suggests that a union of two or several kinds of different materials will give synergistic results. End products that perform better than would have been possible if only one material were used, are the expected results. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of composites: one with a matrix reinforced by particulate, fibres, etc. such as metal-matrix and polymer-matrix composites; and another one termed here as macro-composites, manufactured with materials having different properties. As for the latter, metal/polymer combined macro-composite components are representative of a unique combination of two kinds of different material used to achieve improved quality of the products, which have been used in a wide variety of applications in electronics, automotive and aerospace industries, etc. This work refers to macro-composite components consisting of one sheet-metal outer panel with a polymeric core material behind it. However, the techniques for manufacturing such kinds of components are few and are usually time-consuming and labour intensive, resulting in a very expensive production. In most cases, the metal part and the polymer part are first fabricated separately by sheet metal forming processes and injection moulding respectively, and then they are joined together mainly by adhesion bonding. In this approach, good dimensional tolerance of both sheet metal and plastic parts is required for matching of the outer surface of the plastic part to the inner surface of the sheet metal part. It is not easy to achieve this when the bonding surface is complex and it is difficult to obtain a stable adhesion bonding interface. In this Ph.D. dissertation, a new technique to manufacture the above mentioned metal/polymer macro-composite components is presented. In this process, the injected polymer melt from the injection machine forces the sheet metal blank to deform according to the contour of the mould and the space between the formed sheet blank acts as the moulding cavity of the polymer melt. As the melt cools down, it adheres to the surface of the formed sheet blank. The process, known in the academic and industrial world as “Polymer Injection Forming (PIF) process” is covered by a world patent by the English company Corus, which is an international company, providing steel and aluminium products and services to customers worldwide. The aim of this Ph.D. dissertation consists on increasing the scientific knowledge about the Polymer Injection Forming process by means of both a numerical and an experimental approach. Several aspects of this new manufacturing process have been studied: (i) the influence of the main injection moulding process parameters on the sheet metal formability has been experimentally investigated according to the Design of Experiments (DOE) method. This task required the design and set-up of a special injection mould in order to carry out experimental tests of the Polymer Injection Forming process. The experimental process was designed so that industrial operating conditions were approximated as closely as possible. (ii) A combination of the finite element method (FEM) and Finite Volume Method (FVM) has been used to simulate the simultaneous forming process of both the plastic part and the sheet metal blank. The adopted multi-physics numerical approach allowed to investigate both state variables of the polymeric melt within the mould cavity and the deformation features, thickness distribution and evolution of plastic strains of the sheet metal. (iii) The mechanism of adhesion bonding between the polymer and the surface of the formed sheet blank and the influence of the main injection moulding process parameters on the adhesion quality has been experimentally investigated according to the Design of Experiments method. The adhesion strength between the plastic and the metal part was measured by means of a custom shear test. This task required the design and set-up of special tools for clamping and testing the macro-composite part, which was used as specimen. (iv) A software for the monitoring and control, in particular of the switch-over point, of the Polymer Injection Forming process has been developed in order to optimize the process and maximize its repeatability. Several experimental tests were carried out in order to study the influence of different switchover methods on both part quality and process variability. The efficiency of the proposed control algorithm was tested comparing the results obtained by the traditional control strategies with the ones obtained by the developed control method. The work presented in this thesis was carried out at the DIMEG Labs, University of Padua, Italy, from January 2005 to December 2007, under the supervision of ing. Giovanni Lucchetta.

The European Research Roadmap to the Realisation of Fusion Energy, foresees that the Demonstration Fusion Power Reactor (DEMO) is going to be the successor of ITER reactor in the pathway towards the exploitation of nuclear fusion to produce electric energy on an industrial scale. It will, hence, have to deliver hundreds MW of electric power ensuring an adequate availability and reliability of operation over a reasonable time span. EU-DEMO pre-conceptual design is being conducted by research institutions and universities from 26 countries of European Union, Switzerland and Ukraine, with the main aim to provide electric energy to the grid from nuclear fusion reactions by 2050. However, where exactly DEMO should be located in between ITER and a commercial fusion power plant depends on the resources, the gaps towards a commercial plant as well as the development risks that can be accepted and the time scale to fusion deployment. It is worth to say that, due to the inherent different mission between the two machines, some of the technical solutions adopted for ITER are not DEMO relevant and a return of design and operational experiences cannot be expected from ITER in certain fields. For instance, as DEMO has been conceived to deliver net electric power to the grid, the reactor design must be more oriented toward the Balance of Plant (BoP) issues than it is in ITER, where the heat power, available at a rather low temperature level, will be wasted to the environment heat sink without any energy conversion intended to civil applications and/or exploitation. Therefore, since the early phase of the DEMO project, emphasis has been given to those engineering aspects and design integration issues that actually affect the architecture of a nuclear power plant, e.g. technology readiness, power conversion features, safety and related licensing aspects etc. Within the framework of the R&D activities DEMO-oriented, promoted and supported by the EUROfusion Consortium, it has been carried out the research activity relevant to the XXXII cycle of the Ph.D. course in Energy and Information Technologies. In particular, the main objective of the theoretical research campaign has been to outline a pre-conceptual design of the Primary Heat Transfer System for the helium-cooled Breeding Blanket concept. The choice of the Breeding Blanket option, thus of the primary coolant, plays a pivotal role in the whole reactor Balance of plant architecture having a strong influence on plant operation, safety and maintenance. The studies have been articulated in two main phases: in the first part of the work it has been carried out a thermal-hydraulic and mechanical design of the main system components following and developing analytical/semi-analytical procedures by the adoption of the methodologies commonly used for this purpose; the second half of the activities has intended to verify the effectiveness of these procedures as well as the robustness of the design, therefore an assessment of the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of the primary heat transfer system has been made by means of a theoretical-computational approach based on the Finite Volume Method and adopting suitable releases of both 1-D and 3-D codes. The Ph.D. activities, which were led from the end of 2016 to the second half of 2019, are going to be extensively described in this thesis.

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Ever-increasing demands for accuracy and range in modern warfare have expedited the optimization of projectile design. The crux of projectile design lies in the understanding of its aerodynamic properties early in the design phase. This research first investigated the aerodynamic properties of a standard M549, 155mm projectile. The transonic speed region was the focus of the research as significant aerodynamic variation occurs within this particular region. Aerodynamic data from wind tunnel and range testing was benchmarked against modern aerodynamic prediction programs like ANSYS CFX and Aero-Prediction 09 (AP09). Next, a comparison was made between two types of angle of attack generation methods in ANSYS CFX. The research then focused on controlled tilting of the projectile’s nose to investigate the resulting aerodynamic effects. ANSYS CFX was found to provide better agreement with the experimental data than AP09.

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Capes
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo dar uma contribuição na compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos na recuperação de óleos com diferentes viscosidades através de poços produtores horizontais na presença e ausência de uma falha geológica via injeção de água. Para resolver as equações de conservação de massa e momento linear generalizadas a Lei de Darcy, foi utilizado o Ansys CFX 15.1 adotando o modelo de mistura de fluidos contínuos (água/óleo) em fluxo transiente e regime laminar. Mediante teste de malha, realizado segundo o princípio da superposição das curvas de perfil de fração volumétrica e velocidade superficial média da água, foi escolhido a malha estruturada com 603588 elementos hexaédricos por apresentar menor esforço computacional. Entretanto, através da comparação da recuperação de óleo com diferentes viscosidades foi possível constatar que a recuperação do óleo menos viscoso se apresentou mais eficiente. Contudo, segundo a análise da influência da altura do poço injetor, a configuração que apresentou uma maior área de varrido foi com a maior área de injeção. E através das distribuições em diferentes posições longitudinais de fração volumétrica de água, gradientes de pressão, velocidade superficial da água e do óleo, foi possível perceber a presença da falha geológica no reservatório, bem como a influência da variação da sua permeabilidade.
The present work aims to contribute to the understanding of the involved phenomena in the recovery of oils with different viscosities through horizontal wells in the presence and absence of a geological fault via water injection. In order to solve the mass conservation and generalized linear momentum equations of Darcy's law, Ansys CFX 15.1 has been used and it was supported by the continuous fluids mixture model (water/oil) in transient flow and laminar regime. Through mesh test, which was performed according to the principle of superposition of the volumetric fraction profile and the average surface velocity of the water, a structured mesh with 603588 hexahedral elements was chosen because of the lower computational effort. However, by comparing the recovery of oil with different viscosities, it was possible to verify that the recovery of less viscous oil was more efficient. In addition, according to the analysis of the influence of the height of the injector well, the configuration that presented a larger awept área was the one with a greater area of injection. Thus, through the distributions in different longitudinal positions of volumetric fraction of the water, pressure gradients, surface velocity of the water and the oil, it was possible to realize the presence of the geological fault in the reservoir, as well as the influence of the variation of its permeability.

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O consumo de água doce vem crescendo muito no mundo inteiro e sua possível escassez tornou-se um dos temas mais discutidos na atualidade. Com isso há necessidade de desenvolver novas estratégias para suprir a falta de água potável. Dentre elas, destacam-se a dessalinização. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar um ciclone convencional utilizado para dessalinização da água salgada com adição de cinco bicos injetores, localizados na parte superior do mesmo. O modelo matemático adotado considera escoamento tridimensional, turbulento, estacionário e não isotérmico para a fase gasosa, e a aplicação do modelo Lagrangeano para as partículas. As equações de conservação da massa, de momento linear, de energia e as do modelo de turbulência SST , bem como as equações constitutivas e as condições de contorno foram resolvidas com auxílio do software comercial Ansys CFX. São apresentados os resultados dos campos de pressão, temperatura, velocidade e fração mássica, linhas de fluxo, trajetórias das partículas, perfis de velocidade, de pressão total e de temperatura total no interior do separador ciclônico térmico. Constatouse o caráter tridimensional do escoamento gás-partícula no interior do ciclone com presenças de regiões de zonas de recirculação e de inversão de fluxo. Os resultados mostraram que a variação das temperaturas na alimentação, tanto do ar como da água, influência na geração de vapor no interior do separador ciclônico. Porém é preciso um estudo cauteloso, como por exemplo, avaliar a influência do comprimento da parte cônica, tanto na fluidodinâmica quanto na cinética, para tentar aumentar o tempo de residência das partículas e com isso contribuir para o aquecimento da partícula.
The consumption of fresh water has been increasing worldwide and its possible shortage has become one of the most discussed topics today. With this, there is a need to develop new strategies to address the lack of potable water. Among them, desalination. In this sense, the present work aims to evaluate a conventional cyclone used for the desalination of salt water with the addition of five injector nozzles, located in the upper part of the same. The mathematical model adopted considers three-dimensional, turbulent, stationary and nonisothermal flow for the gas phase, and the application of the Lagrangian model to the particles. The equations of conservation of mass, linear momentum, energy and those of the SST w turbulence model, as well as the constitutive equations and the boundary conditions were solved with the commercial software Ansys CFX. The results of the fields of pressure, temperature, velocity and mass fraction, flow lines, particle trajectories, velocity profiles, total pressure and total temperature inside the thermal cyclone separator are presented. It was noted three-dimensional character of the gas-particle flow within the cyclone presence regions with recirculation zones and reverse flow. The results showed that the temperature variation in both air and water influences the generation of steam inside the cyclonic separator. However, a cautious study is required, for example, to evaluate the influence of the length of the conic part, both in fluid dynamics and kinetics, to try to increase the residence time of the particles and thereby contribute to the heating of the particle.

Este trabalho visa estudar o fluxo de um fluido em um meio poroso (fibroso) durante o processo de Moldagem por Transferência de Resina (RTM) utilizando e comparando dois softwares comerciais: o ANSYS CFX, software de simulação numérica CFD não-dedicado a RTM, e o PAM-RTM, software de simulação numérica dedicado a esta aplicação. Foram utilizados dados experimentais, empregando uma pré-forma de tecido (0/90) de fibra de vidro e que foi impregnada por um óleo vegetal em injeção radial de RTM. Diversos experimentos foram realizados variando-se a pressão de injeção e o teor volumétrico de fibras a fim de observar o efeito no comportamento do fluxo. Com estes dados, alimentou-se o ANSYS CFX e o PAM-RTM utilizando equações dos meios porosos conhecidas, e foram feitas análises numéricas de todos os casos experimentais. Resultados de permeabilidade, viscosidade do fluido, tempo de preenchimento do molde, campo de pressão, variação da fração volumétrica das fases presentes e vetor velocidade de fluxo são apresentados e analisados. Concluiu-se que há uma sólida relação entre o experimental e o simulado (erros inferiores a 10%), o software PAM-RTM possui menor erro do que o ANSYS CFX quando comparados aos resultados experimentais, mas este último apresenta maior versatilidade de análises.
This work aims to study the flow of fluid through a porous (fibrous) media that occurs during Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) of composite materials and to compare it with the numerical results obtained with two commercial simulation software, ANSYS CFX, a general-use CFD package, and PAM-RTM, which is dedicated to RTM modeling. Experimental data were produced using a glass-fiber cloth (0/90) perform, which was impregnated with a vegetable oil in an RTM radial infiltration. Several experiments were performed varying injection pressure and fiber volume content in order to observe their effect on the flow behavior. These data were input into ANSYS CFX and PAM-RTM using known porous media equations and they were used to model all experiments. Results of permeability, fluid viscosity, mold filling time, pressure field, variation of volume fraction of the phases and the flow velocity vector are presented and analyzed. An excellent correlation between experimental and simulated results was found (errors less than 10%), and PAM-RTM yielded smaller error than ANSYS CFX, but the latter allows greater flexibility.

В даній роботі змодельовано конструкції торцевого сальникового ущільнення, модель проточної частини з урахуванням профілю поверхні сальникової набивки. Розв’язано сумісну задачу гідропружності з використанням вирішувачів ANSYS Transient і CFX для визначення деформації тіла сальникової набивки і вплив зміни геометрії на гідродинамічні характеристики області течії. Проведене моделювання різних конструкцій торцевого сальникового ущільнення: класичного ТСУ, ТСУ з податливим дном, та ТСУ з податливим дном, в якому передбачені отвори. Для даних моделей визначені показники витоків, контактного та гідродинамічного тисків, а також моменти тертя.

The aim of the project was to get familiar with the environment of ANSYS CFX, create several models of fans and synchronous machine model in Autodesk inventor, create model of cooling medium flow through the machine with these fans and evaluation of results. Firstly the thesis describes the synchronous machine itself, losses of the machine, the flow of power of synchronous machine and methods of its cooling. Next the thesis describes each kind of heat transfer, laminar and turbulent flow. The thesis also refers of kind of the fans and the program used to calculate the flow Ansys CFX, including the method that Ansys used to calculate. The work describes the individual modification of fans and setting of calculation in ANSYS. Then displays the results of the analysis these fans for different numbers of fan blades and for modification of the fan. Then the thesis analyzes selected modifications due to changing speed. In the last chapter shows the analysis of flow in the machine with three different fans. In particular, there is shown the mass flow rate, pressure and its distribution on areas for evaluation.

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CNPq
Subprodutos à base de óleo de rícino são utilizados na fabricação de vários produtos de base comercialmente importantes, tais como: surfactantes, lubrificantes, tintas, produtos farmacêuticos, cosméticos, poliésteres, polímeros, etc. A mamona tem na sua composição aproximadamente 50% de óleo, com especiais características, tais como elevada viscosidade, estabilidade ao calor e pressão, baixo ponto de congelamento e habilidade para formar substâncias cerosas após tratamentos químicos. A mamona é um candidato potencial para a produção de biodiesel; No entanto, este produto deve ser seco, a fim de reduzir o teor de umidade (10%), para o armazenamento seguro. A secagem é uma operação complexa, que envolve a transferência transiente de calor e de massa, que provoca transformações físicas e químicas do produto, o qual, por sua vez, pode causar alterações na qualidade do mesmo, bem como nos mecanismos de transferência de calor e de massa . Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental e numérico da secagem de frutos de mamona (Ricinus communis L., variedade "BRSEnergia"). Um modelo matemático tridimensional transiente é apresentado para predizer a transferência de massa e calor e simular a distribuição do teor de umidade e temperatura no interior do sólido, considerando as propriedades termofí sicas constantes, utilizando-se o software ANSYS CFX®. Para a validação da metodologia numérica foram realizados experimentos de secagem com frutos de mam ona da variedade BRS Energia. Nos experimentos, foram usadas temperaturas de secagem de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 ºC. Os dados experimentais de secagem foram ajustados ao modelo matemático empírico de Page, apresentando para todos os tratamentos coeficientes de determinação (R2) superiores a 99,60% e valores de desvio-padrão da estimativa (SE) inferiores a 0,0165. As cinéticas de secagem de teor de umidade e temperatura obtidos por meio do CFX® foram comparados com as cinéticas experimentais de secagem e uma boa aproximação foram obtidas. Coeficientes de massa difusivo foram obtidos para diferentes condições de secagem. Verificou-se que os coeficientes de transporte de massa difusivo tendem a aumentar com o aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem.
Castor oil-based by-products are used in the manufacture of several commercially important commodities like surfactants, coatings, greases, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polyesters, polymers, etc . The castor bean has in the compositions approximately 50% oil, with special characteristics such as high viscosity, heat and pressure stability, low freezing point and ability to form waxy substances after chemical treatments. The castor bean is a potential candidate for the production of biodiesel; However, this product must be dried, in order, to reduce moisture content (10%), for safe storage. Drying is a complex operation involving transient transfer of heat and mass that provokes physical and chemical transformations in the product, which, in turn, may cause changes in the quality thereof, as well as the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. This work presents an experimental and numerical study of castor bean fruits drying (Ricinus communis L., variety "BRS Energia"). A three-dimensional transient mathematical model is presented to predict the heat and mass transfer and to simulate the distribution of temperature and moisture content inside the solid, considering the constant thermophysical properties, using ANSYS CFX® software. For validation of the numerical methodology were performed drying experiments with castor bean fruits of the variety BRS Energy. In the experiments, were used drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100ºC. The experimental data of drying were adjusted to the empirical mathematical model of Page, presenting for all treatments, coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 99.60% and standard deviation values of the estimate (SE) lower than 0.0165. The drying kinetics of temperature and moisture content obtained by CFX® were compared with the experimental drying kinetics and a good approximation has been obtained. Diffusive mass coefficients were obtained for different drying conditions. It was found that the diffusive mass transport coefficients tend to increase with increasing drying air temperature.

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CNPq
O escoamento multifásico está presente nas etapas de exploração, produção, transporte, processamento e distribuição de fluidos, especialmente na indústria do petróleo e gás. O uso de dutos é a maneira convencional para o transporte de petróleo por ser eficiente e econômica. Os dutos estão sujeitos a danos devido à ação de agentes de natureza físico-química que eventualmente deterioram parte dos mesmos, causando corrosão, rompimento e interrupções do fluxo do fluido. Sistemas de monitoramento de vazamentos devem ser capazes de detectar e localizar um vazamento quase que instantaneamente, reduzindo os riscos de impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos, aumentando a segurança operacional. A partir desta temática, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar teoricamente o escoamento multifásico transiente, não-isotérmico e tridimensional de óleo, água e gás em dutos verticais com e sem vazamento, com ênfase na influência da rugosidade da parede do duto e dimensões do orifício do vazamento. Resultados das distribuições de velocidade superficial, pressão, temperatura e fração volumétrica das fases presentes no escoamento são apresentados e analisados. Verificou-se que a rugosidade da parede do duto, fase gás e a temperatura de alimentação da mistura influenciam diretamente na queda de pressão média do escoamento.
The multiphase flow occur in the stages of exploration, production, transportation, processing and distribution of fluids, especially in the oil and gas industry. The use of pipelines is the conventional, efficient and economical way to transport oil. Pipelines are subject to damage because of the action of physico-chemical nature agents that can deteriorate the duct, causing corrosion, breakage and disruption of fluid flow. Leakage monitoring systems must be able to detect and locate a leak immediately, reducing the risks of environmental and socio-economic impacts, increasing operational safety. From this theme, this work aims to study theoretically the multiphase (oil, gas and water flow), non-isothermal, transient and three-dimensional in vertical pipes with and without leakage, with emphasis on the influence of roughness of the duct wall, and dimensions of the leakage orifice. Results of velocity, pressure, temperature and volume fraction distributions of the phases present in the flow are presented and analyzed. It was found that both the wall roughness of the duct, phase gas and the inlet temperature of the mixture affect directly on average pressure drop of the flow.

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Capes
O vazamento de fluidos tóxicos em tubulações submarinas devido à corrosão, erosão ou falhas na estrutura, geralmente conduzem a danos extensivos à vida marinha, saúde humana e recursos naturais. Quando um vazamento acidental ocorre, uma resposta rápida e adequada é necessária para reduzir as consequências ambientais. Logo, compreender, por exemplo, o comportamento da pluma de óleo vazado possibilita a determinação do percurso da pluma de óleo e a dispersão da mesma na correnteza marítima e, assim, propor técnicas e/ou tecnologias para eliminar ou minimizar os danos causados pelo vazamento. Neste sentido, foi realizado um estudo do comportamento da pluma e sua dispersão, adotando-se uma abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático representativo da fluidodinâmica de uma pluma de óleo originada do vazamento em um riser tipo catenária. Adotou-se um escoamento bifásico (Modelo de Superfície Livre), isotérmico e turbulento (modelo k-ε padrão) para se resolver as equações de conservação de massa e momento linear utilizando ANSYS CFX® v.15. Os resultados dos campos de pressão, velocidade e fração volumétrica, além dos perfis de fração volumétrica possibilitaram a avaliação do comportamento da pluma e de sua dispersão no mar. Observou-se que a pluma atingiu a superfície marítima quando adotado altas velocidades de vazamento de óleo e baixas velocidades da correnteza marítima. Para os casos em que a densidade do óleo é maior, houve espalhamento lateral subsuperfície. Para os casos com maior velocidade do jato de óleo e menor velocidade da água do mar, na chegada do óleo à superfície observou-se que houve espalhamento horizontal a montante e a jusante do sentido de escoamento. A depender das condições de velocidade de vazamento, da correnteza marítima e da diferença de densidade percebeu-se uma tendência da pluma não atingir a superfície marítima.
The leak of toxic fluids in submarine pipes due to corrosion, erosion or failures in the structure, generally lead to extensive damage to marine life, human health and natural resources. When occurs an accidental leak, a quick and adequate response is needed to reduce the environmental consequences. Therefore, understand, for example, the behavior of leaked oil plume enables the determination of the oil plume path and the dispersion of the same in the sea current and like this propose techniques and/or technologies to eliminate or minimize the damage caused by the leak. In this sense, it was proposed a study of the behavior of plume and its dispersion, adopting an EulerianEulerian approach. It was used a representative mathematical model of the fluid dynamics of an oil plume originated from leak at riser in catenary format. It was adopted a two-phase flow (Free Surface Model), isothermal and turbulent (k-ε standard model) to solve the mass and momentum conservation equations using ANSYS CFX® v.15. The results of the pressure, velocity and volumetric fraction fields, and the volumetric fraction profiles allowed the plume behavior assessment and dispersal at sea. Also it was observed that the plume reaches the sea surface when adopted high velocities of oil leak and low velocities of sea current. For the cases in which the oil density is higher, there was lateral subsurface scattering. For the cases with higher velocity of the oil jet and lower velocity of the sea water, in the arrival of the oil to the surface it was observed that there was horizontal scattering upstream and downstream of the direction of flow. Moreover, depending on conditions of the leak velocity, of the sea current and of the density difference was noticed a tendency of the plume not reach the sea surface.

This master´s thesis analyzes an effect of wind load on the ventilated facade claddings. The analysis is performed on the various types of facades, from unventilated to ventilated facades with a different geometrical arrangement of facade shell. The theoretical part describes the basic knowledge about the theory of flow, turbulence modeling, determining an optimal domain, verification of the calculation model and user interface in the ANSYS software. The final part compares the value of the wind load reduction depending on the change of the gap widths and the size of ventilated spaces. The resulting values are obtained by CFD simulations. The thesis includes a design and an assessment of the steel hall construction.

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Vazamento em oleodutos, além de prejuízos financeiros pode causar diversos danos ambientais, onde, o conhecimento dos fenômenos interfaciais de líquidos imiscíveis permite entender o processo de migração advectiva em dutos submarinos. Portanto, estas informações, possibilitam prever o comportamento e a forma geométrica da interface água-óleo e fornecer uma boa fundamentação fenomenológica no que diz respeito às teorias de perturbação, aos critérios de estabilidade e a modelagem matemática, bem como os padrões de escoamento nas vizinhanças do vazamento em dutos submersos. Diante disto, este trabalho, tem por objetivo estudar numericamente a influência do vazamento de óleo no mar a partir de duto submerso e vice-versa sobre o comportamento de fluidos. Para isso, adotou-se um modelo bidimensional com base nas equações de conservação de massa, momento linear e o modelo de turbulência k-ε padrão disponibilizado no Ansys CFX. O comportamento dinâmico do óleo e da água é representado com auxílio de campos de pressão, velocidade superficial e fração volumétrica de óleo e da água, vetores de velocidade. Os resultados das simulações indicam a presença de vazamento de óleo na correnteza marítima e de água para a corrente de óleo no tubo através do orifício de vazamento.
Leaks in pipelines, beyond financial losses can cause various environmental damage, where the knowledge of interfacial phenomena of immiscible liquids allows us to understand the advective migration process in subsea pipelines. Therefore, these informations allows to predict the behavior and geometrical form of water-oil interface and provide a good phenomenological foundation with respect to the theories of perturbation, the criteria of stability and the mathematical model as well as the flow patterns in around of the leakage starting from underwater pipelines. In view of this, this work aims to numerically study the influence of the oil leak in the sea starting from submerged pipe or the opposite about behavior of fluids. For this, it was adopted a two-dimensional model based on mass conservation and linear momentum equations and the k-ε standard turbulence model available in Ansys CFX. The dynamic behavior of oil and water is shown with the aid of pressure, superficial velocity and volumetric fraction fields of oil and water and velocity vectors. The simulation results indicate the presence of oil spills in sea water in the stream and the water for oil tube through of the orifice leakage.

The aim of the diploma thesis was creating a decarbonisation model of lime, implementation the model into CFD tool ANSYS Fluent and to test the decarbonisation model in a model of a real reactor. The required model was based on assumptions for a Shrinking Core Model (SCM). The main objective of this work was the non-catalytic conversion of substances and the search for the most used mathematical models for calcination. The CFD calculation, the sensitivity analysis and the Fluente parametric study were used. Data on the composition of gas flow, temperature, pressure and mass flow of limestone particles were selected for input variables. The particle model called Multiple Surface Reactions (MSR), which is a standard part of Fluent, was used at first. Subsequently, a UDF which was based on the SCM assumptions was written in the programming language C. The results of the CFD calculation were compared with the experimental values from the dissertation. It has been found that the MSR is sufficiently precise for calculation purposes but neglects the internal diffusion of CO2 through the CaO layer which forms behind the reaction front during calcination. It was found that it is possible to solve the flow with ongoing calcination without the need to know the parameters of the Arrhenian equation if the UDF is used. The created UDF incorporates the influence of intraparticular CO2 diffusion on the overall reaction rate.

The present thesis is concerned with air flow over lightweight footbridge. Special attention is paid to flow-induced instabilities. The thesis opens with a theoretical elaboration on the phenomena related to the research matter. The next part investigates air flow over footbridge in a specific situation using numerical simulation in the Ansys CFX software. Finally, results are discussed in the light of chosen theoretical framework and relevant conclusions are presented.

This thesis deals with problems of biomechanics of soft tissues, namely of stress-strain analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The introduction describes briefly the possibility of aneurysm occurrence with a focus on an aneurysm in the abdominal aorta.

The Fluid-Structure Interaction problems occur in many natural phenomena and man-made engineering systems, this fact has promoted the research in this area. The research in this field of study is implementing two different methodologies. The first one is the use of commercial programs that have developed FSI capabilities such as Ansys or ADINA. The second methodology is the development of computational codes to solve specific problems of FSI analysis. This Project in particular focuses in the evaluation of Ansys-Fluent to perform FSI simulations. Two aeroelastic cases were simulated in Ansys, they were: the delta wing, and the Onera M6 wing. The delta wing simulation is subsonic and its structure is a simple flat plate made out of aluminum. The Onera M6 wing simulation is transonic and its structure has multiple components that are made out of an orthotropic material. The FSI simulations of the delta wing were validated through comparison with experimental data reported in literature. A turbulence analysis and a mesh independence analysis were carried out as well. The validation showed a limited capability to replicate the results that were obtained in the experiment. The FSI simulations of the Onera M6 wing were validated through comparison with a simulation that was carried out in Patran-Nastran. In addition, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in steady state was performed in Ansys in order to establish the bases of the configuration that was implemented in the FSI simulations in Ansys. The validation showed that Ansys-Fluent is able to reproduce the results obtained in Patran-Nastran.

The main goal of doctoral thesis is optimization cooling of the synchronous machine. Problem is solved based on the finite element method with use of ANSYS software. Work is built up from theoretical part where is comparison of base equations for heat transfer and simulations for several models. Next part shows us two methods how simulate free and force convection. Depends on the better method from the previous two methods is used for next calculations with several algorithm which are used for find of best parameters for synchronous machine. Our control parameter is mass flow rate.

Tesis que se presenta para obtener el grado de maestría en Ciencias del Agua
La Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (CFD) tiene distintas aplicaciones en diversas áreas de la ingeniería, principalmente en la modelación de flujos, donde es utilizada para conocer las características de un flujo en movimiento y determinar las variables que intervienen en su comportamiento, de manera teórica pero económica y con resultados muy cercanos a la realidad. En acuacultura, la CFD es utilizada para visualizar y evaluar el comportamiento hidrodinámico de tanques de cultivo de peces, tomando en cuenta las condiciones de flujo para el sano desarrollo de los peces. Sin embargo, pocos trabajos analizan la eficiencia de remoción de sedimentos de forma natural, considerando el comportamiento del flujo dentro del tanque. En el presente trabajo, se analiza la hidrodinámica de un tanque de recirculación de agua empleado en acuacultura, aplicando simulación por computadora a través de técnicas CFD, demostrando la importancia de realizar simulaciones aplicando métodos numéricos, para la obtención de parámetros hidrodinámicos, principalmente, los campos de velocidad y turbulencia ante diversos escenarios de operación de un sedimentador tipo hidrociclón. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los principales factores que influyen en la hidrodinámica del tanque y del sedimentador son: la forma y distribución de rejillas del sedimentador, así como el diámetro del mismo. El efecto que producen dichas rejillas, son diversas variaciones en la distribución de velocidades del tanque y principalmente dentro del sedimentador, afectando las condiciones óptimas del flujo para la sedimentación de partículas y por ende la eficiencia en la remoción de sedimentos dentro del tanque. Con los resultados obtenidos mediante la aplicación de CFD fue posible relacionar la hidrodinámica del sedimentador con su diámetro y estructura de rejillas, logrando tener un flujo idóneo en el tanque para al sano desarrollo de los peces y un flujo con velocidad total máxima de 2 cm/s dentro del sedimentador, suficiente para lograr la sedimentación de partículas, y con ello generar un sistema con características de auto-limpieza.

There are some basic information about pressure sensors and flow in the first part of my diploma thesis. For example turbulent and laminar flow, construction of pressure sensors and basic information abaut Ansys and –Fluent. Main part of this thesis is focused on CFD simulation of pressure and velocity in the vicinity of pressure sensors. I confront this simulated values with measured values in final part of this thesis.

Solar energy is one of a very few low-carbon energy technologies with the enormous potential to grow to a large scale. Currently, solar power is generated via the photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies. The ability of CSPs to scale up renewable energy at the utility level, as well as to store energy for electrical power generation even under circumstances when the sun is not available (after sunset or on a cloudy day), makes this technology an attractive option for sustainable clean energy. The levelised electricity cost (LEC) of CSP with thermal storage was about 0.16-0.196 Euro/kWh in 2013 (Kost et al., 2013). However, lowering LEC and harvesting more solar energy from CSPs in future motivate researchers to work harder towards the optimisation of such plants. The situation tempts people and governments to invest more in this ultimate clean source of energy while shifting the energy consumption statistics of their societies from fossil fuels to solar energy. Usually, researchers just concentrate on the optimisation of technical aspects of CSP plants (thermal and/or optical optimisation). However, the technical optimisation of a plant while disregarding economic goals cannot produce a fruitful design and in some cases may lead to an increase in the expenses of the plant, which could result in an increase in the generated electrical power price. The study focused on a comprehensive optimisation of one of the main CSP technology types, the linear Fresnel collector (LFC). In the study, the entire LFC solar domain was considered in an optimisation process to maximise the harvested solar heat flux throughout an imaginary summer day (optical goal), and to minimise cavity receiver heat losses (thermal goal) as well as minimising the manufacturing cost of the plant (economic goal). To illustrate the optimisation process, an LFC was considered with 12 design parameters influencing three objectives, and a unique combination of the parameters was found, which optimised the performance. In this regard, different engineering tools and approaches were introduced in the study, e.g., for the calculation of thermal goals, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and view area approaches were suggested, and for tackling optical goals, CFD and Monte-Carlo based ray-tracing approaches were introduced. The applicability of the introduced methods for the optimisation process was discussed through case study simulations. The study showed that for the intensive optimisation process of an LFC plant, using the Monte Carlo-based ray-tracing as high fidelity approach for the optical optimisation objective, and view area as a low fidelity approach for the thermal optimisation objective, made more sense due to the saving in computational cost without sacrificing accuracy, in comparison with other combinations of the suggested approaches. The study approaches can be developed for the optimisation of other CSP technologies after some modification and manipulation. The techniques provide alternative options for future researchers to choose the best approach in tackling the optimisation of a CSP plant regarding the nature of optimisation, computational cost and accuracy of the process.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted

This diploma thesis focuses on the phenomena of multiphase flow in a steam generator as a one of probable causes of tubes and tubesheet weld cracking. In the first part of the work, a research was carried out focusing on the boiling and the phenomenon of two-phase flow in technical applications, its characteristics and properties. The thesis continuous with an overview of available numerical multiphase models in the ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 and a research of previously published works focused on two-phase flow with the presence of boiling. The research is followed by a description of the particular boiler, which is part of the nitric acid production plant in the chemical company DUSLO, a.s., its operating conditions and a more detailed description of the issue that is being addressed in this thesis. The second part of the work continuous with a description of the computational model, including a description of the geometry of the model and used simplifications, the computational mesh and the description of boundary conditions. Important part is the description of calculation setting of steady-state and transient CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent. Finally, the results of the two-phase flow calculation are presented and then discussed in the conclusions.