Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Antacids'

The reliability of data obtained from the existing United States Pharmacopeia (USP) method, USP <231> for elemental impurities (EI) have been questioned in the literature. New regulations regarding EI in pharmaceutical products were recently implemented on the 1st January 2018. The new regulations are USP <232>/<233> and the International Council for Harmonisation equivalent guidelines (ICH Q3D). The new regulations include the use of instrumentation such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The aim of this work was to develop, optimise and validate analytical methods for the determination of Class 1 and Class 2A elements, arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg),lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V) simultaneously in pharmaceutical products in compliance with the new guidelines. The developed ICP-OES and ICP-MS methods were validated using the only available solid standard reference material (SRM) NIST 3280 Multivitamin/Multielement tablets. It was found that relying solely on spiked addition technique as suggested by USP<233> is inefficient as it may not reflect clearly the method’s accuracy particularly when the sample preparation involves the use of microwave (MW)-assisted acid digestion step, which is very common for pharmaceutical samples. Sample preparation was performed using a developed MW-assisted acid digestion method with reverse aqua regia. It was found that reaching a temperature of 210°C for sample’s digestion is necessary to get EI recoveries of greater than 95% and pre-digestion grinding was found to be beneficial to minimise variation in data and get relative standard deviation (RSD)of less than 5%. The validation results showed good linearity (R2>0.995) over a wide range with low limits of detection (LoDs) and limits of quantification (LoQs). The calculated LoQs in ng/mL are As (5.86, 1.149), Cd (0.87, 0.037), Hg (2.23, 1.701) Pd (4.73, 0.041), Co (1.58, 0.299), Ni (1.74, 0.159) and V (7.64, 0.485) for ICP-OES and ICP-MS incorporated with collision reaction cell (CCT) respectively. Twenty-four commercially available pharmaceutical products including analgesic tablets, cough remedies, flu powders and antacids were analysed. Four products contained Cd in concentrations exceeding the permitted daily exposure limit (PDE) of 5μg/day when the maximum dose is taken, and nine products exceeded the 5μg/day PDE of Pb. This is especially concerning for the paediatric products because children are more susceptible to EI adverse effects as for example, they can absorb up to 40-70% of ingested Pb. The antacids were found to contain As and although the levels quantified were below the PDE (15μg/day), a speciation method using an ion-pair reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ICP-MS was optimised and validated according to ICH Q2B guidelines as no information regarding what species are present in such products is available in the literature. Four arsenic species were selected, arsenite (AsIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethyl arsonate (MMA) and dimethyl arsenate (DMA). Calibrations with R2>0.995 for all four species in the range of 1 to 50 ng/L and % recoveries>95% with RSD<5% were obtained. Arsenic was extracted from the samples using MW assissted extraction with 0.3M phosphoric acid at 55°C for 10 miutes, 75°C for 10 minutes and 95°C for 1 hour. The species were stable after being exposed to the extraction procedure (spiked recoveries >95%). This method was able to extract 95% or more of arsenic for all products. The ion-pair reversed phase chromatography was performed using a mobile phase: 10mmol/L tetrabutylammonium, 20mmol/L potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and 2% methanol at pH 6 with a C18 column. The speciation analysis results for all the antacids showed that approximately 50% of the extracted As was present as the most toxic AsIII form. The work demonstrates some of the potential issues with the new regulations and the availability of suitable solid SRM and seeks to provide workable solutions for the analysis.

Pulmonary damage resulting from aspiration of gastric contents has been reported to be related to the acidity of the aspirate. The purpose of this research was to evaluate if Alka-Seltzer Effervescent and/or Bicitra, ingested preoperatively, increased gastric pH >2.5 and if so, which of the two products sustained the increase for the greatest length of time. Twenty-nine subjects ingested either Alka-Seltzer Effervescent (n = 15) or Bicitra (n = 14) during the immediate preoperative period. Gastric pH was analyzed at 30 and 60 minutes post-ingestion via oro- or naso-gastric tube. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance demonstrated that both antacids elevated gastric pH >2.5 at 30 and 60 minutes post-ingestion. However, Alka-Seltzer Effervescent produced a statistically significant greater (p =.032) increase in gastric pH than Bicitra at both 30 and 60 minutes post-ingestion.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
衛生政策與管理研究所
92
Abstract This study was intended to explore the prescription patterns and the problem of prescriptions containing Antacids in Taiwan, the results of this study may serve as the references for the decision making in health policy. The study was based on the sampling set of NHI claimed database of ambulatory care in 2002 from National Health Research Institutes. The prescription patterns and problems of prescription containing antacids were analyzed among various patient、hospital and doctor characteristics . The main findings of this study are described as followings: In terms of prescription patterns, 31.97% of total prescriptions contained antacids. In total prescriptions contained antacids, 39.52% of prescriptions contained antacids is no ulcer in last three years. 13.05% of total prescriptions contained antacids is no ulcer in last three years and no combine NSAIDs Factors related to higher use of antacids included male, 0~20 years old, the general clinic department, the dermatology department. Based on the findings described above, it is suggested that the causes of prescribing problems and the impact of prescribing problems should be further explored in the future. Meanwhile, the health authorities should establish an effective drug utilization review system in order to decrease antacids Keywords: Antacids, Ulcer, Overuse,Drug interaction

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
健康促進與衛生教育學系
103
The purpose of this study was to explore students’ knowledge, self-efficacy and literacy regarding correct antacids use and to examine the related factors. A probability-proportionate-to-size sampling method was used. Twenty senior/vocational high schools were randomly selected in Taiwan. A total of 1,947 students completed the online self-administered questionnaire in 2014. The main findings were as follows. 1.Half of the students reported that they had stomachache, while 35% experienced gastric hyperacidity during the past year. About 20% of students ever used antacids, while more than 30% of students experienced stomachache due to academic stress, stay up late, spicy food, and irregular meals. More than 30% of students did not read drug labels when purchasing medicines. 2.More than 30% of students did not know that it is not necessary to take medicines with antacids, while antacids can also interfere with other medications. 3.Students tend to have middle-high level of self-efficacy and literacy regarding the correct antacids usage. 4.Multiple regression analysis showed that female students who read drug labels, had higher knowledge and higher self-efficacy of correct antacids usage were more likely to have higher medication literacy. It is suggested that schools implement correct medication use education and promote healthy lifestyle to enhance students' medication literacy and proper medication usage.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
藥學研究所
84
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of antacids on the disintegration of enteric coated drugs. The antacids and enteric coated tablets are collected from National Taiwan University Hospital. The quality of the antacids, in terms of preliminary antacid test (PAT) and neutralizing capacity (ANC) , as well as the quality of the enteric coated tablets, in terms of disintegration time were tested according to USP XXIII. In addition, the buffering capacity of antacids was tested in simulated physiological gastric secretion. According to USP XXIII criteria,Obira gel,showing a pH below 3.5 in preliminary antacid test (PAT), should not be labeled as an antacid, and was excluded from further experiment. The influence of the antacids on the disintegration of enteric coated tablets was tested by the following methods : I、tested according to USP XXIII with modification by adding the antacid to simulated gastric juice in the proportion of clinical dose / physiological gastric volume; II、tested in the mixture of antacids and simulated gastric juice with constant stirring on a stirer; III、tested in a mixture of simulated gastric juice containing a dose of antacid, with constant input (1.8 ml/min) of fresh simulated gastric juice and drainage of an equal volume of the reaction mixture from the container. The results demonstrated that the enteric coating of Dulcolax and Ecotrin were tolerable to any of the antacids in the three methods, while that of Voren was the most labile to any of the antacids in method I and II. NaHCO3 and Fanta 20ml showed the most strong effects,causing disintegration of the five enteric coated tablets in method I. On the contrary, Nacid, either 1 or 2 tablets, did not influence the disintegration of the five enteric coated tablets in the three methods. CaCO3 and Fanta 10ml were moderate,causing disintegration of most tablets only in method

碩士
國立成功大學
工業與資訊管理學系專班
100
In Taiwan, the traditional concept Western medicine hurts stomach is prevalent, and many people have the misconception all the time. When they go to see a doctor, they often do not ask if antacids are appropriate for the treatment but require doctors to prescribe antacids. In addition, many physicians also prefer to prescribe antacids to patients’ requirement, and this may make antacids overused. In the case, it may not only increase health-care spending and lead to the waste of health-care resources, but also cause side effects. Based on the establishment of the public proper usage of drugs and self-care concept and cherishing medical resources, the authorities concerned should call on people that antacids are not a panacea, and the proper usage of them is the most important. 　　What makes this case occur often? It may be Patients' factors or physicians' factors. Take a southern medical center as an example, where outpatient health care doesn't cover antacids medication. The researcher wants to learn more about whether patient-related characteristics and physician-related characteristics affect the antacids usage. The researcher hopes to provide the hospital the basis of the management of the antacids usage, and to help improve the quality of physicians' prescription of antacids. 　　This research adopts Aday and Andersen’s Behavior Model of Health Service Utilization as the main research framework. The underlying characteristics of the patients are divided into predisposing characteristics factors, enabling resources factors and need factors on the utilization of antacids, including: patients' gender, age and medical part of the burden, the number of disease diagnosis, the presence of significant injuries, chronic illnesses, and whether the occupational injuries and diseases. Then add the physician-related characteristics to investigate the effect of antacids usage, which includes physicians' sex and age. The utilization of antacids includes: drug costs, drug delivery, quantity and dosing days. 　　In the research, the researcher extracts the cases from the southern Taiwan’s medical center, the cases' dates from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2010. For data consolidation, and the definition of variables, grouped by households. We uses SPSS to run descriptive and inferential statistics and then to analyze the relevant factors affecting its system of acid utilization. 　　The research confirmed that the condition of antacids utilization is affected by the predisposing characteristics factors, need factors and physician-related factors. Therefore, I suggest that the health authorities concerned and the case hospital managers should formulate and implement the right antacids advocacy, education and training, and management practices.

碩士
台北醫學院
生藥學研究所
86
Antacids are traditionally used for the treatment of peptic ulcer.In clinica l, Tonic Chinese Medicinal prescriptions are the drugs for invigorating the sp leen and stomach, usually used in the treatment of peptic ulcer by clinical Ch inese Medical doctor. In this study, We have utilized artificial stomach of Fo rdtran as a model system to quantitative analysis the water extracts of the in vigorating the spleen and stomach in the extracts of Traditional Chinese Medic ines, which include Si jun zi tang(四君子湯), Xiang sha liu jun zi tang(香砂六 君子湯), Shao-yao gan-cao tang(芍藥甘草湯), An zhong san(安中散), Ren shen yan g rong tang(人參養榮湯), Shen ling bai-zhu san(參苓白朮散), Wu ji san(五積散), and Si ni tang(四逆湯).The results are as following:1.The Antacid effect whic h was tested by Acid Neutralizing Capacity(ANC):Colloidal aluminum phosphate( 磷酸鋁乳漿) (2.16*0.03)、Sodium bicarbonate(碳酸氫鈉)(1.83*0.03)、Shen ling ba i-zhu san(參苓白朮散) (1.76*0.03)、Wu ji san(五積散)(1.72*0.09)、Ren shen yang rong tang(人參養榮湯)(1.65*0.10)、Si ni tang(四逆湯) (1.60*0.05)、Xiang sha l iu jun zi tang(香砂六君子湯) (1.58*0.06)、Si jun zi tang(四君子湯)(1.57*0.04) 、An zhong san(安中散)(1.53*0.03)、Shao-yao gan-cao tang(芍藥甘草湯)(1.53*0.02 )、water(水)(1.44*0.03).2.The duration of the acid neutralization(minutes): Co lloidal aluminum phosphate(磷酸鋁乳漿)(172*3)、Xiang sha liu jun zi tang(香砂 六君子湯)(137*3)、An zhong san(安中散)(130*5)、Shen ling bai-zhu san(參苓白朮 散) (127*5)、Ren shen yang rong tang(人參養榮湯)(124*6)、Si jun zi tang(四君子 湯)(123*24)、Sodium bicarbonate(碳酸氫鈉)(121*14)、Wu ji san(五積散)(117*2)、S i ni tang(四逆湯) (100*17)、Shao-yao gan-cao tang(芍藥甘草湯)(92*8)、water(水) (87*6). The results of these studies indicate that antacid effects play an important role in the gastric protective mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Med icines in invigorating the spleen and stomach. One of the end point of hospice movement is Taiwan in to create the Chinese model of hospice care for our peo ple. The trial of TCDT was our preliminary effort for this end point.274 sequ ential patients were included in this retrospective study. Questionnaire surve y for autonomy demonstrated that 173 out of 274 terminal cancer patients (63.1 %) were willing to take TCDT. The remaining 101 (36.9%) patients who did not take TDCT were assumed as the control group.The first five leading primary can cers include Lung CA (25.5%), Liver CA (12.4%),Colorectal CA(10.9%),Stomach CA (10.9%) and Cervical UT. CA (5.5%) comprised the major distribution of disease entity. TCDT is prescribed according to the priority of their problem lists w hich indicated pain (79.2%), weakness (69.0%), non-appetite(46.4%), fever(36.5 %), dyspnea (31.0%) and edema(31.0%). After admission, assessment and regular medication of palliative care were performed for 1 week. TCDT followed with ta ilored menu and served as dessert between meals for another 1 week. The result s were evaluated by Verbal Numerical Scale method. Main components of menu wer e composed of Tremella fuciformis, Paeonia Lactilora &Glycyrrhiza and other tr aditional medicine profounded with vital substance. As the results of evaluati on, 149(86.1%) patients shows their strong affinity to TCDT . Pain control was significantly favored in the test group. Those having Glycyrrhiza -Paeonia so up revealed pain relief(P<0.01). It is concluded that TCDT adjuvantly improves quality of life of the terminal cancer patients(P<0.001). In terms of practic al and clinical extension of TCDT , further prospective randomized study is ne cessary to be organized.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
藥學研究所
88
Aspirin capsules contain 100 mg enteric-coated granules. These enteric-coated granules are delayed-released to avoid aspirin-induced gastric irritation. Antacids neutralize gastric acid and increase pH. After coadministration of enteric-coated aspirin granules and antacids, aspirin may be dissoluted in the stomach, not in the intestine, and lose the delayed-released characteristics. This study contained four parts: first, retrospective review of prescription with enteric-coated aspirin granules. second, the influence of antacids on the pH value of distilled water, simulated gastric fluid, and simulated intestinal fluid. third, the influence of various pH buffer solution on the dissolution of enteric-coated aspirin granules. forth, the influence of antacid on the bioavailability of enteric-coated aspirin granules. From October 4, 1999 to October 9, 1999 at one Regional Hospital and two Medical Centers (A, B), out-patient department prescriptions with enteric-coated aspirin granules were reviewed. Prescriptions concomitantly use with antacids had 45 (47.9%) cases at Regional Hospital, 492 (78.7%) cases at Medical Center A, and 355 (70.3%) cases at Medical Center B. The pH value of antacids (Calcium carbonate, Kolantyl, Lederscon, Magnesium oxide, Strocain, Ulcerin-P) in the distilled water, simulated gastric fluid, and simulated intestinal fluid was studied. One and two antacid significantly increased the pH of 150 ml and 300 ml distilled water and simulated gastric fluid. One or two Kolantyl, Lederscon, magnesium oxide significantly raised the pH of 150 ml and 300 ml simulated intestinal fluid. The dissolution profiles of enteric-coated aspirin granules at various pH showed no dissolution at pH 2.2, 3.0, 4.0, 4and 5.0, however, 34.74% at pH 6.0, 93.39% at pH 7.0, 92.46% at pH 8.0 within 120 minutes. AUC, Ka, Kel, Tmax, and Cmax revealed no significant difference among Group A (enteric-coated aspirin granules), Group B (enteric-coated aspirin granules with one tablet Magnesium oxide), Group C (enteric-coated aspirin granules with two tablet Magnesium oxide), however, Group A significantly showed the longer t1/2 than other groups. From the above studies, it is concluded that coadministration of enteric-coated aspirin granules and antacids might be avoided to prevent enteric-coated aspirin granules dissolution in the stomach and lose the enteric-coated characteristics.

碩士
中山醫學大學
營養科學研究所
92
Physical or chemical treatments （e.g. Cl2, F, O3）were used to clarify drinking water because of water pollution. Therefore, many water treating machines were produced, for example pure water machine and revere-osmosis machine（RO）. Recently, machines for functional water（e.g. magnetizations water, electrolyzed water were developed）. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the properties and functions of alkaline electrolyzed water obtained for home used machine. Four alkaline electrolyzed water sample were used in this study. Then pH value and oxidantion-reduction potential（ORP）were quite different, such as 8.7（-84 mV）, 9.1（-110 mV）, 9.3（-121 mV）, 9.5（-130 mV）. Results revealed that the alkaline electrolyzed water samples did not change stomach pH value and had no buffer and antacid function in the artificial stomach model. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging efficiency of alkaline electrolyzed water showed dose-dependent and increased with the ORP. Further more, alkaline electrolyzed water also can reduced 30-50% of the function of mutagenic agents（such as N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine（MNNG）, t-BuOOH, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-〔4,5-f〕-quinoline （IQ））toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA102.

by Kwong Tsz-kin.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-96).
Chapter I. --- Abstract --- p.i
Chapter II. --- Acknowledgment --- p.ii
Chapter III. --- Table of contents --- p.iii
Chapter IV. --- List of Tables and Figures 、 --- p.iv
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1. --- General introduction
Chapter 1.2. --- Review of analytical methods for aluminium analysis
Chapter 1.3. --- Spectrofluorimetric determination of aluminium
Chapter 1.4. --- Project aim
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Experimental --- p.14
Chapter 2.1. --- Apparatus
Chapter 2.2. --- Reagents & Material
Chapter 2.3. --- Procedure
Chapter 2.4. --- Treatment of data
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results and discussion --- p.24
Chapter 3.1. --- Optimization of experimental conditions
Chapter 3.2. --- Analytical Parameters
Chapter 3.3. --- Analytical results
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Conclusion --- p.89
Chapter Chapter 5. --- References --- p.90
Appendix --- p.97

碩士
台北醫學院
生藥學研究所
85
Abstract There are many formulas for the treatment of gastric ulcer in the "Standarized Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulas". Among them, Si- Jun-Zi-Tang S.J.Z.T. is the representative one for gastric ulcer and An- Chong-San A.C.S. is the major formula for stomach and abdominal pain. These two formulas are commonly used by herbal medical doctors to treat gastric ulcer. The classical Fordtran test method until now the only one employed to evaluate antacid products, does not evaluate the duration of antacid action since it is only a quantitative method to determine Acid NeutralizinCapacity. We have tried to approach pysiological conditions, by constructing a model of an "Artificial Stomach" possessing some of the featured of a normal functioning stomach. This model was designed to account for some of the parameters lacking in conventional in vitro antacidevaluation. The antacid activity and effect on gastric bicarbonate secretioof S.J.Z.T. and A.C.S. were assessed with three different conditions our experiments have found that: 1. Fordtran's method experiment without hog stomach and without secretory and emptying flux: neutralization reaction was very fast and complete. without sustained reaction. both drugs exhibited weak antacid activity. A.C.S. was better than S.J. Z.T. on antacid activity. 2. Experiment without hog stomach but with secretory and emptying flux Increased the pH of artificial gastric fluid from pH1.2 to pH1.53 and pH1.46 respectively for A.C.S. and S.J.Z.T.Duration of antacid activity were 117minutes and 94mimutes respectively for A.C.S. and S.J.Z.T. These findings indicate that the mechanism of antacid activity of S.J.Z.T. and A.C.S. were the same, namely neutralization; no buffer capacity was found. 3.Experiment with hog stomach but without secretory and emptying flux using water as blank and aluminium phosphate gel as cortrol, the antacid activity of both drugs were found partly from their promoting effect on gastric bicarbonate secretion by surface epithelial cell. compared with blank the pH rose 43.66%、28.17% and this effect was significant. The results of this study suggested that besides weak antacid activity.A.C.S. and S.J.Z.T. also possess the protective action on gastric mucosa. Keywords: Peptic ulcer, Artificial Stomach, Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulas, Si-Jun-Zi-Tang,(S.J.Z.T.) An- Chong-San(A.C.S.).