Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'AntConc'

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Esta tese teve como objetivo principal a elaboração do vocabulário do escritor baiano Eulálio de Miranda Motta. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois programas: o AntConc, que possibilitou a análise do corpus, e o FLEx, que permitiu a construção do banco de dados e a edição dos verbetes. Delimitou-se como corpus desta pesquisa 215 textos em prosa, escritos em vida ou publicados postumamente, sendo: 36 textos publicados na coluna Rabiscos do jornal Mundo Novo (1931 a 1932, Mundo Novo-BA); 17 textos publicados no jornal O Lidador (1933 a 1935, Jacobina-BA); 45 textos publicados no jornal O Serrinhense (1950 a 1951, Serrinha-BA); 24 textos publicados no jornal Gazeta do Povo (1960-1961, Feira de Santana-BA); 43 panfletos escritos de 1949 a 1983 (BARREIROS, P., 2015) e 50 causos que compõem Bahia Humorística escritos de 1933 a 1934 (BARREIROS, L., 2016). A pesquisa empreendida foi subsidiada pelos princípios teórico-metodológicos da Lexicografia moderna (BIDERMAN, 1978; 1984; 1998; 2001; HAENSCH, 1982; WERNER, 1982; VILELA, 1983; 1995; PORTO DAPENA, 2002, entre outros) e da Linguística de corpus (BEBER SARDINHA, 2004; OTHERO; MENUZZI, 2005), resultando em um vocabulário com 700 entradas, organizadas de A a Z. As lexias inventariadas foram classificadas em: substantivo feminino, substantivo masculino, verbo transitivo, verbo intransitivo, adjetivo, advérbio e unidade fraseológica, sendo 513 lexias simples, 35 lexias compostas e 152 lexias complexas. O Vocabulário de Eulálio Motta tem como finalidade contribuir para a preservação de costumes e valores culturais do homem sertanejo, expresso no uso da língua.
This thesis had as its main objective the elaboration of the vocabulary of the writer Eulálio de Miranda Motta, from Mundo Novo, Bahia. To achieve this purpose, two softwares were used: AntConc, which allowed the analysis of the corpus, and FLEx, which allowed the construction of the database and the editing of the entries. Delimited as the corpus of this research were 215 texts in prose, written in life or published posthumously, as follows: 36 texts published in the column Rabiscos of the newspaper Mundo Novo (1931 to 1932, Mundo Novo-BA); 17 texts published in the newspaper O Lidador (1933 to 1935, Jacobina-BA); 45 texts published in the newspaper O Serrinhense (1950 to 1951, Serrinha-BA); 24 texts published in the newspaper Gazeta do Povo (1960-1961, Feira de Santana-BA); 43 pamphlets written from 1949 to 1983 (BARREIROS, P., 2015) and 50 causos or anecdotes that composed the book Bahia Humorística, written from 1933 to 1934 (BARREIROS, L., 2016). The research here undertaken was based on the theoretical-methodological principles of modern Lexicography (BIDERMAN, 1978, 1984, 1998, 2001, HAENSCH, 1982, WERNER, 1982, VILELA, 1983, 1995, PORTO DAPENA, 2002, among others) and a Linguistics Corpus (BEBER SARDINHA, 2004; OTHERO; MENUZZI, 2005), resulting in a vocabulary with 700 entries, organized from A to Z. The lexias inventoried were classified in the following categories: feminine noun, masculine noun, transitive verb, intransitive verb, adjective, adverb and phraseological unit, being 513 simple lexias, 35 compound lexias and 152 complex lexias. The Vocabulary of Eulálio Motta aims to contribute to the preservation of cultural customs and values of the country man, as expressed in the use of the language.

Several studies have shown that women tend to use more personal pronouns and therefore show more involvement with the reader. This paper examines the differences between male and female editors’ letters in magazines. The study applied the method of corpus linguistics in order to examine forty editor’s letters twenty from the male-targeted magazine Gentlemen’s Quarterly and twenty from the female-targeted magazine Harper’s Bazaar. First person singular and second person singular pronouns were examined to determine whether the female editor showed more involvement with the reader than the male editor. The result shows that the male editor from the Gentlemen’s Quarterly shows more involvement with the reader than the female editor from Harper’s Bazaar, which clashes the findings of previous studies.

Lo studio condotto in questa tesi di laurea nasce dall’esperienza di lavoro in un team del Motomondiale, il Team Estrella Galicia 0,0 MarcVDS (attualmente Elf Marc VDS Racing Team), durante la stagione MotoGP ™ 2018. In tale occasione è nata l’idea di svolgere una ricerca terminologica sulla componentistica delle moto della categoria MotoGP ™. In particolare, questo elaborato ha l’obiettivo di approfondire la terminologia specialistica in italiano, spagnolo e francese. Grazie al contributo di tecnici madrelingua e all’ausilio di specifici software quali BootCaT e AntConc, è stato costituito un repertorio terminologico che intende soddisfare possibili esigenze interpretative ed essere utilizzato nella fase di preparazione di un interprete o come supporto linguistico in cabina nel caso di un’interpretazione simultanea. Il primo capitolo fornisce una panoramica teorica sulla disciplina della terminologia. A tal fine, sono state introdotte le prime scuole terminologiche e sono state illustrate le collaborazioni internazionali nel campo dello studio terminologico. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato il contributo di Eugen Wüster e di altri esperti linguisti, come Teresa Cabré, Juan Carlos Sager e Rita Temmerman. Il secondo capitolo, si dedica all’introduzione del settore d’interesse della ricerca terminologica svolta. Nello specifico, viene presentato il Motomondiale, descrivendo più nel dettaglio le caratteristiche tecniche delle moto della classe MotoGP ™. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sui software BootCaT e AntConc, gli strumenti utilizzati rispettivamente per la creazione semiautomatica e l’analisi dei corpora. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo è dedicato alla presentazione delle schede terminologiche realizzate, commentate nella parte conclusiva dell’elaborato e riportate integralmente in appendice.

Магістерську дисертацію присвячено розгляду можливостей корпусної лінгвістики, аналізу основних проблем, з якими стикаються перекладачі технічної літератури під час перекладу спеціалізованих текстів, а також пропозиції щодо уникнення перекладацьких помилок, покращення якості та оптимізації процесу перекладу за допомогою альтернативного підходу – застосування засобів корпусної лінгвістики. Дана робота визначає специфіку якісного перекладу та відповідних вимог. Крім того, надано та класифіковано шляхи подолання різних труднощів перекладу на синтаксичному, семантичному та структурному рівнях у формі перекладацьких прийомів. Представлена дослідницька робота містить практичний аналіз перекладу текстів технічного спрямування, результати якого надали широкі можливості для вивчення корпусу як альтернативного рішення для покращення якості перекладу. Дисертація розглядає типи та критерії для створення належного корпусу. Пропонується практичне застосування корпусу на прикладах для окреслення основних його функцій та можливостей, що сприяють досягненню найповнішого рівня еквівалентності та адекватного перекладу. Дана наукова робота містить досвід розробки корпусу the Nuclear Corpus та його вдалої реалізації з використанням найзручніших корпусних менеджерів. Приділено увагу перевагам застосування корпусу під час перекладу, таким як конкорданс, відносна та абсолютна частотність слів, ключові слова, сполучуваність слів, багатокомпонентні групи, контекстуальне вживання слів. Дана робота спонукає до подальшого вдосконалення корпусу відповідно до певних перекладацьких потреб з метою досягнення найвищого рівня еквівалентності тексту перекладу та тексту оригіналу, задоволення очікувань адресатів перекладу. Робота відкриває перспективи для подальшого вивчення корпусу з метою виявлення нових корисних можливостей для полегшення роботи перекладача.
This Master’s Thesis is devoted to the consideration of corpus linguistics capabilities, investigation of the main problems encountered by technical translators while translating engineering texts and provision of an alternative solution for them to eliminate translation weaknesses, improve quality, and optimize translation itself. The paper defines features of a good quality translation and its requirements. In addition, the ways to overcome various translation difficulties at syntactic, semantic and structural levels are given in the form of recommended translation techniques which are classified according to specified criteria. The given research paper also provides a practical example of technical translation, the analysis of which gives wide opportunities for studying a corpus as an alternative solution for improving the quality of the translation. The thesis presents types and criteria for a good corpus compilation. Practical usage of a corpus with examples is suggested to outline its main functions and opportunities which can assist any translator in achieving the closest equivalency and adequate translation. The following paper shares experience of developing the Nuclear Corpus and its successful implementation while using the most user-friendly corpus managers. The paper also demonstrates the advantages of corpus application during translation compared to other modern technologies used in the process of translation. This research encourages the idea of further corpus development for the specific translation needs in order to make target texts equivalent at the highest level and meet expectations of the addressees. At the same time, the Master’s Thesis makes it possible to study the issue of a corpus further with the purpose to identify new useful opportunities it can provide to facilitate the work of a translator.

In questa tesi si presenta un’analisi terminologica su un dominio di recente sviluppo e interesse a livello internazionale: l’economia circolare. Al fine di poter restituire un’analisi comparativa tra i principali termini di questo dominio sono stati creati tre corpora specialistici comparabili in italiano, inglese e francese. Il primo capitolo è dedicato a un’osservazione teorica sul dominio; nel secondo capitolo è descritta la metodologia seguita per la creazione dei tre corpora e i loro contenuti; nel terzo capitolo sono illustrati i principali risultati emersi dall’analisi sul software AntConc, a livello intra- e interlinguistico; nel quarto ed ultimo capitolo sono descritte le fasi di selezione dei candidati termini nelle tre lingue e sono discussi i fenomeni più rilevanti dal punto di vista terminologico, tra cui l’aspetto connotativo e metaforico di alcuni candidati termini e nella definizione stessa di economia circolare.

In this dissertation, I carry out an analysis of Hillary Clinton's and Donald Trump's political discourse in the 2016 US presidential campaign, in order to identify non-obvious meanings and patterns in their distinctive use of language. This comparison is carried out using a corpus-assisted approach, taking advantage of tools developed within corpus linguistics, such as the corpus query tool 'AntConc'. Based on the comparison of lists of keywords for both corpora, the analysis highlights aspects of their political rhetoric that would not be noticeable by simply reading the transcripts.

Il fulcro del presente elaborato è rappresentato dalla ricerca condotta sulle neoformazioni occasionali del tedesco in ambito politico, in particolare su quelle adottate dai politici nei discorsi al Bundestag, e sulle proposte traduttive di tali neologismi fornite dai sistemi di traduzione automatica quali Google Translate e DeepL. Lo scopo di tale ricerca è quello di indagare su come i sistemi di traduzione automatica si comportino di fronte a tali neoformazioni, valutandone, infine, il grado di accettabilità delle proposte traduttive e individuando le principali difficoltà e i fenomeni emersi. L’elaborato traccia a grandi linee i procedimenti di formazione delle parole, specialmente la composizione, e i composti occasionali dal punto di vista teorico, per poi addentrarsi nella ricerca vera e propria: il secondo e il terzo capitolo sono, infatti, interamente dedicati alla descrizione degli strumenti adoperati (il software AntConc, un corpus linguistico e i programmi di traduzione automatica sopracitati) e del procedimento svolto. Infine, nel quarto e ultimo capitolo verranno discussi i risultati ottenuti da tale ricerca.

L’analisi empirica corpus based di questo elaborato si propone di studiare, nel quadro dell’Appraisal framework, due sottogeneri di musica rap: il mainstream, più popolare, e l’alternative, più di nicchia. L’Appraisal framework analizza l’uso della lingua per quanto riguarda le valutazioni, l’espressione personale e la costruzione di rapporti interpersonali. Le linee guida del quadro teorico verranno utilizzate allo scopo di determinare le differenze o i punti in comune per quanto riguarda l’espressione dei sentimenti e dell’atteggiamento, alla luce delle critiche e degli stereotipi che circondano questa forma di espressione culturale riguardo alla violenza e povertà di contenuti che la contraddistinguerebbe.

In the present paper, the potential of corpus-linguistic research is put into action. More specifically, a corpus-based demonstration of the general style used in rock lyrics is formed in order to identify the genre-specific features. A corpus consisting of roughly 53 000 words was created for this research. The focus lies on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the vocabulary as well as of the stylistic markers. The aim of this essay is to investigate the language used in the lyrics of rock music lyrics and the results of the research illustrate in what ways rock lyrics are either more spoken-like or written-like; whether rock lyrics mirror the general word usage in society, and in what ways rock music is comparable to other genres. Using the rock lyrics corpus (ROLC), trends within rock lyrics were retraced diachronically. Results show that rock lyrics, to some extent, follow the general word usage. However, other results also contradict this. Further research in this area is therefore encouraged.  Findings show that rock music shares features with other genres, but also that that rock has some unique features.  Developments and stagnations were detected in regards to word usage. These features are examined in order to find an explanation.

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As Verb-Particle Constructions (VPCs) são construções verbais características da língua inglesa constituídas por um verbo e uma ou duas partículas. Tais estruturas são sintática e semanticamente complexas, uma vez que não se enquadram em regras lógicas e homogêneas. Esta pesquisa visa fazer uma reflexão sobre a semântica das partículas nas VPCs apoiada em conceitos teóricos da Gramática Cognitiva e da Lingüística Cognitiva. A contribuição semântica das partículas away, out e over é discutida valendo-se de esquemas imagéticos que permitem fazer relações entre os diferentes significados das partículas encontrados nas VPCs selecionadas para a análise. Através das ferramentas da Lingüística de Corpus, mais especificamente um concordanciador gratuito chamado AntConc 3.2.1w, foram selecionadas para a análise as cinco VPCs mais freqüentes do American National Corpus com cada partícula. Como resultado, percebeu-se que as partículas contribuem em diferentes graus para o significado total das VPCs, podendo apresentar s
Verb-Particle Constructions (VPCs) are verbal constructions typical of the English language formed by a verb and one or two particles. Such structures are syntactically and semantically complex due to the fact that they do not fit into logical and homogeneous rules. This research aims at examining the semantics of particles in VPCs within the framework of Cognitive Grammar and Cognitive Linguistics. The discussion of the semantic contribution of the particles away, out and ‘over’ is grounded in image schemas which allow establishing relations among the different meanings of particles found in the VPCs selected for the analysis. By using Corpus Linguistics tools, namely a concordancer called AntConc 3.2.1w, the five most frequent VPCs with each particle in the American National Corpus were selected for the analysis. The results showed that the particles contribute to the overall meaning of VPCs in different degrees, with more and less metaphorical senses

Zjawiska językowe, które wiążą się z funkcjonowaniem gospodarki rynkowej w Polsce, w niewielkim zakresie są przedmiotem badań podejmowanych na gruncie językoznawstwa polonistycznego. Moja rozprawa jest próbą wypełnienia tej luki. Podstawę materiałową analizy stanowią 2104 teksty publikowane przez analityków giełdowych na stronach internetowych instytucji finansowych – towarzystw funduszy inwestycyjnych i domów maklerskich. Tematem ich wypowiedzi są fenomeny mikro- i makroekonomiczne w naszym kraju i na świecie wpływające na stan gospodarki odzwierciedlony w notowaniach papierów wartościowych. Głównymi celami rozprawy są: opis metaforycznych wyobrażeń GOSPODARKI w danych źródłowych, porównanie uzyskanych wyników z konceptualizacjami opisanymi w literaturze światowej służące stwierdzeniu, w jakim stopniu mają one charakter wtórny, a w jakim są propozycjami oryginalnymi, a ponadto sprawdzenie, czy metaforyczne odwzorowania bytów, zjawisk i procesów ekonomicznych cechują się systematycznością i regularnością, oraz określenie, jaki jest stopień tego zjawiska. Dodatkowe zamierzenia badawcze to: zaprezentowanie stanu badań nad metaforycznym językiem tekstów o gospodarce w lingwistyce światowej i polskiej oraz weryfikacja przydatności programu AntConc do analizy dużego korpusu tekstów polskojęzycznych. Do opracowania materiału wykorzystałam metodologię teorii metafory konceptualnej zaproponowaną przez G. Lakoffa i M. Johnsona. Umożliwia ona opis struktur pojęciowych wyrażających rozumienie poszczególnych dziedzin wiedzy przez mówiących danym językiem, a tym samym jest użyteczną koncepcją pozwalającą na wyjaśnienie, jak postrzegają oni 2 rzeczywistość. Najważniejsze tezy tej teorii przedstawiłam na tle głównych założeń porównaniowej i interakcyjnej teorii metafory oraz postulatów językoznawstwa kognitywnego. W rozdziale poświęconym stanowi zagranicznych i polskich badań nad metaforami w dyskursie ekonomicznym omówiłam metodologiczne podstawy tych analiz, główne zagadnienia teoretyczne i najczęściej rekonstruowane metaforyczne wyobrażenia bytów, zjawisk i procesów gospodarczych. Opis dorobku polskiej lingwistyki poszerzyłam o zreferowanie poglądów autorów na status stylistyczny języka, którym mówi się lub pisze o gospodarce. Przedstawiłam także klasyfikację tekstów należących do komunikacji giełdowej i modeli komunikacji giełdowej. W analitycznej części rozprawy zaprezentowałam wyniki moich badań nad metaforycznym obrazowaniem GOSPODARKI w analizach, raportach i komentarzach rynkowych. Zrekonstruowałam i omówiłam piętnaście podsystemów metaforycznych utworzonych przez domeny źródłowe CZŁOWIEKA (GOSPODARKA TO HABITAT CZŁOWIEKA), ISTOTY ŻYWEJ (GOSPODARKA TO HABITAT ISTOT ŻYWYCH), GÓRY (GOSPODARKA TO GÓRZYSTA KRAINA), OBIEKTU (GOSPODARKA TO ZBIÓR OBIEKTÓW), POJEMNIKA (GOSPODARKA TO UKŁAD POJEMNIKÓW), MIEJSCA (GOSPODARKA TO MIEJSCE), BUDYNKU (GOSPODARKA TO KONSTRUKCJA), MASZYNY (GOSPODARKA TO ZESPÓŁ SPRZĘŻONYCH MASZYN), ŚRODKA LOKOMOCJI (GOSPODARKA TO PRZESTRZEŃ RUCHU ŚRODKÓW LOKOMOCJI), TOWARU (GOSPODARKA TO ZBIÓR TOWARÓW), POŻYWIENIA (GOSPODARKA TO PRZESTRZEŃ KONSUMPCJI), PŁYNU (GOSPODARKA TO ZBIORNIK NA PŁYN), WYŚCIGU (GOSPODARKA TO PRZESTRZEŃ RYWALIZACJI), WOJNY (GOSPODARKA TO PRZESTRZEŃ KONFRONTACJI) i RUCHU (GOSPODARKA TO PRZESTRZEŃ RUCHU). Wyodrębniłam w nich uporządkowane hierarchicznie struktury i scharakteryzowałam cechujące je regularności. Ponadto opisałam odwzorowania ustanawiające poszczególne konceptualizacje oraz podałam typowe skorelowane z nimi wyrażenia. Na tej podstawie odtworzyłam obrazowanie domeny docelowej oraz skonstatowałam, że metaforyczne odwzorowania wykazują duży stopień systematyczności. Analiza pozwoliła mi także stwierdzić, że odtworzone projekcje pojęciowe uwypuklają dwa zasadnicze aspekty GOSPODARKI – funkcjonalny i jakościowy. Wyobrażenia te reprezentują odpowiednio stan wiedzy eksperckiej i wiedzy potocznej o tej domenie. Konceptualizacje te są wobec siebie komplementarne i powinny zostać uwzględnione w definicji omawianego pojęcia. Wyniki badań potwierdzają uniwersalność zastosowanej w rozprawie metodologii – może ona zostać wykorzystana do analizy innych złożonych pojęć. 3 Badanie wykazało, że nie jest możliwe jednoznaczne rozstrzygnięcie, czy zrekonstruowane rzutowania mają charakter oryginalny, czy też powielają metafory utrwalone w publikowanych na całym świecie tekstach specjalistycznych i popularnych. Porównanie opracowań polskich z obcojęzyczną literaturą przedmiotu pozwala natomiast zaobserwować zbieżność podejmowanych problemów badawczych. Z analizy wynika, że odtworzony przeze mnie system metafor pojęciowych charakteryzuje się dużą regularnością. Składa się na niego piętnaście podsystemów złożonych z hierarchicznie uporządkowanych odwzorowań. Struktura ta stanowi pojęciowy szkielet będący podstawą modelowania domeny docelowej. Kolejny wniosek dotyczy wad i zalet programu AntConc. Okazał się on narzędziem przydatnym do przeszukiwania dużego korpusu danych. Natomiast istotnym utrudnieniem jest cechujący go brak lematyzacji. Właściwość ta sprawia, że konieczne staje się ręczne wprowadzanie form fleksyjnych słów kluczowych, co znacznie wydłuża czas obróbki danych. W zakończeniu rozprawy wyznaczyłam inne obszary badań nad językiem tekstów o tematyce gospodarczej. Refleksji teoretycznej wymagają przede wszystkim ich leksyka i status stylistyczny. Za istotne uważam także porównanie zrekonstruowanych w rozprawie odwzorowań z konceptualizacjami realizowanymi w języku publicystyki. Ciekawym wyzwaniem badawczym byłoby także opisanie funkcji metafor – w tym zwłaszcza ideologicznej – w dyskursie ekonomicznym.
Linguistic phenomena connected with the functioning of the market economy in Poland are rarely subjects of research for the Polish linguistics. My dissertation is an attempt to fulfil this gap. The samples chosen for the analysis were 2104 texts published by various investments advisors on investment fund companies and brokerage houses websites. Their posts dealt with the micro- and macroeconomic phenomena both in Poland and abroad. The main goals of the research were the following: • the description of metaphorical images of ECONOMY in the source data; • the comparison of the obtained results with conceptualisations described in English language research papers; • the determining what is the degree of systematicity and regularity of metaphorical projections; • the presentation of the scope of research on metaphors in economic discourse in Poland and abroad; • the verification of the applicability of AntConc software to the analysis of the collected data. The conceptual metaphor theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson was used as the basis for the analysis. In the theoretical chapter the main assumptions of this theory 2 were introduced by the presentation of comparative and interaction theories of metaphor, as well as cognitive linguistics in general. In the chapter dealing with Polish and foreign linguistic studies, the main research areas and dominating conceptualizations of ECONOMY were discussed. The illustration of the scope of research in Poland also included the presentation of the stylistic status of language of economy, as well as the categorisation of stock exchange texts and stock exchange communication models. The research results were presented in the analytical part of the dissertation. I reconstructed and discussed metaphorical subsystems created by individual source domains. Specifically, their hierarchically organised structures and characteristic regularities within them were analysed. Furthermore, the mappings occurring in individual conceptualisations were also interpreted. I also gave examples of expressions characteristic of the respective mappings. This investigation allowed me to reconstruct imagery of the target domain and prove that metaphorical structures are highly systematic. The analysis has shown that the reconstructed conceptual projections highlighted two main aspects of ECONOMY – functional and qualitative. They represent respectively expert and common knowledge about the discussed target domain. This conceptualisations are complementary and should be taken into account in redefining this field of knowledge. What is more, the research results confirmed the versatility of the used methodology as it showed that it can be applied to the analysis of other complex concepts. The study has also demonstrated that it is not possible to clearly decide whether reconstructed mappings are original or if they are secondary to metaphorical representations of economic system fixed in specialist and popular texts published around the world. Moreover, the comparison of Polish and foreign scholarly literature on the subject revealed resemblance of academic interest. Yet another conclusion of the analysis was that the system of metaphors forming conceptual imagery of ECONOMY reconstructed in the dissertation is highly regular. It constitutes of fifteen metaphorical subsystems composed of hierarchically ordered mappings. This structure creates the conceptual framework which is the basis for the understanding of the target domain. 3 Moreover, the AntConc software has proved to be a useful tool for analysing a big data corpus. However, its major drawback is the lack of lemmatization, which makes manual key words entry necessary. As a result, it causes a hindrance in the process of data development. The conclusion of the dissertation proposes other, possible fields of research on metaphors in texts dealing with economy. The most important issues for further study would be, among others, the analysis of lexis and stylistic qualification of texts, the comparison of the reconstructed projections with the conceptualisations represented in language of journalism, as well as functions of metaphor – especially the ideological one – in the economic discourse.

The present master thesis analyses the idiolects of presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump against the background of the speeches of other candidates for the post of President of the United States in 2016. Using the 'corpus-assisted discourse analysis' (Partington et al., 2013), the thesis strives to uncover words, phrases and patterns that distinguish the speech of the two candidates in a political discourse from other presidential candidates. First, the thesis examines the keywords, collocations, negative keywords and clusters of the respective target corpora. While the main focal points of the study are lexical and grammatical indicators of style, proper nouns and lexical indicators of content ('aboutness keywords') are subjects to analysis as well. In the next step the results of the respective analyses are compared, i.e. the differences between the speeches of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump are discussed.

碩士
國立臺南大學
生物科技學系碩士班
107
Antrodia camphorata is a parasitic fungal species that is unique to Taiwan. Antcin K is an ergostane type triterpenoid derived from the fruit body of Antrodia camphorata. Three bacteria were known to catalyze the glycosylation of triterpenoids from previous studies. We selected one of the strains Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 to biocatalyze Antcin K and analyze its products by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. The produced metabolites were purified by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography to separate four new metabolites. The structure of the compound 25S-antcin K 26-O- -glucoside was identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 25R-antcin K 26-O--glucoside、25S-antcin K 26-O--(6’-O-succinyl)-glucoside and 25R-antcin K 26-O--(6’-O-succinyl)-glucoside. Using 25S-antcin K 26-O--glucoside and 25R-antcin K 26-O--glucoside as precursors for biotransformation, it was proved that 25S-antcin K 26-O--(6’-O-succinyl)-glucoside and 25R-antcin K 26-O--(6’-O-succinyl)-glucoside are composed of 25S-antcin K 26-O--glucoside and 25R-antcin K 26-O--glucoside bio-transformed succinic acid derived from grape glucoside. To the best of this knowledge, this study is the first study on the glycosylation of triterpenoids from Antrodia camphorata, and for the first time, the microbial studies on the biosynthesis of succinic acidification of triterpenoid glycosides.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
藥學系碩士班
102
英文摘要 Antrodia camphorata, a rare and expensive medicinal fungus, has been used as an herbal medicine for drug intoxication for the treatment of inflammation syndromes and liver-related diseases in Taiwan. Antcin B and antcin C are two bioactive compounds from Antrodia camphorata. In this study, antcin B and antcin C were used on LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line in vitro. The results revealed that antcin B and antcin C can reduce the production of nitric oxide (NO), and inhibit the iNOS and COX-2 protein expression without affecting the cell viability of RAW264.7 cell. Besides, antcin B and antcin C can significantly reduce the intracellular content of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in a dose dependent. Moreover, this study demonstrates the protective effect of antcin C on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Mice were treated with antcin C 1 hour before the intratracheal instillation of LPS challenge model. Lung injury was evaluated 6 hours after LPS induction. Pretreatment with antcin C markedly improved LPS-induced histological alterations and edema in lung tissues. Futhermore, antcin C also inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 at 6 hours in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) during LPS-induced lung injury. Besides, antcin C reduced total cell number and protein concentrations in the BALF. The pulmonary wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, and myeloperoxidase activity and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung tissues. Antcin C also efficiently blocked protein expression of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibited the degradation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and IκBα. This is the first investigation in which antcin C inhibited acute lung edema effectively, which may provide a potential target for treating ALI（acute lung injury）、ARDS（acute respiratory distress syndrome）. Antcin C may utilize the NF-κB and MAPKs pathways and the regulation of SOD activity to attenuate LPS-induced nonspecific pulmonary inflammation. Thus, antcin C has capability to develop as an anti-inflammatory newborn drug in the future.

博士
國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
99
Botanical remedies have been used as a source of traditional Chinese medicines throughout history and continue to serve as the basis for many pharmaceuticals used today. This study focused on the molecular mechanism of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) and antcin A in the promotion of blood circulation and anti-inflammation. Previous studies have indicated that the MLB extract from the Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) inhibits the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. The results of Chapter 1 demonstrate that the increase in intracellular free Ca2+ levels follows similar patterns when MLB and ouabain were used to treat neuroblastoma cells. Intracellular free Ca2+ is obtained from outside the cell via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and IP3 channel of the ER membrane. Both MLB and ouabain are equivalent, forming 5 hydrogen bonds in the Na+/K+-ATPase cavity. There was a change in dendrite morphology under ouabain treatment, but not under MLB. Comparable to ouabain, MLB triggered the same mechanism by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase, and it possesses more potential as a botanical medicine for cardiac disease. Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata, syn. Taiwanofungus camphoratus) is a unique medicinal fungus found in Taiwan. Its anti-inflammatory effect has been reported, and consumer experience attests to this. The results in Chapter 2 demonstrate that the structure of antcin A, extracted from the fruiting bodies of Niuchangchih, is similar to that of the glucocorticoid cortisone. Examination of the nuclear migration of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) effect demonstrated that antcin A and glucocorticoids both migrate into the nucleus and the minimal effective concentration of antcin A exceeds that of glucocorticoids. Molecular modeling indicated that antcin A forms hydrogen bonds less than the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. In the study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Niuchangchih should be partly attributed to antcin A, which mimics glucocorticoids and triggers translocation of the GR into the nucleus to initiate suppression of inflammation via gene regulation.

碩士
國立臺南大學
生物科技學系碩士班
106
Antrodia cinnamomea is parasitic fungus that grows only on the inner heartwood wall or on the dark and moist surface of the high altitude Cinnamomum kanehirai Hay (Lauraceae) of Taiwan. The fruiting bodies of A. cinnamomea have abundant of ergostane triterpenoids antcin K. We used plating method to isolate 4,311 strains from soil, and determined their abilities to catalyze antcin K by ultra-performance liquid chromatography method. Finally, we found a strain, AK1817, which had the ability to biotransform antcin K. The strain was identified as Psychrobacillus sp. based on the DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. The biotransformation metabolites were purified with a preparative high-performance liquid chromatography method and identified as antcamphin E and antcamphin F, based on the mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data.

碩士
國立東華大學
生命科學系
102
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Taiwan. Owing to the symptoms of HCC were not obvious in the early stages, so when the tumor had been detected almost in the hepatoma terminal stage. Currently, surgical resection is the main treatment, but the recurrence rate of HCC is still over 70% in five years. Although after surgery with chemotherapy drugs can slightly reduce the relapse rate, but there are many side effects. Therefore, the searching of new drug that can inhibit liver cancer without any side effects or with significant reduction side effects become an important research topic. Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is an unique fungus in Taiwan which contains a large number of physiologically active compounds and has efficacy in liver disease. There were a lot of studies indicated that the Antrodia cinnamomea’s fruiting bodies (ACFB) had remarkable good anti-cancer activity. Our previous study demonstrated that antcin A purified from ACFB could significantly inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Especially valuable was antcin A did not harm to normal human cell line CCD-966 SK cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the capability of antcin A inhibition of hepatic tumors in animal models of HepG2 xenografts and to elucidate the mechanism of its action. The results of viability assay showed that antcin A treatment could significantly inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells and the effective dose (IC50) were approximately 25 μg/ml. HepG2 tumor were treated with antcin A (1, 5, 30 mg/kg ) in xenograft animal model. The tumor growth was inhibited by antcin A in a dose-dependent manner as indicated by the decrease in tumor volume and tumor weight after 2 weeks of treatment. H&E and immunohistochemistry stain showed that antcin A promoted the decrease of HepG2 tumor mitotic cells and Ki67 expression. TUNEL assay showed that antcin A treatment resulting in DNA fragmentation within HepG2 tumor tissue and this evidence confirmed that antcin A could induce HepG2 tumor apoptosis. Western blotting showed that antcin A activated the TRAIL/DR5 and FasL/Fas apoptosis pathways. The activation of TRAIL/DR5 and FasL/Fas by antcin A induced caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 activated tBid, and then tBid further stimulated with the increase of Bax and Bad, and the decrease of Bcl-xL. As Bcl-2 family inactivated, cytochrome c released from mitochondria to cytoplasm and further downstream activated caspase-9. Caspase-9 activated caspase-3 and PARP were cleaved, and then induced HepG2 tumor apoptosis. In addition, from the results of decreasing in the expression of IGF1, IGF1R, AKT and p-AKT, we suggested that antcin A could down-regulated IGF1/IGF1R signaling pathway and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, antcin A combined with Sunitinib, a commercially available anti-cancer drug, and test results showed that the effect of suppressing tumor growth by using combined treatments were significantly more than individual Sunitinib. Based on the above results, antcin A might have a great potential to further develop into a new anticancer drug or chemo-sensitizer for liver cancer therapy.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
101
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Taiwan as per the 2012 statistics, and ranks the fourth in cancer related mortality in the world. Hence there is a need to focus more on hepato protective foods maintain a healthy liver is a big issue in Taiwan. Recent researches have shown that Antrodia cinnamomea, a Taiwan-specific medicinal mushroom, can manipulate biological activities, include hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-HBV activity, anticancer activity, etc. The active constituents include polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, etc., and among these, m whose triterpenoids are the most prominent because of their potent anticancer effects. In this study, the anti-liver cancer activity and molecular mechanisms of antcin K, the most abundant ergostsne triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of basswood cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea was investigated using the human hepatoma Hep 3B cells. The results show that antcin K effectively reduced Hep 3B cell viability within 48 hours. In addition, antcin K induced phosphatidylserine exposure, chromatin condensation, DNA damage, but not significantly increasing autophagosome content or causing cell expansion and cell lysis. So the principal mode of Hep 3B cell death induced by antcin K was apoptosis, rather than autophagy or necrosis. In depth investigation for the molecular mechanisms, revealed that antcin K firstly promoted ROS generation and ATP depletion, lead to ER stress, followed by CHOP expression, down-regulated Bcl-xL and activated Bax/Bak channel to promote intra-cellular calcium ion release from the endoplasmic reticulum then uptake into the mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial membrane permeability changes. After losing of mitochondrial membrane potential, the apoptosis related factors were released, including HtrA2/Omi, AIF, Endo-G and cytochrome c, the cytochrome c activated the caspase-9, caspase-3, and cut downstream protein PARP, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis. These results suggested that antcin K induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Coupled with these findings, antcin K has the potential to be complementary agent in liver cancer therapy.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
102
In Taiwan, cancer ranks the first of the ten leading causes of death. The statistic of 2013 published by Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan showed that liver cancer was the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. However, more than 90% of cancer patients die not from their primary tumors but due to the development of metastasis. Therefore, how to prevent liver cancer and reduce cancer metastasis is a big issue in Taiwan. Previous researches demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract from Antrodia cinnamomea suppresses the invasive potential of human hepatoma cells. The main active ingredients of Antrodia cinnamomea is ergostane-type triterpenoids, and the content of antcin K is the highest. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is that antcin K could suppresses the metastatic potential of human hepatoma cells. And the objective is that evaluating the anti-metastatic activity and mechanisms of antcin K, which is purified from the fruiting body of basswood cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea on human liver cancer cell line Hep 3B. The results show that adhesion, migration and invasion of Hep 3B cells were effectively inhibited by antcin K within 24 hours. In addition, antcin K not only reduced the protein expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, but also down-regulated vimentin, and up-regulated E-cadherin in Hep 3B cells. In depth investigation for the molecular mechanisms, revealed that antcin K could reduce the protein expression of integrin β1, β3, α5 and αv, and suppress phosphorylation of FAK, Src, PI3K, AKT, MEK, ERK and JNK. These results suggested that antcin K is able to inhibit the metastasis of human hepatoma cells through suppression of integrin-mediated adhesion, migration, and invasion. Coupled with these findings, antcin K has the good potential to reduce the risk of liver cancer metastasis.