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Journal articles on the topic 'Antebellum Era'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

Xiaohan, Mei. "Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Landscape Writing and His Environment Concerns." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5007422.

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In order to better understand the research and analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s landscape writing and ecological environment problems, his paper discusses the description of environmental landscape in Hawthorne’s writings. This paper analyzes the “social-ecological” environment during the antebellum era through Hawthorne’s literary writings. Comparing Hawthorne’s writings of the landscape within statistics and diagrams, this study argues that the romantic descriptions of natural settings and characters in Hawthorne’s writings reflect the social and ecological environment of antebellum era. Therefore, reads can accurately understand Nathaniel Hawthorne’s living context and the ecological environment problems. This study also argues that Hawthorne’s writings of landscape reflect much more the ecological and environmental problems in his era comparing with other antebellum writers. Understanding Hawthorne’s writing of the environment will also provide a guidance for the contemporary society.

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2

Bodenhorn, Howard. "Capital Mobility and Financial Integration in Antebellum America." Journal of Economic History 52, no. 3 (September 1992): 585–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700011402.

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Studies of postbellum financial markets have shown that the United States was not served by an integrated short-term capital market until the turn of the twentieth century. Until recently the data necessary for the study of a similar phenomenon in the antebellum period have not been available. This article reports several new regional interest rate series for the antebellum era that show that antebellum credit markets were more integrated than postbellum markets.

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3

Maltz, Earl M. "Fourteenth Amendment Concepts in the Antebellum Era." American Journal of Legal History 32, no. 4 (October 1988): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845741.

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4

Rasiah, Rasiah, Ansor Putra, Fina Amalia Masri, Arman Arman, and Suci Rahmi Pardilla. "JUST LIKE BLACK, ONLY BETTER: POOR WHITE IN ANTEBELLUM SOUTH OF AMERICA DEPICTED IN SOLOMON NORTHUP’S NOVEL TWELVE YEARS AS A SLAVE." Diksi 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/diksi.v29i1.33081.

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(Title: Just Like Black, Only Better: Poor White in Antebellum South of America Depicted in Solomon Northup’s Novel “Twelve Years as A Slave”). Antebellum era, the period before the Civil War occured, or before the year 1861, in the United States is used to relate to the enslavement of black American. In fact, the era was not merely about black, but also poor white. This study is purposed to describe the poor whites’ life in antebellum America as reflected in Twelve Years As A Slave (1855), a narrative biography novel written by Solomon Northup. Set up the story in New York, Washingotn DC, and New Orleans, the author (and focalizer at once) told the story based on his own experience as a black who was captivated and sold into slavery for twelve years. Although the novel centered its story on black character, it also reflected the life of poor whites who were also being “enslaved” by their white counterparts. Through sociology of literature perspective, this study reveals that the character of poor white that represented through John M. Tibeats, Armsby, and James H. Burch came from Great Britain especially from Ireland. Mostly, they moved to America as incarcerated people. They lived under the poverty and some of them were the vagrants and petty criminals. Poor white during antebellum era in America was positioned in the lower social level. They were “enslaved” by their white master but more better compared to the black slaves. It can be noticed that poor white were positioned in low social level because of the socio-economic problem, while blacks were race and racism. Keywords: antebellum America, poor white, slavery, social class, American literature

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5

Eelman, Bruce W. "Entrepreneurs in the Southern Upcountry: The Case of Spartanburg, South Carolina, 1815–1880." Enterprise & Society 5, no. 1 (March 2004): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700013197.

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Most business histories of the nineteenth-century southern upcountry focus on the shift from a protocapitalist, yeoman-oriented antebellum period to the rapid commercialization and industrialization of the New South era. These studies generally argue for a sharp break in the economic leadership of the region either through the rise of a new business elite, or the reorientation of an agrarian regime. Through a study of Spartanburg, South Carolina, my work challenges this notion of a sharp break and instead finds a vibrant, town-based entrepreneurial elite in both the antebellum and postbellum periods. The revolution that occurred was in the nature of South Carolina's political economy. Spartanburg's entrepreneurs, who struggled to achieve their goals in the antebellum era, found new opportunities as a result of post-war political realignments and the racial politics of Reconstruction. This business history at the community level adds an important chapter to our understanding of the political economy of the Old and New Souths.

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6

Schaefer, Donovan. "Our Peculiar Institution." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 43, no. 1 (February 14, 2014): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.v43i1.34.

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Read through the lens of Sharon Patricia Holland's work on the "erotic life of racism," Steve McQueen's 12 Years a Slave offers ways of thinking the intertwining of religion and race in the United States from the antebellum era up to today.

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7

Tate, Gayle T. "Free Black Resistance in the Antebellum Era, 1830 To 1860." Journal of Black Studies 28, no. 6 (July 1998): 764–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193479802800605.

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8

Quinn, John F. "Expecting the Impossible? Abolitionist Appeals to the Irish in Antebellum America." New England Quarterly 82, no. 4 (December 2009): 667–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq.2009.82.4.667.

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When examining the divide that existed between Irish immigrants and abolitionists in the antebellum era, some historians have blamed the abolitionists, accusing them of harboring anti-Catholic views. In reality, William Lloyd Garrison and most antislavery stalwarts were well disposed toward Irish Catholics and made several attempts to reach out to them in the 1830s and '40s.

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9

Baker, H. Robert. "The Fugitive Slave Clause and the Antebellum Constitution." Law and History Review 30, no. 4 (November 2012): 1133–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248012000697.

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Among the most long-lasting constitutional controversies in the antebellum era was the interpretation of the fugitive slave clause. It was the subject of repeated legislative and judicial construction at both the state and the federal level. It raised delicate questions about federalism and the balancing of property rights and personal liberty. Slaveholders and abolitionists brought irreconcilable constitutional positions to the table, ultimately dividing Northerners from Southerners. However, it was not just divergent political commitments that made it difficult to fix a stable meaning to the fugitive slave clause. The text itself was ambiguous enough to make it amenable to multiple interpretations. For precisely this reason, an examination of the changing interpretations of the fugitive slave clause uncovers antebellum constitutional praxis, allowing us to see how historical actors interpreted the Constitution and how those interpretations shifted over time.

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10

Mizelle, Brett, and David A. Copeland. "The Antebellum Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1820 to 1860." History Teacher 38, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30037019.

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11

McInnis, Edward. "The Antebellum American Textbook Authors' Populist History of Roman Land Reform and the Gracchi Brothers." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2015.070102.

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This essay explores social and political values conveyed by nineteenth century world and universal history textbooks in relation to the antebellum era. These textbooks focused on the histories of ancient Greece and Rome rather than on histories of the United States. I argue that after 1830 these textbooks reinforced both the US land reform and the antislavery movement by creating favorable depictions of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Tiberius and Caius Gracchus (known as the “Gracchi”) were two Roman tribunes who sought to restore Rome's land laws, which granted public land to propertyless citizens despite opposition from other Roman aristocrats. The textbook authors' portrayal of the Gracchan reforms reflects a populist element in antebellum American education because these narratives suggest that there is a connection between social inequality and the decline of republicanism.

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12

Niemi, Albert W. "Industrial Profits and Market Forces: The Antebellum South." Social Science History 13, no. 1 (1989): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001628x.

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There have been several important contributions to the recent literature concerned with profits in antebellum southern manufacturing (Bateman et al., 1975; Bateman and Weiss, 1975a, 1975b, 1976, 1981; and Vedder and Gallaway, 1980). Much of what we know about industrial profits during this era stems from the pioneering work of Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss. In their work, these authors estimate rates of return to manufacturing investment for the South and the nation as a whole. They find that the rates of return in manufacturing were unusually high compared to returns in alternative investments in the decade preceding the Civil War. In fact, their estimates suggest that the financial returns in manufacturing were roughly twice as great as the financial returns to investment in agriculture. With these large sectoral differences in rates of return, Bateman and Weiss question why the South was so slow to industrialize and why the antebellum southern economy continued to be dominated by plantation agriculture.

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13

Davis, Clark. "Very, Garrison, Thoreau." Nineteenth-Century Literature 74, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 332–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2019.74.3.332.

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Clark Davis, “Very, Garrison, Thoreau: Variations on the Antebellum Passive” (pp. 332–359) This essay contends that the poetry of Jones Very, often considered predominately “mystical,” was deeply engaged in political debates of the era. Not only did Very often write poems with an avowedly public purpose, but his seemingly otherworldly, spiritual sonnets sometimes participated in antebellum political debates. The sonnet “The Hand and Foot” (1839), for instance, describes a mode of Christian passivity and quietism that echoes the contemporaneous call for passive “non-resistance” to slavery found in William Lloyd Garrison’s 1838 “Declaration of Sentiments,” the foundational statement of the New England Non-Resistance Society. Very’s poem also describes a mode of Christian behavior that is radically disruptive of social conformity, a kind of embodied “prayer” that may have influenced Henry David Thoreau’s more famous manifesto of passive resistance, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849). Thoreau witnessed Very’s passive but disruptive behavior on more than one occasion in Concord, Massachusetts, well before his own unique dramatization of nonconformity in the mid 1840s. Comparing Very’s erasure of individual will to Thoreau’s more canny deployment of passivity can help us clarify antebellum modes of passive engagement as they evolved toward the eventual violence of John Brown’s raid and the American Civil War.

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Gable, Eric. "What heritage does and does not do to identity: some answers from an ethnographic perspective." Horizontes Antropológicos 11, no. 23 (June 2005): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832005000100004.

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This paper explores how caretakers of slave-era heritage sites objectify and enact what Robert Bellah and his co-authors call "communities of memory" in a racially polarized United States and how the public interpret their efforts at creating what amounts to official history. It highlights the often-vexed encounter between those who are in charge of conveying public representations of slavery and race in the antebellum era in the United States and vernacular responses to such representations. It looks at Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson, which recently has made great efforts to make slaves prominent figures in the landscapes it reconstructs in on-site maps, tours, and literature. Of particular interest are the various ways that vernacular skepticism and cynicism about public portrayals continues to generate controversy at Monticello, and particularly at how the topic of erasure and invisibility remain enduring themes in the popular imagination of what public history is all about when such history focuses on slavery and race. By interrogating public skepticism about official portrayals of the past, the paper moves towards a performative approach to studying what heritage does to identity production rather than a representational approach. Among the identities that are produced at Monticello (and by extension other antebellum sites) are racial and oppositional identities.

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15

Fiss, Andrew. "Mathematics and Mourning: Textbook Burial and Student Culture Before and After the Civil War, 1853–1880." History of Education Quarterly 57, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2017.3.

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In nineteenth-century America, students buried their mathematics books. This practice consistently celebrated the milestone of passing through collegiate mathematics, yet it changed due to national events. This article considers the case of Bowdoin College, where students buried their books differently before and after the Civil War. Antebellum, they observed a complex “Burial of Calculus” with songs, parades, and mock prayers. Postbellum, students personified their books as a woman, placing stones marked “Anna” on the textbooks’ graves. Using archival investigations of students' pamphlets and textbooks, this paper argues that these changes resulted from the war's effects on education as well as changing attitudes toward death. Both the antebellum and postbellum rituals communicated understandings of mathematics and academic achievement, as connected through a mock funeral ritual. Through investigating these connections, this paper asserts the importance of student practices for our understanding of Civil War era education.

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16

Waldstreicher, David, and Susan-Mary Grant. "North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era." Journal of American History 88, no. 3 (December 2001): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700445.

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Baker, Jean H., and Susan-Mary Grant. "North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 1 (February 2002): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069710.

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18

Luckett, Judith A., and Gayle T. Tate. "Unknown Tongues: Black Women's Political Activism in the Antebellum Era, 1830-1860." Journal of the Early Republic 23, no. 3 (2003): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595050.

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19

Allen, Russell H. "North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era." History: Reviews of New Books 29, no. 1 (January 2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2000.10525639.

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20

Neem, Johann N. "Creating Social Capital in the Early American Republic: The View from Connecticut." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39, no. 4 (April 2009): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2009.39.4.471.

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During the early years of the American republic, Connecticut's elite helped to develop a new form of social order, based on voluntary association, replacing the authoritarian, theological hierarchy of the old regime. Social relations, which were once thought fixed in nature by divine sanction, became amenable to the initiatives of the populace. By the antebellum era, Americans had also discovered that social capital could be created through the ordinary activities of people engaged in civil society.

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21

Steineker, Rowan Faye. "“Fully Equal to That of Any Children”: Experimental Creek Education in the Antebellum Era." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 2 (May 2016): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12183.

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During the 1840s and 1850s, members of the Creek Nation rejected schools as a colonial tool and instead experimented with various forms of education to fit their own local and national needs. Diverse individuals and communities articulated educational visions for their nation in conversation with fellow citizens, national leaders, and U.S. educators. Rather than embrace education to assimilate into the American republic, Creeks turned to schools and English literacy as one strategy to shape their own society and defend it from further Euro-American colonial policies. By the end of the 1850s, they had established a fledgling national school system consisting of both neighborhood and mission schools. These institutions reflected and reinforced changes in race, class, gender, culture, and religion in the antebellum Creek Nation.

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22

Hamilton, Shane. "Technology, Innovation, and Southern Industrialization: From the Antebellum Era to the Computer Age." Agricultural History 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.2.256.

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23

Razek, Joseph R. "ANTE-BELLUM BANK ACCOUNTING — A CASE STUDY: The New Orleans Savings Bank In The 1830s." Accounting Historians Journal 14, no. 2 (September 1, 1987): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.14.2.19.

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This is a case study of the history, operating practices and financial reporting system of an antebellum-era financial institution. The New Orleans Savings Bank, which served the people of Louisiana from 1827 to 1842, was founded as a philanthropic endeavor and is an example of altruistic capitalism — as it was practiced in the nineteenth century. This institution is of particular interest to accounting historians because it maintained a relatively sophisticated accounting system which was, in many respects, similar to financial reporting systems in use today.

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KOSEK, JOSEPH KIP. "THE SPIRIT OF REFORM: RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN MODERN AMERICA." Modern Intellectual History 14, no. 1 (November 27, 2015): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924431500027x.

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Intellectual historians have long appreciated the central role of religious ideas in the movements for social transformation that shaped the early United States. The American Revolution, the nation's original radical event, has for generations sparked investigations into the relationship between evangelical theology and political consciousness. The antebellum period has probably inspired more scholarship on the social significance of religion than any other era, most notably in sensitive and detailed accounts of the antislavery movement, but also in studies of prison reform, public schools, the treatment of people with disabilities, and much else.

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Mitch, David F. "Market Forces and Market Failure in Antebellum American Education." Social Science History 32, no. 1 (2008): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001395x.

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The international rise of mass education over the past few centuries is often seen by historians as due to the increasingly long arm of the state (see, e.g., Lindert 2004). On this view, the early rise and high level of mass education in the United States in contrast with its colonial ruler Great Britain reflects the ability of Americans to mobilize local and state government support for public education from the earliest days of the Republic. Indeed, institutions dating to the colonial era could have been at work. The articles in this special section are informed by the view that schools and the instructional services they offered during the antebellum period were subject to the choices of buyers and sellers of these services. The article by Kim Tolley provides a rich case study of this basic principle with her account of Mrs. Sambourne's foray into music teaching in early-nineteenth-century North Carolina.

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26

Taylor, Henry L. "Spatial Organization and the Residential Experience: Black Cincinnati in 1850." Social Science History 10, no. 1 (1986): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015261.

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Although the role of strategically situated black Cincinnati as a gateway to freedom in the period before the Civil War has been well documented, the internal structure of this dynamic black urban community and its evolution within the larger urban setting has proved a more elusive subject (Woodson, 1916; Wade, 1954; Ellwein, 1964; Lammermeier, 1970; Riley, 1971; Berlin, 1976; Curry, 1981; Horton, 1984). In the antebellum period, as in our own age, residential location determined the type and quality of housing one might occupy, the employment opportunities and the public and private facilities accessible to the resident, and the overall physical, economic, political, and social setting in which urban residents lived and raised their families. Moreover, in the commercial era, before the advent of modern intraurban transport, the residential structure was the foundation upon which the entire social life and the organizational structure of urban life was built. An understanding of residential patterns, and of the location of the black community in geographic space and in the context of the evolving urban structure, is therefore a critical prerequisite to understanding what life in the antebellum black urban community was like.

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McArthur, Benjamin. "“Forbid Them Not“: Child Actor Labor Laws and Political Activism in the Theatre." Theatre Survey 36, no. 2 (November 1995): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001204.

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Political activism among actors has become common in twentieth-century America, from patriotic support for war bonds in the two world wars to antiwar declarations during the Vietnam era; from campaigning for presidential hopefuls to more recent environmental activism. We may forget, then, that actors, wary of social disapproval, traditionally had maintained a low political profile in America. The spread-eagle rhetoric of Edwin Forrest may have made his Democratic sympathies well known in antebellum America, but the subsequent actions of John Wilkes Booth only reinforced actors' belief that they were best served by political quietism.

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Renner, Karen J. "Seduction, Prostitution, and the Control of Female Desire in Popular Antebellum Fiction." Nineteenth-Century Literature 65, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2010.65.2.166.

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Karen J. Renner, "Seduction, Prostitution, and the Control of Female Desire in Popular Antebellum Literature" (pp. 166––191) During the antebellum era, increased attention to the prostitute coincided with a prevalent conception of women as, in Nancy Cott's words, essentially "passionless" unless aroused by sincere romantic love. Yet it seems paradoxical that this ideology existed alongside an increasing awareness of women whose livelihood depended upon manufacturing and marketing sexual desire. In this essay I argue that the prostitute became an object of antebellum fascination and concern less because of her defiance of the ideology of passionlessness and more because of the extent to which she could be made to reinforce this ideology. Casting the prostitute as a victim of seduction preserved predominant beliefs about the dependency of female desire on male impetus. The popular novels of George Thompson and Osgood Bradbury elide the sexual autonomy of the prostitute by making her a victim of men, but they do so in different ways. Thompson employs two variants of the seduction narrative that differ according to class, but both result in the subjection of female desire to male control. His indigent females are chaste victims of violent forms of sexual exploitation, while his licentious rich women reveal an inherent tendency toward monogamy or an inability to command their own aberrant desires. Bradbury, in contrast, is remarkable for his willingness to allow fallen women and prostitutes the chance to reform. As refreshingly progressive as Bradbury's novels seem, however, his adherence to the seduction narrative ultimately suggests that female desire is doomed to dissatisfaction unless properly channeled toward working-class men.

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29

Majewski, John, and Viken Tchakerian. "The Environmental Origins of Shifting Cultivation: Climate, Soils, and Disease in the Nineteenth-Century US South." Agricultural History 81, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 522–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-81.4.522.

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Abstract Farmers and planters in the antebellum South held large tracts of unimproved land because they practiced shifting cultivation. Southern cultivators burned tracts of forest growth to quickly release nutrients into the soil. After five or six years, when the soil had been depleted, the old field was abandoned for as long as twenty years. Environmental factors such as poor soils, rugged topography, and livestock diseases accounted for the persistence of this practice, more so than slavery or the availability of western lands. Shifting cultivation slowly declined in the postbellum era, but southern farmers continued to improve a far smaller percentage of their land well into the twentieth century.

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Zelbo, Sian E. "Edgar J. Edmunds: A Historical Case Study of Race in Mathematics Education." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 53, no. 5 (November 2022): 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc-2020-0174.

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This article describes a historical case study of E. J. Edmunds, a Black mathematics student and teacher in 19th-century New Orleans. Edmunds’s career as a student and then teacher of mathematics, which stretched from the antebellum era through Reconstruction and into segregation, was filled with obstacles and indignities but also with improbable successes. Edmunds proved to be among the world’s top mathematical talents in 1871 by passing the grueling admissions exam for France’s École Polytechnique. The purpose of the present article is to examine the implications that this historically rare example of Black mathematical achievement in the 19th century has for metanarratives of Black obstacles and achievement in mathematics education.

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JAMES, SCOTT C. "Patronage Regimes and American Party Development from ‘The Age of Jackson’ to the Progressive Era." British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 1 (December 8, 2005): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123406000032.

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This article introduces the concept of patronage regimes and, through it, extends the research on American party development. No systematic empirical inquiry into the operation of American patronage practices has yet been undertaken. Its analysis investigates the strategic allocation of public jobs by party elites to enhance cadre performance in presidential elections. Utilizing a dataset of 49,000 Senate-confirmed, presidential appointments, presidential patronage removals between the years 1829 and 1917 are analysed. Two distinctive patronage regimes are identified: an antebellum regime structured by pure-and-simple spoils politics and a postbellum regime conforming to principles of machine rationality. Factors central to the process of regime transformation are pinpointed. The presence of two successive patronage regimes highlights the importance of endogenous political incentives and elite strategic choice to the emergent character of party organization, shedding new light on the historical development of these pre-eminent nineteenth-century American political institutions.

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32

Jones, Rhett. "Gayle T. Tate, Unknown Tongues: Black Women's Political Activism in the Antebellum Era, 1820-1860." Journal of African American History 89, no. 2 (April 2004): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4134100.

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Fox, James W. "The Law of Many Faces: Antebellum Contract Law Background of Reconstruction-Era Freedom of Contract." American Journal of Legal History 49, no. 1 (January 2007): 61–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/49.1.61.

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Altschuler, Glenn C., and Stuart M. Blumin. ""Where is the Real America?": Politics and Popular Consciousness in the Antebellum Era." American Quarterly 49, no. 2 (1997): 225–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.1997.0014.

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35

Webb, Clive. "The American Crime: United States Exceptionalism and Global Opinion on Lynching in the Antebellum Era." Global Nineteenth-Century Studies 1, no. 2 (December 2022): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/gncs.2022.21.

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Tellefsen, Blythe Ann. ""The Case with My Dear Native Land": Nathaniel Hawthorne's Vision of America in The Marble Faun." Nineteenth-Century Literature 54, no. 4 (March 1, 2000): 455–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2903013.

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Although many critics have read The Marble Faun (1850) as a dull European travelogue that conveniently and inappropriately ignores the issues facing pre-Civil War America, in fact, this novel does engage the questions about national identity posed by the antebellum era. The central argument of The Marble Faun is whether or not African Americans and Catholic immigrants can become full-fledged Americans. That most troublesome of characters, the either admirable or hypocritical Hilda, is so troublesome precisely because she is a nexus where American tensions over the formation of national identity during the antebellum period coalesce. She demonstrates the vulnerability of white, Protestant-American identity to the influence of other ethnic, religious, and racial identities, and her response to those various potential influences indicates how such threats or possibilities will be managed in the new nation. The novel decides that African Americans cannot be reconciled to society and included in the nation's future. American identity can resist the not entirely pernicious influence of Catholicism, but it cannot risk further contact with Africanist Others. However, The Marble Faun argues not that the shifting, complex, open American identity should be fixed, established, and rendered impenetrable to at least some outside forces; instead, it suggests that such a fixed identity, once achieved, will inevitably crumble under the weight of these excluded outside forces.

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Gable, Eric. "Maintaining Boundaries, or ‘Mainstreaming’ Black History in a White Museum." Sociological Review 43, no. 1_suppl (May 1995): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1995.tb03430.x.

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In this chapter, I explore ethnographically how enduring notions of racial ‘identity’ continue to make it unlikely that an ongoing attempt by America's largest outdoor living-history museum – Colonial Williamsburg – to tell stories about race relations in the antebellum era will be pedagogically effective. I focus on pedagogic practice among Colonial Williamsburg's ‘frontline’ because, while the professional historians ostensibly set historiographical policy and monitor historiographical product at Colonial Williamsburg, it is ultimately the dozens of guides who tell Williamburg's story to the visiting public. Moreover, I focus on the way guides talk about a particularly revealing topic – miscegenation – because it is a generally accepted argument among historians of antebellum America that the history of laws against miscegenation (which were codified in the eighteenth century), coupled with the history of their systematic violation, is at the root of the invention of distinct racial categories. To tell this story of ‘kinship denied’ at Colonial Williamsburg would have meant that a largely white audience and a mostly white ‘frontline’ would have had to rethink the category of race itself in ways perhaps more threatening to their ‘identities’ than to their ostensibly ‘black’ peers. In this chapter, I suggest that the way miscegenation remained a resisted topic at Colonial Williamsburg, reinforces, at the level of vernacular historiography, the very dichotomizing thinking about racial categories that the topic should have called into question.

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Kong, Hyejung Grace. "U.S. Marine Hospitals and Public Health Service in New Orleans and Charleston in the Antebellum Era." Korean Association for the Social History of Medicine 3 (April 30, 2019): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2019.3.4.

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McKinley, Shepherd W. "Technology, Innovation, and Southern Industrialization: From the Antebellum Era to the Computer Age (review)." Alabama Review 62, no. 4 (2009): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2009.0043.

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Bruce Eelman. "Technology, Innovation, and Southern Industrialization: From the Antebellum Era to the Computer Age (review)." Technology and Culture 50, no. 4 (2009): 930–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0367.

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Steudeman, Michael J. "From Civic Imperative to Bird's-Eye View: Renegotiating the Idioms of Education Governance during the Reconstruction Era." History of Education Quarterly 58, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2018.3.

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The nineteenth-century debate about the role of the US Bureau of Education was marked by negotiations between the civic republican language of antebellum common school advocacy and a social scientific language of educational professionalism. To advance this argument, this essay traces how members of Congress defined, criticized, and delimited the Bureau's institutional role between 1865 and 1872. First, avoiding calls for direct federal intervention, the Bureau's initial congressional advocates defined the Bureau as a vehicle for indirect influence on the states through the use of data and statistics. Second, after the Bureau's founding, its legislative critics used rhetoric to chastise and question both the Bureau's comprehensive vision and power. Finally, beginning with Commissioner John Eaton's tenure in 1870, the Bureau's functions were narrowed. Due to Eaton's reimagining of the Commissioner role, further congressional critique, and failed efforts to expand Bureau authority, the Bureau eventually became a government-sanctioned purveyor of social scientific expertise—one with little direct authority to intervene in education.

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Schocket, Eric. "“Discovering Some New Race”: Rebecca Harding Davis's “Life in the Iron Mills” and the Literary Emergence of Working-Class Whiteness." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 115, no. 1 (January 2000): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463230.

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Recent readings of Rebecca Harding Davis's landmark exploration of the emerging industrial working class have been concerned primarily with the connections between class formation and gender relations. By focusing attention instead on the text's indebtedness to various contemporaneous discourses of racial subjection (which crucially shape and delimit analyses of class and representations of labor during the late antebellum era), I argue that the transcendence, mobility, and salvation that the text allows its working-class characters are subtly but consistently aligned with an emerging racial conception of whiteness. Not only does this alignment link freedom with whiteness and exploitation with blackness, but through these disabling linkages it also establishes a literary precedent for representing (and Actively resolving) class struggles with racial language.

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GONZALES, ANGELA, JUDY KERTÉSZ, and GABRIELLE TAYAC. "Eugenics as Indian Removal: Sociohistorical Processes and the De(con)struction of American Indians in the Southeast." Public Historian 29, no. 3 (January 1, 2007): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2007.29.3.53.

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Although research on the history of the eugenics movement in the United States is legion, its impact on state policies that identified and defined American Indians has yet to be fully addressed. The exhibit, Our Lives: Contemporary Life and Identities (ongoing until September 21, 2014) at the National Museum of the American Indian provides a provocative vehicle for examining how eugenics-informed public policy during the first quarter of the twentieth century served to “remove” from official records Native peoples throughout the Southeast. One century after Indian Removal of the antebellum era, Native peoples in the American Southeast provide an important but often overlooked example of how racial policies, this time rooted in eugenics, effected a documentary erasure of Native peoples and communities.

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Sillin, Sarah. "The Cuban Question and the Ignorant American: Empire's Tropes and Jokes in Yankee Notions." Studies in American Humor 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 304–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/studamerhumor.7.2.304.

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Abstract By reading antebellum-era jokes about Cuba in conversation with Judith Yaross Lee's argument that imperialism has persistently shaped American humor, this essay considers how US humorists located pleasure in the nation's fraught foreign relations. Examining a variety of comics, anecdotes, and malapropisms from Yankee Notions demonstrates how this popular, long-running magazine mocked US Americans’ efforts to assert their cosmopolitan knowledge of Cuba while nonetheless naturalizing US global power. Together, such jokes participated in a larger cultural project that shaped late nineteenth-century images of Cuba in a way that was designed to generate support for the idea of US intervention. More broadly, the magazine demonstrates how jokes about ignorance and knowingness became a way to justify US imperialism and resist foreign power.

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Carson, Jamie L., Joel Sievert, and Ryan D. Williamson. "Nationalization and the Incumbency Advantage." Political Research Quarterly 73, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919883696.

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Legislative scholars have investigated both the growth in the incumbency advantage since the early 1970s and its decline in recent decades, but there are several unanswered questions about this phenomenon. In this paper, we examine the incumbency advantage across a much wider swath of history to better understand its connection with changing levels of electoral nationalization. Based on an analysis of U.S. House elections extending back to the antebellum era, we find that the incumbency advantage fluctuates in predictable ways over time with changes in nationalization, which can be a product of both institutional and political conditions. We also demonstrate that the increased influence of local forces in congressional elections may not be strictly necessary nor sufficient for the existence of an incumbency advantage.

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Fatmawati, Desy Eka. "Racial Passing Practiced by Mulattoes: A New Historicist Reading of Nella Larsen’s Passing and Jessie Fauset’s Plum Bun”." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 4, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v4i2.47881.

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Racial passing practice is the act of passing or disguising as white by mulattoes, and it became a phenomenon during Harlem Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance is an era when African American culture related to arts, literature, and music were greatly celebrated. This era can also be said as the most glamorous and happiest moment for African Americans since the antebellum era. Using two of the prominent racial passing narratives during Harlem Renaissance: Passing by Nella Larsen and Plum Bun by Jessie Fauset, this research aims to find the depiction of racial passing practice in the two narratives in order to get deeper understanding of the issue. This research is under American Studies paradigm of Post-nationalist to take into account the minorities’ perspective in understanding America. The minorities’ perspective in this context is from African American’s mixed raced descents (mulattoes). As the focus of this research is historical phenomenon, this research also applies New Historicism as an approach. Based on the analysis, racial passing practice was a reaction from white’s domination through Jim Crow laws, and African Americans considered racial passing practice as a form of both “fooling the white folks” and a betrayal to their “true people”. Keywords: Racial Passing, Mulattoes, Harlem Renaissance, Jim Crow, New Historicism

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Dowling, David O. "Emerson’s Newspaperman." Journalism & Communication Monographs 19, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 7–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637916687321.

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This monograph examines New-York Tribune editor Horace Greeley’s support of radical intellectual culture throughout his influential journalistic career, from the antebellum era to the Gilded Age. His early interest in alternatives to the unregulated free market led him to charismatic figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson, who questioned the tenets of laissez-faire capitalism and lamented its impact on politics and culture. Emerson’s followers included Associationists, those who sought to place nature at the center of life as an agricultural resource and to return to humanistic values threatened by the Industrial Revolution. In the pages of the Tribune, Greeley leveraged Associationists’ attack on economic inequality to advance his crusade against unemployment and labor exploitation, including Southern slavery. Publicity campaigns on behalf of economic reform appeared during three key phases of his career. In his weekly New-Yorker, Greeley promoted Emerson and his followers including Associationist radicals during the antebellum period. During the Civil War, he provided a platform for the editorials of Karl Marx. During the Gilded Age, Greeley’s final attempt to realize his socialist utopian vision was the Union Colony, an ill-fated collectivist frontier establishment led by his Tribune agricultural editor Nathan Meeker. Greeley’s relationship with Emerson inspired his willingness to use the Tribune to publicize each era’s most controversial critics of capitalism. This research traces the socialist threads in the tapestry of press history and the promotional apparatus that brought radical intellectual culture into prominence in American life.

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Salter, Sarah H. "A Hero and His Newspaper: Unsettling Myths of Italian America." MELUS 45, no. 2 (2020): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlaa019.

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Abstract Italian American ethnic identity has long been constituted by struggles and inequalities endured by Italians in post-unification rural Italy and their subsequent racialized oppression in urban centers of the US North in the era of mass migration. Until now, the presumed stability of mass migration identity has created the general terms for understanding Italian America. In this essay, a New Orleans microhistory illuminated through the 1849 newspaper Il Monitore del Sud, the first Italian-language newspaper published in the United States, reshapes foundational understandings of Italian American identity. The newspaper's antebellum account of New Orleans Italian America includes nationalist aesthetic expressions and political affiliations that American political discourse has not yet found an adequate language to describe and that Italian American studies has not yet confronted. In bringing this prehistory to light, my work with antebellum Italian Americans complicates understandings of multi-ethnic collectivity by examining how intercultural myth-making underwrites communal historiography. Together, the ethnic perceptions memorialized in Il Monitore del Sud and the power operations revealed in concurrent civic records expose how collective conditions of white supremacy come to be naturalized and forgotten, becoming history's flotsam. The creation of Italian America's communal historiography, I argue, shows us something larger about the operations of US white supremacy: how its emotional logic depends simultaneously on the exploitation of vulnerable others and the enactment of vulnerability from within the exploiting group.

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Dovell, Karen. "‘The Goddess of Liberty was Impure’." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 3, no. 3 (March 28, 2015): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.490.

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According to Foucault, classical authors ‘occupy a “transdiscursive” position’; in this sense, classical tradition emerges as a reference culture at different historical moments, while deriving from a shared historical a-priori, that of ancient Greece and Rome. The earliest inscriptions of ‘the classic’ defined the ‘genteel language’ of a social class (the classicii) as the ideal language for a first-class writer. This connection between privileged language and class reflects an early link between aesthetics and politics, the more so as ideas about ‘the classical’ re-emerge over time. However, as Foucault makes clear, discourse can also function as a means of resistance. In Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), Margaret Fuller draws on her classical knowledge to assert the need for women’s representation in the antebellum era.

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Schweninger, Loren. "Black-Owned Businesses in the South, 1790–1880." Business History Review 63, no. 1 (1989): 22–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115425.

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This essay analyzes the changing configuration of black-owned businesses in the South over nearly a century. It divides the region into two sections—the Lower South and the Upper South—and examines changes that occurred prior to 1840, during the late antebellum era, and as a result of the Civil War. It uses a “wealth model” to define various business groups, and then creates business occupational categories based on the listings in various sources, including the U.S. censuses for 1850, 1860, and 1870. The article compares and contrasts the wealth holdings among various groups of blacks in business, and it analyzes, within a comparative framework, slave entrepreneurship, rural vs. urban business activity, color—black or mulatto—as a variable in business ownership, and slave ownership among blacks engaged in business.

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