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1

Rahmania, Rissa, Bambang Setia Nugroho, Fiky Yosef Suratman, and Suryo Adhi Wibowo. "GA-MIMO: Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of ESPAR Antenna on Beamspace MIMO." Jetri : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro 17, no. 1 (August 16, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jetri.v17i1.4520.

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<p><em>An electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antenna can be used on a beamspace (BS)-multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system to reduce the device complexity. An ESPAR antenna has beamforming ability with single RF chain. However, antenna structure and channel conditions affect the number of orthogonal basis pattern which generated using Gram-Schmidt method. Based on this problem, reactance value at each parasitic element need to be optimized to form radiation pattern that required by the BS-MIMO. In this research, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize reactance value which represented by the correlation between the desired and achieved radiation pattern, in different number of elements and different channel condition. GA is selected because this problem can be modeled as chromosome and several individual. Furthermore, the result shows in channel-ignorant and channel-aware, antenna with seven elements has a correlation in median value of 99.46% and 90.58%, respectively.</em></p><p><em> <em>Antena electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) dapat digunakan dalam sistem beamspace (BS)-multiple input multiple output (MIMO) dalam mengatasi kompleksitas perangkat. Antena ESPAR memiliki kemampuan untuk membentuk pola radiasi pada arah tertentu dengan menggunakan terminal tunggal, namun struktur antena dan kondisi kanal mempengaruhi pola dasar ortogonal yang dihasilkan melalui metode Gram Schmidt. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, nilai reaktansi pada setiap elemen parasit perlu dioptimasi sehingga dapat menghasilkan pola radiasi yang dibutuhkan oleh sistem BS-MIMO. Pada penelitian ini, Algoritma Genetika digunakan untuk mengoptimasi nilai reaktansi yang direpresentasikan melalui korelasi antara pola radiasi yang dibutuhkan dengan pola radiasi yang dihasilkan, dalam jumlah elemen yang berbeda dan kondisi kanal yang berbeda. AG dipilih karena permasalahan ini dapat dimodelkan sebagai kromosom dan beberapa individual. Hasil analisis pada kondisi channel-ignorant dan channel-aware menunjukkan bahwa antena dengan tujuh elemen memiliki korelasi nilai median sebesar 99,46% dan 90,58%.</em></em></p>
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2

Junwei Lu, D. Ireland, and R. Schlub. "Dielectric embedded ESPAR (DE-ESPAR) antenna array for wireless communications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, no. 8 (August 2005): 2437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2005.852517.

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3

Keum, Hong-Sik, Changyoung An, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Design of ESPAR Antenna using Patch Antenna and Performance Analysis of MIMO Communications." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 39A, no. 10 (October 31, 2014): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39a.10.579.

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4

Movahedinia, Reza, Mohammad Reza Chaharmir, Abdel R. Sebak, Mohammad Ranjbar Nikkhah, and Ahmed A. Kishk. "Realization of Large Dielectric Resonator Antenna ESPAR." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, no. 7 (July 2017): 3744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2017.2705024.

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5

Rzymowski, M., P. Woznica, and L. Kulas. "Single-Anchor Indoor Localization Using ESPAR Antenna." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15 (2016): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2015.2498950.

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6

An, Changyoung, Seung Hwan Lee, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Beam Diversity Receiver Using 7-Element ESPAR Antenna." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 39A, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39a.1.36.

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7

Lee, Jun-Hyun, Jun-Yeong Bok, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Chaos QPSK Modulated Beamspace MIMO System Using ESPAR Antenna." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 39A, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39a.2.77.

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8

Han, Q., K. Inagaki, B. Hanna, and T. Ohira. "Evanescent Reactive-Near-Field Measurement for ESPAR Antenna Characterization." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 54, no. 10 (October 2006): 2953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2006.882155.

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9

Marantis, Leonidas, Dimitrios Rongas, Anastasios Paraskevopoulos, Christos Oikonomopoulos‐Zachos, and Athanasios Kanatas. "Pattern reconfigurable ESPAR antenna for vehicle‐to‐vehicle communications." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 12, no. 3 (January 11, 2018): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.0209.

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10

Choi, Se-Ah, Seung-Hwan Lee, and Hak-Keun Choi. "Design of the ESPAR antenna with improved DC bias." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 2281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29318.

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11

Bucheli Garcia, Juan Carlos, Mohamed Kamoun, and Alain Sibille. "Low-Complexity Adaptive Spatial Processing of ESPAR Antenna Systems." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 6 (June 2020): 3700–3711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2975800.

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12

Trindade, Diego von B. M., Candice Muller, Maria Cristina F. De Castro, and Fernando C. C. De Castro. "Metamaterials Applied to ESPAR Antenna for Mutual Coupling Reduction." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 14 (2015): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2014.2366418.

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13

Groth, Mateusz, Mateusz Rzymowski, Krzysztof Nyka, and Lukasz Kulas. "ESPAR Antenna-Based WSN Node With DoA Estimation Capability." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 91435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994364.

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14

Bok, Junyeong, Seung Hwan Lee, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Design and Performance Evaluation of M×M MIMO Transmission in ESPAR Antenna." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 38A, no. 12 (December 31, 2013): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2013.38a.12.1061.

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15

Groth, Mateusz, Krzysztof Nyka, and Lukasz Kulas. "Calibration-Free Single-Anchor Indoor Localization Using an ESPAR Antenna." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103431.

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In this paper, we present a novel, low-cost approach to indoor localization that is capable of performing localization processes in real indoor environments and does not require calibration or recalibration procedures. To this end, we propose a single-anchor architecture and design based on an electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antenna and Nordic Semiconductor nRF52840 utilizing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol. The proposed algorithm relies on received signal strength (RSS) values measured by the receiver equipped with the ESPAR antenna for every considered antenna radiation pattern. The calibration-free concept is achieved by using inexpensive BLE nodes installed in known positions on the walls of the test room and acting as reference nodes for the positioning algorithm. Measurements performed in the indoor environment show that the proposed approach can successfully provide positioning results better than those previously reported for single-anchor ESPAR antenna localization systems employing the classical fingerprinting method and relying on time-consuming calibration procedures.
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16

Tsiafakis, Vasileios-Stylian G., Apostolos I. Sotiriou, Yorgos I. Petropoulos, Eleftherios S. Psaropoulos, Elena D. Nanou, and Christos N. Capsalis. "DESIGN OF A WIDEBAND ESPAR ANTENNA FOR DVB-T RECEPTION." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 12 (2009): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb08121307.

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17

An, Changyoung, Seung Hwan Lee, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Beamspace MIMO System Using ESPAR Antenna with single RF chain." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 38A, no. 10 (October 31, 2013): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2013.38a.10.885.

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18

Bok, Junyeong, Seung Hwan Lee, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "7×7 MIMO System Using Extended 13-Element ESPAR Antenna." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 39A, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39a.2.69.

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19

Qian, Rongrong, Mathini Sellathurai, and David Wilcox. "A Study on MVDR Beamforming Applied to an ESPAR Antenna." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 22, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2014.2349574.

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20

Lee, Young-Jun, and Hak-Keun Choi. "Characteristics of high-gain ESPAR antenna using collinear dipole array." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 60, no. 6 (April 24, 2018): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31161.

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21

Son, Dong-Cheol, Seung-Hwan Lee, and Hak-Keun Choi. "The characteristics of broadband ESPAR antenna with coupled multiconductor strips." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, no. 1 (November 26, 2015): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29526.

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22

Kulas, Lukasz. "Simple 2-D Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Using an ESPAR Antenna." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16 (2017): 2513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2017.2728322.

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23

Han, Qing, Brett Hanna, Keizo Inagaki, and Takashi Ohira. "Mutual Impedance Extraction and Varactor Calibration Technique for ESPAR Antenna Characterization." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 54, no. 12 (December 2006): 3713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2006.886492.

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24

Lee, Kang-Pyo, and Hak-Keun Choi. "Five-element ESPAR antenna using the annular ring slot active element." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, no. 12 (September 22, 2016): 2800–2804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30155.

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25

Rzymowski, Mateusz, and Lukasz Kulas. "Two-Row ESPAR Antenna With Simple Elevation and Azimuth Beam Switching." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 20, no. 9 (September 2021): 1745–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2021.3095394.

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26

Burtowy, Mateusz, Mateusz Rzymowski, and Lukasz Kulas. "Low-Profile ESPAR Antenna for RSS-Based DoA Estimation in IoT Applications." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 17403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2895740.

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27

HAN, Q. "A Compact Espar Antenna with Planar Parasitic Elements on a Dielectric Cylinder." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 2284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.6.2284.

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28

Taillefer, E., A. Hirata, and T. Ohira. "Reactance-domain ESPRIT algorithm for a hexagonally shaped seven-element ESPAR antenna." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, no. 11 (November 2005): 3486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2005.858854.

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29

Kim, Kyu-Bo, Seung-Hwan Lee, and Hak-Keun Choi. "The characteristics of a wideband ESPAR antenna using Koch fractal shaped elements." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, no. 9 (June 26, 2015): 2108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29264.

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30

Taillefer, E., A. Hirata, and T. Ohira. "Direction-of-arrival estimation using radiation power pattern with an ESPAR antenna." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, no. 2 (February 2005): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2004.841312.

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31

Umair, Hassan, Niaz Muhammad, Tayyab Hassan, Imran Rashid, and Farooq A. Bhatti. "Aperture-coupled ESPAR antenna with unique feed network for symmetric switched beam radiation patterns." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000362.

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Aperture-coupled ESPAR antenna with a unique feed structure for switched beam application has been presented. The feed structure provides control over surface current of the driven element with the help of which main lobe can be steered in desired direction. This control has been achieved through the use of PIN-diodes. Finite element method has been utilized for design and simulated and measured results have been presented for validation. The antenna has the ability to steer the main beam in six directions. All radiation patterns are symmetric. The planar aperture-coupled nature of proposed antenna is ideal for integration and commercialization.
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32

Lee, Jun-Hyun, Dong-Hyung Lee, Hong-Sik Keum, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Reactance Set and Performance Evaluation of Chaos QPSK Beamspace MIMO System Using ESPAR Antenna." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 25, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2014.25.7.737.

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33

Misu, K., and J. Miura. "Specific person tracking using 3D LIDAR and ESPAR antenna for mobile service robots." Advanced Robotics 29, no. 22 (November 4, 2015): 1483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01691864.2015.1093429.

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34

Reinoso Chisaguano, Diego Javier, Yafei Hou, Takeshi Higashino, and Minoru Okada. "Low-Complexity Channel Estimation and Detection for MIMO-OFDM Receiver With ESPAR Antenna." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 65, no. 10 (October 2016): 8297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2015.2506782.

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35

Katare, Kranti Kumar, Animesh Biswas, and M. J. Akhtar. "ESPAR‐inspired mechanical beam steering antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth performance." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 60, no. 7 (May 7, 2018): 1803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31247.

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36

Park, Jae-Sung, Seung-Hwan Lee, and Hak-Keun Choi. "The characteristics of the dipole espar antenna using the cross-coplanar waveguide feed." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 57, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 2238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29319.

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37

Bains, R., R. R. Müller, and A. Kalis. "Link Performance of an ESPAR-Antenna Array in Rich Scattering and Clustered Channels." Wireless Personal Communications 50, no. 1 (June 20, 2008): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-008-9544-8.

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38

Choi, Jinkyu, Kukhan Jang, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Design and Analysis of High Gain Beamforming Patch ESPAR Antenna for Railroad Wireless Communication." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 26, no. 8 (August 31, 2015): 710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.8.710.

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39

Carneiro, António, João Torres, António Baptista, and Maria Martins. "Smart Antenna for Application in UAVs." Information 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9120328.

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In the present paper, a smart planar electrically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antenna was developed and tested at the frequency of 1.33 GHz with the main goal to control the main radiation lobe direction, ensuring precise communication between the antenna that is implemented in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the base station. A control system was also developed and integrated into the communication system: an antenna coupled to the control system. The control system consists of an Arduino, a digital potentiometer, and an improved algorithm that allows defining the radiation-lobe direction as a function of the UAV flight needs. The ESPAR antenna was tested in an anechoic chamber with the control system coupled to it so that all previously established requirements were validated.
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40

Reinoso Chisaguano, Diego Javier, and Minoru Okada. "Low Complexity Submatrix Divided MMSE Sparse-SQRD Detection for MIMO-OFDM with ESPAR Antenna Receiver." VLSI Design 2013 (April 30, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/206909.

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Multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) with an electronically steerable passive array radiator (ESPAR) antenna receiver can improve the bit error rate performance and obtains additional diversity gain without increasing the number of Radio Frequency (RF) front-end circuits. However, due to the large size of the channel matrix, the computational cost required for the detection process using Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) detection is too high to be implemented. Using the minimum mean square error sparse-sorted QR decomposition (MMSE sparse-SQRD) algorithm for the detection process the average computational cost can be considerably reduced but is still higher compared with a conventional MIMOOFDM system without ESPAR antenna receiver. In this paper, we propose to use a low complexity submatrix divided MMSE sparse-SQRD algorithm for the detection process of MIMOOFDM with ESPAR antenna receiver. The computational cost analysis and simulation results show that on average the proposed scheme can further reduce the computational cost and achieve a complexity comparable to the conventional MIMO-OFDM detection schemes.
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41

ABDALRAZIK, A., H. SOLIMAN, and M. ABDELKADER. "Power Performance Enhancement of Underlay Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks Using ESPAR Antenna." Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering 16, no. 1 (2016): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4316/aece.2016.01009.

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42

Ryu, Heung-Gyoon, Changyoung An, and Seung Hwan Lee. "Design and Beamforming Performance of the Compact ESPAR Antenna for the Beam Space MIMO System." Wireless Personal Communications 91, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 829–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3499-y.

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43

Reinoso Chisaguano, Diego Javier, Yafei Hou, Takeshi Higashino, and Minoru Okada. "[Paper] ISDB-T Diversity Receiver using a 4-element ESPAR Antenna with Periodically Alternating Directivity." ITE Transactions on Media Technology and Applications 3, no. 4 (2015): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/mta.3.268.

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44

Ju, Sang-Ho, and Ik-Guen Choi. "ESPAR(Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator) Antenna Composed of Uniplanar Yagi Dipole and Two Parasitic Dipoles." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 19, no. 12 (December 31, 2008): 1410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2008.19.12.1410.

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45

Mitilineos, S. A., K. S. Mougiakos, and S. C. A. Thomopoulos. "Design and Optimization of ESPAR Antennas via Impedance Measurements and a Genetic Algorithm [Antenna Designer's Notebook]." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 51, no. 2 (April 2009): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2009.5162029.

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46

Lee, Jung‐Nam, Yong‐Ho Lee, Kwang‐Chun Lee, and Tae Joong Kim. "λ /64‐spaced compact ESPAR antenna via analog RF switches for a single RF chain MIMO system." ETRI Journal 41, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2018-0374.

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47

NISHIMAKI, Kouichi, Mayumi OHTSUKA, Hiroaki MORINO, Yasushi HADA, and Koichi GYODA. "2P1-J02 Performance improvement of mobile robot communication using ESPAR Antenna in three dimensional environments(Network Robotics)." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2011 (2011): _2P1—J02_1—_2P1—J02_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2011._2p1-j02_1.

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48

Luther, Justin J., Siamak Ebadi, and Xun Gong. "A Microstrip Patch Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator (ESPAR) Antenna With Reactance-Tuned Coupling and Maintained Resonance." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, no. 4 (April 2012): 1803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2012.2186265.

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49

Schlub, R., Junwei Lu, and T. Ohira. "Seven-element ground skirt monopole ESPAR antenna design from a genetic algorithm and the finite element method." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51, no. 11 (November 2003): 3033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.818790.

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50

Hirata, Akifumi, Eddy Taillefer, Tomoyuki Aono, Hiroyoshi Yamada, and Takashi Ohira. "Reactance-domain SSP MUSIC for DOA estimation of coherent waves with a seven-element circular ESPAR antenna." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 88, no. 12 (2005): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.20207.

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