Relevant bibliographies by topics / Antenna design challenge

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Antenna design challenge'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Antenna design challenge"

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Hamizah Muhamad Mokhtar, Nur, Norun Abdul Malek, Ahmad Zamani Jusoh, Khamis Ali, Farah Nadia Mohd Isa, and Farah Diyana Abdul Rahman. "Design and comparison of printed antennas using meander line technique." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i2.1499.

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The interest for compact antennas in wireless communication increase due to the portability and mobility of the communication devices. Generally, an antenna at low frequency exhibits in large physical size. This project investigates the design of an antenna at 400 MHz. The simulation of the antenna has been performed using CST MWS. Since medical applications are dealing with low frequency, it will lead to large size of antenna which brings a challenge for wireless personal area network (WPAN). It is well known that the antenna performance decreases (according to Chu’s equation) as the size of antenna decreases. Therefore, antenna miniaturization using Meander Line (ML) will be taking place to overcome the challenges. Thus, this paper presents a comparison between i) printed dipole antenna without meander line technique, ii) printed dipole with meander line technique and iii) printed monopole antenna with meander line technique. The results show that an estimation of reduction size by 50% can be achieved using Meander Line technique.
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Kozieł, Sławomir, and Adrian Bekasiewicz. "Rapid Design Optimization of Multi-Band Antennas by Means of Response Features." Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0030.

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AbstractThis work examines the reduced-cost design optimization of dual- and multi-band antennas. The primary challenge is independent yet simultaneous control of the antenna responses at two or more frequency bands. In order to handle this task, a feature-based optimization approach is adopted where the design objectives are formulated on the basis of the coordinates of so-called characteristic points (or response features) of the antenna response. Due to only slightly nonlinear dependence of the feature points on antenna geometry parameters, optimization can be attained at a low computational cost. Our approach is demonstrated using two antenna structures with the optimum designs obtained in just a few dozen of EM simulations of the respective structure.
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Taam, Hussein Abou, Georges Zakka El Nashef, Eric Arnaud, Nicolas Chevalier, Bertrand Lenoir, Bernard Jecko, and Mohamed Rammal. "Design development and experimental validation of an EBG matrix antenna for tracking application." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (September 3, 2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001245.

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Today's increase of functions, improvement of performances, and cost reductions required on an agile electronically scanned antenna, drive researchers to develop an innovative antennas’ concept in order to deal with the proposed challenge. In this context, this article describes and demonstrates an experimental prototype to show the reliability and efficiency of the electromagnetic band gap(EBG)matrix antenna theoretical aspect, for beam forming and beam steering applications. The originality of this work is the antenna itself which constitutes the subject of an accepted national and international patent. In fact, the proposed antenna is based on the equivalent radiating surface approach and used special EBG antennas called “pixels” to overcome some of the array approach defects. The antenna has demonstrated different electromagnetic behaviors, such as low mutual coupling, high gain preservation for high scanning angles values, etc.
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Casula, Giovanni, and Giorgio Montisci. "A Design Rule to Reduce the Human Body Effect on Wearable PIFA Antennas." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020244.

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The robustness of wearable Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)-band planar inverted-F Antennas (PIFAs) with respect to coupling with the human body is an extremely difficult challenge for the designer. In this work a design strategy is presented to help the designer to adequately shape and extend the antenna ground plane, which has been derived by accurately analyzing the distribution of the electric and magnetic energy densities of the antenna in a region around the antenna borders. The optimal extension of the ground plane will be discussed for three different grounded antennas, both in terms of free space wavelength, and in terms of electric energy density magnitude. Following these rules, the antenna robustness with respect to the coupling with the human body can be significantly improved, but with a minimal impact on the antenna size. The antenna robustness has been successfully tested considering several models for the human phantom in the simulation environment. The numerical simulations, performed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio, have been confirmed by experimental data measured for one of the analyzed grounded antenna configurations.
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Skrivervik, A. K., J. F. Zurcher, O. Staub, and J. R. Mosig. "PCS antenna design: the challenge of miniaturization." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 43, no. 4 (2001): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/74.951556.

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Tamrakar, Shweta, and Rahul Shrivastava. "Overview of Microstrip Patch Antenna for GNSS communication System." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 5 (June 1, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i5.5306.

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Microstrip patch antenna are playing very important role in all wireless global navigation satellite communication system. It uses L band, X band, C band, Ku band, Ka band for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) communication application. L band frequency range is 1-2GHz so it can be used in lower frequency range communication. With the increasing need for communication and the emergence of many other systems, it is important to design compact size antennas to cover a wide frequency range. The design of an efficient wideband small size antenna, for recent wireless applications, is a major challenge. Patch antennas have found extensive applications in wireless communication system. In this paper microstrip patch antenna discussed and detail studied of GNSS system application.
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Giri, Kali Krishna, Raj Kumar Singh, Kumari Mamata, and Ajeet Kumar Shrivastava. "A Theoretical Survey on Patch Antenna for Wideband Communication." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.376.

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Modern communication system is based on wideband communication. A wideband antenna is designed in such a way that it will receive a wide range of frequencies. Microwave frequency spectrum is classified as ranging from 1GHz to 100GHz and this range is divided into a number of frequency bands. These bands are defined as L Band, S Band, C Band, X Band etc. To fulfil the demands of many users patch antenna is designed in these bands. Among different types of antenna, Microstrip Patch Antenna is most popular in wireless communication system. Microstrip patch Antennas have many advantages over other familiar antennas because microstrip patch antennas are of low profile, low cost, low volume, light weight. Low efficiency, low gain and narrow bandwidth of patch antenna create major challenge to a designer. Slots are created on patch for preparing antenna forwideband applications. In this paper, we have surveyed upon various types of Microstrip Patch Antenna, feeding techniques, design equation Substrate Characteristics, Simulation tools etc.
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KOCZ, J., L. J. GREENHILL, B. R. BARSDELL, G. BERNARDI, A. JAMESON, M. A. CLARK, J. CRAIG, et al. "A SCALABLE HYBRID FPGA/GPU FX CORRELATOR." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 03, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171714500020.

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Radio astronomical imaging arrays comprising large numbers of antennas, O(102–103), have posed a signal processing challenge because of the required O (N2) cross correlation of signals from each antenna and requisite signal routing. This motivated the implementation of a Packetized Correlator architecture that applies Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to the O (N) "F-stage" transforming time domain to frequency domain data, and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to the O (N2) "X-stage" performing an outer product among spectra for each antenna. The design is readily scalable to at least O(103) antennas. Fringes, visibility amplitudes and sky image results obtained during field testing are presented.
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Adam, I., M. N. M. Yasin, M. E. A. Aziz, and Sulaiman M.I. "Rectifier for RF energy harvesting using stub matching." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1007-1013.

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One of challenge in rectenna design is the impedance matching of the antenna to the rectifier load. Rectifier exhibits complex impedance while antennas are normally designed to match either 50 Ω or 75 Ω loads. For the optimum power transfer between antenna and the rectifier circuit, both impedances should be matched. This paper presents the design and development of the 7-stages Dickson multiplier in energy harvesting. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of the designed multiplier together with matching circuit. An improvement of 60% output voltage is achieved by feeding -30dBm of low input power at the multiplier circuit.
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Fernandes, Filipa S. S., Christian Rom, António Rodrigues, Simon Svendsen, and Ole Jagielski. "Two-Step Method for Millimeter-Wave Antenna Performance Assessment in 5G Smartphones." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 10, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641501.

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A critical challenge for 5G is transitioning to the mm-Wave spectrum. Despite providing unprecedented data rates, mm-Waves also suffer high path loss, atmospheric absorption, and higher fluctuating channel conditions, sparking numerous paradigm shifts in the smartphone industry. Extending mm-Wave communications to smartphones requires first a comprehensive study to identify the antenna design/smartphone implementation challenges that impact the quality of communications. This work proposes a two-step assessment metric, the mmWAESI, to evaluate mm-Wave antennas’ potential and limitations regarding their impact on system performance. First, it analyzes the spatial distribution of the smartphone-integrated beam steering array’s radiated power. Then, it evaluates the antenna’s influence on the MIMO performance, using a discrete, time-variant geometrical MIMO channel simulator to recreate any mm-Wave propagation scenario. For enhanced accuracy, mmWAESI accounts simultaneously for several communication aspects: antenna type, realistic radiation patterns, mobile phone form factor constraints, phone orientation, and user influence. The method is illustrated for two different 4-element linear arrays at 39 GHz, based on patch or monopole elements, integrated into smartphones. Their performance is compared under similar conditions, revealing that, unless array switching is employed, the smartphone’s form factor and user influence will mask any potential advantage of the unperturbed array characteristics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Antenna design challenge"

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Ham, Hubert K. "Antenna design challenge." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26482.

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In today's new and changing world, Science, Technology, Engineering, Math (STEM) education has come to the forefront of educational reform. The expectation for better prepared workers for today's technology infused businesses requires a better trained student, not only at the post-secondary level, but also at the secondary level. Today's student has access to technology that could have only been dreamed of 60 years ago. With this need for higher level skills in the STEM field for the work force, it would only be logical to expose students to aspects of engineering in younger grades, particularly at the high school level. The Antenna Design challenge has been designed to expose students to the engineering process and technology that is relevant to their everyday lives. This report will examine how an engineering challenge can be incorporated into the physics classroom, while observing how different levels of scaffolding affect mastery of the material and implementation of the lesson.
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Alibakhshikenari, M., B. S. Virdee, L. Azpilicueta, M. Naser-Moghadasi, M. O. Akinsolu, C. H. See, B. Liu, et al. "A comprehensive survey of "metamaterial transmission-line based antennas: design, challenges, and applications"." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18129.

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Yes
In this review paper, a comprehensive study on the concept, theory, and applications of composite right/left-handed transmission lines (CRLH-TLs) by considering their use in antenna system designs have been provided. It is shown that CRLH-TLs with negative permittivity (ε <; 0) and negative permeability (μ <; 0) have unique properties that do not occur naturally. Therefore, they are referred to as artificial structures called “metamaterials”. These artificial structures include series left-handed (LH) capacitances (C L ), shunt LH inductances (L L ), series right-handed (RH) inductances (LR), and shunt RH capacitances (CR) that are realized by slots or interdigital capacitors, stubs or via-holes, unwanted current flowing on the surface, and gap distance between the surface and ground-plane, respectively. In the most cases, it is also shown that structures based on CRLH metamaterial-TLs are superior than their conventional alternatives, since they have smaller dimensions, lower-profile, wider bandwidth, better radiation patterns, higher gain and efficiency, which make them easier and more cost-effective to manufacture and mass produce. Hence, a broad range of metamaterial-based design possibilities are introduced to highlight the improvement of the performance parameters that are rare and not often discussed in available literature. Therefore, this survey provides a wide overview of key early-stage concepts of metematerial-based designs as a thorough reference for specialist antennas and microwave circuits designers. To analyze the critical features of metamaterial theory and concept, several examples are used. Comparisons on the basis of physical size, bandwidth, materials, gain, efficiency, and radiation patterns are made for all the examples that are based on CRLH metamaterialTLs. As revealed in all the metematerial design examples, foot-print area decrement is an important issue of study that have a strong impact for the enlargement of the next generation wireless communication systems.
This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) under Grant RTI2018-095499-B-C31, in part by the Innovation Programme under Grant H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424, and in part by the financial support from the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under Grant EP/E022936/1.
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Books on the topic "Antenna design challenge"

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9.

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Rehman, Masood Ur, and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar. LTE Communications and Networks: Femtocells and Antenna Design Challenges. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2018.

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Rehman, Masood Ur, and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar. LTE Communications and Networks: Femtocells and Antenna Design Challenges. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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Rehman, Masood Ur, and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar. LTE Communications and Networks: Femtocells and Antenna Design Challenges. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Antenna design challenge"

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Ali, S. Arif, Mohd Wajid, and M. Shah Alam. "Antenna Design Challenges for 5G." In Enabling Technologies for Next Generation Wireless Communications, 149–75. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2021. | Series: Artificial intelligence (AI). Elementary to advanced practices: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003003472-10.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Designing the Smart Antenna System." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 31–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_4.

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Singh, Rupali, and Devendra Kumar Sharma. "Reversible Logic Design Using QCA: Challenges and Future Aspects." In Advances in Antenna, Signal Processing, and Microelectronics Engineering, 31–59. Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003006190-2.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "State-of-the-Art Antenna System." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 23–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_3.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Antenna Array Prototyping and Experimental Evaluation." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_5.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Evaluation of the 360° Antenna Systems." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 53–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_6.

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Verma, Rasika, Rohit Sharma, and Dhirendra Kumar Diwedi. "Study of MIMO Antenna Design and Challenges—State of Art." In Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, 237–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4687-1_23.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Wireless Infrastructure in the Transportation Market and the Challenges." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 5–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_2.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Introduction." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_1.

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Tan, Moh Chuan, Minghui Li, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran. "Conclusions and Future Directions." In Antenna Design Challenges and Future Directions for Modern Transportation Market, 61–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61581-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Antenna design challenge"

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James, Sagil, Shubham Birar, Riken Parekh, Kushal Jain, and Kiran George. "Preliminary Study on Fractal-Based Monopole Antenna Fabricated Using 3D Polymer Printing and Selective Electrodeposition Process." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2901.

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Abstract Modern wireless communication industries need high performance antennas having better connectivity, ultra-wide bandwidth, lightweight and miniaturized. The current design and manufacturing process for antennas have several limitations. This study aims to address some of the limitations of designing and fabricating modern radio frequency wireless antennas. The study proposes a combination of fractal-based monopole antenna design followed by fabrication using additive manufacturing and selective electrochemical deposition process. Multiple designs of monopole antennas are compared, and the performance testing showed that the three-dimensional fractal-based antenna design showed the highest performance. The results of this study would be extremely crucial for overcoming challenges of modern antenna technologies.
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Zehentner, Jan, Jan Machac, Jan Mrkvica, and Carlo Tuzi. "The Inverted Conductor-Backed Slotline ? a Challenge to Antenna and Circuit Design." In 33rd European Microwave Conference, 2003. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.2003.340893.

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Sardhara Dipan, Y., S. H. Upadhyay, and S. P. Harsha. "Vibration Analysis of Inflatable Parabolic Structure for Space Application." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70828.

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Large deployable antennas for space applications become essential in the fields of communications, radio astronomy and Department of Defence (DOD) space-based radar. Since the antenna should be installed in a cargo space of a rocket vehicle during the launch phase, an inflatable deployment concept is inevitable to overcome the size limitation. A newly developed class of space structures, called inflatable-deployable structures, has great potential for satisfying these stringent user requirements. Among the many antenna types available, the parabolic reflector antenna is the most common one mainly due to its high gain, which enable high data rate transmission at low power. Large parabolic reflectors and solar concentrators are of great interest for the applications of satellite. This paper presents the finite element modelling of the parabolic shaped reflector to know the static and dynamic behaviour under the various inflation pressures. Purpose of this study is to highlight the dynamic characteristics of parabolic structures used in space application. The challenge is to assure that inflatable parabolic surfaces have significantly high efficiency and accuracy to satisfy the system requirements. Even the smart material is used for the control of the geometry of the reflecting surfaces and the study is done for the optimal size and placement of actuators and sensors the control of the shape of the reflecting surfaces. So this study is required to understand the dynamic characteristics i.e. frequency and mode shapes of these structures so that we can find out the maximum deflection and deformed shape of the parabolic surfaces.
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Segun, Akinola, Uri Nissanov, and Ghanshyam Singh. "Design and Analysis of Dual Rectangular Slotted Antenna for Space-station Cynosure IOT Security Applications." In 2021 Reconciling Data Analytics, Automation, Privacy, and Security: A Big Data Challenge (RDAAPS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rdaaps48126.2021.9452031.

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Upadhya, Girish, Clayton Pullins, Karl Freitag, George Hall, and James Marthinuss. "State of the Art of Electronics Cooling for Radar Antenna Applications." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74080.

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High heat flux from electronic devices remains a continuing challenge for cooling of electronics hardware in radar antenna applications pertaining to the defense industry. Cooling methods for such applications have varied from conduction cooling approaches for the cooling of circuit card assemblies, to advanced convection cooling using two phase flow (with pumped refrigerant) for the high heat flux devices used in transmit / receive modules. It is found that the limiting parameter in such applications is usually the heat flux from the electronic device. This paper provides an overview of the cooling techniques used for defense electronics, as well as current modeling tools and analytical methods used for thermal design during the product development phase. The role of thermal interface materials used in the material stack up for the thermal design solutions will also be touched upon. Additionally, the importance of using experimental techniques to characterize the heat transfer coefficient for the pumped refrigerant two phase flow will be discussed.
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Davies, Rose, and Lindsay Brazendale. "Intelligent Laundry Sorting System for Rest Homes." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63212.

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Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and mechatronic technology has been applied to a laundry sorting system which can potentially be used by rest homes in the future to reduce the labour intensity of care givers, to increase the efficiency of laundry sorting, and to reduce the chance of garments being lost. A laboratory laundry identifying and sorting conveyor belt has been built. Several different types of RFID labels/tags have been considered and tested. A type of small RFID laundry tag, suitable for the laundry sorting conditions of a rest home, has been selected. The laundry tags have undergone endurance testing under actual washing and drying conditions with typical commercial laundry chemical products used in rest homes. There was a major challenge using commercial RFID tags in the proposed intelligent laundry sorting system due limitations in their antenna and signal receiving systems. A strategy to coordinate the orientations of the tags, range of the antenna, and the amplification of signal receiving units has been investigated. Several antenna designs to improve the identification rate have been tested and analysed for the selected small laundry tags, since the tag-receiver system has to work beyond the recommended range. A programme for signal detection and processing has been produced. The programme has taken into consideration the speed of the conveyor belt, antenna receiving range and the time required to process signals. It works with satisfactory precision at a satisfactory speed. A sorting strategy for implementation after laundry garment identification has been investigated. This strategy considers aspects of simplicity, multifunction and compactness of mechanical structure. A virtual sorting system has been produced to test the principles of the sorting strategy and the antenna design. The results of these tests will help us to move to the next stage, the design of a prototype laundry sorting system.
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Banerjee, Subharthi, Michael Hempel, and Hamid Sharif. "A Survey of Railyard Worker Protection Approaches and System Design Considerations." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2246.

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Railroad environments are generally considered to be among the most dynamic workplace environments, even with constant improvement efforts by the railroad industry. While there has been great progress in equipment safety, personnel safety is a significantly harder challenge. These challenges are primarily derived from the presence of heavy moving machinery in close proximity to personnel and the difficulty of designing reliable wearable protection devices. Additionally, variable weather conditions, challenging walking conditions (ballast, trip hazards, etc.), and difficulty to focus on environment, moving objects, and on tasks at hand place the employees in constant peril. Therefore, our survey is focused on exploring solutions for protecting employees through unified system modeling and design that makes the employee integral to the process and results in personal protective devices that work with the environment and the employee, not against them. The optimal system design integrates not only protection of the employees from falls, unsafe practices, or collisions, but also aids in resource planning, safe operation and accounting of “near-miss” situations. In recent years the railroads have made significant investments in process automation and monitoring solutions such as Wireless Sensor Networks. These technologies are becoming increasingly cloud-connected and autonomous. They provide a plethora of information about equipment positions, movement, railcar lading, and many other factors, all of which are highly useful in the design and implementation of a railyard worker protection system. They allow us to predict position and movement, and can thus be used to provide effective proximity detection and alerting in some railyard regions where these systems are installed. Additionally, we discuss several technologies addressing near-collision, fall, and proximity situations through RF and non-RF-based techniques. The railroad industry has been advancing efforts leveraging these technologies to improve the safety of their workers. However, there are also many challenges that remain largely unaddressed. For example, in railroads, a detailed and exhaustive causation analysis for worker incidents has yet to be conducted. Therefore, in an environment like a railyard there is no solution to detect or prevent Employee on Duty (EOD) fall, collision, or health issues such as dehydration, psychological issues and high blood pressure. Protective devices worn by workers is believed to be one of the most important, cost-effective, and scalable potential candidate solutions. Recent advances are making wearable wireless body area networks (WBAN) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that are distributed and large-scale a reality. Such distributed networks consist of wearable sensors, fixed-installation sensors and communication links between all of them. The challenges are found in selecting wearable sensors, researching reliable communication among nodes without interfering with proximity detection and suitable for high-multipath, non-line of sight channel conditions, wearable antenna designs, power supply requirements, etc. A dense, distributed, large-scale environment like a railyard requires comprehensive workspace modelling and safety analysis. Interference related to RF sensor deployment, blind spots in vision-based approaches, and wireless propagation in intra and inter-WBAN communication due to dense non-Line-of-Sight workspace environments, metallic heavy machinery and the use of RF sensors, are all individual research challenges in this domain. This paper reviews these challenges, explores potential solutions, and thus provides a comprehensive survey of a holistic system design approach for a wearable railyard worker protection system that is unobtrusive, effective, and reliable.
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Lalau-Keraly, Christopher, George Daniel, Joseph Lee, and David Schwartz. "Peel-and-Stick Sensors Powered by Directed RF Energy." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74150.

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PARC, a Xerox Company, is developing a low-cost system of peel-and-stick wireless sensors that will enable widespread building environment sensor deployment with the potential to deliver up to 30% energy savings. The system is embodied by a set of RF hubs that provide power to automatically located sensor nodes, and relay data wirelessly to the building management system (BMS). The sensor nodes are flexible electronic labels powered by rectified RF energy transmitted by an RF hub and can contain multiple printed and conventional sensors. The system design overcomes limitations in wireless sensors related to power delivery, lifetime, and cost by eliminating batteries and photovoltaic devices. Sensor localization is performed automatically by the inclusion of a programmable multidirectional antenna array in the RF hub. Comparison of signal strengths while the RF beam is swept allows for sensor localization, reducing installation effort and enabling automatic recommissioning of sensors that have been relocated, overcoming a significant challenge in building operations. PARC has already demonstrated wireless power and temperature data transmission up to a distance of 20m with less than one minute between measurements, using power levels well within the FCC regulation limits in the 902–928 MHz ISM band. The sensor’s RF energy harvesting antenna achieves high performance with dimensions below 5cm × 9cm.
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9

Manteuffel, Dirk. "MIMO antenna design challenges." In Propagation Conference (LAPC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2009.5352587.

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10

Dumanli, Sema. "Challenges of wearable antenna design." In 2016 46th European Microwave Conference (EuMC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eumc.2016.7824602.

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