Journal articles: 'Antennas (Electronics)'

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Alekhya, B. "Design and Development of Wearable Antenna: A Literature review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44247.

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Abstract: Wearable electronics and its related technologie’s demand is growing tremendously in recent years .The major developments that accelerated this growth are decrement in the size of wireless devices, advancement of high-speed wireless networks, accessibility of ultra-compact, evolving battery technologies. Most of the Wearable electronic devices for example smart watches, wristbands, rings etc; we use various types of antennas to sense, fetch, and exchange data wirelessly. As one of the best antennas in many terms like compact size, flexibility and easy design is the micrpstrip patch antenna, therefore designing of the same is done. We are designing a microstrip patch antenna as a wearable antenna for its main usage in WBAN (Wideband Body Area Network). The software of CST studio suite which is a 3D electromagnetic analyzer is udes to design the required antenna, where the methodology of cascading of two antennas is taken into account for the design with required gain.

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Mohamadzade, Bahare, Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir, Sasa Maric, Ali Lalbakhsh, Karu P. Esselle, and Raheel M. Hashmi. "Recent Developments and State of the Art in Flexible and Conformal Reconfigurable Antennas." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091375.

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Reconfigurable antennas have gained tremendous interest owing to their multifunctional capabilities while adhering to minimalistic space requirements in ever-shrinking electronics platforms and devices. A stark increase in demand for flexible and conformal antennas in modern and emerging unobtrusive and space-limited electronic systems has led to the development of the flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas era. Flexible and conformal antennas rely on non-conventional materials and realization approaches, and thus, despite the mature knowledge available for rigid reconfigurable antennas, conventional reconfigurable techniques are not translated to a flexible domain in a straight forward manner. There are notable challenges associated with integration of reconfiguration elements such as switches, mechanical stability of the overall reconfigurable antenna, and the electronic robustness of the resulting devices when exposed to folding of sustained bending operations. This paper reviews various approaches demonstrated thus far, to realize flexible reconfigurable antennas, categorizing them on the basis of reconfiguration attributes, i.e., frequency, pattern, polarization, or a combination of these characteristics. The challenges associated with development and characterization of flexible and conformal reconfigurable antennas, the strengths and limitations of available methods are reviewed considering the progress in recent years, and open challenges for the future research are identified.

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Janeczek, Kamil, Małgorzata Jakubowska, Grażyna Kozioł, Anna Młożniak, and Janusz Sitek. "Screen printed RFID antennas on low cost flexible substrates." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-ta5-paper3.

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Recently, more and more studies are carried out in the field of printed RFID tags. It is connected with rapid development of new electronic technology, i.e. printed electronics which utilizes printing techniques, like screen printing, inkjet, flexography or gravure, for production of electronic components. This method is on one hand environmentally friendly because it allows eliminating wastes emerging during etching process used commonly in electronics. On the other hand, components can be printed on low cost flexible substrates, like foil or paper. These two factors cause that such products are cheap and can be competitive with their equivalents used currently. In this study, investigations of RFID tag antennas working in UHF frequency range made with screen printing technique are described. Conductive polymer pastes containing silver nanopowder, silver flakes or carbon nanotubes were used for antenna fabrication. Each of them was deposited on foil and paper. Properties of printed antennas were investigated by return loss measurements performed in the frequency range 0.5 ÷ 1.5 GHz. Achieved results were compared with simulation carried out in CST Microwave Studio. Antenna surface profile was checked using optical profilometer or metallographic microscope. Its mechanical tests were also conducted. The obtained results showed that the best candidate for antenna printing on flexible substrate was the paste with silver nanopowder because it combined high conductivity and high mechanical durability.

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Bhavani, S., T. Shanmuganantham, N. Mouni, and G. Jaydeep Sai. "Textile UWB Antennas for Biomedical Applications." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.3.004.

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In recent years, there has been an increase in worry about the security of Wireless Body Area Network systems, particularly worn electronics such as military, entertainment, and medical devices. The ability to communicate wirelessly from or to the body via conformal and wearable antennas is a major characteristic of modern wearable electronics. In this work, circular ring and fractal antennas are designed using a wearable substrate of denim with a dielectric constant of 1.7. Design and simulations are carried out in the CST Microwave environment and different performance characteristics of the antenna are examined in free space and on body medical applications.

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Öziş, E., A. V. Osipov, and T. F. Eibert. "Metamaterials for Microwave Radomes and the Concept of a Metaradome: Review of the Literature." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1356108.

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A radome is an integral part of almost every antenna system, protecting antennas and antenna electronics from hostile exterior conditions (humidity, heat, cold, etc.) and nearby personnel from rotating mechanical parts of antennas and streamlining antennas to reduce aerodynamic drag and to conceal antennas from public view. Metamaterials are artificial materials with a great potential for antenna design, and many studies explore applications of metamaterials to antennas but just a few to the design of radomes. This paper discusses the possibilities that metamaterials open up in the design of microwave radomes and introduces the concept of metaradomes. The use of metamaterials can improve or correct characteristics (gain, directivity, and bandwidth) of the enclosed antenna and add new features, like band-pass frequency behavior, polarization transformations, the ability to be switched on/off, and so forth. Examples of applications of metamaterials in the design of microwave radomes available in the literature as well as potential applications, advantages, drawbacks, and still open problems are described.

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Hun Yuk, Ji, Inmu Kim, Hyun Jin Nam, and Sung-Hoon Choa. "Highly Stretchable and Durable Nanocomposite Bow-Tie Antenna for Wearable Application." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 2980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19134.

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We present a highly stretchable and compact bow-tie antenna which operates at 5 GHz for wearable applications. The dimensions of the bow-tie antenna were 7.9 mm×17.8 mm. The stretchable antenna was fabricated with a composite mixture of silver flake and polymer binder. The composite paste was printed on polyurethane and textile using the screen printing technique. The RF performances, stretchability, bendability, and durability of the antennas were evaluated, which are critical requirements in wearable electronics. The stretchable bow-tie antennas showed excellent RF performances and stretchability up to a stretching strain of 40%. The antennas could be bent up to a bending radius of 20 mm without degrading RF performance. The stretchable antennas also exhibited outstanding mechanical endurance after 10,000 cyclic stretching tests. The antennas were not affected by the presence of the body and showed very stable RF performances, exhibiting promising results for mobile and wearable applications.

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Zhidong, Zhong, Shu Xiayun, Chang Xuefeng, Tang Yiquan, and Cheng Sai. "Design of multi-band flexible microstrip antenna based on micro drop jetting." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2740, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2740/1/012030.

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Abstract Due to the high compatibility of micro-droplet jetting 3D printing technology within the realm of printed electronics, a flexible and miniaturized multi-band microstrip antenna was designed. The purpose of this is to extend the wireless signal response range of wearable devices and to investigate the feasibility of producing wearable devices with high efficiency. The antenna uses polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the dielectric substrate and nanosilver as the conductive material for the radiating patch, demonstrating remarkable flexibility. The antenna’s structure underwent simulation and analysis through frequency sweeping using ANSYS HFSS simulation software. The outcomes illustrate the antenna operating within three frequency bands at 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz, and the return loss is kept below -18dB for each central frequency. Simultaneously, it displays favorable flexibility. The radiation pattern of the antenna indicates that it has good directivity and no extra side lobes are generated. Ultimately, Antennas were fabricated using microdroplet spraying technology, and the final product’s characteristics and morphology were analyzed. The aforementioned findings demonstrate that micro-droplet jetting technology’s remarkable precision and efficiency render it a viable approach for the processing and production of flexible microstrip antennas.

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Zeng, Wenxin, Wei Wang, and Sameer Sonkusale. "Temperature Sensing Shape Morphing Antenna (ShMoA)." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101673.

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Devices that can morph their functions on demand provide a rich yet unexplored paradigm for the next generation of electronic devices and sensors. For example, an antenna that can morph its shape can be used to adapt communication to different wireless standards or improve wireless signal reception. We utilize temperature-sensitive shape memory alloys (SMA) to realize a shape morphing antenna (ShMoA). In the designed architecture, multiple conjoined shape memory alloy sections form the antenna. The shape morphing of this antenna is achieved through temperature control. Different temperature threshold levels are used for programming the shape. Besides its conventional use for RF applications, ShMoA can serve as a multi-level temperature sensor, analogous to thermoreceptors in an insect antenna. ShMoA essentially combines the function of temperature sensing, embedded computing for detection of threshold crossings, and radio frequency readout, all in the single construct of a shape-morphing antenna (ShMoA) without the need for any battery or peripheral electronics. The ShMoA can be employed as bio-inspired wireless temperature sensing antennae on mobile robotic flies, insects, drones and other robots. It can also be deployed as programmable antennas for multi-standard wireless communication.

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Thangarasu, Deepa, Rama Rao Thipparaju, Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy, Malathi Kanagasabai, Mohammed Gulam Nabi Alsath, Devisowjanya Potti, and Sachin Kumar. "On the Design and Performance Analysis of Flexible Planar Monopole Ultra-Wideband Antennas for Wearable Wireless Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5049173.

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With the promising developments in wearable communication technology, attention towards flexible electronics is increasing day-by-day. This study presents flexible low-profile ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas for wearable applications. The antenna comprised of a modified dewdrop-inspired radiator and a defected ground plane and has an impedance bandwidth of 3.1–10.6 GHz. The antenna flexibility is investigated using four different substrates (polyester, polyamide, denim, and Teslin) and tested on a cotton shirt and a high-end Res-Q jacket to evaluate their performance stability for body-worn applications. The fabricated planar dewdrop-shaped radiator (PDSR) antennas have a radiation efficiency of >90%, a gain of >4 dBi, and a group delay variation of fewer than 0.5 ns. The antenna conformability is measured by placing the fabricated antennas on various curved and nonplanar parts of the human body. The aforementioned antennas offer better flexibility for different bent conditions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the designed antennas is investigated to determine their wearability, and values are found to be less than 0.2 W/Kg. Also, the received signal strength (RSS) is discussed in order to analyze signal attenuation, and the performance analysis of the antennas is compared.

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Zhu, Jia, and Huanyu Cheng. "Recent Development of Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Bio-Integrated Electronics." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124364.

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Wireless technology plays an important role in data communication and power transmission, which has greatly boosted the development of flexible and stretchable electronics for biomedical applications and beyond. As a key component in wireless technology, flexible and stretchable antennas need to be flexible and stretchable, enabled by the efforts with new materials or novel integration approaches with structural designs. Besides replacing the conventional rigid substrates with textile or elastomeric ones, flexible and stretchable conductive materials also need to be used for the radiation parts, including conductive textiles, liquid metals, elastomeric composites embedding conductive fillers, and stretchable structures from conventional metals. As the microwave performance of the antenna (e.g., resonance frequency, radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency) strongly depend on the mechanical deformations, the new materials and novel structures need to be carefully designed. Despite the rapid progress in the burgeoning field of flexible and stretchable antennas, plenty of challenges, as well as opportunities, still exist to achieve miniaturized antennas with a stable or tunable performance at a low cost for bio-integrated electronics.

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Bou-El-Harmel, Abdelhamid, Ali Benbassou, and Jamal Belkadid. "Design and Development of a New Electrically Small 3D UHF Spherical Antenna with 360° of Opening Angle in the Whole Space for RFID, WSN, and RSN Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2906149.

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Several antenna designs have been made in order to obtain a novel electrically small 3D UHF spherical antenna (ka = 0.1916), which has a resonance frequency close to 915 MHz, produces a quasi-isotropic radiation with an opening angle equal to 360° in the whole space, and is used for RFID, WSN, and RSN applications. These antennas are based on different shapes and are wrapped on the Styrofoam sphere surface of dielectric constant close to air (ɛr=1.06). A T-match configuration is used to adapt the input impedance of antennas to a value of 50 Ω. The antennas form allows for placing the sensor electronics in its interior, to reconfigure it for numerous values of impedances and to operate it in other ISM bands by adjusting their geometric parameters.

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Chechetkin, V. A., S. N. Shabunin, and A. N. Korotkov. "Radiation patterns of patch antennas on coated conducting cylinders." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2134, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2134/1/012028.

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Abstract The development of the Internet of Things and communication systems of the fifth generation leads to the need to place many antenna elements in a limited volume. Therefore, wearable electronics antennas are often located directly on the device body. Such surfaces can often be thought of as a conducting cylinder covered with a dielectric material. The task of analysing the radiation patterns of antennas located on such surfaces becomes urgent. This paper shows a method for analysing antenna directivity diagrams using the Green’s functions method of cylindrical layered media. This method allows to obtain in an analytical form the expressions for the analysis of such structures, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of computer time in modelling. The presented results show what kind of distortions are introduced into the radiation pattern of antennas located on a cylinder compared to an antenna located on a flat surface.

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Chen, Xiaochen, Leena Ukkonen, and Johanna Virkki. "Reliability evaluation of wearable radio frequency identification tags: Design and fabrication of a two-part textile antenna." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 4 (January 11, 2018): 560–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517750651.

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Passive radio frequency identification-based technology is a convincing approach to the achievement of versatile energy- and cost-efficient wireless platforms for future wearable applications. By using two-part antenna structures, the antenna-electronics interconnections can remain non-stressed, which can significantly improve the reliability of the textile-embedded wireless components. In this article, we describe fabrication of two-part stretchable and non-stretchable passive ultra-high frequency radio frequency identification textile tags using electro-textile and embroidered antennas, and test their reliability when immersed as well as under cyclic strain. The results are compared to tags with traditional one-part dipole antennas fabricated from electro-textiles and by embroidery. Based on the results achieved, the initial read ranges of the two-part antenna tags, around 5 m, were only slightly shorter than those of the one-part antenna tags. In addition, the tag with two-part antennas can maintain high performance in a moist environment and during continuous stretching, unlike the one-part antenna tag where the antenna-integrated circuit attachment is under stress.

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Shao, Li, Xinyue Tang, Yujie Yang, Dacheng Wei, Yuanchang Lin, Guotian He, and Dapeng Wei. "Flexible force sensitive frequency reconfigurable antenna base on stretchable conductive fabric." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 19 (February 11, 2022): 195301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4f91.

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Abstract With the development of wireless technology and flexible electronics, flexible frequency reconfigurable antennas have been directly used as sensors to detect mechanical signals. As an important frequency reconfigurable antenna, microstrip antenna has been widely studied in the field of flexible and flexible electronics in recent years. However, the stretchability of microstrip antennas usually comes at the cost of reducing the conductivity of the radiated conductor. Here, we report a flexible force sensitive frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna, which fabricated by silver fiber conductive fabric with a double-wire braided structure. In order to increase the detection of pressure, an elastic dielectric layer with a microhemispheric array was introduced into the microstrip antenna to extend the frequency band width of the reconfigurable antenna. The relative frequency of the antenna varied from 0% to −12.9%, and the sensing sensitivity was −1.9 kPa−1. As potential applications, we demonstrate the use of a flexible frequency reconfigurable antenna base on stretchable conductive fabric as a strain sensor capable of measuring bending angle and movements of a human finger. The change in the resonance frequency with the externally applied tensile strain in this antenna design has a sensitivity of 3.448, manifesting a 4.19- and a 13.79-fold increase of sensitivity when compared to those in previous reports that used arched or both-planes serpentine rectangular microstrip antenna. This is of great significance for the application of wearable antenna in wireless mechanical sensing technology.

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Nogi, Masaya, Natsuki Komoda, Kanji Otsuka, and Katsuaki Suganuma. "Foldable nanopaper antennas for origami electronics." Nanoscale 5, no. 10 (2013): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr00231d.

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Monne, Mahmuda Akter, Peter Mack Grubb, Harold Stern, Harish Subbaraman, Ray T. Chen, and Maggie Yihong Chen. "Inkjet-Printed Graphene-Based 1 × 2 Phased Array Antenna." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090863.

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Low-cost and conformal phased array antennas (PAAs) on flexible substrates are of particular interest in many applications. The major deterrents to developing flexible PAA systems are the difficulty in integrating antenna and electronics circuits on the flexible surface, as well as the bendability and oxidation rate of radiating elements and electronics circuits. In this research, graphene ink was developed from graphene flakes and used to inkjet print the radiating element and the active channel of field effect transistors (FETs). Bending and oxidation tests were carried out to validate the application of printed flexible graphene thin films in flexible electronics. An inkjet-printed graphene-based 1 × 2 element phased array antenna was designed and fabricated. Graphene-based field effect transistors were used as switches in the true-time delay line of the phased array antenna. The graphene phased array antenna was 100% inkjet printed on top of a 5 mil flexible Kapton® substrate, at room temperature. Four possible azimuth steering angles were designed for −26.7°, 0°, 13°, and 42.4°. Measured far-field patterns show good agreement with simulation results.

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Del-Rio-Ruiz, Ruben, Juan-Manuel Lopez-Garde, and Jon Legarda. "Planar Textile Off-Body Communication Antennas: A Survey." Electronics 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060714.

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Fully textile smart wearables will be the result of the complete integration and miniaturization of electronics and textile materials. Off-body communications are key for connecting smart wearables with external devices, even for wireless power transfer or energy harvesting. They need to fulfill specific electromagnetic (EM) (impedance bandwidth (BW), gain, efficiency, and front to back radiation (FTBR)) and mechanical (bending, crumpling, compression, washing and ironing) requirements so that the smart wearable device provides the required performance. Therefore, textile and flexible antennas require a proper trade-off between materials, antenna topologies, construction techniques, and EM and mechanical performances. This review shows the latest research works for textile and flexible planar, fully grounded antennas for off-body communications, providing a novel design guide that relates key antenna performance parameters versus topologies, feeding techniques, conductive and dielectric textile materials, as well as the behavior under diverse measurement conditions.

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Patil, S., P. Petkov, and B. Bonev. "A Prototype Model Design of Wide Band Standard Reference Rod-Dipole antenna for 3-Axis EMC Measurement with hybrid Balun for 0.9 to 3.2GHz." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i1.603.

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Every electronics equipment must deal with EMC test. The testing laboratory of electronics equipment for radiation emission must have accurate calibrated antennas. The field strength of total radiated radio frequency is average of all incident signals at given point, this incident spinals originates from various directions. In order to measure three components of all electric field vectors, a tripole antenna is most beneficial over conventional antenna because of it responds to signal coming from multi directions. This paper presents novel three axis wide band calculable rod-dipole antenna with hybrid balun for the range of 900MHz to 3.2GHz frequencies, the proposed antenna is small in size and good electrical characteristics, the Important parameters measured and verified with designed values. Return loss S11 more than -10dB within the frequency range 900MHz to 3.2GHz. The result of this articles are evident that, efficient construction of antenna with low cost, light weight module applicable for EMC pre-compliance test at open field site.

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Huang, Honghua, Lidong Che, and Youwei Chen. "Research on antennas based on nanophotonic materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2713, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2713/1/012019.

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Abstract In this study, the performance of bilayer graphene and its dual-frequency reconfigurable antenna structure on SiO2/Si substrates was explored. The research underscores that when compared to traditional radio frequency and microwave antennas, the performance of nano-optical antennas is strongly contingent on their size and shape. It is also intimately related to their intrinsic material properties, highlighting the unique physical attributes and scaling behavior of nano-photonic antennas. A salient feature of bilayer graphene is its ability to dynamically adjust its conductivity by applying an external voltage between the two layers, offering new prospects for its application in micro-nano electronics and photonics. Through a comparative analysis of radiation decay rates and quantum efficiency, it was determined that metallic materials exhibit much higher non-radiative losses than nano-optical materials. This research provides a foundational theoretical framework for future experiments and paves the way for creating secure information networks. However, the study acknowledges the potential challenges in the real-world application and production of nano-photonic antennas, suggesting further exploration in optimizing their structure to enhance efficiency.

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Alagarsamy, Manjunathan, Santhakumar Govindasamy, Kannadhasan Suriyan, Balamurugan Rajangam, Sivarathinabala Mariappan, and Jothi Chitra Ratha Krishnan. "Performance analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp227-233.

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<p>An antenna may be thought of as a temporary tool that directs radio waves for transmission or reception. Aside from being inexpensive, small, easy to manufacture, and compatible with integrated electronics, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) offers several other benefits as well. These two methods are often seen as low-cost, adaptable, dependable, high-speed data connection choices that promote user mobility. An overview of how MPA have been used throughout the last several decades is provided in this article. It has been suggested that there are many approaches to enhance the performance of MPA, including the use of composite antennas, highly integrated antenna/array and feeding networks, operating at relatively high frequencies, and using cutting-edge manufacturing methods. Dual or multiband antennas are essential for meeting the demands of wireless services in this rapidly evolving wireless communication environment. Here is an overview of the patch antenna literature for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.</p>

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Ali, Qasim, Waseem Shahzad, Iftikhar Ahmad, Shozab Safiq, Xi Bin, Syed Muzahir Abbas, and Houjun Sun. "Recent Developments and Challenges on Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas." Electronics 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040587.

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This paper highlights recent developments and challenges on beam steering characteristics of reconfigurable transmitarray antennas. It introduces the operating principle of beam forming/beam steering high gain transmitarray antennas to enable the user to opt for economical and high performance solutions. A transmitarray antenna typically consists of a source antenna and a phase transformation structure. The incident waves generated from the source antenna is tilted using the phase transformation structure in a desired direction to steer the beam. Moreover, the phase transformation structure alters the incident wavefront to a plane wavefront using phase change characteristics. In order to steer a beam to a specific desired angle, it can be divided into two methods. There is a method of applying a transmitarray with a variable transmission phase change or a method of changing the shape of the wavefront of the source antenna. This type of beam forming/beam steering high gain antenna has been mainly studied from the point of view of high efficiency, low profile, and low cost. Several solutions of transmitarray unit cells have been presented in the literature, using PIN diodes, varactors, MEMS switches, and microfluids enable electronics to realize reconfigurable characteristics of transmitarray antennas. This paper analyzes the characteristics of various beam steering high gain reconfigurable transmitarrays (RTA) and highlights the future opportunities and challenges of the structure design for transmitarray antennas. This paper also highlights the challenges and gaps in terahertz and optical frequencies related to future work due to the structure complexity and lack of components’ availability. Moreover, the challenges and limitations related to multi-bit structures and dual-band requirements are presented.

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Xie, Zhaoqian, Raudel Avila, Yonggang Huang, and John A. Rogers. "Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics." Advanced Materials 32, no. 15 (September 6, 2019): 1902767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902767.

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Schüür, Jens, Lukas Oppermann, Achim Enders, Rafael R. Nunes, and Carl-Henrik Oertel. "Emission analysis of large number of various passenger electronic devices in aircraft." Advances in Radio Science 14 (September 28, 2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-14-129-2016.

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Abstract. The ever increasing use of PEDs (passenger or portable electronic devices) has put pressure on the aircraft industry as well as operators and administrations to reevaluate established restrictions in PED-use on airplanes in the last years. Any electronic device could cause electromagnetic interference to the electronics of the airplane, especially interference at receiving antennas of sensitive wireless navigation and communication (NAV/COM) systems. This paper presents a measurement campaign in an Airbus A320. 69 test passengers were asked to actively use a combination of about 150 electronic devices including many attached cables, preferentially with a high data load on their buses, to provoke maximal emissions. These emissions were analysed within the cabin as well as at the inputs of aircraft receiving antennas outside of the fuselage. The emissions of the electronic devices as well as the background noise are time-variant, so just comparing only one reference and one transmission measurement is not sufficient. Repeated measurements of both cases lead to a more reliable first analysis. Additional measurements of the absolute received power at the antennas of the airplane allow a good estimation of the real interference potential to aircraft NAV/COM systems. Although there were many measured emissions within the cabin, there were no disturbance signals detectable at the aircraft antennas.

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Olejník, Robert, Stanislav Goňa, Petr Slobodian, Jiří Matyáš, Robert Moučka, and Romana Daňová. "Polyurethane-Carbon Nanotubes Composite Dual Band Antenna for Wearable Applications." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112759.

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The design of a unipole and a dual band F-shaped antenna was conducted to find the best parameters of prepared antenna. Antenna radiator part is fully made of polymer and nonmetal base composite. Thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) was chosen as a matrix and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as an electrical conductive filler, which creates conductive network. The use of the composite for the antenna has the advantage in simple preparation through dip coating technique. Minor disadvantage is the usage of solvent for composite preparation. Composite structure was used for radiator part of antenna. The antenna operates in 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands. DC conductivity of our PU/MWCNT composite is about 160 S/m. With this material, a unipole and a dual band F antenna were realized on 2 mm thick polypropylene substrate. Both antenna designs were also simulated using finite integration technique in the frequency domain (FI-FD). Measurements and full wave simulations of S11 of the antenna showed good agreement between measurements and simulations. Except for S11, the gain and radiation pattern of the antennas were measured and simulated. Maximum gain of the designed unipole antenna is around −10.0 and −5.5 dBi for 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands, respectively. The manufactured antennas are intended for application in wearable electronics, which can be used to monitor various activities such as walking, sleeping, heart rate or food consumption.

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John, Deepthi Mariam, Shweta Vincent, Sameena Pathan, Pradeep Kumar, and Tanweer Ali. "Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band: A Comprehensive Review." Sensors 22, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 7615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197615.

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The ever-increasing demand and need for high-speed communication have generated intensive research in the field of fifth-generation (5G) technology. Sub-6 GHz 5G mid-band spectrum is the focus of the researchers due to its meritorious ease of deployment in the current scenario with the already existing infrastructure of the 4G-LTE system. The 5G technology finds applications in enormous fields that require high data rates, low latency, and stable radiation patterns. One of the major sectors that benefit from the outbreak of 5G is the field of flexible electronics. Devices that are compact need an antenna to be flexible, lightweight, conformal, and still have excellent performance characteristics. Flexible antennas used in wireless body area networks (WBANs) need to be highly conformal to be bent according to the different curvatures of the human body at different body parts. The specific absorption rate (SAR) must be at a permissible level for such an antenna to be suited for WBAN applications. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the current state of the art flexible antennas in a sub-6 GHz 5G band. Furthermore, this paper gives a key insight into the materials for a flexible antenna, the parameters considered for the design of a flexible antenna for 5G, the challenges for the design, and the implementation of a flexible antenna for 5G.

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Yang, Minye, Zhilu Ye, Yichong Ren, Mohamed Farhat, and Pai-Yen Chen. "Materials, Designs, and Implementations of Wearable Antennas and Circuits for Biomedical Applications: A Review." Micromachines 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15010026.

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The intersection of biomedicine and radio frequency (RF) engineering has fundamentally transformed self-health monitoring by leveraging soft and wearable electronic devices. This paradigm shift presents a critical challenge, requiring these devices and systems to possess exceptional flexibility, biocompatibility, and functionality. To meet these requirements, traditional electronic systems, such as sensors and antennas made from rigid and bulky materials, must be adapted through material science and schematic design. Notably, in recent years, extensive research efforts have focused on this field, and this review article will concentrate on recent advancements. We will explore the traditional/emerging materials for highly flexible and electrically efficient wearable electronics, followed by systematic designs for improved functionality and performance. Additionally, we will briefly overview several remarkable applications of wearable electronics in biomedical sensing. Finally, we provide an outlook on potential future directions in this developing area.

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Amin, Y., Q. Chen, H. Tenhunen, and L. R. Zheng. "Evolutionary Versatile Printable RFID Antennas for “Green” Electronics." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 26, no. 2-3 (January 2012): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156939312800030901.

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Xie, Yuchen, Zhengrong Li, Feiqiang Chen, Huaming Chen, and Feixue Wang. "The Unbiased Characteristic of Doppler Frequency in GNSS Antenna Array Processing." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (April 24, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5302401.

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The antenna array technology, especially the spaced-time array processing (STAP), is one of the effective methods used in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to refrain the power of jamming and enhance the performance of receivers in the circumstance of interference. However, biases induced to the receiver because of many reasons, including characteristic of antennas, front-end channel electronics, and space-time filtering, are extremely harmful to the high precise positioning of receivers. Although plenty of works have been done to calibrate the antenna and to mitigate these biases, achieving a good performance of antijamming, high accuracy, and low complexity at the same time still remains challenging. Different from existing works, this paper leverages the characteristic of GNSS signal’s Doppler frequency in STAP, which is proven to remain unbiased to solve the problem, even when the nonideal antennas are used and the interference circumstance changes. Since the integration of frequency is carrier phase, the unbiased Doppler frequency leads to an accurate estimation of carrier phase which can be used to calibrate the antenna array without extra apparatus or complicating algorithms. Therefore, a simple Doppler-aid strategy may be developed in the future to solve the difficulty of STAP bias mitigation.

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Dierck, Arnaut, Sam Agneessens, Frederick Declercq, Bart Spinnewyn, Gert-Jan Stockman, Patrick Van Torre, Luigi Vallozzi, et al. "Active textile antennas in professional garments for sensing, localisation and communication." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 6, no. 3-4 (March 12, 2014): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871400018x.

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New wireless wearable monitoring systems integrated in professional garments require a high degree of reliability and autonomy. Active textile antenna systems may serve as platforms for body-centric sensing, localisation, and wireless communication systems, in the meanwhile being comfortable and invisible to the wearer. We present a new dedicated comprehensive design paradigm and combine this with adapted signal-processing techniques that greatly enhance the robustness and the autonomy of these systems. On the one hand, the large amount of real estate available in professional rescue worker garments may be exploited to deploy multiple textile antennas. On the other hand, the size of each radiator may be designed large enough to ensure high radiation efficiency when deployed on the body. This antenna area is then reused by placing active electronics directly underneath and energy harvesters directly on top of the antenna patch. We illustrate this design paradigm by means of recent textile antenna prototypes integrated in professional garments, providing sensing, positioning, and communication capabilities. In particular, a novel wearable active Galileo E1-band antenna is presented and fully characterized, including noise figure, and linearity performance.

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Cherevko, A. G., and Y. V. Morgachev. "Advantages of graphene technologies in the design of antenna systems for the Internet of Things in the decimeter range of cellular operators (LTE, GSM, 5G)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012066.

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Abstract The characteristics and resistance to external influences of flexible graphene antennas are considered. In particular, the analysis of the influence of single and cyclic bends at different cycle times is carried out. Resistance to water of such antennas is analysed. The results of characteristics comparison of the literature data with the results obtained by the authors are presented. The design of a flexible graphene eco-friendly two-layer antenna on a paper substrate operating in the LTE frequency range has been proposed. The technology discussed in this report will help fill the gap in the literature in eco-friendly double-sided graphene printing technologies. The literature review shows that the development of graphene inks for printing on flexible substrates has made a breakthrough in the development of flexible electronics due to their unique advantages. The influence of edge effects on the change in the graphene surface resistance at the edges of the manufactured sample is estimated.

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Hu, Zelong, Zhuohua Xiao, Shaoqiu Jiang, Rongguo Song, and Daping He. "A Dual-Band Conformal Antenna Based on Highly Conductive Graphene-Assembled Films for 5G WLAN Applications." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175087.

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Flexible electronic devices are widely used in the Internet of Things, smart home and wearable devices, especially in carriers with irregular curved surfaces. Light weight, flexible and corrosion-resistant carbon-based materials have been extensively investigated in RF electronics. However, the insufficient electrical conductivity limits their further application. In this work, a flexible and low-profile dual-band Vivaldi antenna based on highly conductive graphene-assembled films (GAF) is proposed for 5G Wi-Fi applications. The proposed GAF antenna with the profile of 0.548 mm comprises a split ring resonator and open circuit half wavelength resonator to implement the dual band-notched characteristic. The operating frequency of the flexible GAF antenna covers the Wi-Fi 6e band, 2.4–2.45 GHz and 5.15–7.1 GHz. Different conformal applications are simulated by attaching the antenna to the surface of cylinders with different radii. The measured results show that the working frequency bands and the radiation patterns of the GAF antenna are relatively stable, with a bending angle of 180°. For demonstration of practical application, the GAF antennas are conformed to a commercial router. The spectral power of the GAF antenna router is greater than the copper antenna router, which means a higher signal-to-noise ratio and a longer transmission range can be achieved. All results indicate that the proposed GAF antenna has broad application prospects in next generation Wi-Fi.

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Ghodake, Asha, and Balaji Hogade. "ISM Band 2.4 GHz Wearable Textile Antenna for Glucose Level Monitoring." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110106.

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Wearable technology has recently attracted much interest for various uses. An essential component of the wearable system is the wearable antenna. Textile and non-textile materials have both been used to create wearable antennas. Textile antennas are very useful and widely used nowadays, particularly in body-worn applications monitoring health parameters. Fabricated using microstrip technology, textile antennas have various benefits, including small size, lightweight, simple fabrication, and ease of wear. In this study, a microstrip antenna is created utilizing a substrate made of jeans. It works between 2.4 to 2.5 GHz in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software was used to simulate two antennas, one with an incomplete and the other with a complete ground plane. Wearable antennas can protect the body from the impacts of RF radiation by utilizing the entire ground plane principle. Results from a vector network analyzer were obtained for the fabricated antenna (VNA). This antenna's main function is to track blood glucose levels. Blood's dielectric characteristics change when blood sugar levels fluctuate, affecting the antenna’s output frequency. There are two ways to monitor glucose levels. One method requires placing a finger on an antenna patch, while the other involves fixing an antenna to a person's arm and detecting the output frequency fluctuation. The antenna's resonant frequency raises in reaction to increased blood glucose levels. Therefore, these textile antennas are a great choice for non-blood sample monitoring of blood glucose levels.

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Boehme, Christian, René Vieroth, and Mervi Hirvonen. "A Novel Packaging Concept for Electronics in Textile UHF Antennas." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-tp52.

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In this paper, we present the concept and describe the miniaturized packaging of a textile integrated wireless body-area-network (WBAN) node. The electronic modules have been laminated onto a textile antenna, by applying cutting edge integration technologies. The designed 868MHz UHF antenna is wrapped around the electronic module and consists of two layer of textile. Moreover, a layer of conductive textile has been mounted on a layer of non-conductive textile. For the mechanical and the electrical connection we have employed a thermoplastic non-conductive adhesive (NCA) and an isotropic conductive adhesive (ICA). The uniqueness of this process is to demonstrate how the electronic module was placed inside a textile UHF antenna. Precise packaging is important to avoid the negative effects of electronic components inside an UHF environment. The reliability of the mechanical and electrical connection of the electronic modules was tested. These tests were used to evaluate the adhesion strength between the electronic module and the base fabric (non-conductive textile). Moreover, they provided information about the contact resistance between the conductive textile and the antenna feed lines of the electronic module. Additionally, performed cross sections and X-Ray photography provided more insight in the reliability. The achieved results demonstrate the successful operation of the designed System in Package (SiP), consisting of an electronic module attached to a textile UHF antenna.

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Ali, Adnan E., Goran M. Stojanović, Varun Jeoti, Dalibor Sekulić, and Ankita Sinha. "Impact of Various Wearability Conditions on the Performances of Meander-Line Z-Shaped Embroidered Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (October 25, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6741689.

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The field of wearable computing technology describes the future of electronic systems being an integral part of our everyday clothing with various enhanced functionalities. The present work is aimed at making closer steps towards the real wearability of electronics using textiles. We designed a fully-textile meander line Z–shaped monopole antenna for radio-frequency (RF) harvesting and for short-range communication purposes in the body-area network for various wearable applications. The target antenna was designed in the Ansys HFSS software tool and fabricated on a single-layer cotton textile using silver conductive threads and an embroidery technique. The antenna was characterized using a vector network analyzer (VNA), and the selected design was found to be nearly invariant under different deployment conditions. Antenna performance was studied by measuring the return loss while the antenna was in close proximity to the human body, or under various bending scenarios and/or wet conditions with sweat. The simulated return loss was −20.36 dB at an operating frequency of 1.62 GHz, and the measured return loss for the fabricated antenna was −19.45 dB at 1.6275 GHz with a −10 dB bandwidth of 100 MHz (i.e., 1.58 GHz to 1.68 GHz), and a fractional bandwidth of 6.17%. The results of this study are very important for the design of future wearable antennas in the new concept of the Internet of bodies.

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Riaz, Asad, Sagheer Khan, and Tughrul Arslan. "Design and Modelling of Graphene-Based Flexible 5G Antenna for Next-Generation Wearable Head Imaging Systems." Micromachines 14, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030610.

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Arguably, 5G and next-generation technology with its key features (specifically, supporting high data rates and high mobility platforms) make it valuable for coping with the emerging needs of medical healthcare. A 5G-enabled portable device receives the sensitive detection signals from the head imaging system and transmits them over the 5G network for real-time monitoring, analysis, and storage purposes. In terms of material, graphene-based flexible electronics have become very popular for wearable and healthcare devices due to their exceptional mechanical strength, thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. A graphene-based flexible antenna for data communication from wearable head imaging devices over a 5G network was designed and modelled. The antenna operated at the 34.5 GHz range and was designed using an 18 µm thin graphene film for the conductive radiative patch and ground with electric conductivity of 3.5 × 105 S/m. The radiative patch was designed in a fractal fashion to provide sufficient antenna flexibility for wearable uses. The patch was designed over a 1.5 mm thick flexible polyamide substrate that made the design suitable for wearable applications. This paper presented the 3D modelling and analysis of the 5G flexible antenna for communication in a digital care-home model. The analyses were carried out based on the antenna’s reflection coefficient, gain, radiation pattern, and power balance. The time-domain signal analysis was carried out between the two antennas to mimic real-time communication in wearable devices.

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Ren, Pengcheng. "Applications of 5G technology in flexible electronics." Applied and Computational Engineering 53, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/53/20241276.

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As an emerging field in the industry, flexible electronics not only integrates technologies in fields such as electronic circuits, materials, and flat displays, but also spans industries such as semiconductors, materials, chemicals, and printed circuit boards. Its application importance in various fields such as information, energy, healthcare, and manufacturing are increasingly prominent. The main topic of this article is the implementation of 5G technology in the flexible electronics industry. To begin with, this article presents the traits of flexible electronics. Secondly, it stated the development of 5G and introduced its characteristics. The result shows that 5G is not only an air interface technology with higher rates, larger bandwidth, and stronger capabilities, but also an intelligent network for user experience and business applications. Then, combined with 5G and flexible electronics, they are applied in three aspects: mobile antennas, intelligent equipment, and remote medicine. Finally, the current problems and future prospects in the fields of flexible electronics and 5G were summarized. Currently, it faces challenges such as signal interference and power consumption due to the unique characteristics of flexible materials. And in the future, 5G can potentially enhance the performance of flexible electronics, leading to the creation of new products and services in various industries.

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Deng, Xiangying, and Yukio Kawano. "Terahertz Plasmonics and Nano-Carbon Electronics for Nano-Micro Sensing and Imaging." International Journal of Automation Technology 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0087.

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Sensing and imaging with THz waves is an active area of modern research in optical science and technology. There have been a number of studies for enhancing THz sensing technologies. In this paper, we review our recent development of THz plasmonic structures and carbon-based THz imagers. The plasmonic structures have strong possibilities of largely increasing detector sensitivity because of their outstanding properties of high transmission enhancement at a subwavelength aperture and local field concentration. We introduce novel plasmonic structures and their performance, including a Si-immersed bull’s-eye antenna and multi-frequency bull’s-eye antennas. The latter part of this paper explains carbon-based THz detectors and their applications in omni-directional flexible imaging. The use of carbon nanotube films has led to a room-temperature, flexible THz detector and has facilitated the visualization of samples with three-dimensional curvatures. The techniques described in this paper can be used effectively for THz sensing and imaging on a micro- and nano-scale.

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Costa, Júlio, Vincent Barlier, Hellen Norman, Emre Ozer, Feras Alkhalil, and Richard Price. "11‐5: Invited Paper: Evolving into an Era of Natively Flexible Smart Systems." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 54, no. 1 (June 2023): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.16507.

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Natively flexible electronics allow for ultra‐thin functionality to be added to wearable, conformal large‐area sensing applications, reducing or eliminating the need for bulky rigid components and dramatically improving both form factor and cost of the final system. Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE), which combine flexible and rigid components, are increasingly used for sensing applications like health patches, industrial sensing, robotics, augmented and virtual reality, etc. Thin‐Film Transistor (TFT) display manufacturing technologies are well established and have been leading the drive for cost and form‐factor optimization. In this article, we review an intersection of these technologies for sensing applications, predicting the emergence of smart systems made up of only low cost natively flexible electronic components including printed sensors, flexible ICs, printed batteries, printed antennas, and flexible displays.

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Savelyev, Timofey, Xiaodong Zhuge, Bill Yang, Pascal Aubry, Alexander Yarovoy, Leo Ligthart, and Boris Levitas. "Comparison of 10–18 GHz SAR and MIMO-based short-range imaging radars." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, no. 3-4 (June 8, 2010): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000383.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation of two approaches to short-range radar imaging at microwaves by means of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. The first approach represents a classical synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that employs a transmit–receive antenna pair on mechanical scanner. The second one makes use of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna array that scans electronically in the horizontal plane and mechanically, installed on the scanner, in the vertical plane. The mechanical scanning in only one direction reduces significantly the measurement time. Two respective prototypes have been built and compared. Both systems comprise the same 10–18 GHz antennas and multi-channel video impulse electronics while the same data processing and imaging method based on Kirchhoff migration is applied to acquired data for digital beamforming. The study has been done for an application of concealed weapon detection.

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Silva Júnior, Paulo Fernandes, Ewaldo Santana, Mauro Sergio Silva Pinto, Alexandre Serres, Camila Caroline Rodrigues De Albuquerque, and Raimundo Freire. "Bio-Inspired On-Chip Antenna Array for ISM Band60 GHz Application." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 14, no. 2 (August 25, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v14i2.53.

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A flower-shape bio-inspired aperture-coupled antenna array for on-chip application, generated by Gielis formula, operating in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 60 GHz (57 GHZ to 64 GHz) is presented in this paper. The antenna proposed is composed of a transmission feed line followed by an aperture and patch element built in aluminum, with 2 micrometers of thickness, lying on two layers of silicon with 200 micrometers of thickness each. Dimensions of the antennas were calculated according to the effective wavelength for the resonance frequency at 60 GHz. Simulations were performed in the commercial software ANSYS® Electronics Desktop. The use of the bio-inspired flower-shape promotes more compact structures with greater perimeter, rearranging these shapes into an antenna array provided a gain and a bandwidth increase in the design, 3.11dBi and 2.86GHz, respectively, which resulted in a maximum gain of 8.82 dBi and a total bandwidth of 5.88 GHz.

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Sipilä, Erja, Johanna Virkki, Jianhua Wang, Lauri Sydänheimo, and Leena Ukkonen. "Brush-Painting and Photonic Sintering of Copper Oxide and Silver Inks on Wood and Cardboard Substrates to Form Antennas for UHF RFID Tags." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3694198.

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Additive deposition of inks with metallic inclusions provides compelling means to embed electronics into versatile structures. The need to integrate electronics into environmentally friendly components and structures increases dramatically together with the increasing popularity of the Internet of Things. We demonstrate a novel brush-painting method for depositing copper oxide and silver inks directly on wood and cardboard substrates and discuss the optimization of the photonic sintering process parameters for both materials. The optimized parameters were utilized to manufacture passive ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag antennas. The results from wireless testing show that the RFID tags based on the copper oxide and silver ink antennas on wood substrate are readable from ranges of 8.5 and 11 meters, respectively, and on cardboard substrate from read ranges of 8.5 and 12 meters, respectively. These results are well sufficient for many future wireless applications requiring remote identification with RFID.

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Amin, Yasar, Botao Shao, Qiang Chen, Li-Rong Zheng, and Hannu Tenhunen. "Electromagnetic Analysis of Radio Frequency Identification Antennas for Green Electronics." Electromagnetics 33, no. 4 (May 2013): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726343.2013.777324.

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Chudpooti, Nonchanutt, Natapong Duangrit, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, Ian D. Robertson, and Nutapong Somjit. "Electronics-Based Free-Space Terahertz Measurement Using Hemispherical Lens Antennas." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 95536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2929697.

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Zhou, Ying, Saber Soltani, Braden M. Li, Yuhao Wu, Inhwan Kim, Henry Soewardiman, Douglas H. Werner, and Jesse S. Jur. "Direct-Write Spray Coating of a Full-Duplex Antenna for E-Textile Applications." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121056.

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Recent advancements in printing technologies have greatly improved the fabrication efficiency of flexible and wearable electronics. Electronic textiles (E-textiles) garner particular interest because of their innate and desirable properties (i.e., conformability, breathability, fabric hand), which make them the ideal platform for creating wireless body area networks (WBANs) for wearable healthcare applications. However, current WBANs are limited in use due to a lack of flexible antennas that can provide effective wireless communication and data transfer. In this work, we detail a novel fabrication process for flexible textile-based multifunctional antennas with enhanced dielectric properties. Our fabrication process relies on direct-write printing of a dielectric ink consisting of ultraviolet (UV)-curable acrylates and urethane as well as 4 wt.% 200 nm barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles to enhance the dielectric properties of the naturally porous textile architecture. By controlling the spray-coating process parameters of BT dielectric ink on knit fabrics, the dielectric constant is enhanced from 1.43 to 1.61, while preserving the flexibility and air permeability of the fabric. The novel combination textile substrate shows great flexibility, as only 2 N is required for a 30 mm deformation. The final textile antenna is multifunctional in the sense that it is capable of operating in a full-duplex mode while presenting a relatively high gain of 9.12 dB at 2.3 GHz and a bandwidth of 79 MHz (2.260–2.339 GHz) for each port. Our proposed manufacturing process shows the potential to simplify the assembly of traditionally complex E-textile systems.

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Abdul Halim, A., P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, P. Allison, I. Allekotte, K. Almeida Cheminant, A. Almela, et al. "AugerPrime surface detector electronics." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): P10016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/10/p10016.

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Abstract Operating since 2004, the Pierre Auger Observatory has led to major advances in our understanding of the ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The latest findings have revealed new insights that led to the upgrade of the Observatory, with the primary goal of obtaining information on the primary mass of the most energetic cosmic rays on a shower-by-shower basis. In the framework of the upgrade, called AugerPrime, the 1660 water-Cherenkov detectors of the surface array are equipped with plastic scintillators and radio antennas, allowing us to enhance the composition sensitivity. To accommodate new detectors and to increase experimental capabilities, the electronics is also upgraded. This includes better timing with up-to-date GPS receivers, higher sampling frequency, increased dynamic range, and more powerful local processing of the data. In this paper, the design characteristics of the new electronics and the enhanced dynamic range will be described. The manufacturing and test processes will be outlined and the test results will be discussed. The calibration of the SD detector and various performance parameters obtained from the analysis of the first commissioning data will also be presented.

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BURKE, P. J., C. RUTHERGLEN, and Z. YU. "SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES: APPLICATIONS IN HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONICS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 04 (December 2006): 977–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406004119.

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In this paper, we review the potential applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes in three areas: passives (interconnects), actives (transistors), and antennas. In the area of actives, potential applications include transistors for RF and microwave amplifiers, mixers, detectors, and filters. We review the experimental state of the art, and present the theoretical predictions (where available) for ultimate device performance. In addition, we discuss fundamental parameters such as dc resistance as a function of length for individual, single-walled carbon nanotubes.

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GEMMEKE, H., W. D. APEL, F. A. BADEA, L. BÄHREN, K. BEKK, A. BERCUCI, M. BERTAINA, et al. "ADVANCED DETECTION METHODS OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM COSMIC RAYS FOR KASCADE GRANDE AND AUGER." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, supp01 (July 2006): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06033702.

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The LOPES experiment (LOfar Prototype Station) has been built at the KASCADE-Grande experiment in order to test the LOFAR (LOw Frequency ARray) technology and demonstrate its capability for radio measurements in Extensive Air Showers (EAS). After the first positive results in the framework of the KASCADE-Grande experiment we developed the next generation of antennas, electronics, and trigger. The main new features are easy calibration of antennas with precise detection of polarization, and good capability of self-triggering. The results from this new design are under test in Karlsruhe. Furthermore the background situation was measured and analyzed.

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Roselli, Luca, Valeria Palazzari, Federico Alimenti, Paolo Mezzanotte, Matteo Comez, and Nicola Porzi. "Robust road-to-car communications by means of an active Ku-band RF Self-IDentification (RFSID) system." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, no. 2 (April 2010): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000243.

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This paper deals with a robust RFSID (Radio Frequency Self IDentification) system for road-to-car communications. The RFSID-based system operates in Ku-band and consists of a fixed transmitter, located at the road side, and of a receiver unit placed on the moving target, i.e. a car in its first proposed application. A slotted waveguide antenna array is used to illuminate the moving object at the desired position, whereas a four-patch array antenna is adopted at the receiver side. Both the antennas have been designed using numerical simulations based on a Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm. When the moving object crosses the antenna beam a triggering pulse is generated by the receiver; such a pulse can be used to reset or update the electronics aboard the vehicle and to log specific information coming from location-based systems (LBSs), into the car equipments. A digital transmission of gold sequences and a post-processing unit have been exploited so far to increase the robustness and the accuracy of the system. At this stage of the development the system benefit of extensive field tests, being adopted for some years by many top Formula 1 racing teams as a lap trigger system, used to reset the on-board electronics when the car crosses either the finishing line and peculiar path reference points. The temporal accuracy exhibited is better than 1 ms with a coverage of about 90 m.

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Xu, Fujun, Hongfei Zhu, Ying Ma, and Yiping Qiu. "Electromagnetic performance of a three-dimensional woven fabric antenna conformal with cylindrical surfaces." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 2 (July 21, 2016): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515624878.

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Textile structural antenna is one of the most important components for wearable electronics. To obtain structural integrity and stability, three-dimensional orthogonal weaving technology is adopted to weave three-dimensional fabric antennas (3DFAs). The electromagnetic performance of the 3DFAs with the radii of curvature of 75, 60, 45 and 25 mm are simulated with a High Frequency Structural Simulator and tested experimentally. The simulated and tested results agree reasonably well. The results show that the return losses are less than –10 dB, while the resonant frequencies and radiation patterns are significantly influenced by the curvature and the feeding direction. The 3DFAs with the curvature perpendicular to the feeding direction show more stable resonant frequencies and radiation patterns than those of the 3DFAs with the curvature parallel to their feeding direction.

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Machiels, Jarne, Raf Appeltans, Dieter Klaus Bauer, Elien Segers, Zander Henckens, Wouter Van Rompaey, Dimitri Adons, et al. "Screen Printed Antennas on Fiber-Based Substrates for Sustainable HF RFID Assisted E-Fulfilment Smart Packaging." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 5500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195500.

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Intelligent packaging is an emerging technology, aiming to improve the standard communication function of packaging. Radio frequency identification (RFID) assisted smart packaging is of high interest, but the uptake is limited as the market needs cost-efficient and sustainable applications. The integration of screen printed antennas and RFID chips as smart labels in reusable cardboard packaging could offer a solution. Although paper is an interesting and recyclable material, printing on this substrate is challenging as the ink conductivity is highly influenced by the paper properties. In this study, the best paper/functional silver ink combinations were first selected out of 76 paper substrates based on the paper surface roughness, air permeance, sheet resistance and SEM characterization. Next, a flexible high frequency RFID chip (13.56 MHz) was connected on top of screen printed antennas with a conductive adhesive. Functional RFID labels were integrated in cardboard packaging and its potential application as reusable smart box for third party logistics was tested. In parallel, a web-based software application mimicking its functional abilities in the logistic cycle was developed. This multidisciplinary approach to developing an easy-scalable screen printed antenna and RFID-assisted smart packaging application is a good example for future implementation of hybrid electronics in sustainable smart packaging.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Antennas (Electronics)'

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