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Journal articles on the topic 'Antennas'
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1
Ghodake, Asha, and Balaji Hogade. "ISM Band 2.4 GHz Wearable Textile Antenna for Glucose Level Monitoring." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110106.
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Wearable technology has recently attracted much interest for various uses. An essential component of the wearable system is the wearable antenna. Textile and non-textile materials have both been used to create wearable antennas. Textile antennas are very useful and widely used nowadays, particularly in body-worn applications monitoring health parameters. Fabricated using microstrip technology, textile antennas have various benefits, including small size, lightweight, simple fabrication, and ease of wear. In this study, a microstrip antenna is created utilizing a substrate made of jeans. It works between 2.4 to 2.5 GHz in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band. High-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software was used to simulate two antennas, one with an incomplete and the other with a complete ground plane. Wearable antennas can protect the body from the impacts of RF radiation by utilizing the entire ground plane principle. Results from a vector network analyzer were obtained for the fabricated antenna (VNA). This antenna's main function is to track blood glucose levels. Blood's dielectric characteristics change when blood sugar levels fluctuate, affecting the antenna’s output frequency. There are two ways to monitor glucose levels. One method requires placing a finger on an antenna patch, while the other involves fixing an antenna to a person's arm and detecting the output frequency fluctuation. The antenna's resonant frequency raises in reaction to increased blood glucose levels. Therefore, these textile antennas are a great choice for non-blood sample monitoring of blood glucose levels.
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Hirose, Kazuhide, Mitsuki Hirose, Shintaro Mita, Takumi Fujita, and Hisamatsu Nakano. "Advantages of Plate Antennas over Loop Antennas for Circular Polarization—Its Application in Array Antenna with a Simplified Feed." Electronics 13, no. 19 (October 1, 2024): 3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193896.
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We analyze square antennas with one and quasi-two sources to reveal the relationship between loop and plate antennas. First, using the moment method, one-source antennas with corner truncation are investigated versus antenna height above the ground plane. As the height increases, the CP wave bandwidth of the plate antenna increases 17% for a 3 dB axial ratio criterion, whereas the loop antenna’s bandwidth remains less than 3%. Next, we study quasi-two-source antennas without corner truncation versus antenna height. The plate antenna’s bandwidth is found to reach 30%, which is wider than that of a loop antenna by a factor of two. Last, the plate antenna with quasi-two sources is applied in an array antenna, whose properties are compared to those of the corresponding loop antenna array. We present experimental results to verify the simulated results.
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Fu, Xiaoyi, Yuntao Hua, Wenlai Ma, Hutao Cui, and Yang Zhao. "Thermal field simulation and material parameter optimization for spaceborne annular truss antennas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2691, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2691/1/012054.
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Abstract The operational efficacy of large spaceborne annular truss antennas in orbit is significantly influenced by solar irradiation and alternating Earth shadow. This antenna system periodically encounters diverse extreme environments that impact the precision of the antenna surface performance. Consequently, this study presents an optimized thermal control design and conducts temperature field simulation calculations for such antennas. Initial efforts are directed toward analyzing the variables influencing the antenna structure’s temperature, with specific attention paid to the distinctive compositional characteristics of high-precision antennas. As a subsequent step, orthogonal tests are implemented, facilitating the development of an antenna thermal analysis model. This model assists in the identification of principal variables influencing the antenna’s temperature field. Finally, the antenna’s optimal thermal design is drawn upon the biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm, enabling the derivation of ideal material parameters for the thermal design of the antenna. This methodology offers theoretical guidance for future thermal control design of large spaceborne annular truss antennas.
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Saeidi, Tale, Idris Ismail, Wong Peng Wen, Adam R. H. Alhawari, and Ahmad Mohammadi. "Ultra-Wideband Antennas for Wireless Communication Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (April 22, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7918765.
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A review paper concerning wide-band and ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas used for wireless communication purposes in terms of the materials as well as a numerical analysis is presented. These antennas which are taken into account are listed as wide-band microstrip antenna, wide-band monopole antenna over a plate, wide-slot UWB antenna, stacked patch UWB antenna, taper slot (TSA) UWB antenna, metamaterial (MTM) structure UWB antennas, elliptical printed monopole UWB antenna, and flexible wearable UWB antenna. The antennas’ performance is compared based on their size and how they can be applicable for portable communication device applications. This review paper furnishes a proper direction to select varieties of figures in terms of impedance bandwidth, gain, directivity, dimensions, time domain characteristics, and materials affecting these antenna’s characteristics.
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Yeom, Insu, Junghan Choi, Sung-su Kwoun, Byungje Lee, and Changwon Jung. "Analysis of RF Front-End Performance of Reconfigurable Antennas with RF Switches in the Far Field." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/385730.
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The RF front-end performances in the far-field condition of reconfigurable antennas employing two commonly used RF switching devices (PIN diodes and RF-MEMS switches) were compared. Two types of antennas (monopole and slot) representing general direct/coupled feed types were used for the reconfigurable antennas to compare the excited RF power to the RF switches by the reconfigurable antenna types. For the switching operation of the antennas, a biasing circuit was designed and embedded in the same antenna board, which included a battery to emphasize the antenna’s adaptability to mobile devices. The measurement results of each reconfigurable antenna (radiation patterns and return losses) are presented in this study. The receiving power of the reference antenna was measured by varying the transmitting power of the reconfigurable antennas in the far-field condition. The receiving power was analyzed using the “Friis transmission equation” and compared for two switching elements. Based on the results of these measurements and comparisons, we discuss what constitutes an appropriate switch device and antenna type for reconfigurable antennas of mobile devices in the far-field condition.
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Gargi, C., J. S. Kennedy, and T. D. Jayabal. "Morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensillae of both sexes of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3563.
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Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a devastating invasive pest persisting as a menace hampering the progress of Indian agriculture. The morphometrics and distribution of antennal sensilla of both sexes of S. frugiperda were investigated in the study. The antenna was filiform for both sexes and was composed of scape, pedicel and flagellum. Male antennas had more subsegments (65-71) in the flagellum than female (56-70) antennas. Male and female S. frugiperda antennae possessed eight types of sensilla: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla squamiformia and Bӧhm’s bristles. Sensilla trichoidea was the most abundant sensilla found in the antenna of both sexes and was more abundant in males than in females. It was also noticed that male antenna was longer than the female antenna. The results of the present study helps to assess alternative management strategies with an electrophysiological response of the pest towards sex pheromones and in combination with plant info chemicals for monitoring and management of S. frugiperda in agricultural ecosystems.
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Afroz, S., A. A. Al-Hadi, S. N. Azemi, W. F. Hoon, S. Padmanathan, C. M. N. C. Isa, B. C. Sahoo, et al. "On Thin Flexible Wideband Printed Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Wearable Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2922, no. 1 (December 1, 2024): 012015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2922/1/012015.
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Abstract Body Area Networks (BANs) have gained significant popularity in recent years, leading to a substantial rise in the demand for wearable antennas. Printed antenna on the flexible substrate can be an excellent choice for wearable since it can be used as a smart garment (i.e. shirt, T-shirt, or jacket). Unlike rigid antennas, the fabrication and measurement procedures for wearable antennas are particularly critical and sensitive. In BANs, the presence of the human body presents another significant challenge such as structural deformation (like bending). This paper has provided an overview of the fabrication process and measurement considerations for printed flexible wearable antenna. It also compared these antennas with conventional copper tape antenna across all aspects. Bending deformation of the printed antenna is performed as well to ensure the antenna’s functionality under such circumstances.
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Ramalakshmi, Gudla, and P. Mallikarjuna Rao. "A Novel Metamaterial Inspired 2nd Iteration Koch Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi, WLAN, C band and X band Wireless Communications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2062, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2062/1/012004.
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Abstract The rapid advancements in wireless technology desires compact, miniaturized, multiband and ultra wideband antennas. Fractal antennas have been proved as a source for fulfilling these demands. In this paper a 2nd order Koch fractal antenna of size 29.6 × 35.7mm2 designed on FR4-epoxy substrate material of dielectric constant (ɛr) 4.4 with a height of 1.6mm. This antenna is named as ANTENNA-1. To increase this antenna’s performance a meta material unit cell has been placed on the ground plane to serve multi band applications and is named as ANTENNA-2, which is the proposed antenna in this paper. The simulations have been carried out for both the antennas using ANSYS HFSS tool over the frequency sweep of (1-12GHz). The simulation results of proposed antenna producing 7 frequency bands which serves Wi-Fi, WLAN, C-band, and X band wireless communications. The simulation results like return loss, VSWR values have a good matching with the measured return loss, VSWR results of the fabricated antenna
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Sedghi, Tohid, Mahdi Jalali, and Tohid Aribi. "Fabrication of CPW-Fed Fractal Antenna for UWB Applications with Omni-Directional Patterns." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/391602.
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Novel and compact CPW-fed antennas are proposed comprised of a fractal patch and modified ground-plane. The ground-plane is truncated at the center and includes dielectric notches at its side to enhance the antenna’s impedance bandwidth. The dimensions of the notches effectively control the upper and lower band edges of the antenna. The optimized antenna operates across 2.95–12.81 GHz forS11≤-10 dB. Omnidirectional radiation pattern is achieved over the full UWB frequency range. The miniaturized antenna has a total size of14×18×1 mm3. The characteristics of the proposed antenna are suitable for UWB wireless communication requiring low profile antennas.
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Korkmaz, Sumeyye, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, and Lida Kouhalvandi. "A Framework for Optimizing Antenna Through Genetic Algorithm-Based Neural Network." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amset-2023-0009.
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Abstract In this research paper, the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for designing antennas is introduced. The primary objective of this optimization technique is to focus on the antenna’s parameters to achieve a desirable S11 value, which is a key metric of an antenna’s performance. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, the optimization method to design three different antennas using the Numerical Analyzer (MATLAB) tool is employed. Through this study, it is tried to provide new insights into the optimization of antenna design using ANN and demonstrate its potential applications in the field of antenna engineering. The results of this research could potentially lead to the development of more efficient and effective antenna systems with improved performance in various applications.
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Mohan, Anand, and M. Sundararajan. "FRACTAL ANTENNA – WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NEW BEGINNING BREAKTHROUGH IN DIGITAL ERA." Acta Informatica Malaysia 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/aim.01.2020.01.06.
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In this digital era, we are subject to cellular gadgets, there has been an expanding demand in antennas that are smaller, conformal, and broadband. Fractal antenna wire utilizes a self-comparative structure to expand the length of a material in an all-out surface zone. Fractal Antenna Systems creates and constructs the smaller, most astounding execution Wideband/multiband antennas on the planet. These antennas are regularly two to multiple times smaller than conventional aerials, while accomplishing remarkable recurrence inclusion and magnificent gains and power designs. Fractal Antenna’s items have been demonstrated in the toughest business, military, and government applications. Fractal antennas apparatuses depend on mind boggling rehashing geometrical shape shaving novel traits that make them particularly significant for broadcast communications and different remote needs. Their requirements are not well met by Traditional antennas apparatuses. Applications for fractal geometries in cell gadgets have turned out to be hotly debated issues of research in science and building due to buyer request.
12
R, Murugasamy, Abirami P, Aruna P, Dharani S, and Divyasri M. "IoT Based Antenna Positioning System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49758.
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Abstract: Proper positioning of antennas is necessary for wireless communication. So herewe are giving a project on an IOT based antenna positioning system that allows for remotely positioning of antennas based over IOT. The method that is used here to control the antennas position is by using Arduino UNO R3 and Servo motors. The Blynk app acts as a remote and is used to send the signal to the Arduino through the internet. The project helps to control the antenna’s positionby the user’s command. If we have android mobile with internet connection, we can easily access the antenna position. Also to monitor the environmental conditions we have used temperature, humidity and raindrop sensors.
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Prasanth Kumar, J., B. Raghavaiah, P. Dhanush, Ch Anil, Ch Uday Kiran, and P. Vipul. "Design of Circular Patch Array Antennas for WLAN, Wi-Fi & Bluetooth Applications." Journal on Electronic and Automation Engineering 3, no. 3 (September 6, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jeae/3/3/1.
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The study is a pioneering initiative in the field of antenna engineering, concentrating on the replacement of rectangular patch antennas with circular patch antennas in 2.4GHz applications. Through a detailed assessment of three various configurations—1x1, 2x1, and 4x1—the study used the HFSS tool to facilitate simulations, allowing a full evaluation of each antenna's performance parameters. These characteristics include critical metrics like gain, directivity, and radiation pattern, which are important in determining antenna efficacy in wireless communication systems. By rigorously comparing circular patch array antennas to their rectangular counterparts, the study hopes to offer insight on the subtle complexities and possible benefits of circular patch designs.The findings of this work have the potential to not only develop antenna design approaches, but also to significantly improve the efficacy and efficiency of present wireless communication technologies operating in the 2.4GHz frequency region. The transition from rectangular to circular patch antennas represents a paradigm shift in design considerations, potentially providing novel insights into antenna performance and paving the way for next-generation wireless communication systems with improved reliability and throughput.Furthermore, by elucidating the optimal design parameters for circular patch array antennas, this study lays the groundwork for future antenna engineering innovations, allowing wireless communication technologies to evolve and refine themselves in response to the ever- increasing demands of modern connectivity.
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Srushti, D. C., C. Suchitra, T. J. Nisha, D. Gaikwad Swathi, and Magalada Hanumanthappa. "Performance enhancement of microstrip patch antenna with slots for 5G communication." i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering 15, no. 1 (2024): 26. https://doi.org/10.26634/jele.15.1.20634.
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The demand for high-performance antennas tailored for 5G applications has stimulated research into novel designs and optimization techniques. This study focuses on the design, development, and optimization of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) integrated with slots to enhance their performance in 5G communication systems. Various slot configurations, including rectangular and T-shaped slots, are incorporated into the ground plane of the patch antennas to investigate their impact on antenna characteristics such as gain, bandwidth, and radiation pattern. Simulation results demonstrate that the introduction of slots effectively increases the antenna's effective aperture, modifies current distribution, and enhances radiation efficiency. Furthermore, the strategic placement of slots improves antenna directivity and suppresses surface waves, leading to a notable improvement in antenna gain. Experimental validation corroborates the simulation findings, showcasing the practical feasibility and efficiency of the proposed slot-integrated antenna designs. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of antenna technology tailored for the evolving requirements of 5G communication systems.
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Koshkid’ko, V. G., and M. M. Migalin. "Design of a Slotted Waveguide Antenna by Means of VBScript Scripting Language Macros in CAD Ansys HFSS." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2020-23-1-6-17.
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Introduction. Modern antenna devices contain a large number of repeating elements. The process of development of CAD models of such devices requires repeatedly performed operations that is a routine task for an engineer. Therefore, the problem of repeating operations automation arises when constructing antenna models with periodic structures.Aim. To demonstrate the automation of slotted waveguide antennas design process in CAD Ansys HFSS.Materials and methods. In order to determine the dimensions of the slotted waveguide antenna the energy method was used. Automation procedure of the design of the slotted waveguide antennas in CAD Ansys HFSS using the Visual Basic Scripting Edition macros was presented.Results. In order to design and edit slotted waveguide antennas in CAD Ansys HFSS four macros in the VBScript language were established: for slot subtraction from a broad wall of a rectangular waveguide at given coordinates; for removing the original slots created using the previous macro; for drawing a polyline passing through the centers of the slots, in order to verify the antenna’s near field realized distribution; for inclined slot subtraction from a narrow wall of a rectangular waveguide at given coordinates. Results of the macros usage were presented.Conclusion. The above mentioned macros allow one to automate the routine steps during the process of creating and deleting objects while designing an antenna model with periodic structures in CAD Ansys HFSS. Specified procedures for creating macros could be extended to a wide class of tasks related to the studies of characteristics of electromagnetic structures including repeating objects (phased antenna arrays, reflective arrays, slotted waveguide antennas, fractal antennas, log-periodic antennas, multi-layer lens antennas, ladder-type microwave filters).
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Bag, Biplab, Priyabrata Biswas, Sushanta Biswas, Partha Pratim Sarkar, and Dibyendu Ghoshal. "Novel Monopole Microstrip Antennas for GPS, WiMAX and WLAN Applications." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 03 (May 29, 2019): 2050050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620500504.
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In this paper, two novel low-profile monopole antennas are presented for simultaneous operation in GPS (Global Positioning System), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) applications. The antennas constitute of a T-shaped microstrip feed line and directly coupled strips to generate multiple bands. The proposed antennas are printed on one side of a low-cost FR4 epoxy substrate and partial ground plane (metal plane is etched partially) are fabricated on the other side of the substrate. The overall dimension of antenna is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mm3. Measured results show that the antenna1 (quad band) covers the four distinct operating bands of 320[Formula: see text]MHz (2.17–2.49[Formula: see text]GHz), 190[Formula: see text]MHz (3.31–3.50[Formula: see text]GHz), 270[Formula: see text]MHz (5.18–5.45[Formula: see text]GHz) and 700[Formula: see text]MHz (5.5–6.20[Formula: see text]GHz). Antenna2 (penta band) covers the frequency bands of 1.29–1.98[Formula: see text]GHz (center frequency 1.61[Formula: see text]GHz), 2.78–2.91[Formula: see text]GHz (center frequency 2.83[Formula: see text]GHz), 3.59–3.94[Formula: see text]GHz (center frequency 3.75[Formula: see text]GHz), 5.15–5.33[Formula: see text]GHz (center frequency 5.24[Formula: see text]GHz) and 5.39–6.06[Formula: see text]GHz (center frequency 5.56[Formula: see text]GHz). The detail antenna design and parametric analyses are discussed in steps. The characteristic of radiation pattern and gain are measured. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The antennas are designed using a simulation software HFSS v.15.
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Ahalya, C., Avuku Jyothi, H. Supriya, and D. Heena Kousar. "Designed A Broadcast Patch Antenna." Journal of Telecommunication Study 7, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jts.2022.v07i02.002.
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Today, one of the key topics of study in the field of communication systems is wireless technology, and no studies of communication systems is complete without a grasp of how antennas work and are made. Numerous scholars have investigated antennas for various wireless communication systems. The conceived, created, and tested omnidirectional microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is the subject of this study. The antenna's operational bandwidth is a good fit for a variety of applications. Microstrip patch antennas are the ideal option for communication systems engineers due to its effectiveness and advantages, which include low cost, low profile, and low weight. Due to the fact that they may combine with microwave circuits, they are ideal for applications like cell devices, many others, including WLAN applications and navigational systems. In this project, a small rectangular patch antenna is created. The research of a two- or four-element array antenna has been the focus of the work's last section. The optimization of a 1.9GHz rectangular probe fed patch antenna in the design and simulation of patch antennas. According to experimental findings, the voltage standing wave ratio, insertion loss and capacity.
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Fathi Badr, Munaf, Ibrahim A. Murdas, and Ahmed Aldhahab. "Medical Communication Systems Utilizing Optical Nanoantenna and Microstrip Technology." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 20, no. 2 (June 26, 2024): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.20.2.12.
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Many technical approaches were implemented in the antenna manufacturing process to maintain the desired miniaturization of the size of the antenna model which can be employed in various applied systems such as medical communication systems. Furthermore, over the past several years, nanotechnology science has rapidly grown in a wide variety of applications, which has given rise to novel ideas in the design of antennas based on nanoscale merits, leading to the use of antennae as an essential linkage between the human body and the different apparatus of the medical communication system. Some medical applications dealt with different antenna configurations, such as microstrip patch antenna or optical nanoantenna in conjugate with sensing elements, controlling units, and monitoring instruments to maintain a specified healthcare system. This study summarizes and presents a brief review of the recent applications of antennas in different medical communication systems involving highlights, and drawbacks with explores recommended issues related to using antennas in medical treatment.
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Marindra, Adi M. J., Pornanong Pongpaibool, Werayuth Wallada, and Siwaruk Siwamogsatham. "An optimized ink-reducing hollowed-out arm meander dipole antenna structure for printed RFID tags." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 2 (January 7, 2016): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001725.
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This paper presents an optimized ink-reducing meander dipole antenna structure suitable for implementing printed radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The proposed antenna designs contain empty ink-reducing hollowed-out areas along the antenna's arms such that the resulting antennas require much less conductive ink to produce yet still achieve decent antenna performance compared with the conventional solid-arm dipole antennas. The simulation results demonstrate that when the ratio between the width of the hollowed-out areas and the width of the antenna arms is about 0.6, the resulting RFID tag experiences a slight read range performance degradation of <10%, while it offers a sizeable ink consumption reduction of almost 50%.
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Robel, Md Rokunuzzaman, Asif Ahmed, Akram Alomainy, and Wayne S. T. Rowe. "Effect of A Superstrate on On-Head Matched Antennas for Biomedical Applications." Electronics 9, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071099.
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The effect of using a superstrate dielectric layer on an on-head matched antenna for biomedical diagnosis applications is investigated. Two on-head matched antennas are considered with different length meandered lines ensuring operation around 0.9 GHz frequency. The first antenna’s conductive radiating structure is in direct contact with the head phantom, whereas the second one utilises a 0.5 mm thick superstrate layer on top of the conducting layer as a buffer. The lateral dimensions of both antennas are held constant at 30 × 30 mm2. The electric and magnetic field distribution is analysed and the power penetration, 50 mm inside the head phantom, is derived from the electromagnetic field surrounding the antennas. Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous head phantoms are considered while evaluating the antennas in terms of their reflection coefficient, current distribution, electric field, magnetic field, specific absorption rate (SAR) and power penetration inside the head. The antennas are fabricated and measured utilizing an inhomogeneous phantom to validate the proposed performance improvement using a superstrate. It is shown that the superstrate antenna achieves a ~8 dB increase in power penetration inside the head phantom along with a 0.0731 W/kg decrease in SAR compared to the antenna without a superstrate.
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Ma, Fangyan, Xinpei Zhang, Yuanyuan Yin, Hang Yin, Chao Song, and Liqing Zhao. "Low-Cost Lens Antenna Design for Microwave Moisture Detection." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (August 28, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3883786.
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In this study, a novel Vivaldi antenna with dimensions of 100 mm × 85 mm × 1.6 mm, designed for a moisture measurement system, is built to enhance the gain of conventional Vivaldi antennas in the low-frequency band to suit the needs of moisture detection. The fence structure and choke slot are modified to enhance the antenna’s radiation properties in the low-frequency band, and simulation is performed to determine how different structural parameters affect the antenna’s performance. The results show that in the frequency band of 5-6 GHz, the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of the antenna is less than 2, and the gain at 5.8 GHz reaches 16.2 dBi after installing the lens. Compared with conventional unmodified Vivaldi antennas, the gain at 5.8 GHz increases by approximately 6.11 dBi. The antenna is then processed and measured, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results; hence, the antenna can be widely used in the field of moisture detection.
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Sai Geethika, Sunkavalli, Etyala Kethan, Pilli Rishika, and Machunoori Mounica. "Design of Microstrip Rectangular 8x1 Patch Array Antenna for WiMAX Application." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101100.
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In our daily lives, wireless communications are becoming increasingly significant. The antennas needed for these applications should be light weight, conveniently mountable, and have a broad bandwidth due to the rise in data rates and a tendency of tiny electronic devices for wireless digital applications. These requirements can be met by Microstrip Array Antennas. In this paper, the rectangular microstrip patch array antenna of frequency 2.5-3.5Ghz for WIMAX applications is designed in computer stimulation tool (CST). The antenna is fabricated using FR-4 Substrate material. The designed antenna’s performance is analysed in terms of voltage VSWR, s-parameters, radiation pattern, gain, directivity.
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Hirose, Kazuhide, Kohei Nakamura, and Hisamatsu Nakano. "Bent and Branched Microstrip-Line Antennas for Circular Polarization." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031711.
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We analyze three transmission-line antennas using the moment method. Each line antenna comprises a coplanar feed line, loops, and straight segments connecting the loops and feedline. First, we investigate bent and branched line antennas with loops on one side of the feedline. It is found that the segment length affects both the beam direction and axial ratio for the bent line antenna; in contrast, it only affects the branched line antenna’s axial ratio, resulting in a more straightforward design. Subsequently, the branched line antenna is modified with loops on both sides of the feedline to enhance the gain. It is observed that the antenna shows a gain enhancement of 2.0 dB, maintaining the same axial-ratio bandwidth as that of the original branched line antenna. The simulated results are validated by experimental work.
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Mallavarapu, S., and A. Lokam. "Circuit Modeling and Analysis of Wearable Antennas on the Effect of Bending for Various Feeds." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 8180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4699.
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The promising utilization of wearable antennas has experienced gigantic growth during the last decade. An antenna is one of the most significant and crucial components of wireless wearable devices. They need to be particularly designed to work while worn on and off the body. The wearable antenna embedded into clothing finds its use in wireless communications including tracking and navigation, mobile and wearable computing, and public safety and security. For user accessibility, there is a growing requirement for incorporating antennas on or in clothing. Determining the dielectric characteristics of the flexible substrates utilized in the design of the wearable antenna is also essential. In this paper, a Microstrip Ring Resonator (MRR) is employed to determine the dielectric properties of fabric substrates followed by state-of-the-art designs of wearable antennas and their bending effects at ISM band frequencies. An electrical equivalent model is designed to realize the potentials inside the geometry of an antenna under bending environment. This is followed by observing the effect of bending for different feeding methods on the wearable antenna's parameters when bending on a certain radius. The robustness of the proposed wearable antenna is examined by measuring the antenna under various bending curvatures for return loss, gain, and efficiencies. This will disclose the various contemplations for designing a wearable antenna from different feeding mechanisms with different materials and exemplifying the antenna's outcomes to dynamic moments of the human body. The performance of the proposed wearable antenna is acceptable even in a deformation environment, and there is a good agreement between the measured and the simulation results.
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Tiwari, Rahul, and Seema Verma. "PROPOSED A COMPACT MULTIBAND AND BROADBAND RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR C-BAND AND X-BAND." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 3 (April 16, 2014): 4291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i3.2760.
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In this communication two proposed antenna described one for broadband at 6.71445GHz to 11.9362GHz with finite ground plane. The antenna designed with 11.4051mm× 8.388 mm radiating copper patch with ground plane design with 21.0051mm x17. 988mm. And this Compact broadband rectangular shape microstrip patch antenna is designed and analyzed for the return loss of -20.08 dB is achieved at the resonant frequency of 7.941GHz, From Antenna2-it is observed that, antenna for multiband at different frequency. The primary radiating elements are Simple Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna in upper side with probe feed and use finite ground plane are two parallel crossed printed slot for three different frequency applications which is smaller in size compared to other available multiband antennas. From the result, it is observed that, the return loss of -16.97 dB is achieved at the first resonant frequency of 4.853GHz, -10.30dB at the second resonant frequency of 8.382GHz, -10.73 dB at the third resonant frequency of 9.265GHz, -17.38 dB at the fourth resonant frequency of 10.15GHz and -12.37 dB at the fifth resonant frequency of 11.91GHz. This broadband and multi-band highly efficient antenna for use in C-Band, and X-Band.
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Sanchez-Montero, Lopez-Espi, Alen-Cordero, and Martinez-Rojas. "Bend and Moisture Effects on the Performance of a U-Shaped Slotted Wearable Antenna for Off-Body Communications in an Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz Band." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081804.
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In recent years, the study and design of wearable antennas have been empowered given the success of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) for healthcare and medical purposes. This work analyses a flexible textile antenna whose performance can be optimised by the careful selection of the substrate thickness of the textile material, and by varying the antenna’s geometrical shape. After considering these parameters, several arrangements of antennas were simulated using the Computer Simulation Technology software (CST). The results of the simulations were compared to the experimental prototypes manufactured on a flexible felt material for a range of thicknesses and curvatures of the antenna substrate. Such antenna designs can be utilised in off-body communications and ISM applications.
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Taygin, V. B., and А. V. Lopatin. "Design of the mirror antenna of a spacecraft with the ultralight high precision size-stable reflector." Spacecrafts & Technologies 3, no. 3 (2019): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26732/2618-7957-2019-3-121-131.
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The paper discusses the existing design of mirror antennas used on spacecraft. The requirements are formulated under which the reliable performance of antennas is ensured under operating conditions. Innovative construction of the space high frequency axisymmetric mirror antenna of an ultralight class is presented. Antenna’s body consists of several conjugate carbon fiber shells. Antenna’s design technology which gives an opportunity to create the shell of a reflector with minimal deflection from a full-paraboloid is developed. Using the finite element method, a parametric modal analysis of the antenna is performed. Based on this analysis, geometric parameters were determined that provide optimal mechanical and mass characteristics of the structure. The calculation results were used to create a prototype mirror antenna. It is shown that the created antenna possesses the parameters required for generation of the high-directional electromagnetic emission of Q and V frequency domain. Successful ground experimental perfection of the construction of the antenna is made. It included the stages of mechanical, thermal vacuum, and radio engineering tests. The proposed design can be used to create advanced spacecraft.
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Karimbu Vallappil, Arshad, Bilal A. Khawaja, Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim, Muhammad Naeem Iqbal, and Hassan T. Chattha. "Metamaterial-Inspired Electrically Compact Triangular Antennas Loaded with CSRR and 3 × 3 Cross-Slots for 5G Indoor Distributed Antenna Systems." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020198.
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In this article, two distinct kinds of metamaterial (MTM) antennas are proposed for fifth-generation (5G) indoor distributed antenna systems (IDAS). Both antennas operate in the sub-6 GHz 5G band, i.e., 3.5 GHz. The antenna’s radiating structure is based on a combination of triangular and rectangular patches, as well as two complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR) unit-cells etched on the top layer. The bottom layer of the first MTM antenna is a complete ground plane, while the bottom layer of the second MTM antenna is etched by a 3 × 3 cross-slot MTM structure on the ground plane. The use of these structures on the ground plane improves the antenna bandwidth. The proposed antennas are designed using two different substrates i.e., a high-end Rogers thermoset microwave materials (TMM4) substrate (h = 1.524 mm/εr = 4.5/tan δ = 0.002) and a low-end flame-resistant (FR4) epoxy glass substrate (h = 1.6 mm/εr = 4.3/tan δ = 0.025), respectively. The antenna designs are simulated using CST microwave studio, and in the end, the antenna fabrication is performed using FR4 substrate, and the results are compared. Furthermore, parametric analysis and comparative studies are carried out to investigate the performance of the designed antennas. The simulated and measured results are presented for various parameters such as return-loss, gain, and radiation pattern. The two MTM antennas have an overall dimension of 18 × 34 mm2, demonstrating that the proposed design is 60 percent smaller than a standard microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The two proposed MTM antenna designs with complete ground plane and 3 × 3 cross-slot MTM on the bottom layer using FR4 substrate have a measured gain/bandwidth characteristic of 100 MHz/2.6 dBi and 700 MHz/2.3 dBi, respectively.
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Alibakhshi Kenari, Mohammad. "Design and Modeling of New UWB Metamaterial Planar Cavity Antennas with Shrinking of the Physical Size for Modern Transceivers." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562538.
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A variety of antennas have been engineered with MTMs and MTM-inspired constructs to improve their performance characteristics. This report describes the theory of MTMs and its utilization for antenna's techniques. The design and modeling of two MTM structures withε-μconstitutive parameters for patch antennas are presented. The framework presents two novel ultrawideband (UWB) shrinking patch antennas filled with composite right-/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) structures. The CRLH-TL is presented as a general TL possessing both left-handed (LH) and right-handed (RH) natures. The CRLH-TL structures enhance left-handed (LH) characteristics which enable size reduction and large frequency bandwidth. The large frequency bandwidth and good radiation properties can be obtained by adjusting the dimensions of the patches and CRLH-TL structures. This contribution demonstrates the possibility of reducing the size of planar antennas by using LH-transmission lines. Two different types of radiators are investigated—a planar patch antenna composed of fourO-formed unit cells and a planar patch antenna composed of sixO-shaped unit cells. A CRLH-TL model is employed to design and compare these two approaches and their realization with a varying number ofL-Cloaded unit cells. Two representative antenna configurations have been selected and subsequently optimized with full-wave electromagnetic analysis. Return loss and radiation pattern simulations of these antennas prove the developed concept.
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Pravin Bhole and Dr Pramod Deore. "Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Enhanced Bandwidth and Harmonic Suppression." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 03 (March 21, 2024): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0089.
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Antennas are essential components in wireless communication systems, often requiring a delicate balance between achieving wide bandwidth and suppressing harmonics effectively. This study focuses on the integration of defected ground structures (DGS) to enhance antenna performance. Through rigorous experimentation and analysis, the research aimed to optimize microstrip patch antenna designs for improved bandwidth while maintaining efficient harmonic suppression. The investigation involved parametric studies to determine the optimal dimensions and configurations of DGS for wideband-stop characteristics. Simulation tools were utilized to analyse the impact of DGS on the antenna's behaviour, leading to the development of an accurate equivalent circuit model. Current distribution analysis provided insights into the radiation pattern and impedance matching of the antennas with and without DGS. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in antenna performance. The measured reflection coefficient values indicated successful harmonic suppression, with reductions around 22 dB at the third harmonic frequency. The input impedance values were optimized to utilize a modified ground plane featuring diagonal edges and a rectangular slot cut to design compact antennas, contributing to enhanced bandwidth and improved overall performance. Radiation pattern measurements validated the effectiveness of the optimized designs. This study demonstrates successful integration of DGS into slot antennas, achieving wider bandwidth with robust harmonic suppression. Experimental results validate design strategies, offering insights for high-performance slot antennas in modern communication systems.
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Constantinescu, Claudia, Claudia Pacurar, Adina Giurgiuman, Calin Munteanu, Sergiu Andreica, and Marian Gliga. "High Gain Improved Planar Yagi Uda Antenna for 2.4 GHz Applications and Its Influence on Human Tissues." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2023): 6678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116678.
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Considering the technological enhancements nowadays, antennas tend to be smaller in order to be easily integrated in devices. The most used antennas today in small high-tech devices close to the human body are planar antennas. In this paper, a Yagi Uda planar antenna operating at a frequency of 2.4 GHz is HF analyzed and optimized by increasing its bandwidth and gain while maintaining its initial dimensions. The methods used to optimize the antenna’s operation are the use of different dielectrics, different numbers of directors, and different dimensions for directors, placing new conductor elements, all while keeping the same dimensions for its implementation on the planar device. The optimized structure of the planar Yagi Uda antenna has a 10% increase in bandwidth and a 30% increase in gain, reaching a peak value of 4.84 dBi. In our daily activities, we use devices with such antennas very often, so an analysis of the antenna’s influence on the human body is performed: the SAR, electric and magnetic field and radiation power density are determined, represented and reported to the standards in force. For the frequency considered, the SAR should be below 4 W/kg for the head/torso when the exposure is more than six minutes, which is a value exceeded by the antenna in its near vicinity. The calculated maximum electric field limit is 0.349 V/m and the maximum magnetic field value is 28.441 V/m for an exposure between 6 and 30 min values, which is also exceeded in the immediate vicinity of the antenna. The results allow us to suggest that such an antenna should be placed further from the human body, or some protection should be placed between the body and the antenna. From the radiation power density point of view for the modeled antenna, it can be said that a distance from the antenna greater than 0.5 m is considered to be safe.
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Ramya, M., V. Parthipan, and M. Yogadeepan. "Certain Investigations on Edge Fed Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for WiMAX Applications." Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2015.4.1.1937.
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Recently, a new wireless technology, i.e., Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), has been demonstrated to have its strong potential to provide a very high speed of broadband services. By simultaneously using multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver sites, these systems exploit the spatial dimension of the propagation channel. The development of such antennas includes the design of array antenna, optimizing the array antenna parameters and thereby increasing its performance. This paper mainly focuses on design of single microstrip patch antennae and linear array configurations by optimizing the various antenna parameters such as directivity, gain, Mutual coupling and beamwidth etc., Microstrip array antennae designed and simulated using IE3D for WiMAX application operating at 2.4GHz and the same configurations are also optimized and analyzed. In this analysis, upon comparing the parameters such as gain, directivity, return loss and 3-dB beamwidth quantitatively it is proposed that the linear array promises very narrow beamwidth with optimized gain.
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Bhowmick, Snehal. "AN ORGANISED AND FOCUSED REVIEW OF A MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR ITS DEPLOYMENT IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 01 (January 15, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28174.
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Reviewing microstrip antennas for diverse applications is the goal of this paper. The designing of microstrip patch antennae is a new study subject established for utilise in 5th generation communications applications. An antenna is a group of interconnected devices that work together to transmit and receive radio waves as a single antenna. Antennas come in many sizes and shapes. An antenna design that is low profile, lightweight, and results-oriented is the microstrip patch. In the future, microstrip patch antenna may be used for various 6G communication systems applications. Furthermore, 6G communication applications can be developed for additional devices, such as autonomous cars, machine learning, artificial neural network algorithms, radar, internet of things (IoT), biomedical, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. In the past, 4G wireless applications employed the multiple input, numerous output (MIMO) pattern as a standard geometry. This study covers several types of antennas, their geometric structures, different methods for analyzing their features, and their dimensions. The component of the substrate substances, loss tangent, the thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage-standing-wave ratio (VSWR), gain, and orientation from the earlier publications will also be covered. Keywords – microstrip, patch, antenna, IoT, biomedical, V2V, MIMO, VSWR
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Obiadi Ifeanyi F., Udofia Kufre M., and Udofia Kingsley M. "Comparative Analysis of Microstrip Antenna Arrays with Diverse Feeding Techniques." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 26, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i11060.
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A robust antenna design and analysis to fit the growing technology trend and give engineers and technicians options is crucial. This is especially true considering the recent rise in wireless smart devices. This paper compares microstrip antenna arrays fed in different ways. This work designed, simulated, and analyzed six antennas: two single-band rectangular microstrip antennas (RMSAs) with quarter wave (QWT) feed and the other with inset feed, one series-fed 1 x 4 RMSA array, two cooperate-fed (1 x 2 and 1 x 4) and a 2 x 2 cooperate-series-fed RMSA array at 2.4 GHz. Simulations showed that single-band antennas achieved 65.3 MHz and 68.3 MHz (2.72% and 2.85%) fractional bandwidths at 2.4 GHz. Series-fed and cooperative-fed 1 x 4 arrays, respectively, achieved bandwidths of 152.07 MHz and 44.33 MHz (6.34 % and 1.85 %) fractional bandwidth. The 1 x 2 cooperate-fed and 2 x 2 cooperate-series-fed array antennas had bandwidths of 33.06 MHz and 50.41 MHz (for 1.38% and 2.26%), respectively. A comparison of antenna gains revealed that the study's goals were met as a result of the realized antenna gain of the 2 x 2 cooperate-series-fed antenna which exceeded all other compared antenna gain. The 1 x 4 RMSA array with series feeding had a significantly higher bandwidth than its studied contemporaries. The achieved antenna's bandwidth qualifies it for application small ISM-band WLAN devices; for less portable devices, 2× 2 hybrid-fed array antenna is a suitable candidate for application.
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Rahman, H. M. Arifur, Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, Mohammed Baz, Mehedi Masud, and Mohammed A. AlZain. "Novel Compact Design and Investigation of a Super Wideband Millimeter Wave Antenna for Body-Centric Communications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (November 18, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8725263.
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This paper presents a novel design for a multiple band millimeter wave antenna with a wide active region in the extremely high frequency (EHF) range. The antenna's performance was tested at three evenly separated frequencies: 60 GHz within the V-band region, 80 GHz within the E-band region, and 100 GHz. Simulation exhibits satisfactory results in terms of gain and efficiency, although the efficiency falling tendency for higher frequency persists. As millimeter wave antennas have miniature-like dimensions and low penetration depth into human body layers, the performance of these antennas is less disturbed by the presence of a human body, making them ideal for body-centric wireless communication (BCWC) applications. Thus, a human body model was created virtually with the necessary property data. Simulations are repeated at the same frequencies as before, with the antenna kept close to the constructed human body model. The results were promising as the gains found increased radiation patterns and return loss curves remained almost identical, except some efficiencies that were considered. Some H-plane radiation patterns are changed by the presence of a human body. Although all three frequencies present satisfactory results, 60 GHz is found to be more balanced, but 100 GHz shows better gain and directivity. Multiple band operability makes this antenna suitable for various applications. Finally, a distance-based analysis was conducted to realize the in-depth characteristics of the antenna by placing the antenna at five different gaps from the human body. The result verifies the antenna’s category as suitable for body-centric communications.
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Qas Elias, Bashar Bahaa, Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, and Ping Jack Soh. "A Dimension Estimation Method for Rigid and Flexible Planar Antennas Based on Characteristic Mode Analysis." Electronics 11, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 3585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213585.
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An empirical method for simplified dimension estimation of patch antennas is proposed in this work based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA). This method involves generating formulae to calculate substrate-independent antenna patch widths produced from the antenna’s characteristic angle. This enables the definition of a relationship between the characteristic angle and the natural resonant frequency of an antenna structure, bridging the changes of resonant frequencies contributed by possible variation in substrate properties. From here, the end ‘calibrated’ results can be used to generate specific formulae for each antenna to determine the width of the patch at different operating frequencies, making it time- and resource-efficient. This method was validated using conventional and slotted antennas designed using different substrates, both rigid (RO4003C, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880) and conventional (felt, denim fabric). Measurement results obtained were in satisfactory agreement with simulated results, even without considering the substrates and excitations. Finally, this method was also applied in designing dual-band antennas using flexible materials for wearable applications, indicating good agreement with experimental results.
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Zheng, Hanwen. "Lossy and Loss Free Material Research Taking Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating on the Band n261 as the Case." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3827.
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The focus of this paper is to discuss the loss mechanism of the antenna and its effect on the antenna performance. This paper will follow the order of design basis, design idea, design content, and design results. Based on an antenna design for an n261 band, experiments are conducted in CST studio using different materials under lossy and lossless conditions. It includes 8 different sets of experiments. The lossy material will perform worse than the lossless material by processing the data through the program. When designing antennas, the performance of lossy materials will be worse. The material has a low tangential loss, and the loss of the antenna will be reduced. When designing an antenna, the antenna’s performance should be measured comprehensively by S11, Z11, as well as radiation efficiency and electric field results, instead of looking at only one parameter. Meanwhile, microstrip antenna design can be used to design antenna arrays or multi-band antennas.
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Gao, Pengjian, Jia Li, and Weibing Wang. "Study of Ground Plane Effects on Monopole Antenna Performance." Electronics 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122681.
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With the continuous development of the IoT, compact wireless communication modules have become indispensable components, and their antennas are gradually being developed from external devices into onboard integrated devices. The serpentine antenna, a variant of the monopole antenna known for its small size and easy integration, is often applied to engineering practices. However, its performance has always been closely affected by the size of the surrounding grounding plane. By conducting a characteristic mode analysis (CMA), this study explored the variation patterns in the ground plane size and the resonant frequency. Based on the simulation results, it was clear that when the ground plane size is less than a quarter of the working wavelength, the ground plane will have a significant effect on the antenna’s resonant frequency. Thus, this study further analyzed a serpentine antenna with a grounding branch, and through analysis of the basic law of the influence of grounding structure on the antenna’s performance, we found that by adjusting the branch length, the matching performance of the antenna can be effectively improved. Furthermore, by changing the size of the ground plate, the antenna’s resonant frequency can be adjusted. Such a conclusion will hopefully provide a reference for future designs of integrated antennas in engineering applications.
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Arun, M., and M. R. Ebenezar Jebarani. "Design of Pattern Synthesis of Nonuniform Amplitude Microstrip Patch Antenna Array." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2024): 1316–25. https://doi.org/10.1166/jno.2024.3697.
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To address long-distance communication needs, it is sometimes necessary to construct Microstrip Patch antennas with notably directional properties (relatively high gains). Increasing the antenna’s electrical size will achieve this goal. It is possible to increase the antenna’s overall dimensions without increasing the size of its parts by arranging the radiating elements in a specific electrical and geometrical arrangement. The new antenna comprises many pieces and is called an array. The items in an array are usually the same. Vector addition of the fields emitted by the individual elements gives the broad field of the array. An antenna’s radiation pattern refers to how the antenna’s radiated power changes as one moves away from the antenna. The antenna’s far field shows this power fluctuation concerning the arrival angle. The radiation intensity is most significant in one lobe compared to the others. The term “major lobe” is often used to describe this structure. Minor lobes are the other, less dominant lobes. Half-power beamwidth (HPBW) is the angular separation of the beam’s half-power points and measures the main beam’s width. Antenna engineers have difficulty designing prototype antennas that fulfil the radiation and integration criteria of the telecommunications system they are working on. Antenna systems with many radiators have more limitations on their feeding network and receiver front-end design space when trying to achieve flexible beam shaping capabilities and high diversity performance. Modern optimization methods have been a massive aid in taming the ever-increasing complexity of the design and integration process. The proposed study thus uses a convex optimization approach to analyse the patterns produced by an array of microstrip patch antennas. The performance parameters of the antenna have been simulated in MATLAB software. Based on simulation and experimental data, the array can function with a return loss of less than 15 dB and a sidelobe level of less than -15 dB from 32 to 36.4 GHz. Our prototype antenna has an experimental bandwidth of over 3 GHz and a sidelobe level of −15.6 db. These impressively low-level sidelobe and cross-polarization measurements validate the technique’s viability, which employs a relatively straightforward construction strategy.
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Abraham, Jacob, Kirthika Natarajan, Senthilkumar Andi, Jemin Vijayaselvan Mariyarose, Manjunathan Alagarsamy, and Kannadhasan Suriyan. "Frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp472-482.
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Wireless communication technology is well-established, and several antennas have been developed and produced specifically for this purpose. However, antenna performance and communication system development need to be enhanced in order to adapt to the present era. The performance of the antenna is significantly influenced by its design. Thus, this work produced a novel wideband antenna design via the use of a frequency reconfigurable approach. In the recommended study, microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) were used in wideband applications to switch frequencies using shunt-series microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The suggested antenna, which has two switches built into it, is tested in ON-ON, OFF-ON, and OFF-OFF switching scenarios. Radiation pattern, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, bandwidth, and return loss are among the antenna performance metrics used to assess the suggested antenna's performance in each switching situation. The simulation findings suggest that the optimal antenna design for usage in wireless communication systems is one that works well with a shunt-series MEMS switch.
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Mohammed, Abdul Salam, Arshad Ali Mohammad, Palarimath Suresh, and Maqsood Mohammed. "IoT based antenna positioning system." i-manager's Journal on Information Technology 13, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jit.13.1.20541.
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Antennas are fundamental to every form of wireless communication system. Antenna placement is crucial for successful wireless communication, according to satellites and transmitters. So, to enable the use of IoT for remote antenna deployment, this paper provides an IoT-based antenna placement solution. In this case, this paper examines the transmitted orientation of each antenna over the Internet of Things using a sensor-based system that includes a motor on each antenna. When a satellite's or transmitting station's orientation changes, it is necessary to reposition the antenna. The receiving antennas might be located in different parts of the world, at great distances from each other. So, extremely long-distance antenna placement is within the realm of possibility because of modern technology. Online visibility of antenna sites is available to the operator in charge of the IoT. The antenna monitoring GUI system is utilized by the IoT. With IoT-based antenna placement solution technology, the antenna's orientation can be monitored and updated coordinates provided to the motor, allowing it to position the antenna correctly.
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Zhu, Junli, Mengfei Chen, Ziting Li, and Jingping Liu. "A Compact Planar Ultra-Wideband Array Antenna." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2023 (October 10, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1339236.
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Ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas have recently gained prominence in communication, radar technology, and electronic warfare domains. The quick development of these antennas is due to the wide bandwidth requirements of pulse radar, ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic compatibility, spaceborne communication systems, stealth target detection, and more. Aiming to address the defects of existing UWB antennas, which often have narrow bandwidth and low gain, a planar ultra-wideband microstrip array antenna was designed to achieve good ultra-wideband characteristics and effectively improve the gain of the antenna. The initial bandwidth of the rectangular monopole antenna was 10 GHz–20 GHz. After loading multiple steps on the monopole patch, the bandwidth was increased to between 10 and 38 GHz. Using the new ultra-wideband array method that combines series feed and angle feed and the defective ground structure (DGS), the array maintains the ultrawide bandwidth span of 10–38 GHz of the array element, and the maximum gain of the antenna in the bandwidth was increased from 5.18 dBi to 9.55 dBi. The challenge of impedance matching of antenna units in ultra-wideband is resolved by the novel array technique, which also increases the antenna’s gain within the bandwidth. The antenna simulation is consistent with the measurement results. With its extensive operating frequency band, high gain, compactness, and favorable radiation attributes, this newly designed antenna holds significant promise for application in UWB radar systems.
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Xu, Kaihang. "Broadband Microstrip Antenna Overview." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3825.
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Microstrip antennas are widely used in people's daily life. Microstrip antenna has the advantages of low cost, low profile, small space occupation, and high conformal capability. So the design of microstrip antennas can be encountered in daily life. Microstrip antennas include the military, aerospace, medical, and so on. Microstrip antenna has a wide research space. The three microstrip antennas, U-shaped open slit laminated microstrip antenna, dual frequency circularly polarized laminated microstrip antenna, and non-radiating edge-fed broadband double-layer microstrip patch antenna are mainly introduced to understand the research progress and expectation of today's microstrip antennas. This paper firstly introduces the basic theoretical concept of microstrip antenna, then introduces the cavity mode theory, and then mainly lists and introduces three kinds of designed microstrip antenna structures. Finally, these three types of microstrip patch antennas are analyzed. And the advantages, disadvantages, and development fields of the corresponding types of microstrip patch antennas are introduced. The application determines the structure of the method used, and each design has its strengths. Microstrip antennas always have room for research, and continuous research will be applied to more fields.
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Kumar, Ravi, Anchal Garg, Heli Shah, and Bhupinder Kaur. "Survey on performance parameters of planar microwave antennas." International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 31, Spl Volume (July 30, 2023): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v31spl.017.
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Planar antennas, which include microstrip antennas and printed circuit board antennas, are used in telecommunications. This study aims to provide an overview of microstrip antennas for diverse applications. Microstrip patch antenna design is a new study topic that has been established for usage in 5th-generation communication applications. An antenna is a group of connected devices that serve as a single antenna to broadcast or receive radio waves. Antennas come in a variety of designs and sizes. The paper discusses several printed microstrip antenna designs, such as rectangular to circular, broadband, dual-band, millimeter-wave and microstrip arrays. The microstrip patch is an antenna layout that is lightweight, low-profile, and results-oriented. Microstrip patch antennas may be employed in various 6G communication system applications in the future. This paper examines antenna geometric structures, antenna analysis methodologies, antenna dimensions and many different types of antennas. It will also go over the substrate materials, loss tangent, thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR), gain, and directivity so that an optimized antenna can be designed and fabricated having excellent characteristics for use in modern applications by the promising academic researchers in the near future.
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Li, Keyu, Dongsheng Wu, Dapeng Chu, and Lanlan Ping. "Simulation and Design of Three 5G Antennas." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (September 8, 2024): 8032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14178032.
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In the context of 5G networks, this paper investigates microstrip array antennas and mobile terminal MIMO array antennas. It introduces two innovative designs and, based on these, develops and fabricates a mobile terminal antenna. The first of these designs, a 4 × 4 microstrip array antenna operating in the LTE band 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz), is researched and fabricated and an innovative approach, combining embedded and coaxial feeding methods, is proposed and employed. Measurement results indicate a bandwidth of 373 MHz (3.321–3.694 GHz), achieving a relative bandwidth of 10.7%. The antenna exhibits a high gain of 12.7 dBi, with an undistorted radiation pattern, demonstrating excellent directional characteristics. The second of these designs, a “loop-slot” MIMO antenna designed for 5G mobile devices with metal frames, is investigated. By opening slots in the metal frame and integrating them into the antenna’s feeding structure, the decoupling principle is analyzed from the perspective of characteristic mode theory. This design shares resonant modes between the loop and slot antennas, allowing for the overlapping placement of the two antenna units. Experimental results confirm an isolation level exceeding 21 dB, with significantly reduced dimensions. Finally, an eight-unit MIMO antenna is designed and fabricated for 5G mobile devices with metal frames. Continuous optimization of the “loop-slot” module layout and unit spacing leads to a compact and miniaturized antenna structure. Measurement results show an isolation level exceeding 17 dB, radiation efficiency ranging from 65.8% to 73.7%, and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) below 0.03. Finally, an analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) demonstrates excellent MIMO performance in terms of human body radiation exposure.
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Nasrul, Nasrul, Firdaus Firdaus, Nurraudya Tuz Zahra, and Maulidya Rachmawati. "Planar hexagonal patch multiple input multiple output 4x4 antenna for UWB applications." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2025): 174. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v14i1.pp174-181.
Full textAbstract:
<span lang="EN-US">The combination of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology offers several advantages, including reduced interference, improved isolation, and optimized dual paths. These benefits extend the range and enhance signal quality. However, designing UWB-MIMO antennas presents challenges, such as achieving low mutual coupling for high isolation and creating small-sized antennas suitable for portable devices while being effective for UWB frequencies in a MIMO configuration. The proposed antenna is a 4x4 planar MIMO antenna with a hexagon-shaped patch, a partial ground plane featuring an inverted L-stub on the left side, and a plus-shaped slot in the centre ground. It has dimensions of 32 x 32 x 1.6 mm³ and is capable of achieving a wide bandwidth of 3-12.5 GHz. The antenna's performance measurements are impressive: return loss below -10 dB at frequencies of 3-12.5 GHz, mutual coupling below -16.5 dB, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) bellow 0.005, Diversity gain of more than 9.97, Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) below -10 dB. Based on these results, the proposed antenna offers excellent performance for UWB applications, featuring high efficiency, minimal interference between antenna elements, and optimal diversity performance.</span>
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Alrawashdeh, Rula. "A Cross-Shaped Slotted Patch Sensor Antenna for Ice and Frost Detection." Technologies 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2024): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13010005.
Full textAbstract:
Beyond data transmission, antennas have recently been utilized as sensors, offering the advantage of reducing hardware requirements and power consumption compared to systems where sensors are separate from antennas. Patch antennas, in particular, are widely used across various applications, including sensing, due to their attractive features like compact size and conformability. In addition, they can be easily designed in different ways to sense variations in certain variables. Adding a slot to the patch antenna introduces several advantages, including multiband, wideband operation, and improved impedance bandwidth. Slots also provide a concentrated region of electromagnetic fields, which increases the antenna’s sensitivity for sensing and detection purposes. In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna with a cross slot is designed and proposed for water, ice, and frost detection. Detection is achieved by measuring variations in the resonant frequency in response to water, ice accumulation, and frost. The results indicate that the proposed antenna can detect both water and ice accretion with a frequency shift of up to 1.538, 0.358, and 0.056 GHz, respectively, which reflects good sensitivity levels of the antenna. The effect of the slot on strengthening the near electric field and antenna sensitivity is discussed in this paper. The antenna is fabricated and measured and the indicators of each detection scale have been extracted. The proposed antenna has a simple structure and a small size of (40 × 40 × 1.53 m3). In addition, it can be precisely used to sense different environmental parameters such as frost and ice. Thus, it can serve as a strong candidate for detecting natural disasters like frost damage. Furthermore, the findings in this paper offer valuable insights into how the presence and structure of slots influence the sensitivity response of patch antennas, supporting ongoing research in this field.
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Daraghma, Raed, Eman Daraghmi, Yousef Daraghmi, and Hacene Fouchal. "Designing of Inverted F Antenna and Utilizing of Blockchain in Vehicle Systems." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 23 (October 1, 2024): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2024.23.8.
Full textAbstract:
Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi, Yousef Daraghmi, Hacene FoThis paper is the first to integrate a blockchain system to improve the manufacturing efficiency and reliability of 5G F Inverted antennas. The recommended antenna is constructed from a single side of a premium aluminum conductor, the width of the radiator is 0.564 mm, the thickness of the conductor is 0.77 mm ground plane is 29.3 x 29.3 mm2 dimension. The antenna is designed to work at a frequency of 5.9 GHz, therefore it can be used for vehicle applications. It is designed to be inserted as an integrated antenna into an IOT device and is composed of Microstrip F shapes. Therefore, a rectangular Microstrip patch F antenna was built and its performance was examined in this work. 5.9 GHz is the antenna's resonance frequency range, which is suitable for vehicle applications. The simulation software for this work was Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Antenna performance was compared concerning gain, bandwidth, and return on loss. By enhancing the production efficiency and reliability of 5G Inverted F antennas, our study sets a new benchmark for the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies, paving the way for ground-breaking advancements in manufacturing techniques. The relevance of creating an inverted F antenna for the Vehicle Systems environment is increased by this research. Typically, rod antennas are found in automobiles. However, the Vehicle Systems industry's requirements for meeting the demands of human resources with a variety of applications at different frequencies are not met by the rod antenna now in use. Because of their important characteristics, which include wideband matching, omnidirectional pattern, high efficiency, and compact size, microstrip patch Inverted F antennas are highly favored in the Vehicle Systems industry. uchal
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Kim, Ilkyu, and Eunhee Kim. "Quad-Band Uniformly Spaced Array Antenna Using Diverse Patch and Fractal Antennas." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063675.
Full textAbstract:
Multi-band antennas have received significant interest because they can support multiple wireless communication services with a single antenna. However, an array antenna consisting of these element antennas can suffer from non-periodic arrangement due to the irregular sizes of the elements. In this paper, various shapes of patch antennas with fractal antennas are used to ensure the periodic arrangement of the array antenna, and antenna array incorporated with a feed network is proposed. Four different antenna arrays operating at 2.45/3.7/4.3/5.0 GHz are aggregated in an antenna with interleaved disposition of the different element antennas. It is observed that mutual couplings between two elements are sufficiently low, at less than −23 dB. Peak antenna gain ranging from 11.1 dBi to 14.4 dBi at the four different bands is obtained.
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H. V., Pallavi, A. P. Jagadeesh Chandra, and Paramesha Paramesha. "Design and Performance Analysis of MIMO Patch Antenna Using Superstrate for Minimization of Mutual Coupling." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 21 (June 28, 2022): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2022.21.25.
Full textAbstract:
For 5G communications, An different types Antennas are plays major role to minimize mutual couplings and here MIMO is important technology which uses patch antenna’s. Where the existing design focuses only on frequency reconfiguration, but it does not take advantage of the entire frequency and power spectrum. Therefore, the honeycomb-shaped Metamaterial cells used in the suggested antenna design serve as a superstrate for micro-strip patch antennas with a extensive range of actual negative permittivity and permeability, as well as a refractive index feature. Also, to reduce mutual coupling in current printed and other antennas. A metamaterial superstrate-based micro-strip antenna with RF MEMS Varactor diode switching is proposed in this paper. Based on a micro-strip antenna, metamaterials in the shape of circular and hexagonal arrays are employed as the superstrate. Also, the superstrate layers serve as a random, providing strength to the entire structure while also improving other antenna metrics such as gain and bandwidth. The design outputs for several metamaterial superstrates in terms of reflection coefficient (S11), gain, and bandwidth are compared by adding varactor diode switches to the metamaterial superstrate, which also allows for frequency reconfiguration. As a result, the suggested antenna was designed to reduce mutual coupling and improve system performance in 5G technology, specifically in mm-wave applications. The obtained results for metamaterial superstrate designs demonstrate high bandwidth and gain behavior.