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Chien, Shih-Chang, Yueh-Chen Wu, Zeng-Weng Chen, and Wen-Chin Yang. "Naturally Occurring Anthraquinones: Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential in Autoimmune Diabetes." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/357357.
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Anthraquinones are a class of aromatic compounds with a 9,10-dioxoanthracene core. So far, 79 naturally occurring anthraquinones have been identified which include emodin, physcion, cascarin, catenarin, and rhein. A large body of literature has demonstrated that the naturally occurring anthraquinones possess a broad spectrum of bioactivities, such as cathartic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, vasorelaxing, and phytoestrogen activities, suggesting their possible clinical application in many diseases. Despite the advances that have been made in understanding the chemistry and biology of the anthraquinones in recent years, research into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential in autoimmune disorders is still at an early stage. In this paper, we briefly introduce the etiology of autoimmune diabetes, an autoimmune disorder that affects as many as 10 million worldwide, and the role of chemotaxis in autoimmune diabetes. We then outline the chemical structure and biological properties of the naturally occurring anthraquinones and their derivatives with an emphasis on recent findings about their immune regulation. We discuss the structure and activity relationship, mode of action, and therapeutic potential of the anthraquinones in autoimmune diabetes, including a new strategy for the use of the anthraquinones in autoimmune diabetes.
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Dong, Qiulin, Binbing Ling, Bosong Gao, Jason Maley, Ramaswami Sammynaiken, and Jian Yang. "Hedyotis diffusa Water Extract Diminished the Cytotoxic Effects of Chemotherapy Drugs against Human Breast Cancer MCF7 Cells." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 5 (May 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900529.
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Hedyotis diffusa is a Chinese herbal medicine widely used in combination with other herbal medicines such as Scutellaria barbata to treat various types of cancer. Late-stage and recurrent cancer patients usually use H. diffusa during chemotherapy in expecting to achieve additive or synergistic therapeutic effects. Several classes of active ingredients, including anthraquinones, iridoid glucosides and stigmasterols, have been isolated and characterized from H. diffusa. In the current study, we isolated alkaloid/flavonoid from H. diffusa and showed that the crude alkaloid/flavonoid extract rather than its three major components possessed antitumor activity against human breast cancer cell line MCF7. Co-administration of H. diffusa water extract diminished the cytotoxicities of chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and docetaxel towards the MCF7 cells, implicating that H. diffusa should not be used during breast cancer chemotherapy.
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Sulieman Ahmed Gasim El Said, Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali, and Yousra Omer EL-Desogi. "Phytochemical Analysis and Traditional uses of two locally available Ficus species (beneghalensis and sycomorus)." Journal of The Faculty of Science and Technology, no. 7 (August 20, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/jfst.vi7.1074.
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Two Ficus species that are commonly used in Sudanese Traditional Medicine for the management of various ailments were screened for their phytochemical groups using chemical reagent and Thin Layer Chromatography. Qualitative phytochemical tests were used to detect the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and anthraquinones. Six compounds from F. benegalensis and seven from F. sycomorus quenching were reported from the various parts of these two plants. However , more number of compounds were found in the leaves. The data generated from this study have provided the chemical basis for wide use of F. sycomorus as therapeutic agent for treating various ailments. However, there is need to further carry out advanced hyphenated spectroscopic studies in order to elucidate the structure of these compounds. Furthermore, this data may be handy in probing of biochemistry of this plant in the future.
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Ghosh, Sourav, Arvind Kumar, Neetu Sachan, and Phool Chandra. "Re-exploring an Epicentre Spice with Immense Therapeutic Potentials: Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 9 (November 29, 2020): 1326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401316666200316120944.
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Background: Spices are mostly used as additives in food regularly to enhance the taste and flavour. From ancient times, the plant of Piperaceae family contributes a large variety of species to the spices section, from which Piper nigrum is one of the widely used spices worldwide in culinary and as a medicinal agent. Piper nigrum is known as the king of spice due to its impactful constituent ‘piperine’. Objective: To report a comprehensive view on the botanical description, traditional and culinary use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicology of P. nigrum. Methods: Literature searches were carried out in various databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research literature about traditional and culinary use, biologically active compounds and distinctive pharmacological activities along with toxicology of P. nigrum. Results: The main outcomes from the search are the bioactive compounds responsible for various pharmacological activities, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. Apart from its traditional uses, it is accounted for the treatment of numerous diseases worldwide. Pharmacologically, the plant has been investigated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, digestive, antidiarrheal, anticancer, neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antithyroid and antiasthmatic activities. Black pepper showed no toxic effect up to 250 times more than their usual amount. Conclusion: The overall review suggests that P. nigrum is not just a commonly utilized spice but also at the same time utilized as a traditional plant with immense therapeutic potentials. The review also suggests that limited work has been reported on the neuropharmacological activity of P. nigrum. So, scientific evaluation of its neuroprotective effect can be a thrust area for the research.
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Gaman, Laura, Dorin Dragos, Adelina Vlad, Georgiana Catalina Robu, Mugurel Petrinel Radoi, Laura Stroica, Mihaela Badea, and Marilena Gilca. "Phytoceuticals in Acute Pancreatitis: Targeting the Balance between Apoptosis and Necrosis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5264592.
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Despite recent advances in understanding the complex pathogenesis of pancreatitis, the management of the disease remains suboptimal. The use of phytoceuticals (plant-derived pleiotropic multitarget molecules) represents a new research trend in pancreatology. The purpose of this review is to discuss the phytoceuticals with pancreatoprotective potential in acute pancreatitis and whose efficacy is based, at least in part, on their capacity to modulate the acinar cell death. The phytochemicals selected, belonging to such diverse classes as polyphenols, flavonoids, lignans, anthraquinones, sesquiterpene lactones, nitriles, and alkaloids, target the balance between apoptosis and necrosis. Activation of apoptosis via various mechanisms (e.g., inhibition of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteins by embelin, upregulation of FasL gene expression by resveratrol) and/or inhibition of necrosis seem to represent the essential key for decreasing the severity of the disease. Apart from targeting the apoptosis/necrosis balance, the phytochemicals displayed other specific protective activities: inhibition of inflammasome (e.g., rutin), suppression of neutrophil infiltration (e.g., ligustrazine, resveratrol), and antioxidant activity. Even though many of the selected phytoceuticals represent a promising therapeutic alternative, there is a shortage of human evidence, and further studies are required to provide solid basis to justify their use in the treatment of pancreatitis.
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Madia, Valentina Noemi, Daniela De Vita, Antonella Messore, Chiara Toniolo, Valeria Tudino, Alessandro De Leo, Ivano Pindinello, et al. "Analytical Characterization of an Inulin-Type Fructooligosaccharide from Root-Tubers of Asphodelusramosus L." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14030278.
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Plant-based systems continue to play a pivotal role in healthcare, and their use has been extensively documented. Asphodelus L. is a genus comprising various herbaceous species, known by the trivial name Asphodelus. These plants have been known since antiquity for both food and therapeutic uses, especially for treating several diseases associated with inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of different constituents, mainly anthraquinones, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Although extensive literature has been published on these constituents, a paucity of information has been reported regarding the carbohydrate composition, such as fructans and fructan-like derivatives. The extraction of water-soluble neutral polysaccharides is commonly performed using water extraction, at times assisted by microwaves and ultrasounds. Herein, we reported the investigation of the alkaline extraction of root-tubers of Asphodelus ramosus L., analyzing the water-soluble polysaccharides obtained by precipitation from the alkaline extract and its subsequent purification by chromatography. A polysaccharide was isolated by alkaline extraction; the HPTLC study to determine its composition showed fructose as the main monosaccharide. FT-IR analysis showed the presence of an inulin-type structure, and NMR analyses allowed us to conclude that A. ramosus roots contain polysaccharide with an inulin-type fructooligosaccharide with a degree of polymerization of 7–8.
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Osman Adam, Osman Adam, Ragaa Satti Mohmmed Abadi, and Saad Mohamed Hussein Ayoub. "Antioxidant activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Cytotoxic activity of Euphorbia aegyptiaca." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2 (March 15, 2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2.3911.
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Euphorbia aegyptiaca is a herbaceous plant traditionally used in Sudan for treatment of various diseases, and the study of this plant is still limited. The aim of the present study was to screen the phytochemicals and to assess the Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, flavonoid contents and cytotoxic activity of Euphorbia aegyptiaca. The plant material was extracted successively by Soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane, chloroform and methanol. The chemical constituents of the extracts were carried out using the standard procedures. The Folin- Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride method was employed to calculate the total phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. The antioxidant activity, was assessed by measuring the scavenging activity of the DPPH (2.2Di (4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picryl-hydrazyl) and Propyl Gallate as standard antioxidants. While cytotoxic activities were screened using brine shrimp. Phytochemical screening studies revealed that flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins, sterols, terpenes, anthraquinones and alkaloids were the main phytochemicals present in extracts of E. aegyptiaca. The methanol extract showed the highest level of total phenolic contents (173.49±2.427 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (239.53±7.90 mg QE/g), and the highest antioxidant activity 89% with least (IC50 0.0449µg/ml), and the no toxicity against brine shrimp (LD50 3423.156). Furthermore, no toxicity in all extracts was observed. The present study is the first evaluation regarding the characterization of E. aegyptiaca and its safety, and the results demonstrate its antioxidant potential and suggest its safe therapeutic use. The results suggest that methanol extract is a rich source of phytochemicals and exhibits highest amount of and total phenolic, flavonoid content and significant antioxidant activity and it has no cytotoxic activity. E. aegyptiaca plant can be regarded as a promising Source of naturally occurring potential antioxidants.
Keywords: Euphorbia aegyptiaca, Sudan, Antioxidant, Total phenolic, total flavonoid, Cytotoxicity.
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Farooq, Hassan. "Histopathological Evaluation of GastroHepatoprotective Effect of Cassia fistula versus Naproxen in Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis." Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore 33, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47489/p000s334z7241-6mc.
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Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating disease leading to incapacitation and deformity due to side effects of anti arthritic drugs and chronic need to use these drugs, patients often switch to and prefer phytotherapy. Aims & Objectives: The present study was the histopathological evaluation of gastrohepatoprotective effect of Cassia fistula compared to naproxen in rheumatoid arthritis murine model. Place and duration of study: This three month study was conducted at the Animal House, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Material & Methods: Ninety six male rats were randomly sorted into 12 groups (n=8). CFA injection (0.2 ml) was administered in the right hind paw of all groups except Group 1 (negative control). Group 2 (positive control) and groups 3-7 (prophylactic groups) were administered orally BD on 3 consecutive days 1,2 &3, naproxen (25mg/kg), anthraquinone (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg) and methanolic (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg) extracts of Cassia fistula respectively, the first dose given 30min prior to CFA injection .Groups 8-12 (therapeutic groups) were given naproxen, anthraquinone and methanolic extracts orally BD respectively in the same doses on 3 consecutive days 9, 10 and 11. On Day 15, histopathology of stomach & liver was done. Results: Oral anthraquinone and methanolic extracts of Cassia fistula 500mg/kg vs 250mg/kg BD, in prophylactic groups normalized histology of gastric and liver tissue more as compared to the therapeutic groups and to naproxen gastrohepatic damage . Conclusion: Cassia fistula anthraquinone and methanolic extracts exhibited greater prophylactic than therapeutic, dose dependent gastrohepatoprotection as compared to naproxen damage to these organs in the CFA rheumatoid arthritis rat model. Key words: Cassia fistula, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA), naproxen, gastrohepatoprotective
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Subedi, Yagya Prasad, and Cheng-Wei Tom Chang. "Cationic Anthraquinone Analogs as Selective Antimicrobials." Microbiology Insights 12 (January 2019): 117863611984780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178636119847809.
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Development of new antibiotics is always needed in the fight against growing threat from multiple drug–resistant bacteria, such as resistant Gram-negative (G−) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. While the development of broad-spectrum antibiotics has attracted great attention, careful administration of these antibiotics is important to avoid adverse effects, like Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, for example, quinolones, can increase the risk of CDI by eradicating the protective bacteria in intestine and encouraging C difficile spore germination. Many common intestine bacteria are G− or anaerobic, including Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis, and E coli. Hence, it may be advantageous in certain therapeutic practices to employ selective antimicrobials. For instance, Gram-positive (G+) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that can cause life-threatening sepsis can be controlled with the use of selective antibiotic, vancomycin. Nevertheless, its effectiveness has been limited with the emerging of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). A recent report on antimicrobial cationic anthraquinone analogs (CAAs) that show tunable activity and selectivity may provide new hope in the search for selective antimicrobials. In particular, the lead CAA displays prominent activity against MRSA while manifesting low activity against E coli and low cytotoxicity toward normal mammalian cells.
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Békési-Kallenberger, Heléna, Györgyi Horváth, Tímea Bencsik, Viktória Lilla Balázs, Rita Filep, and Nóra Papp. "Comparative Histological and Phytochemical Study of Fallopia Species." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 2 (February 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100229.
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Fallopia species which belong to the Polygonaceae family have several data related to their use in the Asian herbal medicine. In this work, some histological and phytochemical parameters of Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis, and F. × bohemica were analysed and compared. Rhizome and leaf samples were collected before, during, and after the flowering period at 3 habitats in Szombathely and 4 habitats in Baranya County, Hungary. The main histological characteristics of the stem, leaf and petiole were studied by light microscopy in cross section. Total tannin and anthraquinone contents were determined according to the official methods of the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia VIIIth (equal to the European Pharmacopoeia 6th). No species-specific markers were found in any plant part. In the rhizome, the highest tannin content was measured in Japanese knotweed, followed by Bohemian and giant knotweed in each period. The tannin content measured in each plant was higher in the leaves than in the rhizomes except F. japonica. The rhizome of F. japonica had the highest anthraquinone content before the flowering period, followed by F. × bohemica and F. sachalinensis. According to earlier and our preliminary data, Fallopia taxa are of great therapeutic promise in the future.
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Thakur, Shifali, Hemlata Kaurav, and Gitika Chaudhary. "A Review on Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (Dhatki): Ayurvedic, Folk and Modern Uses." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 3 (May 15, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i3.4839.
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Woodfordia fruticosa kurz is an herbal plant that belongs to the family Lythraceae. This plant is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India, Sri Lanka, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and Pakistan. The plant possesses a long history of medicinal use. The flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa are recorded to possess potent therapeutic values. The various phytochemicals isolated from this plant are tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, glycosides and polyphenols. The extract of flowers and leaves are associated with useful therapeutic activities. These phytochemical compounds have many pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antifertility and anti-tumor. These pharmacological activities of Woodfordia fruticosa plant are also mentioned in the literature of ayurveda, yunani and other traditional systems of medicine. This review is intended to provide brief information on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa on the basis of chemical constituents, folk usage, ayurvedic usage, modern usage and its biological activities.
Keywords: Woodfordia fruticosa, antimicrobial, Ayurvedic, flavonoids, Octacosanol
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Hou, Jingyi, Yu Gu, Shuai Zhao, Mengqi Huo, Shifeng Wang, Yanling Zhang, Yanjiang Qiao, and Xi Li. "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Aurantio-Obtusin from Seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. through Modulation of the NF-κB Pathway." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123093.
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Aurantio-obtusin, an anthraquinone compound, isolated from dried seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. (syn. Senna obtusifolia; Fabaceae) and Cassia tora L. (syn. Senna tora). Although the biological activities of Semen Cassiae have been reported, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of aurantio-obtusin, its main compound, on RAW264.7 cells, remained unknown. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of aurantio-obtusin on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells in vitro and elucidated the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Nitric oxide production (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by the Griess colorimetric method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) were monitored by cell-based ELISA. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) synthesis were analyzed using ELISA. The mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, and the critical pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Aurantio-obtusin significantly decreased the production of NO, PGE2, and inhibited the protein expression of COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6, which were similar to those gene expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.01). Consistent with the pro-inflammatory gene expression, the Aurantio-obtusin efficiently reduced the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggested that aurantio-obtusin may function as a therapeutic agent and can be considered in the further development of treatments for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Further studies may provide scientific evidence for the use of aurantio-obstusin as a new therapeutic agent for inflammation-related diseases.
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Tine, Yoro, Moussa Diop, Idrissa Ndoye, Alioune Diallo, and Alassane Wele. "Revue bibliographique sur la composition chimique et les activités biologiques de Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combretaceae)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): 3449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i7.37.
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Cette étude avait pour objectif de faire le point sur la composition chimique et les activités biologiques de G. senegalensis, une plante médicinale largement utilisée en Afrique par les guérisseurs traditionnels pour le traitement de divers troubles. La plupart de ces études chimiques ont porté sur le criblage phytochimique des extraits de feuilles, de racines, de tiges et de galles. Elles ont montré la présence d'hydrates de carbone, de stéroïdes, de saponines, de flavonoïdes, d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, de saponines, de glycosides cardiaques, de coumarines, d’anthraquinones, d’acide ascorbique, d’hétérosides cardiotoniques, de cyanogènes et de terpénoïdes. Les potentialités thérapeutiques des extraits de G. senegalensis rapportées dans plusieurs travaux scientifiques ont porté sur les activités antibactériennes, antitussives, antidiarrhéiques, cytotoxiques, anti-inflammatoires antipaludiques, antitrypanosomiques, antihelminthiques, antivirales et antioxydantes. Des études de toxicité sur ces extraits ont été aussi réalisées. Ainsi, des études de caractérisation chimique (variabilité chimique), de formulation galénique et aussi de toxicité clinique sur G. senegalensis doivent être menées afin de mettre en place des produits de phytothérapie moderne.Mots clés: Phytochimie, pharmacologie, feuilles, Guiera senegalensis. English Title: Review on the chemical composition and biological activities of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combretaceae)The aim of this study was to review the chemical composition and biological activities of G. senegalensis, a medicinal plant widely used in Africa by traditional healers for the treatment of various disorders. Most of these chemical studies have focused on the phytochemical screening of leaf, root, stem and gall extracts. They showed the presence of carbohydrate, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, anthraquinones, ascorbic acid, cardiotonic glycosides, cyanogens and terpenoids. The therapeutic potentialities of extracts of G. senegalensis reported in several scientific studies have focused on antibacterial, antitussive, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, anthelmintic, antiviral and antioxidant activities. Toxicity studies on these extracts have also been carried out. Thus, chemical characterization studies (chemical variability), galenic formulation and clinical toxicity studies on G. senegalensis must be carried out in order to implement modern phytotherapy products.Keywords: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, leaves, Guiera senegalensis.
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Nigussie, Gashaw, Fozia Ibrahim, and Sebsib Neway. "A Phytopharmacological Review on a Medicinal Plant: Cordia africana Lam." Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry 5, no. 3 (January 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v5i3.267.
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The use of phytoconstituents single or combined with standard medicines has been utilized in cure of different diseases. Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Cordia africana Lam. (family- Boraginaceae) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, 4 to 15 (30) m high, heavily branched with a spreading, umbrella-shaped or rounded crown. Bole typically curved or crooked. Bark grayish-brown to dark brown, smooth in young trees, but soon becoming rough and longitudinally fissured with age; young branch lets with sparse long. Uses of C. africana: firewood, timber (furniture, beehives, boxes, mortars, church, drums), food (fruit), medicine (bark, roots), fodder (leaves), bee forage, mulch, soil conservation, ornamental, shade. Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and protins having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of Cordia africana. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive, and others have been well documented for this plant. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the various bioactivities of Cordia africana to improve our knowledge on plant phytochemicals as therapeutic entities. The present review describes the various phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of Cordia africana that can be followed for future research on this plant for human health benefits.
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Orhan, Ilkay Erdogan, Abdur Rauf, Muhammad Saleem, and Anees Ahmed Khalil. "Natural Molecules as Talented Inhibitors of Nucleotide Pyrophosphatases/Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 21 (September 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666210909164118.
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Background: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a wide group of enzymes with multiple therapeutic actions, including vasorelaxation, cardiotonic, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anti-spasmolytic, memory-enhancing, and anti-asthmatic. PDEs with eleven subtypes from PDE-1 to PDE-11 typically catalyze the cleavage of the phosphodiester bond and, hence, degrades either cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Objective: Several selective or non-selective inhibitors of the PDE subtypes are used clinically, i.e. sildenafil, rolipram, cysteine, etc. Recently, interest in plant-based pharmacologically bioactive compounds having potent PDEs inhibitory potential has increased. Purposely, extensive research has been carried out on natural products to explore new inhibitors of various PDEs. Therefore, this review summarizes the published data on natural PDEs inhibitors and their potential therapeutic applications. Methods: For this purpose, natural compounds with PDE inhibitory potential have been surveyed through several databases, including PubMed, Web of Sciences (WoS), Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results : According to a detailed literature survey, the most promising class of herbal compounds with PDE-inhibiting property has been found to belong to phenolics, including flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol, icariin, etc.). Many other encouraging inhibitors from plants have also been identified, such as coumarins (23, 24) (licoarylcoumarin and glycocoumarin,), saponins ( agapanthussaponins), lignans (31, 33) [(±)-schizandrin and kobusin], terpenes (28, 29, 31) (perianradulcin A, quinovic acid, and ursolic acid), anthraquinones (18, 19) (emodin and chrysophanol), and alkaloids (Sanjoinine-D) (36). Conclusion: In this review, studies have revealed the PDE-inhibitory potential of natural plant extracts and their bioactive constituents in treating various diseases; however, further clinical studies comprising synergistic use of different therapies (synthetic & natural) to acquire multi-targeted results might also be a promising option.
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Danish, P., Q. Ali, MM Hafeez, and A. Malik. "ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA PLANT EXTRACT." Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal 2020, no. 1 (December 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2020i1.4.
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Aloe vera is a well-known medicinal plant used in many therapeutic purposes. Naturally it is composed of many useful compounds that have ability to use for treatment of many diseases. The active compounds reported in this plant are saponins, sugar, enzymes, vitamins, aloesin, aloeemodin, aloin, acemannan aloemannan, aloeride, methylchromones, flavonoids, naftoquinones, sterols, minerals, anthraquinones, amino acids, lignin and salicylic acid and other different compounds including fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, enzymes, minerals, simple/complex sugars, organic acid and phenolic compounds. In this study aloe vera is used for antibacterial and antifulgal activity against different strains of bacteria and pathogenic fungal strains. Ethanol extract of Aloe vera leaves and roots is applied on these bacterial and fungal strains in different concentrations (15, 20, 25, 30µl). Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtitis, Bacillus megaterium, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and some other bacterial strains are used for this study. Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefacins shows zone of inhibition around 18mm which consider as good result. Bacillus subtitis and Bacillus megaterium also shows good result around 16mm. Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows minimum zone of inhibition which is around 11mm. among all used fungal strains (fuserium oxysporum, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger) fuserium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger shows excellent results around 19mm both against root extract and leaves extract.
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Egua, Maxwell Osaronowen, Florence Chimezie Nwinyi, Ode Julius Okwoche, Onakpa Micheal Monday, Akande Motunrayo Ganiyat, Onoja Samuel Okwudili, Mikail Hudu Garba, Akumka David Dezi, and Adamu Mohammed. "Evaluation of Andira inermis stem bark extract for hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects’." Clinical Phytoscience 6, no. 1 (November 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00225-5.
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Abstract Background The aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis(A. inermis) stem bark was screened for phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, acute oral toxicity, and preliminary prophylactic normoglycaemic test and effect on Oral Glucose Tolerance in albino rats. Methods Andira inermis was double macerated and extracted with 80% methanol. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity were performed using standard methods. The extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging spectrophotometric assays. Prophylactic control of glucose was evaluated in normoglycaemic and glucose-challenged albino rats. Graded test doses (100–400 mg/kg body weight) of the extract were used in the investigation. The effects observed were compared with that of glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg) and distilled water control groups. Results The stem bark extract of A. inermis was found to contain saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, flavanoids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and alkaloids. The extract was found to have a significant in vitro antioxidant activity in both methods. The oral acute toxicity study showed the extract had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. The extract significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic animal model (the control group seen to have − 5.6(− 8.7%) poor glucose handling; and the glibenclamide& extract treatment group (100 mg/kg) to positively reduce blood glucose 14.8(26.8%) & 16.4(25.9%) respectively). The glucose challenged test, from the 1st hour, showed − 57.4(− 89.4%),-26.8(− 33.8%),-23.8(− 26.3%),-12.8(− 13.9%) and − 9.8(− 10.4%) for the vehicle control, glibenclamide (positive control), and the 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg extract treatment groups respectively. The extract showed mild hypoglycemic effect in the results recorded, up to the 4th hour. Conclusion The results of this study elucidated that the aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis stem bark possessed potent antioxidant phyto-constituents with potential hypoglycaemic effects that could be explored for therapeutic use worldwide following isolation and characterization of the bioactive principles. And the results also authenticate the folklore use of the plant.
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Lopez-Pazos, Silvio Alejandro, Leanis Pitre-Ruiz, Deycis Galván-Ayala, Kelly Johanna Ávila Mendez, and Omar Castro-Uriana. "In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd extracts on Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans." Vitae 28, no. 2 (June 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v28n2a345381.
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Background: “Dividivi” Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd fruits are traditionally used by the Wayuú community in La Guajira (Colombia) to treat oral and skin cavity diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive cocci of group A (beta-hemolytic) that is the cause of pharyngeal disease, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, or toxic shock-like syndrome. Alternatively, Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that is a normal flora of the digestive tract, vagina, or skin folds; it has been known to be the root cause of opportunistic diseases such as diaper rash, oral and esophagus thrush, or vulvovaginitis. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. coriaria (Jacq.) Willd dry fruits on S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053. Method: C. coriaria extracts were obtained from the Soxhlet method using two solvents (methanol and ethanol 98%) prepared from pulverized fruits. A phytochemical test and an antimicrobial activity assay were performed using the obtained extracts and tested using S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053 strains. Results: A phytochemical profile was performed, examining the presence of bioactive metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and anthraquinones) from each extract. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the ethanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes ATCC 12384, causing inhibition halos of 14.1 ± 0.1 mm and a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 172 mg/ml, and C. albicans test shows inhibition halos of 16.1 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 212 mg/ml. Additionally, the methanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes with inhibition halos of 15.2 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 152 mg/ml; no inhibitory effect was observed on C. albicans. Conclusion: This study revealed that C. coriaria has an antimicrobial effect on the tested species opening the field of its possible use as a therapeutic agent.
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KHATTAK, AAMIR KHAN, SYEDA MONA HASSAN, and SHAHZAD SHARIF MUGHAL. "GENERAL OVERVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF RHEUM PALMATUM (CHINESE RHUBARB)." Innovare Journal of Ayurvedic Sciences, October 31, 2020, 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijas.2020.v8i6.39192.
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Recent probe of medicinal plants incorporated in traditional systems for curing infection and sustaining holistic health, has exposed good sum of therapeutic efficiency against deleterious infections and chronic illnesses. Rheum palmatum (Chinese Rhubarb, family Polygonaceae) is a significant medicinal herb, which finds an extensive use in Unani (Traditional) system of medicine. It has been traditionally employed as antiseptic, liver stimulant, diuretic, diabetes, stomachic, purgative/cathartic, anticholesterolemic, antitumor, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, tonic, antidiabetic, and wound healer. The most vital components from Rheum palmatum are the phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and anthraquinone derivatives such as aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, rhein, emodin and its glucorhein, and glycoside. Rhubarb also contains tannins which include hydrolysable-tannins, containing glycosidic or ester bonds composed of glucose, gallic acid, and other monosaccharide’s and condensed tannins, resulting principally from the flavone derivatives leukocyanidin and catechin. In recent years, new components such asrevandchinone-1, revandchinone-2, revandchinone-3, revandchinone-4, sulfemodin8-O-b-Dglucoside, and 6-methyl-rhein and aloe-emodin have been reported from the same class. It also encompasses some macro and micro mineral elements such as Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Na, Cu, and Li. Anthraquinone derivatives demonstrate evidence of anti-microbial, antifungal, anti-proliferative, anti-Parkinson’s, immune enhancing, anticancer, antiulcer, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. This review article covers published study on therapeutic uses of different constituents from rhubarb.
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Sougiannis, Alexander T., Reilly T. Enos, Brandon N. VanderVeen, Kandy T. Velazquez, Brittany Kelly, Sierra McDonald, William Cotham, et al. "Safety of natural anthraquinone emodin: an assessment in mice." BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40360-021-00474-1.
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Abstract Background Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, has shown potential as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases including cancer. However, its clinical development is hindered by uncertainties surrounding its potential toxicity. The primary purpose of this study was to uncover any potential toxic properties of emodin in mice at doses that have been shown to have efficacy in our cancer studies. In addition, we sought to assess the time course of emodin clearance when administered both intraperitoneally (I.P.) and orally (P.O.) in order to begin to establish effective dosing intervals. Methods We performed a subchronic (12 week) toxicity study using 3 different doses of emodin (~ 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) infused into the AIN-76A diet of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 5/group/sex). Body weight and composition were assessed following the 12-week feeding regime. Tissues were harvested and assessed for gross pathological changes and blood was collected for a complete blood count and evaluation of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine. For the pharmacokinetic study, emodin was delivered intraperitoneally I.P. or P.O. at 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg doses to male and female mice (n = 4/group/sex/time-point) and circulating levels of emodin were determined at 1, 4 and 12 h following administration via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Results We found that 12 weeks of low (20 mg/kg), medium (40 mg/kg), or high (80 mg/kg) emodin feeding did not cause pathophysiological perturbations in major organs. We also found that glucuronidated emodin peaks at 1 h for both I.P. and P.O. administered emodin and is eliminated by 12 h. Interestingly, female mice appear to metabolize emodin at a faster rate than male mice as evidenced by greater levels of glucuronidated emodin at the 1 h time-point (40 mg/kg for both I.P. and P.O. and 20 mg/kg I.P.) and the 4-h time-point (20 mg/kg I.P.). Conclusions In summary, our studies establish that 1) emodin is safe for use in both male and female mice when given at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg doses for 12 weeks and 2) sex differences should be considered when establishing dosing intervals for emodin treatment.
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Sabbah, Dima A., Kamal Sweidan, Rima Hajjo, and Haizhen A. Zhong. "An Integrative Informatics Approach to Explain the Mechanism of Action of Novel N1-(Anthraquinon-2-yl) Amidrazones as BCR/ABL Inhibitors." Current Computer-Aided Drug Design 16 (August 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573409916666200819113444.
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Background: Drugs incorporating heterocyclic chemical skeletons possess a plethora of therapeutic activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and antipsychiatric effects. It is becoming routine, nowadays, to use cheminformatics and bioinformatics methods to elucidate the mechanism(s) of action of such drugs. Objective: To probe the activity of a recently published series of N1-(anthraquinon-2-yl) amidrazone piperazine derivatives employing computational strategies[1], identify their structural basis of binding to BCR/ABL kinase domain, and explain their anticancer activities in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cell lines. Methods: We applied an in silico integrative informatics approach integrating molecular descriptors, docking studies, cheminformatics, and network analysis. Results: Our results highlighted the possible involvement of the BCR/ABL and DRD2 pathways in the anticancer activity of the studied compounds, and induced fit docking (IFD) indicated that the BCR/ABL kinase domain is a putative drug target. Additionally, high-scoring docking poses identified a unique network of hydrogen bonding with amino acids Y253, K271, E286, V299, L301, T315, M318, I360, R362, V379, and D3810. Conclusion: Using an integrative informatics approach to characterize our anticancer compounds, we were able to explain the biological differences between synthesized and biologically validated amidrazone piperazine anticancer agents. We were also able to postulate a mechanism of action of this novel group of anticancer agents.
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Ansari, Athar Parvez, Mohammad Arif, Abdul Raheem, Arsheed Iqbal, and Firdaus Kausar. "TIRYAQ-I-AFAYEE (A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION) OF UNANI MEDICINE USED IN THE PREVENTION OF WABĀI AMRĀD (EPIDEMIC/ PANDEMIC DISEASES) – AN APPRAISAL." Indian Journal of Unani Medicine 13, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.53390/ijum.v13i2.6.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tiryaq-i-Afayee, a polyherbal formulation of Unani medicine used in the prevention and treatment of various wabāi amrād (epidemic/ pandemic diseases) since olden days. This review study has been carried out to explore the therapeutic efficacy of this formulation in the light of scientific studies. MATERIALS & METHODS: A total of 74 literature comprising classical Unani texts from the period of 9th – 20th century AD, and published research articles in various reputed journals from 1999 – 2020 AD were reviewed regarding immunomodulatory, antiviral, antiinfluenza, antioxidant, antitussive, antimicrobial effects of Tiryaq-iAfayee, as a whole preparation and its individual ingredients. RESULTS:Tiryaq-i-Afayee contains Sibr Zard (Aloe vera) (2 parts), Murr Makki (Commiphora myrrha) (1 part) and Zafran (Crocus sativus) (1 part). It is prepared in the form of pill, and 2 g is used in alternate day for prevention and management of epidemic diseases. All the three ingredients of this compound formulation belong to plants and individually used for various medicinal purposes. DISCUSSION: A study revealed that Tiryaq-i-Afayee possesses significant immunomodulatory effect in a small group of immuno compromised persons. An ethanol extract of Aloe vera exhibited antiinfluenza effect against influenza A virus due to presence of aloe-emodine (anthraquinone glycoside). Certain studies have reported that Commiphora myrrha possesses significant antioxidant and antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another study has revealed that Saffron extract exhibited promising antiviral activity due to presence of crocin and picrocrocin. CONCLUSION: The aforementioned classical and modern conventional materials have given plentiful information regarding use of Tiryaq-i-Afayee in the prevention of epidemic/ pandemic diseases.
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Zeng, Jing-Yi, Yu Wang, Miao Miao, and Xiao-Rong Bao. "The Effects of Rhubarb for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy in Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.602816.
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Background: Rhubarb, also known as Da Huang, is a traditional Chinese medicine, and it was often used as a laxative in the past. Recently, multiple studies have applied rhubarb to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN). Anthraquinones, including emodin and rhein, have been extracted from rhubarb and used to explore the effective components and possible mechanisms of rhubarb for DN. Evaluating the efficacy of rhubarb may provide a scientific reference for the clinical application of rhubarb for the treatment of DN.Objective: 1) To evaluate the efficacy of rhubarb in the treatment of DN; 2) To identify the most effective ingredient of rhubarb for DN; 3) To explore the specific mechanism of rhubarb in treating DN.Methods: Data sources: related studies were identified by searching Cochrane Library, Ovid-EMBASE, PubMed, SinoMed, WanFang, VIP, CNKI, and other Chinese magazines.Assessment and analysis: SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies was used to assess the quality of articles. The meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data analysis adopted RevMan 5.3 and STATA 12.0 software.This study was published in the register with PROSPERO, number CRD42020204701.Results: Aggregated data were collected from 27 eligible studies. The results illustrated an intense improvement in the following outcomes in rhubarb-treated animals with DN (p < 0.05): blood glucose, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), urine protein (UP), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), renal index (two kidneys weight/body weight, KW/BW), tubulointerstitial injury index (TII), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and protein, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein, and E-cadherin (E-cad) protein. Of these, DN animals with rhubarb exhibited a significantly higher level of E-cad protein. In addition, the level of the other outcomes mentioned above decreased significantly, while there was no significant association between the intervention and nephrin protein (p > 0.05).Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that rhubarb has a positive therapeutic effect on animals with DN, which may provide confidence and some theoretical reference for clinical application to a certain extent.