Academic literature on the topic 'Anthropogenic occupations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Anthropogenic occupations"
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Anderson, Atholl, Karen Stothert, Helene Martinsson-Wallin, Paul Wallin, Iona Flett, Simon Haberle, Henk Heijnis, and Edward Rhodes. "Reconsidering Precolumbian Human Colonization in the Galápagos Islands, Republic of Ecuador." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 2 (June 2016): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.2.169.
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Fifty years ago, Heyerdahl and Skjølsvold (1956, 1990) collected material from five archaeological sites in the Galápagos Islands. They retained earthenwares of possible precolumbian origin and discarded ceramic, metal, and glass artifacts postdating the arrival of the Spanish in A.D. 1535. Consequently, they argued that each site was formed as the results of a series of discard events from unrelated short-term occupations extending from the precolumbian to the historical era, and that the earthenwares represented occasional visits by fishermen from precolumbian Peru and Ecuador. In 2005, we re-excavated the sites and collected all the excavated materials. Our results show that each class of material, irrespective of age or origin, was distributed spatially and stratigraphically in the same pattern, contradicting the former assumption of multiple, unrelated occupations. We reject the palimpsest model in favor of the null hypothesis of single-phase site occupation. Analysis of putatively precolumbian pottery using optically-stimulated luminescence dating indicates that it is mostly of historical age. Radiocarbon dating confirms that the archaeological sites are younger than the sixteenth century. Research on sedimentary cores shows probable anthropogenic impacts as restricted to the last 500 years. We conclude that there was no human occupation in the Galápagos Islands until the historical era.
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Hall, Grant, Lyn Wadley, and Stephan Woodborne. "Past Environmental Proxies from the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of African Archaeology 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10246.
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Middle Stone Age technological and behavioural developments in southern Africa are central to understanding the emergence of modern humans, and elucidating the role of environmental change in this trajectory is dependent on emerging palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Climate proxies from Middle Stone Age sites are often poorly preserved, coarsely resolved or subject to anthropogenic selection and are not considered in favour of global environmental proxies despite the fact that the modern climate regimes at the relevant archaeological sites differ profoundly. Sibudu has a well-preserved Middle Stone Age sequence that has yielded abundant palaeoclimate proxy data. Isotopic analysis of charcoal, charcoal anatomy and species representation, macro- and micro-faunal remains, sediment texture, mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility, pollen and macrobotanical remains provide evidence for the environmental succession specific to this site. The isotopic data suggest that archaeological charcoal was not significantly post-depositionally altered. During the Howiesons Poort (65–62 ka) the local environment was thickly forested, moist and more humid than during the 58 ka occupations. The environment changes during the post-Howiesons Poort occupation (~58 ka) into the late MSA occupation (~48 ka); conditions became drier and colder than present with vegetation shifting to open savanna grassland or woodlands.
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Nascimento, Lucas Albuquerque do, Thiago Augusto da Silva, Kalinny Patrícia Vaz Lafayette, Michele Joyce Pereira dos Santos, and Ariela Rocha Cavalcanti. "Urbanização desordenada e degradação ambiental associados a escorregamentos: uma abordagem metodológica para análise temporal de ocupações subnormais." Ciência e Natura 42 (December 3, 2020): e81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41198.
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The evolutionary dynamics of urban centers is conditioned by several economic and socio-environmental factors. When these factors interrelate unevenly, which is often motivated by interference from competent public agencies, give rise to urban and social problems such as irregular occupations, generating high environmental risks. The objective of this study was to identify the environmental risks levels that affect a set of slopes of the municipality of Olinda / PE, through a methodological approach centered on temporal analyzes of land occupation. The research was developed with vectorization of images and orthophotocards from 1974 to 2018 and qualitative analysis of risk levels through a cause and consequence matrix. Vectorization demonstrated critical results of plant suppression and urban spot growth, with about -63.59% and + 890%, respectively. The resulting matrix showed a high negative balance for environmental risk levels. Thus, the study demonstrates that the anthropogenic interference that shaped the region conditions a series of social and environmental impacts and that the planning and diagnosis of risk levels is an essential planning tool for intervention in these locations.
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Colin, Frédéric, Anita Quiles, Mathieu Schuster, Dominique Schwartz, Catherine Duvette, Sylvie Marchand, Mennat-Allah El Dorry, and Johan van Heesch. "The End of the “Green Oasis”: Chronological Bayesian Modeling of Human and Environmental Dynamics in the Bahariya Area (Egyptian Sahara) from Pharaonic Third Intermediate Period to Medieval Times." Radiocarbon 62, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.106.
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ABSTRACTAfter the sharp transition to aridity that followed the “Green Sahara” episode 5500 years ago, human settlements took refuge in Egyptian oases, which have to varying extents been “Green Oases” for centuries. In that period, synchronous with the beginning of historical times, the desert’s aridity is generally regarded as broadly comparable to the current period. Natural and anthropogenic deposits studied during 13 excavation campaigns in Bahariya Oasis (Egyptian Desert) suggest that a fairly clear transition from a relatively green environment to much more arid landscapes occurred in the first millennia BCE and CE. This article aims at establishing the chronology of human occupations and environmental change within this period, by combining archaeological and radiocarbon data, using Bayesian modeling. It reveals that the drying up of the environment experienced by desert farmers occurred at some point between the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Caracalla (2nd–3rd century CE). The accuracy of the produced chronological models made it possible to highlight synchronisms between the end of this “Green Oasis” phase and comparable aridification phenomena on regional and interregional scales. Similar degradation processes on remote sites inside the Roman Empire might be explained by globalized anthropogenic agencies overlapping with a broader climatic drying.
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Altaweel, Mark, Anke Marsh, Simone Mühl, Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Karen Radner, Kamal Rasheed, and Saber Ahmed Saber. "New Investigations in the Environment, History, and Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009–2011." Iraq 74 (2012): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000231.
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Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting of site reconnaissance, in the Shahrizor region within the province of Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan are bringing to light new information on the region's social and socio-ecological development. This paper summarises two seasons of work by researchers from German, British, Dutch, and Iraqi-Kurdish institutions working in the survey region. Palaeoenvironmental data have determined that during the Pleistocene many terraces developed which came to be occupied by a number of the larger tell sites in the Holocene. In the sedimentary record, climatic and anthropogenic patterns are noticeable, and alluviation has affected the recovery of archaeological remains through site burial in places. Historical data show the Shahrizor shifting between periods of independence, either occupied by one regional state or several smaller entities, and periods that saw the plain's incorporation within large empires, often in a border position. New archaeological investigations have provided insight into the importance of the region as a transit centre between Western Iran and northern and southern Mesopotamia, with clear material culture links recovered. Variations between periods' settlement patterns and occupations are also beginning to emerge.
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Bird, Broxton W., Robert C. Barr, Julie Commerford, William P. Gilhooly, Jeremy J. Wilson, Bruce Finney, Kendra McLauchlan, and G. William Monaghan. "Late-Holocene floodplain development, land-use, and hydroclimate–flood relationships on the lower Ohio River, US." Holocene 29, no. 12 (July 31, 2019): 1856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619865598.
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Floodplain development, land-use, and flooding on the lower Ohio River are investigated with a 3100-year-long sediment archive from Avery Lake, a swale lake on the Black Bottom floodplain in southern Illinois, US. In all, 12 radiocarbon dates show that Avery Lake formed at 1130 BCE (3100 cal. yr BP), almost 3000 years later than previously thought, indicating that the Black Bottom floodplain is younger and more dynamic than previously estimated. Three subsequent periods of extensive land clearance were identified by changes in pollen composition, corresponding to Native American occupations before 1500 CE and the current Euro-American occupation beginning in the 18th century. Sedimentation rates prior to 1820 CE changed independently of land clearance events, suggesting natural as opposed to land-use controls. Comparison with high-resolution paleoclimate data from Martin Lake, IN, indicates that lower Ohio River flooding was frequent when cold-season precipitation originating from the Pacific/Arctic predominated when atmospheric circulation resembled positive Pacific North American (PNA) conditions and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was in a positive mean state (1130 BCE to 350 CE and 1150–1820 CE). Conversely, Ohio River flooding was less frequent when warm-season precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico prevailed during negative PDO- and PNA-like mean states (350 and 1150 CE). This flood dynamic appears to have been fundamentally altered after 1820 CE. We suggest that extensive land clearance in the Ohio River watershed increased runoff and landscape erosion by reducing interception, infiltration, and evapotranspiration, thereby increasing flooding despite a shift to negative PDO- and PNA-like mean states. Predicted increases in average precipitation and extreme rainfall events across the mid-continental US are likely to perpetuate current trends toward more frequent flood events, because anthropogenic modifications have made the landscape less resilient to changing hydroclimatic conditions.
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Paudel, Shambhu, Juan C. Levesque, Camilo Saavedra, Cristina Pita, and Prabhat Pal. "Characterization of the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal and potential implications for the conservation and management of Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica)." PeerJ 4 (January 12, 2016): e1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1563.
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The Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (GRD) is classified as one of the most endangered of all cetaceans in the world and the second scarcest freshwater cetacean. The population is estimated to be less than 2,000 individuals. In Nepal’s Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali river systems, survival of GRD continues to be threatened by various anthropogenic activities, such as dam construction and interactions with artisanal fisheries. A basic description of the geographic scope, economics, and types of gear used in these fisheries would help managers understand the fishery-dolphin interaction conflict and assist with developing potential solutions. The main goal was to provide new information on the artisanal fishing communities in Nepal. The specific objectives were to identify, compile, and investigate the demographics, economics, fishing characteristics, and perception of fishermen about GRD conservation in the Narayani, Sapta Koshi, and Karnali rivers so conservation managers can develop and implement a potential solution to the GRD-fishery interaction problem in Nepal. Based on 169 interviews, 79% of Nepalese fishermen indicated fishing was their primary form of income. Fishermen reported fishing effort was greater in summer than winter; greatest in the afternoon (14:30 hrs ± 0:27) and during low water level conditions; and gear was set 4.8 ± 0.2 days/week. Fishermen reported using eight different types of monofilament nets (gillnets and cast nets). Sixty percent used gillnets less than 10 m long, and nearly 30% preferred gillnets between 10 and 100 m long; a few used gillnets longer than 100 m. Most fishermen reported they believed education, awareness, and changing occupations were important for GRD conservation, but they indicated that alternative occupational options were currently limited in Nepal. Nepalese fishermen acknowledged that fisheries posed a risk to GRD, but they believed water pollution, and dam/irrigation developments were the greatest threats.
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Azeem, Muhammad, Junaid Alam Memon, and Fateh Muhammad Mari. "Manchar Lake’s Hypothetical Restoration and Willingness of Fishing Communities to Switch Back To Fishing." January 2021 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2101.05.
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Environmental and anthropogenic changes in lakes have implications for fishers’ livelihoods in form of their forced migration and occupational change. Those advocating lake restorations often face a dilemma whenasked if lake restoration will also restore the lost livelihoods. Answering such questions are difficult because most people are not programmed for frequent changes in their livelihood structures. Using the case study of Manchar Lake fishers who seemingly have faced such transition, this study brings insights on this broad question. We developed an in-person survey based on Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to study 300 fishers’ responses to a hypothetical situation whereby they were asked to “Switch Back” to Manchar Lake assuming that it has been restored to provide various ecosystem services. Results show that complete transformation in the livelihoods of fishing communities has taken place with remarkable variation in their access to assets and livelihood outcomes. Despite increase in their access to physical capital such as school, hospital, roads, and markets, the communities are still vulnerable to income shocks and rarely enjoy privileges such as house ownership. The comparative state of current and past livelihoods and asset possessions determine ones’ willingness to switch back to fishing in Manchar Lake. Those who may have performed better in the said transition are less likely to return to their erstwhile occupations even if the lake is restored and vice-versa. We conclude that satisfaction with current livelihood outcomes is low and willingness to switch back to fishing in Manchar Lake is high since many had been poor performers in the transition. While the environmental rationale for the Manchar Lake’s ecological restoration already exists, this study suggests that there also exists a socioeconomic rationale albeit in a way that restoration also supports contemporary ecological services such as tourism.
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de Carvalho, Ana Laura Campos, Adrielli Ribeiro Araújo, Théa Mirian Medeiros Machado, Rômulo Ribon, and Leonardo Esteves Lopes. "Wildlife and damage to agriculture: an ethnobiological approach with rural producers in southeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 27, no. 1 (March 2019): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03544442.
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AbstractSome wild animal species quickly adapt to anthropogenic environments, producing unusually large populations, causing human-wildlife conflicts. The objective of this study is to understand the way the farmers perceive the fauna and the information they possess regarding the damages those animais inflict on their crops in southeastern Brazil. We collected data by presenting 200 questionnaires and conducting 22 semi-structured interviews with the rural producers in a region characterized by an agrarian matrix intermixed with small forest patches. Nearly every rural producer (99%) who answered the questionnaire (n = 107) had suffered wild animal-triggered economic losses, especially by the White-eyed Parakeet Psittacara leucophthalmus (51%), which attacked maize and fruit crops. A substantial portion of these farmers (38%) has employed some control method, including acoustic techniques (42.5%), like fireworks, and visual techniques (41%), like scarecrows. The farmers concurred that effective control methods are necessary for the White-eyed Parakeet, as current techniques proved inadequate. The understanding that the rural producers possess about the problem will facilitate designing new control strategies to manage this pest species. However, to ensure its success, a suitable management plan must be formulated to guarantee that the local rural occupations are maintained, incorporating human dimensions into wildlife management.
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V., Olenchenko, Shnaider S., Osipova P., Kalganov A., Markovsky G., Alisher kyzy S., Hermes T., and Tishkin A. "Results of Geophysical Research at the Ust`-Biyke-I Site (in the Altai)." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 1 (2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(1).-05.
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Abstract: Ust’-Biyke-I may become one of the most important archaeological complexes in the northern Altai region. Previous research established that the site was first occupied in the developed Mesolithic. Traces of subsequent occupations up to the Bronze Age were later discovered, in addition to burial structures. A loss of archaeological deposits at the mouth of the Biyke River occurred due to natural and anthropogenic activity. In order to identify the most promising areas for future excavations, geophysical surveys of the site were conducted. An area of 31.5 x 24 m was examined with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Results revealed an object with a diameter of about 4 m that was not visible on the ground surface. In its center at a depth of 1.5 m, a local anomaly was observed. Another isometric anomaly was observed in the southwestern part at a depth of 0.75 m. Other anomalies were also noted in the surveyed area, some of which are visible in the modern terrain as small depressions. Future excavations will clarify the geophysical survey. Keywords: Altai, archaeological site, geophysical research, electrical resistivity tomography, groundpenetrating radar, settlement Acknowledgements: Geophysical study at the site was conducted with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project № 17–29–04122), archaeological work was carried out at the expense of the project NGS-67706R-20.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anthropogenic occupations"
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Silva, Leomyr Sângelo Alves da. "Influência das perturbações antrópicas sobre a escolha de locais de descanso de aves limícolas, Nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2754.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Estuarine habitats are critical in the life cycle of shorebirds. In estuaries, these birds perform daily movements, feeding in intertidal zones at low tides and lounging on beaches and other supratidais areas during high tides. To reduce energy costs, the rest rooms must be near the feeding areas, but many of these sites are used by people for recreational activities and other occupations which probably disturb the birds. This study aimed to investigate the choices made by waders as their resting places near and adjacent to the estuary of the River Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. Were performed 4 monthly census from October 2014 to May 2015, quantifying the data abundance of birds and anthropogenic disturbances in two beaches of Paraíba coast, and in an artificial habitat (roof) that was used during the wintering period in the area urban Cabedelo, PB, Brazil. Censuses were carried out simultaneously in all counting sites, and were divided into day weekend and midweek. four species were recorded of wading birds belonging to the family Charadriidae (Charadrius semipalmatus and Charadrius collaris) and Scolopacidae (Calidris alba and Calidris pusilla). The species C. semipalmatus was the most representative for the study areas. The mean abundance of birds that occupied the roof were higher during the weekends, days that also there were major disturbances on the beaches from the days midweek when they were recorded smaller amounts of recreational activity. However, despite the positive influence on the increase of disturbances in poultry artificial housing, as well as the variation in the abundance of birds who used two beaches, the effects were significantly weaker, as shown by the dependency analysis. This study suggests that the number of anthropogenic occupations in both beaches, probably were not enough to scare away the birds nearctic areas rests indicating that the birds that have been using the artificial habitat are coming from other areas of Paraíba coast. In addition, we emphasize the importance of a greater number of sample areas for future research that seek to address the waders response in relation to anthropogenic influences, as possibly the small geographical scale of our study may have influenced our data.
Hábitats estuarinos são fundamentais no ciclo de vida das aves limícolas. Nos estuários, estas aves realizam movimentos diários, se alimentando nas zonas intertidais durante as marés baixas e descansando nas praias e outras áreas supratidais durante as marés altas. Para reduzir gastos energéticos, os locais de descanso precisam ser próximos às áreas de alimentação, porém muitos destes locais são utilizados por pessoas para atividades recreativas e outras ocupações, que, provavelmente, perturbam as aves. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as escolhas feitas por aves limícolas quanto aos seus locais de descanso próximo e adjacentes ao estuário do Rio Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram realizados 4 censos mensais entre outubro de 2014 à maio de 2015, quantificando os dados de abundância de aves e os distúrbios antrópicos em duas praias da costa paraibana, e em um habitat artificial (telhado) que foi utilizado durante o período de invernada na zona urbana de Cabedelo-PB, Brasil. Os censos foram realizados simultaneamente em todos os locais de contagem, e foram distribuídos em dias de final de semana e meio de semana. Foram registradas quatro espécies de aves limícolas pertencentes as famílias Charadriidae (Charadrius semipalmatus e Charadrius collaris) e Scolopacidae (Calidris alba e Calidris pusilla). A espécie C. semipalmatus foi a mais representativa para as áreas de estudo. As médias das abundâncias de aves que ocuparam o telhado foram maiores durante os finais de semana, dias em que também verificaram-se os maiores distúrbios nas praias em relação aos dias no meio da semana, quando foram registradas menores quantidades de atividade recreativas. No entanto, apesar dos distúrbios influenciarem positivamente o aumento de aves no habitat artificial, assim como a variação da abundância de aves que utilizaram as duas praias, os efeitos foram estatisticamente fracos, como revelado pela análise de dependência. O presente estudo sugere que o número de ocupações antrópicas nas duas praias, provavelmente não foram suficientes para afugentar as aves neárticas das áreas de descansos indicando que, as aves que vem utilizando o habitat artificial estão vindo de outras áreas da costa paraibana. Além disso, ressaltamos a importância de um maior número de áreas amostrais em futuras pesquisas que busquem abordar a resposta de aves limícolas em relação às influências antrópicas, já que, possivelmente a pequena escala geográfica de nosso estudo pode ter influenciado nossos dados.
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Ferreira, Mário Rui Mota. "Multi-species occupancy modeling of natural and anthropogenic habitats by mediterranean amphibians: grim prospects for conservation in irrigated farmland." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/10780.
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This study approaches the destruction of temporary ponds in an intensified agricultural landscape and the alternative breeding habitats for the amphibian community. We used several surveys to model the ponds survival since 1991 until 2009. Ponds inside the irrigation perimeter have a significant lower survival probability then those outside. Ponds, agricultural reservoirs, streams, irrigation channels and ditches were sampled for amphibian larvae in four different periods of a breeding season. We used a hierarchical dynamic occupation model that accounts for different detection probabilities to compare the occupation of aquatic habitats during the different periods. Ponds were the habitat with higher specific richness per site followed by streams and reservoirs. Ditches and irrigation channels, usually, only supports one species per site. All habitats, except for ponds, have high incidence of exotic predators (fish and crayfish), that explains, in part, the low specific richness of these sites. There’s no alternative habitat for the disappearing ponds. The conservation of the remaining ponds is essential for conserving the amphibian community. It should seriously be taken into consideration the construction of new clusters of ponds inside of the irrigation perimeter; Resumo:
Este estudo aborda a destruição de charcos temporários numa paisagem agrícola em crescente intensificação, bem como possíveis alternativas para habitats de reprodução da comunidade de anfíbios. Cruzámos a informação de vários levantamentos para modelar a sobrevivência dos charcos de 1991 a 2009. Os charcos dentro do perímetro de rega tem a probabilidade de sobrevivência significativamente mais baixa que os charcos fora do perímetro. Foram amostrados as larvas de anfíbios em charcos temporários, charcas de rega, ribeiras, canais de rega e valas de drenagem em quatro períodos distintos de uma época de reprodução. Usámos um modelo hierárquico de ocupação dinâmica, com correcção para a detectabilidade para comparar a ocupação entre os habitats ao longo dos diferentes períodos. Os charcos temporários foram os habitats com maior riqueza específica por local, seguido pelas ribeiras e charcas de rega. Os canais e valas são habitats mais pobres, raramente suportando mais que espécie por local. A elevada incidência de predadores introduzidos (peixe e lagostins) em todos os habitats menos nos charcos pode explicar em parte a diferença de riqueza específica. Esta comunidade de anfíbios não tem uma alternativa viável para os charcos que continuam a desaparecer e a sua conservação passa pela conservação dos charcos que restam. Deverá ser considerado a hipótese da construção de novos complexos de charcos dentro do perímetro de rega.
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Lima, Vinicius Neres de. "Estudos de estruturas tróficas e de impactos antropogênicos de córregos do sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu: isótopos estáveis." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1162.
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Usamos a distribuição natural dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio para investigar qual é o principal recurso alimentar basal para as teias tróficas dos córregos florestados do sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu e avaliamos se os isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio de consumidores aquáticos respondem ao uso e ocupação do solo local neste sistema hidrográfico. As hipóteses do presente trabalho são: (1) a principal fonte de energia para os animais de córregos florestados é fornecida pela produção autóctone, o perifíton; (2) as δ13C e δ15N dos consumidores aquáticos são relacionadas positivamente com as percentagens das áreas impactadas por agricultura, pastagem e ocupação urbana. Coletamos perifíton, matéria orgânica particulada fina e animais em vinte e um córregos para análise de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio. Usamos fotos aéreas para classificar e calcular a área de uso antrópico em um raio de duzentos metros das coordenadas geográficas do ponto de coleta. O perifíton foi o recurso basal para: os peixes predadores, Characidium sp., Rhamdioglanis sp., Trichomycterus sp.; o peixe onívoro Phalloceros caudimaculatus; o peixe pastador, Schizolecis guntheri; o camarão onívoro, Macrobrachium potiuna; os caranguejos onívoros, Trichodactylus sp.; os Plecoptera predadores, Anacroneuria sp.; os Odonata predadores, Aeshnidae sp. e Libellulidae sp. A matéria proveniente da vegetação terrestre foi o principal recurso dos Trichoptera cortador e coletor-filtrador Phylloicus sp. e Smicridea sp., respectivamente. A δ13C dos Rhamdioglanis sp. foi marginalmente relacionada com a percentagem da área de impacto antrópico (p=0,072; N=6). As δ13C dos Anacroneuria sp., dos Smicridea sp., dos Characidium sp., dos Hypoptomatinae, dos Macrobrachium spp., dos Phalloceros caudimaculatus, dos Scleromystax barbatus e dos Trichomycterus sp. não foram relacionadas com a percentagem da área impactada. Apenas os Macrobrachium spp. (p=0,052; N=11) e os S. barbatus (p=0,069; N=6) tiveram suas δ15N marginalmente relacionadas com a percentagem da área de impactada. Estes resultados sugerem que a δ13C e a δ15N dos consumidores aquáticos não foram bons indicadores de impacto local no sistema hidrográfico Guapi-Macacu.We used the natural distribution of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to investigate the principal basal food resources for the food web of the forested streams of the Guapi-Macacu watershed system and we evaluated if the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen of aquatic consumers responded to the land use and occupation in the catchment. The hypotheses of the present work are: (1) the principal energy source for the animals from forested streams comes from autochthonous production, the periphyton; (2) the δ13C and δ15N of the aquatic consumers are positively related to the percentage of the impacted areas by agriculture, pasture and urban occupation. We collected periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and animals in twenty one streams for stable isotopes analyses of carbon and nitrogen. We used aerial photos to classify and calculate the area of human use in a radius of two hundred meters from the geographic coordinate of the collection point. Periphyton was the basal resource for: the predatory fish Characidium sp., Rhamdioglanis sp., Trichomycterus sp.; the omnivorous fish Phalloceros caudimaculatus; the grazer fish, Schizolecis guntheri; the omnivore shrimp, Macrobrachium potiuna; the omnivore crab, Trichodactylus sp.; the predators Plecoptera, Anacroneuria sp.; the predators Odonata, Aeshnidae sp. e Libellulidae sp.. The material proceeding from terrestrial vegetation was the principal source of the scraper and collector-filter Trichoptera, Phylloicus sp. and Smicridea sp., respectively. The δ13C of Rhamdioglanis sp. was marginally related to the percentage of human impact area (p=0,072; N=6). The δ13C of the Anacroneuria sp., Smicridea sp., Characidium sp., Hypoptomatinae, Macrobrachium spp., Phalloceros caudimaculatus, Scleromystax barbatus and the Trichomycterus sp. were not related to the percentage of the impacted area. Only the Macrobrachium sp. (p=0,052; N=11) and the S. barbatus (p=0,069; N=6) had their δ15N marginally related to the percentage of the impacted area. These results suggest that the δ13C e a δ15N of the aquatic consumers were not good indicators of local impact in the Guapi-Macacu watershed system.
Books on the topic "Anthropogenic occupations"
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Lippmann, Morton, and Richard B. Schlesinger. Characterization of Contaminants and Environments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190688622.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the extensive scientific terminology needed to describe the various classes of chemical contaminants as they occur in environmental media (air, water, soil, etc.) and the structural aspects and dynamic mass and energy transfers within and among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also introduces: the characteristics of occupational environments; health effects attributable to occupational and environmental exposures; dose response relationships in populations; and how they are affected by anthropogenic (human activity caused) inputs and disruptions.
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Dickinson, William R. Coastal Landforms on Islands of Pacific Oceania. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.023.
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The evolution of coastal landforms on tropical Pacific islands has been influenced jointly by changes in relative sea level and by shoreline sediment dynamics. During human occupation of Pacific Oceania, changes in sea level have reflected a monotonic hydro-isostatic drawdown in regional sea level following a mid-Holocene highstand in eustatic sea level, and varied patterns of tectonic uplift or subsidence affecting individual islands or island groups. Wave erosion has altered some bold coastlines, but the dominant trend of paleoshoreline evolution along lowland coasts has been the expansion of coastal plains by the accretion of successive beach ridges to island cores as regional sea level gradually fell. Anthropogenic impacts on island landscapes have influenced strandline sedimentation by enhancing sediment delivery to island coasts in response to inland deforestation.
Book chapters on the topic "Anthropogenic occupations"
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Schierl, R. "Urinary biomonitoring of platinum in occupational medicine." In Anthropogenic Platinum-Group Element Emissions, 237–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59678-0_24.
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Merget, R. "Occupational platinum salt allergy. Diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and therapy." In Anthropogenic Platinum-Group Element Emissions, 257–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59678-0_26.
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Fuss, Maryegli, and Lei Xu. "Unintended Environmental Impacts at Local and Global Scale—Trade-Offs of a Low-Carbon Electricity System." In The Future European Energy System, 237–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_13.
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AbstractThe focus on expanding the sector coupling and binding the electricity system and end-user sectors like the transport and industry bring attention to environmental trade-offs. Otherwise, unintended environmental impacts could potentially impede the transformation process. Given that, this paper aims to identify and discuss environmental burdens that should require government attention. For that, the approach of coupling Life Cycle Assessment with the electricity market model (ELTRAMOD) is presented. Results show that the large impact on land use occupation as a regional issue requires attention due to diversified permitting mechanisms and eligibility criteria for solar fields among European member states. Metal and ozone depletion bring the challenge that transformation processes need attention on global limits related to finite resources and fugitive losses of anthropogenic substances.
Conference papers on the topic "Anthropogenic occupations"
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Ramirez, Angel D., Karla Crespo, Daniel A. Salas, and Andrea J. Boero. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Household in Ecuador." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23199.
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Abstract The life cycle assessment (LCA) of a middle-class household of 5 members in Guayaquil, Ecuador was performed in order to identify the life cycle stages and activities with higher environmental burdens. LCA is a quantitative tool for assessing the environmental performance of products or systems during its life span, through the compilation and further evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts. The life cycle of the house included a 50-year lifespan house divided into three stages: pre-occupation, occupation, and post-occupation stage. The type of house chosen for the analysis represents the current trend of urban growth and planning of the city, which is pointing towards residential zones and housing plans far away from central areas. The notion of household metabolism is associated with the occupation stage. Household metabolism refers to all flows of matter and energy related to anthropogenic activities conducted on a household, which is a socio-economic entity that consists of people living together occupying a dwelling or part of it. Households are key entities of the anthroposphere because the sum of all private households is the process on which all other processes depend on and serve directly or indirectly. The total energy use and emissions for which the sum of households is responsible reflects the importance of considering its influence when assessing the environmental impact of dwellings. Five energy case scenarios were analyzed. These included different energy mixes and the use of inductive cookers as an alternative to those that use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which are the most used in Ecuador. The influence of the energy production structure of the country on the environmental impact of the household is supported by the results. A higher share of hydroelectricity in the energy mix, compared with the share of thermal electricity, presented lower environmental impacts in most categories. Public policies that encourage a shift towards a cleaner electricity production technology may decrease the overall environmental impact of households and buildings. The occupation stage entails the highest contribution to all impact categories, e.g. 88% of global warming potential (GWP), followed by the pre-occupation stage, contributing 10% of GWP. Food consumption has not been considered in reviewed studies, although it represents the highest environmental burden within the occupation stage of the house, followed by electricity, and gas use: 43, 27, and 20% of GWP respectively. The results support the importance of including household metabolism in LCA studies due to the high environmental burden associated with it, and the influence of the electricity production structure of the country on the life cycle impact of households.