Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anthropologie dans la littérature'
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Ferreira, Heris Arnt Telles. "Le néobaroque dans la littérature contemporaine : une étude anthropologique." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H074.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to establish the relationship between the symbolic imaginary in the contemporary and show that literature is a valuable subject of anthropological analysis. We can say that our work has three big lines: literature as a source of knowledge, the nature of that knowledge and the analysis of books that confirm this research. We read sixty Brazilian and French novels to find the most important elements of the contemporary age. From this analysis we see a sensitivity of our world as neobaroque instead of others concepts. Our conclusion is focuses on the use of literature to achieve the symbolic imaginary literary and this makes possible the invisible
Valette-Cagnac, Emmanuelle. "Anthropologie de la lecture dans la Rome antique." Paris, EPHE, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EPHEA003.
Full textFar from being a direct and passive consequence of writing, reading forms an independent subject of study and even offers on the roman world a precious standpoint, as it enables us to go beyond the bounds of the traditional opposition between orality and literacy and to analyze the way speech and writing combine their effects. Despite the existence of silent reading, reading aloud is still in use in occidental culture till the 8th century. Why the voice did not abdicate? By studying the different forms of loud reading, we found that vocalization is not only intended to give sense and to communicate, but that it contributes to make writing efficient. Reading aloud is not a simple oral deciphering. It may be used to produce some text (recitatio). As "silent speech", funerary inscriptions institute a fiction, revealing the necessity for the reader to fill the gap that is left by the writer. Lastly, the "double vocalization" process (praeire verbis) characterizing a few types of rituals, answers the double necessity of producing an entirely public statement and of reconciling a paradoxal aspiration of continuity and change
Rueff, Martin. "Anthropologie et poétique : la notion de modèle chez Jean-Jacques Rousseau." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040209.
Full textJean-Jacques Rousseau's first aim is a theory of man. Like Kant's or Rawls'ones, Rousseau's theory of man is constructivist but his way to build it is quite different. It is an anthropology from a narrative point of view. The essential concept of this anthropology is the model. The poetics of the model is the answer to the program of the anthropology. In the first part, we try to explain the way the model is necessary. We have to study carefully three figures of the model : Glaucus, Pygmalion, Émile. The anthropology appears to be a criticism of empiricism. In the second part we first underline the rules of construction ot the model which are rules of statement, structural rules, logical and methodological rules. Then, we can see the rules at work by studying the two main models of Rousseau's anthropology from a narrative point of view : Émile and Julie. The third part is focused on the justification of the model through the texts of the egology. It is the construction of the model of man which gives its coherence to this big and sad system
Moëlo, Hervé. "Le texte et le terrain : un dédoublement d'écriture entre expérience ethnologique et tentation littéraire (1930-1955)." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT3045.
Full textIn the early twentieth century, French ethnology undertakes a difficult historical dialogue with literature. Ethnology must distinguish itself from the literary world to become a scientific discipline, which in turn forced a generation of researchers to undertake fieldwork for the first time. This revolution in fieldwork results in the development of an editorial phenomenon of double writing : in parallel to the scientific text, another kind of text tries to overcome the constraints of traditional aesthetic, psychological, moral and intellectual ideas. The authors analysed in this study – Marcel Griaule, Maurice Leenhardt, Michel Leiris, Alfred Metraux and Claude Levi-Strauss – provide five striking examples. Caught in the tension between text and fieldwork, this split is an invitation to question the cultural symbols which underpin the values of writing and literature. While field enquiry requires pragmatism through action, work on the text exposes the researcher to literary temptations and beliefs which contradict the need for the experience of fieldwork itself. In order to resist the various temptations of literary aesthetics, the double writing approach seeks to connect to more ordinary ways of writing, so that a balance is maintained between beginnings and endings of the text, between textuality and textualism. Therefore, this phenomenon expresses a kind of critical resistance to certain mythologies about writing, seeking out a textual space which remains at a balanced distance from both imagination and exactitude
Kazadi, Wa Kabwe Désiré. "Jeunesse, littérature et écriture dans le Zaïre contemporain (1970-1996)." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040092.
Full textLonghi, Blandine. "La peur dans les chansons de geste (1100-1250) : poétique et anthropologie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040129.
Full textThis work explores the various components, from an anthropological as well as a literary point of view, of the relationship between the emotions of the public and the emotions of the characters. This problem is at the heart of epic texts, which are based on a paradox: to create fear through the depiction of violent events and frightening characters, while celebrating the fearlessness of their heroes. The distance between the audience and the heroes is due to ideological reasons: on the one hand, the representation of disturbing figures crystallizes collective dread on targets designated by the dominant institutions, on the other hand, the heroes’s denial of fear by heroes allows the construction of an idealized image of chivalry. Moreover, beyond the link between the texts and their historical context, the search for a fear effect proceeds from a specific poetics. This emotion enables the epic exaltation and glorification of the hero’s courage by bringing the audience together in the same feelings of worry and admiration. The sublimation of fear depends on an aesthetics of terror which turns the reasons for fear into an object of contemplation and the attraction into repulsion. With this transfiguration of reality, the audience can make a psychic transfer which gives the texts a cathartic dimension. The feats of intrepid heroes are an outlet for repressed instincts, and the poems help to exorcise the dread related to tensions and to the crisis of feudal society
Couvidat, David. "La collection "terre humaine" de Jean Malaurie (1955-2015) : littérature, anthropologie et photographie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC030/document.
Full text“Terre Humaine” Publishers’ Series (1955-2015), which is supervised by a French explorer and geographer, Jean Malaurie, may be examined as a heuristic space of diffusion of ideas, objects and practices to explore, in the 2nd half of the twentieth century, the tightness of the literary field in contact with anthropology and photography. The diversity of the authors’ backgrounds, writing genres, spaces and periods of time, masks the underground unity of an editorial and self-claimed universal enterprise which aims at understanding the most diverse populations, both in time and space, to uncover the mysteries of the human existence. Networking testimonials on societies scattered around the globe discloses a parallel worldview. In connection with the Annales review and the 19th century realism and naturalism, early reflections on writing in social sciences end up spawning an ethnographic literature grounded in exploring ways of living and thinking among marginalized groups worldwide. Ethnography is not anymore only considered as a scientific method to collect data but more broadly as a textual, visual and audiovisual writing genre relating the tragic metamorphosis of a society in contact with a civilization
Vatan, Florence. "Robert Musil et la question anthropologique." Paris 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA030173.
Full textIn the first half of the twentieth century, anthropological discourses and representations undergo a deep crisis. Robert musil acknowledges this crisis and aims to overcome it. The breakdown of the idealist and liberal conception cent ered on the notion of an autonomous subject gives way to alternative ideologies relating human nature to the irrational moves of the soul or the inheritance of race. Far from endorsing these conceptions, musil in his novel calls into question the very possibility of a theory of "human nature". He submits the anthropological discourses of his time to a critical examination. Furthermore he develops a phenomenological approach which finds its synthetic formulation in the hypothesis of a fundamental malleability of human beings (the "theorem of human shapelessness"). In elaborating his "theorem", musil refers to three cognitive perspectives : ethnology, the theory of probability and gestaltpsychology. The task is to elaborate an anthropological understanding freed from the category of the "subject". Musil's conception of human shapelessness should be read moreover as a direct reply to the ideological and political debates of his time. Although the author of the man without qualities describes himself as an apolitical thinker, he clearly takes a stand against totalitarian claims for the purpose of an ethical rehabilitation of the individual
Keil, Ivete Leocadia Manetzeder. "Imaginaire et écriture : l'interférence institutionnelle, le cas du bidonville "Nova São Carlos", R.G.S., Brésil." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H020.
Full textThis is case study of a specific brazilian population whe are in midst of becoming literate. The children of the "nove s ao carlos" slum using for thein pradigins g. Durand's theory of imaginary and m. Maffesoli's comprehensive sociology, ar e seeking to understand the relationship between writing and the imaginary and the posible colonisation of the imaginati ve self living in scholastic space by the iconoclastic pedagogue
Mestre, Zaragozà Marina. "Les enfants de la colère : anthropologie des passions et littérature en Espagne à la renaissance." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040192.
Full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to shed light on a moment of literary and anthropological thought in Renaissance Spain. It establishes how a dramatic change of perspective happens within a Christian tradition inspired by Augustinian theology in which man is but the compound of a body and a soul of antagonistic natures and passions are but a danger for reason and humanity. Thus, after the beautiful poetic answer given by Ausiàs March to man's ontological rift, Vives' assignment is to reassert the value of passions, to think out a harmonic coexistence of both of man's natures. Such a vindication of the corporal aspects of existence is the starting point of the Examen de ingenios, wherein Huarte conceives a man who is such only through his body and passions. Simultaneously, and as a direct consequence of this evolution, the conception of literature changes from required exemplarity to a language which is directly directed to the passions, as typified in Pinciano's Philosophía antigua poética. This marks the birth of our own conception of literature
Chalumeau, Chloé. "La représentation du souillé et de l’impur dans la littérature française narrative des XIIe et XIIIe siècles : idéologie, anthropologie, poétique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040078.
Full textThis study explores the representations of the soiled and the impure through literary works of the 12th and 13th centuries. Present in all profane narrative genres (chansons de geste, Arthurian novels, fabliaux, drama, Roman de Renart), the medieval taste – or distaste – for what is repulsive manifests itself in a startling multiplicity of ways. From mud to body fluids, from leprosy to blood-related taboos, from the stigma of shame to the stigma of sin, the designation of what is soiled oscillates between the literal and the figurative in order to articulate and process value systems by anchoring them in the most tangible materiality. The manifestations of what is vile and squalid are instrumental in drawing boundaries and defining fields of inclusion and exclusion; they also reveal, shape and reconcile the different ideological orders built into medieval society. By giving abjection pride of place, literature experiments with the expression and representation of disorder – the better to circumscribe it. This contrasted poetics of what is soiled took shape across the different genres, which shows the extent to which the staging of what is impure corresponds to a literary attempt to question the powers of language and the capacity of texts to express the world: an exploration of what is soiled has ideological, aesthetical, but also semiotic implications. Between the tangible and the abstract, the word and the thing, laughter and horror, these representations unveil a medieval universe where the relationship with what is soiled goes far beyond mere rejection and can also lead to a form of reappropriation, rehabilitation, and even redemption
Bene, Pascal. "Regards de doubles : de l'autre coté de la connaissance de soi : vers une anthropologie négative." Lyon 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO31018.
Full textSaïd, Fabienne. "Aspects culturels dans la traduction des textes littéraires." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H015.
Full textAs culture is transmitted essentially by language and as language is in turn reflected in culture, we have chosen to analyse two litterary texts translated from french into arabic and from arabic into french. This allows us to identify the principal problems involved in the transfer of cultural features from one language to another and thus to bring out the various means used by the translaters of the two texts, while noting the constraints affecting the translation process
Silec, Tatjana. "Le fou et son roi dans la littérature anglaise de "Beowulf" à "King Lear"." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040065.
Full textThis study examines the roles of the court jester from the triumphs of the Roman Empire until today, most particularly in English literature from Beowulf to King Lear. The perspective is mainly anthropological, philological and literary; it aims to uncover what is so unique about the court jester, mainly his ability to reveal the codes and values which people must obey in order to play their part in a community. The changes that affected English society from the Anglo-Saxon period to the Renaissance explain why aspects of the jester can also be found in characters as different as the Green Man, the insipiens, the innocent fool, the berserk or the clown, while he remains at all times the catalyst par excellence of the fears, and sometimes the hopes, of his contemporaries
Marchal, Bertrand. "La religion de mallarme : archeologie, anthropologie, utopie." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030069.
Full textAs t. De wyzewa pointed out as early as 1885, it is relevant to speak of mallarme's religion, but in this post-christian and postwagnerian religion, sociology and anthropology prevail over theology. After the metaphysical crisis of the sixties, at the end of which, having discovered that god is but an echo of the soul, the poet undertakes a thesis (he will soon give up) about language and divinity, mallarme's religion springs from les dieux antiques. In translating cox, whose purpose he incidentally twists to suit his own new conceptions of divinity, mallarme discovers the pattern of a true poetical anthropology of imagination in the tragedy of nature. Indeed, this tragedy does not only derive from the awe of a primitive soul, as it does for max muller and cox, but it also reveals the essential structure of the human soul, consisting in the basic struggle between light and darkness, being and nothingness, that underlies what mallarme calls the "one latent religion" of mankind. Thus, all the divagations will tend to show the imaginary archetype of the heavenly tragedy under the various shapes of contemporary religions (from catholicism to wagnerism, from the liturgy of sunday concerts to that of the theatre); but to the archeological trend of mallarme's anthropology, a purely religious utopia is added, which aims at exposing, at the very heart of the city,under the shape of a new mystery, the fictitious divinity of man as it arises from the modern awareness of nothingness. And there is no better instrument for this new theophany than poetry, for the mystery of man is, first and foremest, a mystery of letters: consequently, poetry, which, by means of metaphor and alliteration, makes us feel the unconscious link between the soul and heavens, can dream of a book which, as les dieux antiques, might be a solar apocalypse
Nicolas, Catherine. ""Cruor, sanguis" : approche littéraire, anthropologique et théologique de la blessure dans les romans du Graal en prose (XIIIe siècle)." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30073.
Full textWhen we propose, by lexicological methods, to define the conceptual field of injury in prose romances of the Grail in the 13th century, it appears that occurrences are split between two categories: the ones where description of injury uses hyperbole and serves abstract ideas of warring violence and chivalrous deeds, and the ones where it brings forth all the rhetorical resources of hypotyposis to create a picture and produce mental images. The rhetorical split boundary is superimposed on an aesthetic opposition between an aesthetics born out of epic song and previous romances and another one which works on the visual aspect and, in doing this, arouses memory, imagination and, where injury and blood become signs, interpretation. When put back in rhetorical monastic context, this aesthetic invites a reading resembling meditation, or even spiritual exercise, in an Augustinian perspective. Thus, in addition to the "mirabilia", often studied in romances of the Grail, there emerges another category, "miranda" which, thanks to writing aiming towards visibility, allows one to create significant collections and to put to best use feelings and compunction impulses. From there it becomes possible to circumscribe a new hermeneutics born in the flaws of the "senefiance" and relying on memory, to propose a new definition of marvel, between theology and spiritual anthropology, but also to put forward the hypothesis of an aesthetics of charity specific to prose romances of the Grail in the 13th century
Escudié, Hélène. "Ursula K. Le Guin, une alchimie de l'Ailleurs : de la structure au mythe." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR20066.
Full textThis work aims at showing how, despite a great diversity in the forms and the themes, Ursula K. Le Guin's work organises its coherence around fundamental images and structures. Founded on a basic binary opposition, the writer develops a third term, a synthesis of the two others. This is illustrated by the system of characterisation (of the protagonists) which stages two clans featuring anthropologists who maintain the equilibrium between the two cultures while developing the creation of networks. This principle extends to purely linguistic representations. Le Guin postulates the existence of two languages, the Father tongue, the language of power, and the Mother tongue, the language of dialogue. These two modes of expression, although very different, tend towards harmony in the birth of a third term, the Language of Art, in which oral and written literature, prose and poetry intermingle. Two characters serve to illustrate this: first, the androgyn underlines the problem of sex and highlights the social differences; second, resulting from sexual differentiation, the dragon represents the ideal synthesis of the two sexes, and shows the importance of the maternal and the feminine features. This dream of two into one is also present in a series of recurrent images, namely the masculine stone, and the maternal network, ideally united in representations based on Amerindian dreamcatchers, a model also illustrated by the cobweb and in forms staging dreams. The work is thus a homage to Ursula K. Le Guin's father and mother, well-known anthropologists, and also an illustration of Carol Gilligan's theory of a "different voice"
Poutanen, Minna J. "Anthropology as a metaphor for knowing in Anne Carson's poetry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ43936.pdf.
Full textRogliano, Agnès. "L'imaginaire du conte : un Ouroboros pluriculturel." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2026.
Full textDevevey, Eléonore. "Terrains d'entente : anthropologues et écrivains dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2155.
Full textThis work based on the analysis of a mixed corpus of texts aims to shed light on the evolution of relationships between anthropologists and writers in the second half of the 20th century. The initial observation is that the dialogue initiated between these two fields during the avant-gardes and “ethnographic surrealism” did not end with the professionalisation of anthropology. On the contrary, this professionalisation helped relaunch a dialogue on better defined grounds. Our study focuses on several books from the “Terre humaine” collection (G. Balandier, G. Condominas, P. Clastres), as well as works by J. Favret-Saada and Y. Verdier. It takes into consideration their writing techniques and the intellectual backgrounds in which these works took shape. It also focuses on the works of writers for which anthropology has been an important source of inspiration, such as R. Barthes and G. Perec, or appears to be a reservoir of readings and practices to reinvent or play with, (J.-L. Trassard, P. Bergounioux, P. Quignard, G. Macé). In this intellectual landscape, anthropology, which is now well implanted, provides material for meditative or memory work. Lastly, our focus shifted to the study of the ways in which the anthropologist constitutes a new fictional character: in many ways, this reveals a particular imagination of scholarly lives as well as the distribution of prerogatives between writers and scholars. This dissertation aims to prove that the non-scholarly writings of anthropologists, alongside the works of writers curious about anthropology, represent a form of resistance against aesthetic autonomisation and the attribution of knowledge solely to scientific expertise
Papachristophorou, Marilena. "Sommeils et veilles dans le conte merveilleux grec." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHESA028.
Full textRipoll, Élodie. "De l'unique au multiple : emplois et fonctions de la couleur dans le roman français (1720-1839)." Paris, EHESS, 2016. https://janus.bis-sorbonne.fr/login?url=https://doi.org/10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-08304-7.
Full textThis project deals with the use and the meaning of colour in literature. Theoretical hypotheses are to be tested in a broad corpus of French novels, from 1720 to 1839, which is a central time for both the history of colour and the history of literature. Newton's Opticks was first translated into French in 1720 and Chevreul's work on the simultaneous contrast was published in 1839. In the meantime, the modern European novel emerged and colour has become an essential part of it. Contemporary scientific, artistic and literary discourses are to be investigated along with various aspects of everyday life in order to reconstruct the status of colour and the part it played in culture at that particular time, as well as the evolutions that occurred. Comparing those results with contemporary novels would not only show similarities and/or differences in the treatment of colour but also help to determine the particularities of the use of colour in literature which does not seem to develop chronologically. A corpus of 50 French novels will be analysed to highlight several aspects of that non-linear evolution such as the colour vocabulary chosen by the authors, the colour symbolism involved in the novels, the tensions between narration and description or literature and painting. This project is based on a transdisciplinary approach, including the works by M. Pastoureau, A. Mollard-Desfour, Berlin and Kay, as well as literary theory, aesthetics, anthropology, linguistics, cultural history, history of science, history of art
Le, Floc'h Justine. "Ardeur et vengeance : anthropologie de la colère au XVIIe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL118.
Full textThis study aims to determine how the representations of anger were built in France in the 17th century from a broad collection of moral literature, including treatises on medicine, theology, philosophy, morals and civility. Anger was counted among the passions and defined, according to the Aristotelian proposal, as a desire for revenge caused by a perception of contempt, which manifests itself in the body with blood boiling around the heart. Anger (colère) was then correlated with choler, which is one of the four humors of the Hippocratic and galenic medicine (cholè): yellow bile causes fever and other kinds of inflammation. Considered as a form of madness and a vice by Seneca, the Ire finally appeared in the septenary scheme of the deadly sins, alongside Pride and Envy. But Christian anthropology also acknowledged its good uses, and the whole effort of the moralists, doctors and theologians of the early modern period was to determine how to reconcile the natural and physiological dimension of passion with the aspiration to virtue for the use of world. These authors encouraged the government of passions, both in a charitable perspective, and to promote their rhetorical use for self-staging in society.Our study contributes to the history of emotions in early modern France by analyzing the discourses that built the representations and the imagination of anger. By deploying the topical model of anger from a collection of moral literature considered as a discursive formation composed of different fields of knowledge, it participates in developing the historical anthropology of affectivity
Quirot, Benoît. "Vers une archéologie du voyage : destins de Gravida : de l'ethnographe et du psychanalyste." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0096.
Full textManca, Maria. "La poésie pour répondre au hasard : une approche anthropologique des joutes poétiques en Sardaigne." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100054.
Full textArmas, Ingrid de. "La mort romanesque au Vénézuela (1929-1961) : cadre socio-anthropologique." Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA030107.
Full textThe theme of this thesis is the representation of the death in the venezuelan novel, in its relations with a real-real and with a real-imaginary. The context of the thema is an historic period that goes from 1929-30, with dona barbara, by romulo gallegos and cubagua, by enrique b. Nunez, until the beginning of the sixties with oficina no 1, by miguel otero silva. It is a period of deep social-economic transformations that are reflected in the studied novels, in which the mentalities, the magic-religious believes and the collective or individual behavior in relation to death, have a privilegious place. The analysis has been made in the context of the components of the national-indian culture, hispanic and afro-american - making a counterpoint between the past and the present, between the literary recreation, the history and the myth
Haderlé, Aurélie. "Inter doloris aculeos : souffrance et ascèse dans la correspondance de saint Jérôme. Une approche littéraire et anthropologique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30084.
Full textThis thesis analyzes Jerome's Correspondence as a social practice, in its literary form and in its ideological content. Jerome's letters expose and promote the ideal of ascetic life which is based on the experimentation of various types of suffering. The monk develops a plurality of discourses to meet the needs of the plurality of his readership and the different social and cultural contexts that he faces.The Greek and Stoic philosophical thoughts conceived ascetic practices as entrainments to virtue. Jerome has established parallels between philosophical and Christian ascetic disciplines and techniques. The monk’s asceticism based on these different traditions creates a new model of ascetic life.The form and the intensity of the asceticism promoted by Jerome change between his youth, his eremitical failure at Chalcis and his encounter with the circle of the Aventine. The monk progressively promotes an asceticism presented as moderate. He forges a new ethnotype of the ascetic from the ethnotype of the Roman noble. The monk turns his back on the gospel message and spreads an asceticism restricted to the nobles : his propaganda campaign produces a new type of spiritual prestige that transcends social prestige.The importance of the figure of the ascetic in Jerome’s discourse raises the question of its social function. The great ascetics are characterized by their contempt for secular activities and by their patience to face austerities and sufferings. They are essential to the society of the fourth century to arouse and preserve the disgust of easy pleasures among the faithful
Trévise, Carole. "De l'anthropologie à la littérature : le schème sacrificiel dans l'œuvre romanesque de Balzac et Barbey d'Aurevilly." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040084.
Full textThis dissertation examines the deployment of the sacrificial motif in the novels of Balzac and Barbey d'Aurevilly through the lens of anthropological discourse. The purpose of this study is to delineate the sacrificial framework that emerges in fiction at the same time that French society moves away from the religious legacy of pre-revolutionary France. The intellectual and legal validation of this onward-looking secularization triggers a return of a religious sentiment and behavior, deprived of a Supreme Being, and looking henceforth to reinvest other (secular) objects of worship. Literature, as is often the case, is the first to tackle this phenomenon. The sacrificial motif, which is therein represented, whether literally or symbolically, reveals the survival of a religious sentiment that is called upon once again to resolve political or economic conflicts. The aim of this work, therefore, is to show the many functions of the sacrificial motif in literature, functions which, due to the century’s distanciation from religion, have been confined by the social sciences to an academic blind spot
Bridier, Sophie. "Le cauchemar : étude d'une figure mythique." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00572678.
Full textChriston, Gérard. "Le Récit d'enfance dans la littérature antillaise de langue française : (1950-2004) : mythes et réalités.fiction et vérité." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0312.
Full textThrough our research, the definition of childhood story by Denis Escarpit ideal: "a written text (. . . ) in which an adult writer, by various literary deviees, narrative or writing, tells the story of a child - himself or another - or a slice of the life of a child. " At the root of our thinking and our problems, this assertion Regis Anthony in his book Radiant writers of the Caribbean: "The child provides one more component to what we have called the genesis of a critical anthropology to the French Caribbean. (. . . ). . . The kid says, being a text more or less autobiographical problematic literary novel. " Our work has been to highlight the value and meanings of different stories of West Indian children, by identifying their distinctive features, their nature and their different functions. Problematic and hindered genre, more precisely controversial autobiography still oecupies an ever more important in French literature and literary discourse in thefrench-speaking Caribbean. Fueled by numerous criticisms made in particular by Jean-François Chiantarettc Gaston Pineau and Louis Le Grand - about the historical, sociological and anthropologicalliterature even these stories of childhood that are really narratives or Iife stories written by adult-, this controversy does not spare the infancy narratives of Caribbean writers in French. Ln terrns of Iiterature and psychoanalysis, how a writer can be split and described, in a book he agrees to publish the true story of his privacy, even as he lives? This question is one of Gaston Pineau and Jean-Louis Le Grand, who will not hesitate to express serious reservations about the "historical truth" of these texts
Barbarie, Yves. "La communication non verbale : études sur l'existence de gestes conflictuels dans les rapports interculturels." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070079.
Full textGesture is an aspect of communicative interaction which problematic is quite similar to linguistics. Acquiring and mastering gestural expressions as elements of verbal accompaniment or substitution is dépendent on the individual environment but also on the importance given to this communication phenomenon. This study is related to gesture used as substitute to speech and intends to verify the existence of conflictual factors in intercultural relations. A theoretical présentation of gesture and ils positioning in the complex world of communication, serve as an introduction to the project which is divided in two sections. The first section relates the design and development of a computer software for data insertion, movement description, analy sis and interpretation of multimedia information especially oriented towards verbal and non verbal behavioral research. The second section concerns the research results of the survey carried out in thé form of interviews with a group of informers to whom we asked to give the gestual equivalent to a series of daily expressions. About forty questions formulated to about twenty participants representing twelve cultures allowed us to verify and validate the efficiency of the software but also to confirm the presence of conflictual gestures in the relation between certain cultures. Different gestures with identical meaning and identical gestures with different meanings gave the possibility to group the non verbal expressions so examined in distinct catégories : gesture types with analogical meanings, with polyvalent meanings and with différent meanings; gestures which are specific to the culture of a nation or a population and those gestures which are universally recognized
Le, Ray Johanne. "Anthropologie et esthétique du croire dans l'oeuvre poétique d'Aragon, du Crève-coeur au Fou d’Elsa (1939-1963)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC003/document.
Full textThis doctoral thesis explores the complex set of beliefs espoused by Louis Aragon in his poetical oeuvre from Le Crève-coeur to Le Fou d'Elsa. He drew his inspiration from love and the support for the communist cause. Aragon's life-long commitment to communism was providential and problematic - it put his literary prowess to the test. This thesis examines how the second world war marked a turning point in his life and how it prompted him to resume writing poems. He became a prophet who relentlessly paced his quarterdeck bellowing hugolian stanzas that combined religious references with national politics. In his poems the captain-prophet spelt out the grammar of the all-encompassing communist militant. Aragon then rethinks the role of the poem and transcends its limitations, his aesthetics being based on efficiency. These times came to an end with the advent of the cold war during which he doggedly preached the gospel of communism. His poems recited the catechism and painted the glorious emblems of his faith. He confronted the crisis as a poet and overcame it in Le Roman inachevé by denouncing in an ambivalent whisper the demise of the utopian ideal. In Le Fou d'Elsa Aragon mustered his mystical powers to reveal the tragic dimension of History through the ordeal and fall of Grenada. He was intent on preserving and reaffirming the preeminence of the passionate search for an absolute now devoid of any political motive
Salinas, Escobar Edgar. "A la lisière du dire : lecture anthropologique de l’Animalité, l’Altérité et la Mort dans la fiction contemporaine." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA031.
Full textWhich kind of significance can fiction have these days as an event leading to an experience of existential value for the reader? Fiction, once a passive activity, must be completed today by the reader who, therefore, transforms the act of reading into a personal experience similar to an event as it is defined by phenomenology. In this work, the experience of suffering has been taken as the starting point to establish the epistemic path which enables human beings to reach their own individuality. The possible interpretations issued of the difficulties of self-relation, the relation to others and the relation to the nothingness of death in contemporary fiction will also be discussed. These experiences share a major enunciative characteristic from a phenomenological point of view: they cannot be stated in the present in the first person singular. That means all situations described by the authors, whose narrative core is one of these three experiences, are systematically just imagined projections.Under the theme name of Animality, Otherness and Death, each of these problematics will be addressed through two narrative texts published at the latest in 1990, respectively from two distinct spatial areas: Latin America and Europe. The aim is to highlight the ethical, epistemological and anthropological issues that emerge from the way literature gives access to these three experiences lived as events by the reader, who existentially appropriates the adventures of fictional characters
¿Qué importancia puede tener en nuestros días la escritura en tanto que acontecimiento que dé pie a una experiencia de valor existencial para el lector? La ficción, antaño una actividad pasiva, hoy tiene que ser completada activamente por el lector que, de este modo, transforma el acto de la lectura en una experiencia personal semejante al acontecimiento tal como lo define la fenomenología.La experiencia del sufrimiento sirve como punto de partida para definir en este trabajo el recorrido epistémico que permite al hombre dotarse de una individualidad. En él se discutirán las posibles interpretaciones que suscitan las dificultades de la relación consigo mismo, con el otro y con la nada de la muerte en la ficción contemporánea. Estas experiencias comparten una característica enunciativa mayor desde un punto de vista fenomenológico: no pueden ser enunciadas a la primera persona de singular en presente. Esto significa que todas las situaciones descritas por los escritores cuyo núcleo narrativo es alguna de estas tres experiencias son, sistemáticamente, simples proyecciones inventadas.Bajo el nombre temático de Animalidad, Alteridad y Muerte, cada una de estas problemáticas será abordada mediante dos textos narrativos publicados a más tardar en 1990, provenientes respectivamente de dos áreas espaciales distintas: América Latina y Europa. El objetivo es subrayar las implicaciones éticas, epistémicas y antropológicas que se desprenden de la forma en que la literatura vuelve accesibles estas tres experiencias vividas como acontecimientos por el lector que hace suyas, existencialmente, las peri-pecias de los personajes de ficción
Grim, Olivier Rachid. "Freaks à l'épreuve du mythe : La figure de l'infirme comme représentation de la mort : Anthropologie et psychanalyse de l'infirmité." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0240.
Full textWhy is a complete social integration of handicapped people still an utopian idea? To answer this question, the author hypothesises an underlying anthropological status to infirmity that is as effective as it is powerful. "The character of the cripple as a representation of death" is central to a film that is like no other : "Freaks", directed in 1932 by Tod Browning, which uses actors with real disabilities. Brought from the Thirties into the context of today, analysed and compared to works of the same sort, using the tools of anthropology and psychoanalysis, this film - unique in its structure and content - continues to grind the grain brought to the "mythical-poetic" mills that have the task of answering the mysteries and enigmas thrown up by birth, death - and what which lies beneath and beyond -, sexuality and socialisation. The originality and power of its thesis lies in its daring to tackle these questions by staging real disabilities; and thereby opens a way towards understanding the position of the disabled person today
Landry, Jean-Michel. "Les ingénieurs de l'âme : pouvoir et subjectivation sous Staline." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25060/25060.pdf.
Full textKolb, Matthieu. "Espaces dramatiques et postdramatiques dans le théâtre de célébration de Franck McGuinness." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1648.
Full textMaurer, Sylvie. "South Sea Tales de Robert Louis Stevenson : une approche littéraire et anthropologique." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030019.
Full textRobert Louis Stevenson’s South Sea Tales is a motley collection of stories written and set in Polynesia at the end of the 19th century. Deeply versed in anthropology, the author asks fundamental questions about the region. He revisits the past, hacking away at traditional South Sea literature. As a mythologist, he travels back both to the origins of Western myths of idyllic South Seas, and to the core of Polynesian myths. He interweaves the founding tales of both Western and Polynesian civilisations into a pioneering palimpsest. Stevenson also faces the present: he fiercely denounces the fight for a Western hegemony over the islands, and depicts the islanders’ acculturation. The natives prove to be neither noble nor ignoble savages, but hybrids who have lost touch with their indigenous identities. As a postcolonial writer-to-be, Stevenson proclaims the fall of imperialism and stands up against any kind of ostracising. He hands over to Genette’s « Vendredi », endeavouring to present things from the viewpoint of native islanders at the fin de siècle. The author also wonders about the future of the South Seas. Although he stakes Polynesian women will play a leading role, he provides no clear-cut foresight: typically, he steps back to let the Other have the last word. Instead of prophesising, as a forerunner of postmodernism he questions everything, including the boundaries between reality and fiction, the narrator’s status and the author’s authority. Stevenson’s South Sea Tales are a daring opening up onto Otherness in people and in literature
Dumitrescu, Laura-Ioana. "La construction de l'identité dans le Roman de Fauvel." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA059.
Full textIdentity construction in Le Roman de FauvelThis dissertation aims at discussing the authors’ identity construction in Le Roman de Fauvel by means of the relations between melancholy, “allegorical consciousness”, and subjectivity. Those three elements are set against the background of 14th century literature, where allegory, didacticism, and the edifying discourse are privileged modes of expression. Gervais de Bus and Chaillou de Pesstain’s major claim is that their testimony on the fall of Fauvel’s court is true, and witnessed with their own eyes. Therefore, the sight is the sense most heavily mobilized in this extensive narration which, formally, resembles a documentary, and yet it is strictly a work of fiction. My research explores the relationship between the melancholic (i.e., emotional) subjectivity, the voir dit, and an allegorical construction with set landmarks.The first chapter relies on the anthropology of emotions in order to define the relationship between allegory and melancholy. The second chapter uses the pragmatics of discourse in order to highlight the functioning of the voir dit. And finally, by means of an iconographic approach, my analysis emphasizes the authors’ marks in the visual discourse of the manuscript 146 at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. The reason for choosing this late medieval manuscript as a research topic is the direct affective relationship between the authors and the main character in the novel. This relationship is intensely emotional: Gervais de Bus et Chaillou de Pesstain hate Fauvel and wish him dead. My main hypothesis is therefore that the considerable energy they spend in expressing their feelings might well represent a way of speaking about themselves and asserting their authority in a novel that conveys their own sensibility rather than merely constructing a story
Mounienguet, M'bérah Yannick. "Identité, théâtralité et statut anthropologique de la fiction narrative dans "The New York Trilogy" de Paul Auster et "La Polka, la fabrique de cérémonies, solo d’un revenant" de Kossi Efoui." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST0021.
Full textThis work concerns the conditions of elaboration of an anthropological knowledge from the discursive forms of the contemporary novel and the representation of the character which this one sets up. It raises a status of this knowledge by putting these forms in connection with the socio-anthropological context which determines their emergence, referring to the aesthetic phenomenon of its reception and its social significance. So, the theatricality concept indicates a disruption of the novel identity as well as the method by which the character crisis expresses itself, "refiguring" the vision of human being and the society. The dissertation is divided in three parts all in accordance with the triple articulation of the Text socio-anthropological method. The first part’s dealing with the mutual influence between literature and anthropology. With the mimesis concept, that first part shows that the novel proposes its own vision of the human being. The second part localizes two levels of theatricality in the novel: the one that puts the identity of that one in the crisis and the over that re-elaborates the mimesis by representing a character totally split. The third part tries to establish correspondences between this double crisis of the character and human beings
Reynard, Liliane. "La description des hommes dans quelques oeuvres à caractère historique au XIIIe siècle : étude comparative de l'idéal humain, domaine européen et domaine scandinave." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040111.
Full textIn the thirteenth century, the historical works of the European and Scandinavian domains are especially numerous and give a particulary rich image of the Occidental world. Eleven works were chosen to take into account the diversity of the "historical production" of the thirteenth century: narratives of the Crusades, biographies and kings' sagas, a Song in the honour of a chivalrous hero, and two Icelandic family sagas. These works record the events of a time, and describe the principal actors. These descriptions, often very short, sometimes more elaborate, adding details and anecdotes to impersonal qualifying words, are selected as eulogies and portraits, and analysed to define the human ideal that informed the judgement of the people of the European and Scandinavian domains. Who is described, how, with which qualifying words and in which circumstances? What are the criteria that informed the judgement? Can we perceive an evolution of the mentalities during the century? These are the questions that I tried to answer in order to propose a comparative bilan that discerns the characteristics of the ideal man and the ideal woman of the North and the South, and the common qualities of the persons praised in these two distinct cultural domains
Ion, Despina. "La parenté dans Garin le Loheren et Gerbert de Mez : étude littéraire, linguistique et anthropologique." Nancy 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN21001.
Full textGarin and Gerbert show the idea of conflict between two lignages. The kinship constantly nourishes the stories and constitute one of the springs of the narrative's dynamic. It is important then to discern its textual manifestations, its modes of organisation in the social system of the story and to determine its impact on the general economy of the text. We propose a study of kinship that relies on the analysis of vocabulary and utilizes methodological tools of anthropology. The first part deals with vocabulary. The analysis of terms of personal relationships shows the preminence of consenguinity, the unconcerned character of kinship, the preference of stories for male relatives. The study of collective terms has shown that they can be used under a nominal form to refer to the protagonists or under a prepositional form to indicate the membership and/or the social quality of characters. This allowed us to notice that the majority of these words point out diverse realities : a grouping concrete or virtual of relatives and friends or simply of relatives, an abstract collectively founded on kinship. The second part aimed at the investigation of kinship starting from narrative datum. We pondered on relationships between the protagonists, on representations and practives related to ancestors and marriage, to kin's material, human or symbolic goods, to mechanisms that govern his functioning. It appeared that characters express themselves and are apprehended specially as consanguines. Links other than those between consanguines are due to the character's will to maintain positive relationships with other social entities. The matrimonial alliances, the baptismal kinship and the vassalage are seen as agreements (of non-agression) between two groups traditionally anamies or as active alliances that have been reached with a well defined pirpose. This study has shown in the social universe of the two stories the existence of a kinship system globally conform to the historical reality. It has also revealed a differnet use of kinship's datum for each poem
Miliani, Mahmoud. "Constructions de la réalité sportive." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30013.
Full textThe subject of this study lies in the analysis of the mediations by language, by concepts and by the human body, which make the sports reality. Its issue consists in setting up the social genesis of symbolical and material structures that make up a world. The first topic of this work is to show the contribution of sports literature and of theorical speeches, towards the constitution of sports mind. Indeed, the way some writers described sports experience, has contributed towards legitimate the passion and practice of sport. This way of analysis leads to question psychological and political aspects of speeches on sport, and sociological theories that define sport. The second topic of this study lies in demonstrating the stimulating strength of sport. Our analysis leads us back to archaic forms of human societies, in order to explain the specific phenomenom of sports rallies. It shows the relevance and the necessity of mass society science. People can talk much on sport, they can move on it and they can religiously rally to it. However, this work shows how bodies are under influence of sport
Baran, Sorin Ovidiu. "Motifs préchrétiens dans le conte populaire roumain." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENL009/document.
Full textThe present thesis proposes to reconsider the narrative cliche narrative of the folk tales, that of the constant struggle between good and evil, after the analysis of pre-Christian background, hidden behind the superficial structure of the narrative, the real reason for be mythical figures reveals a world that is not the antithesis, but a world of ambivalence. This leads to the inability to determine definitively the nature of symbols and images that grow in fairy tales, but also the ability to create another way of reading fairy tales. The analysis begins by identifying the substrate of the pagan mythical figure of the Romanian folk tales zmeu in a comparative approach, with the help of modern instruments of the imagination. The figure of Zmeu is integrated in a mythical origin where are projected two orders of the sacred: a traditional order that protects the sacred values of the world and an initial order innovation that changes the meaning of the primordial world of the sacred. Between these two orders, the figure of zmeu, as representing the ancient world, conflicts with the figure of the warrior who, representing the new monde.In this conflict, the figure of zmeu is defeated by the mechanisms of history
Robidas, Josiane. "Pour le plaisir de la chose : analyse de contenu des conceptions et des usages du Kâmasûtra dans l'Occident contemporain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27239/27239.pdf.
Full textDebaene, Vincent. "Les Deux Livres de l'ethnographe : l'éthnologie française au XXe siècle: entre science et littérature." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040209.
Full textThis study reviews the history of the relationship between literature and the social sciences in France during the 20th century from the vantage point of a particular discipline, ethnology. It is a striking fact that several members of the first generation of ethnographers published two books, one “literary”, one “scientific”. The most famous cases are those of Michel Leiris, author of L’Afrique fantôme (1934) and of La Langue secrète des Dogons de Sanga (1938), and Claude Lévi-Strauss, who wrote both La Vie familiale et sociale des Indiens Nambikwara (1948) and Tristes tropiques (1955). There is further proof of this inter-disciplinary confrontation between science and literature in the work of Alfred Métraux, Marcel Griaule, and Jacques Soustelle, among others. The first part of this study considers the foundation of the ethnology; a second part locates the discipline in the context of travel-writing in the twentieth century. The central part of the thesis is then devoted to an historical and epistemological investigation which interprets the emergence of the social sciences in terms of a final prolongation of the crisis of “Belles-Lettres”, the crisis which began at the turn of the nineteenth century (during the years in which the opposition between science and literature began to crystallise). What is at stake here is a complex process whereby "the artist was dispossesed by the scientist" (Lanson), whereby the social sciences came to adapt the knowledge of man hitherto reserved to literature and so dissolve the ties between literature and anthropology that had formerly been sustained by rhetoric. A fourth and final part of the thesis qualifies this pessimistic assessment by analysing in more detail the modes of articulation that, in practice, may relate literary writing and scientific speech
Safavizadeh, Nazanin. "L'imaginaire des quatre éléments dans la littérature contemporaine : analyse comparée à travers Goli Taraghi et Jean Marie Gustave Le Clézio." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20050.
Full textThis thesis focuses upon the imagination of the four elements through contemporary comperative literature, between French writer Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio and Iranian writer Goli Taraqi. The methodology used here reveals symbolic characters from the sensitive qualities of each element. On the other hand, compared literature requires that we understand our subject with a more expanded vision based on cultural and societal facts because each writer carries in his/her own imagination of the nature at times a personal and collective memory. This memory is in fact crossed by particular historic events which have a specific influence on individual psychology and relation with the world. The share of memories and the interpretation of memories are attentively observed and we follow the way the writer has designed for each element in writing his world. This study is comprised of three parts: The first and the second parts are about sensitive and symbolic areas and the third part compares the results obtained from exposing the thematic networks of images and symbols. Finally, the conclusion brings us to underscore the importance of psychology of each writer, which determines a territory of action for each element by outlining a cosmogony whose four elements represent only a single aspect. The advantage with analysis in the compared literature here is that the latter is rich in meaning, allowing the emergence of differences and elements of universality beyond erosion resulting from the globalization of post-modernity. The writer shows a sort of independence through persistence of specific lively attitudes through the vigor of cultural roots
Mazzei, Raphaël. "Expérience du temps et de l'espace : regards croisés sur la Basilicate, fragmentations et poétiques à l'épreuve du réel, temps, écritures et images." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0008.
Full textGrandadam, Fleur. "Mythes, rites et symboles dans la littérature de Patrick White : essai de lecture anthropologique : "Voss", de la quête initiatique au rêve aborigène." Polynésie française, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POLF0002.
Full textInspired by his experience of the battlefields of Greece and the Middle East during World War II and the cultural and geographical resistance of Australia to European civilization, Patrick White (1912-1990, Nobel Prize for Literature in 1973), enlarges on an abortive exploration of the biggest island in the world to build it up into a symbol of introspection, thus broaching upon the themes of human identity, country (town, bush and outback) and love. Voss (1957) unfolds the story of a man and a woman which can only fulfil itself in fantasy, blending at times with the Aboriginal Dreamtime and transcending social classes. In this epic masterpiece, White delivers the message that identity depends on land and that Judeo-Christian traditions must come to terms with Aboriginal mores. Man has to acknowledge his wilderness - Leichhardt as a land explorer, Voss as a circumnavigator - to find out where he belongs, prop up the sky in order to embrace the land, keep both of them at bay, and, tree-like, grow!
Bonord, Aude. "Le saint et l’écrivain : variations de l’hagiographie dans la littérature non confessionnelle au XXe siècle (Blaise Cendrars, Joseph Delteil, André Gide, Christian Bobin, Sylvie Germain, Claude Louis-Combet)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040171.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to explore a literary and cultural paradox : the re-writings of lives of Christian saints, both historical and fictional, by non-confessional authors of the twentieth century (André Gide, Blaise Cendrars, Joseph Delteil, Christian Bobin, Sylvie Germain, Claude Louis-Combet). What variations did they bring to the hagiographical genre and to the figure of the saint compared to the mediaeval tradition, as exemplified by the Légende Dorée, and to Catholic tradition, both religious and literary, represented by fellow authors of the same period ? Furthermore, what is the meaning of this unexpected return to the origins on the part of authors marked by the modern world or living in a post-modern context ?At the crossroads of anthropology, literary history, history of Religions and Ideas, this work aims first of all at exploring the basis of non-confessional hagiography, from the spiritual quest of the author to the definition of their atypical status, from the depiction of the saint to the definition of a model of sainthood. In the second part, we will probe the metamorphoses of the genre, how the subversive play shifts towards the fiction of intimacy and the literature of ideas. Finally, we will try to demonstrate how hagiography combines reflections on the status of the writer, the function of literature, the powers of language and the conception of a literary language
Boumrar, Sébastien. "La coutume dans les romans de chevalerie en France au Moyen Age (XIIème-XIIIème siècle) : étude historique, anthropologique et littéraire." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040009.
Full textIn the arthurian world, social organisation and chivalrous behaviour are regulated by customs that are felt to be obligatory, the lexical and thematic importance of custom reflects attitudes that were profoundly affected by traditional practice, indeed, the medieval French judicial system was based partly on the force of habit. The literature of chivalry proves, however, to be not so much a mirror of contemporary life as an echo of former beliefs, folktales and mythical narratives, which lend a highly archaic tone to "customs", ritual and obligatory confrontations and rules of conduct, Arthurian customs are literary artifices that play, along with adventures, an important role in the medieval novel from Chretien de Troyes to Ysaye le triste. They are essential evidence of the evolution of Arthurian narrative, between traditions and innovations