Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anthropologie légale'
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Provost, Fabien. "Anthropologie de l'expertise médico-légale en Inde du Nord." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100025.
Full textWhereas much has been written about the role played by medico-legal evidence in judicial deliberation, few studies focus on the articulation of medicine and law in the daily lives of experts. However, testifying in courts is but one aspect of forensic medicine. Understanding how medico-legal experts implement the interface between medicine and law therefore requires moving away from the court to focus on the daily practice of forensic expertise in the hospital. In this perspective, this thesis deals with forensic medicine based on a one-year ethnographic survey conducted in three hospital mortuaries in North India, as well as on judicial records. It relies on case studies formed out of the analysis of interactions between doctors and police officers or family members, medico-legal examinations and strategies for writing forensic reports. While placing Indian forensic medicine in its historical, sociological and institutional context, this work, at the intersection of medical and legal anthropology, aims to establish how medico-legal experts understand cases, write their reports and act on reality. The medico-legal diagnosis and its written formulation appear as elaborations, built through a hybrid process whose analysis makes it possible to grasp the epistemological, political and social issues surrounding medico-legal practice
Leonetti, Georges. "Apport de nouveaux paramètres anthropologiques à l'identification en médecine légale : Anthropologie biologique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX2653U.
Full textBernardi, Caroline. "Les lésions osseuses par scies dans les démembrements criminels en anthropologie médico-légale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ6023.
Full textCases of criminal dismemberment are encountered in forensic pathology. To the usual analyzes allowing to determine the causes and circumstances of the death, it will be necessary to add in this context, the investigations on bone's cut marks created by the instruments used by the criminal.The analysis of saw marks left on bone by the criminal is an important issue because it makes it possible to determine or estimate the characteristics of the saw used: hand saw versus electric saw, crosscut saw and universal saw versus ripsaw, TPI (teeth per inch) and set type.I was interested in features of saw marks on bone (shape of the walls, shape of the profiles, type of striae, minimum width between the edges, presence or not of bone islands) produced by saws rarely or not studied in the literature, focusing on false starts (type of saw marks containing the most information). Analyzes were performed using a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope. I studied the false starts produced on human bone by the autopsy saw, two hand saws with high TPI, and three oscillating reciprocating saw blades in comparison to those of two hand saws with similar characteristics.Then, I wondered about the potential influence of the simmering method (a defleshing technique used in the experimental protocols to remove the soft tissues from bone) on the bone structure, and therefore consequently on the saw marks produced by the saws. For this, two methods were used. First, false stars were produced with the same saw on bones undergone different times of simmering method, then the lesions produced were analyzed under a stereomicroscope. Next, bone density measured using a computed tomography (CT) was compared before and after simmering method in human and pig bones, pig being regularly used in experimental studies as a substitute for human bone
Quatrehomme, Gérald. "Reconstruction faciale : intérêt anthropologique et médico-légal." Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR10616.
Full textPiercecchi-Marti, Marie-Dominique. "Evaluation de paramètres de détermination de l'âge chez le foetus en anthropologie médico-légale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20657.pdf.
Full textDelannoy, Yann. "Caractérisation de la diagénèse osseuse en anthropologie médico-légale : étude macroscopique, spectrométrique et histomorphologique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S052/document.
Full textIntroduction: Determining the postmortem interval in cases of skeletonized remains is a key element of the judicial investigation. However, few methods are applicable for an accurate estimate of this period. This taphonomic study wanted to be performed in a temporality joining the legal requirements applied in forensics. Thus, the main hypothesis of this study was an early organic postmortem bone degradation, particularly a collagen degradation. The latter has been studied prospectively.Materials and Methods: 6 human bodies without known bone disease were included, and for each subject, the ribs were chosen. The bones were included in a diagenetic environment and studied over 2 years. Macroscopic analysis of bone weight loss was performed, and completed by two methods: one molecular (Raman microspectrometry) and the other morphological (histology).Results: This work has highlighted certain features of the temporary bone alteration on its different phases via: a desiccation highlighted by bone mass loss; a diagenesis of organic and mineral phases. Thus, the study of physicochemical parameters by Raman microspectrometry revealed a temporary trend of declining mineral / organic ratios; decreasing carbonation; increasing crystallinity. Multivariate analysis of Raman spectra allowed: to distinguish temporal groups by discriminating via their organic contributions; to design a statistical model of practical use. The microscopic study of the samples revealed no microbial attack in the early postmortem period, but an alteration of collagen by chemical hydrolysis.Discussion: Our study identified three basic parameters of bone diagenesis that must be known to the forensic anthropologist, even over a period of 2 years which is \\\"short\\\" on the scale of anthropology:- The environment strongly influences bone diagenesis and should be studied as well as the bone itself. Indeed, the study of weight loss of the bone, revealed a phenomenon of bone drying, similar to the overall dehydration of the body in the postmortem period;- Bone diagenesis is a global phenomenon in which the various alterations of inorganic and organic phases are interdependent and can be evaluated by Raman microspectrometry. Also its contribution in the analysis of the chemical degradation of the bone, Raman spectroscopy and statistical tools associated with it, allows the identification of diagenesis classes. These classes will require additional studies, eventually to be a practical support in dating a bone;- The organic alteration of the bone may be due to chemical or bacterial degradation, according to the environment and the postmortem period. Histology can make this distinction. On this period of study, the collagen degradation by chemical hydrolysis is predominant.Conclusion: These parameters form a structural unit, which is well known in archaeological anthropology, and is absolutely transposable in forensic practice if appropriate methodologies are developed. Research on this topic has an essential role as forensics can respond to legitimate requests from victims and their relatives towards justice
Ruquet, Michel. "Intérêts de la variabilité de l'alvéolyse humaine dans l'estimation de l'âge en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20660/document.
Full textThe study carried out concerned to the determination of the age from investigations on the human alveolar bone loss. The lack of reliability of the tie epithelial as indicator of age and the absence of correlation of the transparency of the dentin on whole or cut teeth demonstrated the interest of a new odontological model of estimation of the age. We have, for it, recruited an important series of scanners (500) for implantological treatment matched by a medical administrative questionnaire administered opposite to face. A base balanced in term of sex-ratio and age groups was established with as criterion of inclusion of the toothed and observable sectors. The second phase consisted in practicing biometric measures of the height of loss of alveolar bone with regard to the classic referent that the junction enamel Cement establishes .From the data, and adjusted on the individual and behavioral variables collected in the questionnaire, we established a correlation with the continuous variable, the age. We were able to propose a model of estimation of the age in that of the odontological method of Lamendin with an identical but applicable reliability on age groups from 25 to 60 years. This method was validated by a comparative study of three indicators of errors and the formula optimized by the Bootstrap method. The models were, then, applied to a series of ancient complete skulls (32) and to a contemporary population (50). Finally, we opened the prospect, from the same protocol, from the estimation of the alveolar bone loss from the adjusted age or not on the various variables held) in the main study
Tardivo, Delphine. "Détermination de l'âge et du sexe et modélisation de la canine en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20705.
Full textThe bone methods of sexual diagnosis give excellent results, with rates of good predictions over 90%. Nonetheless, bones are not always available and, when they are, according to the causes of death and/or storage conditions of the body, they may have been severely degraded. To be able to determine the sex of an individual in these situations, dental techniques of sexual diagnosis are needed.In contrast to sex determination, the problem of age estimation has been the topic of many studies and so many different techniques, evidence of failure of all these methods, which the literature did not fail to highlight.The first aim of this work was to propose a simple and accurate dental technique for determining sex, in order to resolve this anthropological issue, reliably in the absence of other elements of the skeleton.The second was to develop a method for estimating the age of easy and fast implémentation, neither requiring a heavy technical support nor damage to material, for an application as well in forensics as in anthropology.The training sample consisted of 210 subjects’ CT-scans, each with four canines healthy. The validation sample was composed of 55 CT-scans, each with at least one healthy canine. Pulp and total volumes of each tooth were modeled and calculated using the software Mimics . A binary logistic regression was used to determine seven prediction models of sex, according to the number and type of canine available in practice. The comparison of the areas under the ROC curve showed a greater performance of the model using the volumes of the four canines. The weighted least squares method was used to determine the equations for estimating the age for the same seven models. Greater performance of the model using the volumes of maxillary canines has been demonstrated. All these regressions were tested on the validation sample to perform their external validation.It turns out that in a scientific context where historical mandibular canines were the reference tool in the sex diagnosis, three-dimensional modeling emphasizes the potential value of maxillary counterparts. Moreover, it appears that the evaluation of the physiological pulp reduction, due to the natural apposition of secondary dentine on canines only, is a performance criterion in determining age.The models proposed in this study can therefore have reliable evidence, which all have all their place in the necessary body of evidence for determining age and sex, in estimating identification
Verna, Emeline. "Les variations osseuses asymptomatiques du squelette postcranien : leur contribution à l'identification en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5061.
Full textIn forensic anthropology, determination of sex, estimation of age at death and estimation of stature are essential parameters for constituting the biological profile of an individual from bone remains. However, using only three parameters limits interpretation, several individuals could share the same profile. The introduction and observation of others parameters, particularly anatomical variations, could help establish a more complete and specific biological profile to correspond to a restricted number of individuals or to a unique individual. In addition to anatomical variations, postural markers and congenital anomalies can be useful for identification purposes. These 3 elements are regrouped under the term Asymptomatic Osseous Variation (AOV). 109 AOVs were found on the postcranial skeleton and 82 were studied on 1300 individuals from three different populations: a contemporary population (medical imaging), an osteological collection of reference and an osteoarcheological population. Frequencies were obtained from the three samples for each AOV, and frequencies according to sex, age and laterality were calculated. A clear iconography of each AOV was obtained. This data enabled the classification of the AOVs according to 5groups of frequencies, ranging from very rare to very frequent. The AOVs were also classified according to their liaison with sex, age and laterality. The final goal is to select only AOVs with a frequency inferior to 10% (qualified as rare), that are easily observable, to be useful for establishing the biological profile and help identify the individual, using a method based on ante and post-mortem data comparison
Petkovski, Elizabet. "Polymorphismes ponctuels de séquence et identification génétique : Etude par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/PETKOVSKI_Elizabet_2006.pdf.
Full textHuman genome polymorphism investigation allows accurate individual identification and genetic relationship establishment. The study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) requires short DNA fragments and therefore has a particular advantage over classical markers in the analysis of degraded samples. This and the capacity of yielding high discriminatory powers confer a great value to autosomal SNP markers in the fields of forensics or molecular anthropology. In the present study 50 autosomal SNPs and a sex determining sequence difference between the amelogenin gene gonosomal copies were selected. The characterization of this set of markers represents an innovative work as it allows generating strong discriminatory information and is restricted to non-coding DNA regions, in harmony with the in force French legislation. Our approach to SNP typing is a multiplex PCR based amplification followed by simultaneous detection of primer extension products by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The study of these markers in a French representative population allowed their allelic distribution investigation, their validation as tools for genetic identification and filiation and the development of a direct, sensitive, rapid and multiplexed analysis method yielding reproducible results. The analysis of the selected binary markers represents a complementary means of great help in cases where microsatellite investigation fails due to extensive DNA degradation rather then lack of DNA template. Their specific advantage relies in the identification of discrete samples, such as highly degraded tissues commonly encountered on crime scenes or in mass-disasters. The establishment of a routine protocol will lead to the implementation of the method based on SNP typing in genetic identification laboratories
Lefèvre, Philippe. "Etude anthropométrique de la main: le volume et son utilisation pour l'aide à l'identification des personnes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210232.
Full textLa mesure du volume de moulage des mains de 109 adultes (dont 14 gauchers) est réalisée à l’aide d’un volumètre à aiguille et plusieurs équations de régression mettent en évidence les relations entre des composantes anthropométriques du corps et de ses segments avec le volume des mains. Ensuite, le volume et des variables spécifiques des mains d’un nouvel échantillon de 88 sujets vivants sont mesurés et leur typologie est également déterminée. Les équations de régression caractérisant les relations entre les variables des mains et la typologie estiment la stature par les longueur et largeur des mains (Main Droite :r² = .66 ;SEE = 4 cm ;Main Gauche :r² = .62 ;SEE = 4,2cm) et le poids par le volume et le périmètre de PII du 5ème doigt (MD :r² = .69 ;SEE = 6.64kg ;MG :r² = .64 ;SEE = 7,13kg). La validation de la méthode est réalisée sur un échantillon analogue mais indépendant de 21 sujets adultes. Le poids de 90.5 % des sujets est estimé avec un écart maximum de 5.98kg et la stature de 76% de l’échantillon avec un écart maximum de 3cm.
De nombreuses techniques ont été élaborées afin de reconstruire le visage à partir du crâne d’une personne disparue ;dans le même ordre d’idée peut-on reconstruire l’aspect virtuel de la peau d’une main en disposant de son squelette ?Des modèles informatisés, par CT Scan, des os et de la peau sont obtenus des mains d’un cadavre et d’un volontaire. Le logiciel Lhp Builder permet la localisation des coordonnées spatiales de points de repères anatomiques osseux des modèles. A partir de 3 repères, les relations spatiales entre les modèles sont établies et employées afin d’interpoler la peau manquante de la main. Le volume de la « peau interpolée » et le volume de la « peau réelle » obtenus par imagerie médicale sont comparés afin de valider la méthode. Une différence de volume de 3.5 % entre les volumes respectifs de la main du cadavre et de la main reconstruite situe le niveau de précision de la méthode.
D’autres manipulations de reconstruction sont exécutées dans des situations analogues au cadre médico-légal (enfouissement en terre de pièces animales, mise en digestion dans des produits caustiques).
Cette première approche méthodologique de reconstruction de la main semble prometteuse et la main reconstruite deviendrait un élément important pour l’identification de personnes disparues./
In our cultural society, three anatomical body parts are usually apparent so visible and thus identifiable: the face and the hands. The hand may be an element of identification specific to each individual and recognizable. By measuring the dismembered hand volume of a person, the typology of this person associating, inter alia measurements of the hand, volume with weight could be determined ?
The volume measurement of casts hands of 109 adults (of which 14 left-handed persons) is realized using a needle volumeter and several regression equations highlight the relations between anthropometrical components of the body and its segments with the hands volume. Then, the hands volume and specific hands variables of a new sample of 88 living subjects are measured and their typology is also determined. The regression equations characterizing the relations between the hands variables and typology estimate the stature by hands length and width (Right hand: r² = 66; SEE = 4 cm; Left hand: r² = 62; SEE = 4,2cm) and the weight by volume and perimeter of PII of the 5 th finger (Right hand: r² = 69; SEE = 6.64kg; Left hand: r² = 64; SEE = 7,13kg). The validation of the method is carried out on a sample similar but independent of 21 adult subjects. The weight of 90.5 % of the subjects is estimated with a maximum difference of 5.98kg and the stature of 76% of the sample with 3cm maximum.
Many techniques were elaborated in order to rebuild the face starting from cranium of a missing person; in the same order can one rebuild the virtual aspect of the hand skin while having its skeleton? From computerized models, by CT Scan, bones and skin are obtained of hands of a corpse and a living volunteer. The software Lhp Builder allows the localization of the 3D co-ordinates of anatomical bones landmarks of the models. From 3 landmarks, the 3D relations between the models are established and used in order to interpolate the missing skin of the hand. The volume of the " interpolated skin " and the volume of the " real skin " obtained by medical imaging are compared in order to validate the method. A volume difference of 3.5 % between respective volumes of the hand corpse and the rebuilt hand estimates the level of precision of the method.
Other experiments of rebuilding are carried out in situations similar to the medico-legal framework (ground hiding of animal parts, digestion in caustic products).
This first methodological approach of hand rebuilding seems promising and the rebuilt hand would become a significant element for the identification of missing people.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Chaumoitre, Kathia. "Etude anthropologique de la maturation osseuse de la main et du poignet : analyse critique des méthodes d'estimation et validité de l'atlas de Greulich et Pyle." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20702.
Full textThis study about skeletal maturation aims to assess the accuracy of Greulich-Pyle method applied to a contemporary population, to improve this method by adding confidence intervals and to evaluate environmental factors influencing bone age. In order to establish these goals, hand-wrist radiographs of 1372 children of Marseilles, 263 children of Montreal and 645 children of Marrakech were analysed. Greulich-Pyle method, the most common method, created in the 50’s, is still accurate to a contemporary population. The use of this method in a forensic way must deal with individual variability and the bone age estimation must be expressed by a range of values. We propose confidence intervals in a new atlas. Bone maturation is an anthropological marker that depends of numerous factors such as the body mass index or the socio-economical level
Urzel, Vanessa. "Apport de la résonance magnétique nucléaire des solides à la caractérisation chimique et à la datation des os en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0019/document.
Full textThe post mortem interval estimation is a fundamental step in forensic anthropology and up to now there are little accurate and reliable methods to do so. The objectives of our study were to investigate the bone composition and its evolution over years and centuries following the death by developing carbon 13C and proton 1H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We analyzed about one hundred human and animal bones for which the age at death, sex, date of death and the storage conditions were known. Bones were characterized at the molecular level by identification of collagen, lipids and hydroxyapatite embedded in the bone matrix. We have designed a NMR-based method that allows determining alterations on some samples, evidencing the presence of adipocere (bone wax) within the bone, or finding bone tissue deterioration on some very old samples. Subject age at death and sex did not reveal significant changes on NMR data, except for post mortem interval ranging between 0 to 1 year, where female subjects had quantitatively more lipids in their bones than males. Storage conditions may promote a greater development of adipocere especially for bones left in the open air compared to those buried. Finally, we report a quantitative decrease of collagen and lipids present in the bone tissue when the post mortem interval increases. This decrease is much faster for lipids than for collagen where as the hydroxyapatite has a relative stability in the first centuries after the death. Decreases occur with very different time constants, ranging from years to millennia
Sastre, Julien. "Etude tridimensionnelle de la partie postérieure de la base du crâne chez le fœtus : applications à la détermination de l'âge en anthropologie médico-légale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20715.
Full textGeometric morphometric techniques allow the 3D visualization of the skull base and a forecast of their related growth variations. The aim of this work is to provide reliable and accurate methods to estimate fetal age and stage of development characterized by bone conformation. The temporal bone, occipital and sphenoid in 33 fetuses aged from the 19th to the 24th week of amenorrhea (W.A) were reconstructed in 3D and 44 landmarks were positioned. Geometric morphometrics was used to determine the maxima of morphological variation and ontogenetic trajectories. The established formulas allow the estimation of age at ±2.44 weeks. Hyphenation points conventionally used in anthropology have been confirmed. We have established a chronology of the conformations between 19th, 27th and 41st WA. The sphenoid and the occipital bone have a common growth rate, while the temporal bone differs. We confirmed these anatomical structures as indirect criteria of maturation to estimate age
Robin, Nadège. "Etude odontologique des restes humains brûlés provenant de séries archéologiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20716.
Full textThe burned human remains study provides great information about cremation practice. Based on an archaeological context, our research was focused on one single skeletal element: Tooth. Only few studies in forensic odontology have considered this aspect. This original work was established from a large burned sample of secondary burials located in the Pauvadou Roman necropolis (Fréjus – South of France). It first seeks to demonstrate the heat-induced transformation of teeth, then to compare the representative level of each tooth according to the biological sex and the age-at-death of each individual. We also aimed to compare the relationship between the identified teeth and their pathologies, to show protection effects and finally to revise temperature change. To highlight our results, we compared our search to 3 sets of archaeological material coming from primary burials of Sainte-Barbe Roman necropolis (Marseille – South of France), from La Rouguière secondary burials site (Riez – South of France) and from Gallic necropolis of Saint-Antoine road (Feurs –North of France). The first 2 ones have the same Pauvadou archaeological context. To our knowledge, this original study is the first to provide new data on burned human remains with both a forensic and archaeological aspects
Theves, Catherine. "Recherche de mutations ponctuelles de l'ADN mitochondrial dans l'os pour une détermination de l'âge." Paris, EHESS, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308590.
Full textIn the present study, we searched to evaluate the most efficient method for detecting low levels of heteroplasmy, determine whether these mutations were really age-related and assess the possible implications of heteroplasmies in anthropological and forensic studies. In first time, in two tissue types, muscle samples and buccal cells, we carried out the sensitive detection and quantification of point mutation A189G with peptid nucleic acid (PNA) and Real Time PCR (qPCR) together. In second time, we worked on bone tissues, on the one hand, from individuals where age was known in forensic identification, on the other hand, from ancient skeletons of the eastern Siberia, where age determination was done using bone indicators. We showed the A189G heteroplasmy accumulation on individuals of 70 years old or more, when age is known, and on identified old individuals by bone indicators. These investigations could be of interest in the detection and interpretation of mtDNA heteroplasmy in anthropological and forensic studies
Thèves, Catherine. "Recherche de mutations ponctuelles de l'ADN mitochondrial dans l'os pour une détermination de l'âge." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308590.
Full textBeauthier, Jean-Pol. "Contribution à l'approche anthropologique et médico-légale des sutures viscérocrâniennes utiles dans l'estimation de l'âge au décès (Sutures palatines, fronto-naso-maxillaires et zygomatiques)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210228.
Full textLeur imprécision a quelque peu confiné l’observation de ces sutures dans un certain oubli, justifié en partie.
Il est clair que leur fiabilité quant à l’estimation de l’âge au décès reste discutable et ce, pour diverses raisons.
Leur observation est difficile et dès lors sujette à subjectivité dans l’appréciation de leurs stades de fusion.
De plus, leur apparence sur le crâne sec peut être altérée par divers artéfacts de conservation (cire, vernis…).
Outre l’observation des classiques sutures ectocrâniennes de voûte et l’utilisation des méthodes habituelles en la matière (méthode de Acsádi et Nemeskéri, méthode de Masset), nous avons orienté notre étude vers des sutures peu voire pas exploitées, à savoir les sutures palatines, les sutures fronto-naso-maxillaires et les sutures de l’os zygomatique.
Ces trois groupes suturaux ont la particularité d’évoluer de manière très lente vers la fusion, à tel point que peu d’individus en présentent une oblitération complète.
Face au vieillissement de la population et de par notre expérience médico-légale et anthropologique d’étude de pièces osseuses de personnes âgées, nous avons estimé qu’il était utile de se pencher sur des collections particulières de sujets d’âge avancé, afin d’apprécier l’évolution morphologique de ces sutures faciales.
Si certaines personnes fort âgées gardent malgré tout des caractéristiques suturales peu évoluées, il existe dans l’ensemble, une progression suturale quasiment constante en fonction de l’âge.
Nous avons tenté de la cerner, en attribuant à ces sutures, des degrés bien définis de cette progressive fusion et par là, l’aboutissement à un coefficient moyen d’oblitération suturale, se traduisant aisément en pourcentage d’oblitération ou pouvant être introduit dans des équations de régression.
Tout en connaissant les limites de cette approche, nous pouvons estimer qu’elle peut rendre des services lors de l’étude de restes humains squelettisés, notamment s’ils appartiennent à des personnes fort âgées, dès lors qu’à ces stades de vieillissement, peu de méthodes restent encore applicables. D’autre part, l’approche en pourcentage d’oblitération suturale rend également des services lorsque les crânes étudiés sont fragmentés. C’est la situation que nous rencontrons actuellement lors de l’étude d’une très importante collection anthropologique à l’Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique.
Cette observation suturale pourra également – à l’avenir – trouver un terrain d’approche fort utile par l’étude des sutures en CT-Scan ou en micro-CT.
Enfin, grâce à ces techniques modernes d’imagerie médicale, les sutures trouvent un regain d’intérêt dans une application toute particulière, qui est celle de l’identification comparative, puisqu’il apparaît que le « dessin sutural » s’avère tout à fait propre à chaque individu.
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Cranial sutures were regularly studied during centuries since Vésale already established a relationship between age at death and sutural fusion.
Their inaccuracy somewhat confined the observation of these joints in a certain lapse of memory, partly justified.
Various reasons clearly indicate that their reliability for age at death estimation remains debatable.
Their observation is difficult and consequently prone to subjectivity in the appreciation of their stages of fusion.
Moreover, their appearance on dry cranium can be modified by various artefacts from preserving methods (wax, varnished…).
In addition to the traditional observation of ectocranial sutures (with the usual methods such as Acsádi and Nemeskéri method and Masset method), we have directed our study towards not much exploited sutures, namely the palatine sutures, the fronto-naso-zygomatic sutures and the sutures of the zygomatic bone.
These three sutural groups are characteristic by evolving very slowly to fusion, and than, only few individuals present a complete obliteration of the latter.
Because of general population ageing and our medicolegal and anthropological experience of skeletal remains in elderly, we estimated the usefulness in studying particular collections of old people, in order to appreciate the morphological evolution of these facial joints.
Despite some very old people who present little evolved sutural characteristics, we consider as a whole, an almost constant sutural progression according to age.
We tried to define degrees of this progressive fusion and by the way, the result with a sutural obliteration average coefficient, can be easily translate as a percentage obliteration or able to be introduced into regression equations.
The limits of this approach are well known but we estimate that it is possible to help the examination of human skeletal remains in elderly, although at these stages of ageing, some methods remain still applicable. In addition, the approach expressed as a percentage of sutural obliteration is also very helpful when craniums are fragmented. This situation is currently observed on the anthropological collections at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.
Furthemore in the future, the sutural observation will find an interesting and useful approach by the study of the joints in CT-Scan or micro-CT.
At least, thanks to these modern techniques of medical imagery, the sutures find a renewed interest in a very particular application, such as comparative identification. It appears that the "sutural drawing" proves completely specific to each individual.
Doctorat en sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Torres, Nogueira Luisa Maria. "Les lésions osseuses tranchantes (par scies) et tranchantes contondantes : analyse des mécanismes lésionnels et des instruments à l'origine de ces lésions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0272/document.
Full textIn this experimental work bone lesions produced by saws and a hatchet on human and animal samples were analyzed. With regard to the saws, 170 experimental false starts lesions were studied under stereomicroscope produced by five different saws. Universal saws behave like crosscut saws, because each tooth displays a tilt backwards. The minimum width of the kerf makes it possible to classify bone lesions according to Symes’ categories. Convex profiles indicate the use of a universal or crosscut saw. Concave profiles vary a great deal and indicate the use of a rip saw. The shape of the walls allows for determining the type of set except when they are straight or difficult to analyze. Among the secondary criteria, the appearance of the striae on the kerf floor is able to point the type of set. For the study of bone lesions by a hatchet a standardized device was used to produce small bone lesions. The stereomicroscope was able to observe the vertical striae explained by the vertical movement of the instrument at the time of impact. The scanning electron microscope allowed for a detailed analysis of bone lesions and made it possible to understand the uprising and the lateral pushing back. The presence of a lateral pushing back and of vertical striae is sufficient to determine that the bone lesions were achieved by a sharp blunt instrument. These characters are visible even after carbonization
Savall, Frédéric. "Estimation de l'âge au décès d'individus français contemporains. Apport d'un échantillon virtuel à la méthode de Brooks et Suchey." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30384/document.
Full textAge at death estimation is a major step in forensic identification. The Suchey-Brooks' method is commonly used and based on observation of the maturation and degeneration processes of pubic symphysis. However, the reference sample may have an effect on the estimated age. The Suchey-Brooks' sample has been tested on numerous collections and the authors note that the estimated age is affected by the interpopulation variability. In addition, in the area of ??paleodemography, researchers found the age structure of the target sample tended to be similar to the reference sample. Thus, the authors highlight the importance of having samples "population specific" with a uniform distribution of age, especially for contemporary French individuals. Medical imaging techniques, particularly computed tomography, provide a suitable means for developing such a database. The aim of our first study was to test the reliability of the Suchey-Brooks' method on a virtual sample of contemporary French male individuals. We carried out a retrospective study of 680 pubic symphyses of adult male individuals who underwent a computed tomography examination in two hospitals (Toulouse and Tours, France) between January 2013 and July 2014. The results showed an overestimation of the actual age for phases I and II and an underestimation of the actual age for stages IV, V and VI. In addition, the mean stages of the reference sample were significantly lower for the 14 to 25 age group and were significantly higher for individuals over 35 years of age. The aim of our second study was to test a virtual reference sample with a uniform age structure in order to improve the accuracy of the age estimation in individuals over 40 years of age. We retrospectively built a virtual reference sample of 1100 pubic symphyses from CT scans carried out in two hospitals between January 2013 and July 2015. A test sample composed of 75 pubic symphyses was built from post-mortem computed tomography examinations performed at the forensic department of Montpellier (France). Compared to the Suchey-Brooks' reference sample, using our sample improved precision for male individuals over 55 years of age and a smaller underestimation for male individuals aged 56 to 70 years. Similarly, there was an improvement in accuracy for females over 70 and a smaller underestimation for females over 55 years of age. Contributions of our work are as follows: the Suchey-Brooks' method should be used with caution in France, as the age estimate is limited by a lack of reliability related to interpopulation variability. Our results are consistent with the previous results and confirm them for the French population. In the future, the Suchey-Brooks method could benefit from an update of the sample of references by creating new samples specific to each population. In addition, our work allowed us to present a large database of pubic symphyses that could constitute a virtual French reference sample that could improve the reliability and accuracy of the age at death estimation
Guyomarc'h, Pierre. "Reconstitution faciale par imagerie 3d : variabilité morphométrique et mise en oeuvre informatique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14354/document.
Full textFacial approximation aims at the production of a face based on the skull morphology. This technique is performed in forensic anthropology to bring new testimonies in cases of human remains identification. The goals of this research are to establish a database of French skulls and faces in 3D through medical imaging, to test traditional guidelines, and to quantify the morphological correlations between soft and hard tissues. Computed tomography exams, collected in French hospitals (18 – 96 years; sex ratio 1.16:1), were treated with TIVMI software to reconstruct accurately the bone and skin surfaces. More than 200 landmarks have been placed on 500 subjects, following a protocol which repeatability and reproducibility have been checked. The extraction of Euclidian distances allowed testing traditional guidelines, and studying specificity and variability of soft tissue depths. In parallel, the 3D coordinates were analyzed with geometric morphometrics. Covariations between groups of bone landmarks and groups of skin landmarks were quantified, along with asymmetry, allometry, and influences of age and sex on the shape changes. These results allowed for the creation of a method to estimate the position of skin landmarks, and for the development of a facial approximation module in TIVMI, called AFA3D (in collaboration with the LaBRI). Based on the warping of a synthetic face, this software renders the most probable face depending on the position of 78 cranial landmarks
Saint-Martin, Pauline. "Apport de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique dans la détermination de l'âge chez le sujet vivant." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2370/.
Full textAge estimation of living individuals has become an integral part of forensic practice. It is proceeded for people involved in criminal or asylum proceedings. The aim of this work was to study the contribution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in determining age of living subjects. In the first part of our work, the main age estimation methods are exposed. Then, we developed a MRI staging system for epiphyseal fusion of growth plate maturation of the distal tibial epiphysis and the calcaneum, and evaluated its reliability. Lastly, we proposed an automatic method based on the analysis of variations of grey levels within the epiphyseal-metaphyseal junction, after homogenisation of MR scans to correct artifactual intensity variation. Our results suggest that automated classification of MR scans could represent a new area of research in the fied of age estimation in living individuals
Dorandeu, Anne. "Estimation de l'âge sur une suture crânienne à partir de techniques macroscopiques , radiologiques et histologiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20677.
Full textFanton, Laurent. "Estimation de l'âge au décès à partir de la 4ième côte." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1248/.
Full textTen observers estimated the quality of the observation of the variables on which is based the Iscan’s method on a sample of 59 4th ribs harvested from males. Results showed poor reproducibility and repeatability for all three variables (Wilcoxon test, kappa-coefficient) and revealed problems in the method. A geometrical and harmonic mathematical analysis (Fast Fourier Transform, Fourier’s descriptors) and visual description was then provided on a sample of 415 4th ribs harvested from males. Then new objectivised variables allowed to clarify the metamorphosis of the 4th rib with the age and to give the bases for a new method
Daniel, Marina. "Regards sur le corps meurtri : victimes, expertises et sensibilités en Seine-Inférieure au XIXe siècle." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUEL566.
Full textAre victims the ones that History forgets ? By choosing the topic of the wounded body, the aim of this thesis was to study the victims of body violences, and thus to discover their social profile, to follow their legal course from the aggression to the lawsuit. This mainly approach concerns historical anthropology. The complaints and especially the depositions allowed a new life to the victims’ words. Testimonies and the analysis of the press were an opportunity to reach not only the social representations of the victim and the suffering, but also the sensibilities. Moreover this study could not be complete without the study of the practice of forensic medicine, which states the sufferings of the victims and helps for the recognition of their statute. Finally this thesis makes it possible to study the institutional, medical, social readings of violences and the body sufferings
Têtu-Delage, Marie-Thérèse. ""Clandestins" au pays des papiers : une anthropologie des mondes et des circulations entre légal et illégal des migrations algériennes (1998-2004)." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20043.
Full textThis thesis has for object analyses of languages, practices and distance covered by irregular "algerian" migrants to France in interaction with juridical procedures, established categories, adopted policies concerning them and their consequences. By an approach interactionnist and comprehensive, relations and interactions, between facts and laws, social realities and rights are explored, observed, described and analysed. This thesis defenses that irregular migrants expresse the aspiration to the "right to have rights". A Right which would recognize their capacity to act and to choose their life. That gives occasion to a "legal pluralism" that multiple actors negotiate in "social worlds" to the intersection and beyond the institutions officiality and procedures juridical State-Nation. Migratory circulations assert themselves so as "territories" of varieties versions interpenetrations and right-handed uses
Fersing, Katia. "Murs blancs, peuple muet : entre visibilité et invisibilité, ethographie des pratiques de graff vandales et semi-légales." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE2014.
Full textThis PhD thesis in Anthropology offers an ethnography of the so called ‘vandal’ and ‘half legal’ graffiti practices in urban areas. It first highlightes the forms of markings, that is, the medium and production through which graphiti writers publicly materialize their presence. It then focuses on the wide range of strategies writers deploy in their practices, from protection to infiltration. This study also aims to interrogate the relationship between ‘painters’ and urban space and time, on the basis of their modus operandi. In an attempt to account for these objects, this study adopts a comparative approach to fieldwork, in this case mainly Nice (French Riviera, France) and the province of Granada (Andalousia, Spain) which casts analytical light not only on the impact of the cultural context oin writers’choices and practices, but also on the political character of a practice that is rarely considered and verbalised as such
Dedouit, Fabrice. "Imagerie en coupe et anthropobiologie : applications médico-légales pour la détermination de l'âge." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/523/.
Full textThe goal of this work was to evaluate on the one hand, and to validate on the other hand the possibilities offered by the modern cross-sectional imaging in the field of the age estimation of living persons or the estimation of the age-at-death of deceased. This work concerned the study of living individuals and prepared bone pieces. With this intention, several kinds of imaging were used: the multislice computed tomography and the magnetic resonance imaging. This work was initially based on the transposition in multislice computed tomography of osteoscopic criteria used in physical anthropology when problems of determination of age-at-death of not identified individuals is encountered, as well as the validation of these criteria. In parallel, proper criteria for modern cross-sectional imaging were sought and validated. Several anatomical elements were retained: right first and fourth ribs, the innominate bone by the study of the auricular surface and the pubic symphysis, and finally the knee joint. This work allowed the description of a real contribution of modern cross-sectional imaging in term of age estimation of individuals, alive or died. The practical application on mummies is an invaluable help because of the non invasive character of the imaging exploration. The realization of modern cross-sectional imaging explorations with anthropological aims has many advantages. The images are storable, retrospectively interpretable, and transferable by Internet or the sending of supports. Moreover, the reconstructions carried out can be, if they are gathered on an Internet site, a real virtual anthropological museum
Alunni-Perret, Véronique. "Les lésions osseuses par mécanismes tranchants et tranchants contondants : apport du microscope électronique à balayage : intérêt anthropologique et médico-légal." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20684.
Full textThis experimental work was carried out on human bone fragments, with small lesions. The aim of this study was to define criteria, macroscopically and microscopically in order to make distinctions between traumatic lesions due to a sharp instrument or a sharp-blunt instrument. Simultaneously we wanted to study the orientation of the blade when the blow was struck, and identify the instrument, by studying the marks produced by the blade. The macroscopical analysis was difficult. The microscopic analysis assessed that characteristics examined were useful in distinguishing sharp from sharp-blunt injury to the bone. The microscope facilitates analysis at a level not possible with macroscopic methods and demonstrates that there is a continuum between sharp force injury and blunt force injury. Futhermore, successful identification of the instrument by a study of the abrasion markings was achieved. Because of the high level of resolution and magnification of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), some three-dimensional characteristics not visible to the naked eye can be shown quite clearly with its use. Emphasis will be placed on the value of SEM as a tool of the anthropologist in bone lesion injuries
Soulier, Danielle. "Nouvelle contribution à la recherche d'éventuels marqueurs du type burgonde : à propos de l'évolution morpho-anthropologique d'une population historique de Franche-Comté du VIe au XVIIIe siècle." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T206.
Full textSalle, Muriel. "L’avers d’une Belle Époque : genre et altérité dans les pratiques et les discours d’Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20050/document.
Full textThe following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the “école lyonnaise”. Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the “primitive” whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the “Belle Epoque”. Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the “Universel”. Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the “biopolitical” stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct
Petropavlovsky, Marie-Noëlle. "La dimension subjective dans l'expérience de guérison de pratiquants du yoga Sivananda." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9064.
Full textThis dissertation explores the healing journey of Sivananda yoga practioners in the context of the re-enchantment of the world. All respondents have been recruited at Sivananda Ashram in Val-Morin (Quebec) which has been defined as a transnational cosmopolitan territory that stimulates religious hybridity and promotes access to multiple symbolic and therapeutic resources. Through a phenomenological approach that emphasises the subjectivity of the individual, we propose to identify the key factors of healing proper to each interviewee are identified and to observe how they deal with worlds of meanings and various representations of the body, illness and healing circulating throughout society. We will define the position of the spiritual resource within this journey and observe how the biomedical resource is embedded in this spiritual resource. We are interested in how individuals are building up their own system of representations and manage to find a meaning to their illness and enlarge the scope of it beyond a holistic dimension while taking at the same time advantage of the biomedical technology in order to multiply their chances of healing. In my approach, I assume that the triggering of self-healing mechanisms depends upon the subjectivity of the individuals and that this subjectivity contains the keys of their healing. These keys are proper to each person and the research shows that each journey is unique. So, regarding this subjectivity, the main question of this thesis is to what participants attribute their healing.
Karagueuzian, Elise. "Analyse anthropologique des politiques de brevetage génétique : le cas du BRCA 1/2 au Québec." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11455.
Full textThe biotechnology company Myriad Genetics owns the diagnosis of genetic predisposition of breast and ovarian cancer since 1996. The patent, which grants an international license, reverses the right of molecular analysis by other laboratories. This monopoly allows the company to apply an excessively higher price than public laboratories and pursue the offenders in justice. However, since 2001, Quebec is the only province to respect (in part) the patent, using the company for the complete sequencing. This research analyzes the gene patent politics in its legal structure of intellectual property and the cultural meanings of biotechnology. I rely on an analytical framework of theories of property and biomedical research. I also proceeded to the discourse analysis of physicians and genetic counsellors in Quebec through interviews conducted in hospitals in the region of Montreal and Sherbrooke. This qualitative study identifies how doctors and genetic counsellors analysis the role of patents in the screening and diagnosis of cancer and how genetic patents express a medical culture. The study aims to explore how gene patents are perceived in analyzing and comparing the variations between ideological limits and practical limits.
Warnant, Ariane L. M. A. "Place de la notion d’honneur en psychothérapie et en pratique ethnopsychiatrique : entrevues réalisées auprès de psychothérapeutes et ethnothérapeutes montréalais et parisiens." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4298.
Full textThe notion of honor in psychotherapy and ethnopsychiatry: Interviews conducted with psychotherapists and ethnotherapists in Montreal and Paris. Having to treat families with honor related issues, ethnopsychiatry cannot afford to ignore this notion. The objectives of this thesis are to review the literature on the theme of honor and to impress the importance of the notion of honor in the field of ethnopsychiatry.
Carle, Marie-Ève. "Vulnérabilité, observance et adhésion thérapeutique : quels risques? : la prévention de la tuberculose chez les enfants immigrants à Montréal." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6848.
Full textWhile the number of new tuberculosis cases in Quebec has dropped considerably in recent decades, global epidemiology nonetheless shows that this disease is responsible for more than two million deaths every year. In Canada, some groups are more vulnerable than others; for example, immigrants from countries where tuberculosis is endemic. The Clinique de tuberculose du Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine constitutes an active tool in the fight against this disease, notably through its school screening program for immigrant children. This screening identifies carriers of latent tuberculosis, i.e. non-contagious form of the disease. A nine-month preventive course of treatment is provided to children with a positive result so as to forestall the development of tuberculosis disease (active form). In 28 % of cases, this treatment is not completed properly and in 11 % of cases, it is declined. This study focuses on both the issue of medical compliance and post-migration life conditions. Observations of consultations at the Tuberculosis Clinic and interviews with caregivers and families have led to a reflection on the prevention of tuberculosis in the context of migration, as well as the multifactorial nature of non-compliance. Data analysis reveals the impact of migration and living conditions (e.g. housing, employment and language proficiency, etc.) on the irregular intake of medication, allowing for a better understanding of this behaviour (Chapter 4). It was also possible to document a distinction between behaviour (compliance) and attitudes (adherence), nuancing the understanding of various therapeutic trajectories using multiple and diverse rationalities (Chapters 5 and 6). All this allows for reflection on the normative nature of categories such as "risk groups" and "risk behaviour", while leaving room for different referential universes and the impact of the overall living conditions of families (Chapter 7).
Cormier-Beaugrand, Aube. "Analyse critique de la présence des contraceptifs longue durée réversibles en Haïti." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19243.
Full textThis project addresses the institutional dimension of contraceptive choice and questions the presence and prevalence in Haiti of two long-acting reversible hormonal contraceptives (LARCs): Depo-Provera injections and subcutaneous implants. The theoretical approach adopted is that of critical humanitarian anthropology and makes use of the concept of "dispositif" in French (translated in "apparatus" by Dreyfus Rabinow in 1984) put forward by Michel Foucault (1975-76) in order to analyze the different elements that are articulated within the Global health system as it unfolds in Haiti. An analysis of the available literature identified three explanatory paradigms for LARC contraceptives in Haiti : biomedical discourse, administrative structure and funding model of the global contraceptive system. The analysis of biomedical discourse provides insight into the different consensuses surrounding the use of LARC contraceptives in developing countries, while revealing the impact of WHO as a normative body in the context of the various controversies surrounding side effects associated with progesterone and long-term contraceptive technologies. The administrative structure that governs the delivery of contraceptives to women living in Haiti makes it possible to understand that LARC contraceptives go hand in hand with a demedicalized approach to contraception. Finally, the program funding model captures the impact of contraceptive donations on the supply of contraceptive programs in Haiti, as well as the predominance of philanthropic organizations on the biomedical orientation of global health programs. In discussion, the paper presents critical anthropological reflections and questions the adequacy of LARC contraceptives in Haiti because of the health impacts of these drugs, the concerns of Haitians and the need to challenge the biomedical model in family planning.
Larivée, Alexandre. "Adolescence, immigration et santé mentale : schisme et articulation des discours soignants autour des orientations et des stratégies d'intervention en contexte ethnopsychiatrique." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12429.
Full textThe psychological suffering of teenagers has drawn increasing attention of the public authorities, associations, and of course clinicians and psychosocial workers. For migrant teens, this suffering, exacerbated by the fragility, discomforts and tensions of adolescence, is complicated by the complex bureaucratic public health apparatus designed to translate into the language of health care the malaise of attitudes, behaviours, and tendencies that emerge from their migrant status and history. This thesis explores one of these, the transcultural psychiatry clinic, where listening to what is said is as important as translating and managing these complaints. Using an anthropological approach, I analyze the speech and attitudes of ten therapists and social workers who work with families and teenagers. This research shows that the framework of social and cultural management that includes caregivers and families, and the ambivalencies of young teens, cannot be analyzed without referencing the broader context of class differences, power, and the past condition that influence both teen suffering and how their anguish is communicated and translated. In this particular perspective, the paradoxes and resistances of some medical and social professionals, whose position in the power structure could otherwise tempt them to engage in facile diagnoses linked to allegedly improper socialisation of these migrant teens. Instead, they create unique strategies that respect the official idioms that frame their medical and social authority.
Fréchette, Marie-Josée. "Le dispositif institutionnel et la relation thérapeutique en salle d'accouchement : entre le risque, le savoir hégémonique et les rapports de pouvoir." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13447.
Full textBaba, Nathalie. "Représentations sociales de la dangerosité psychiatrique chez les intervenants en santé mentale : une anthropologie du risque." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12468.
Full textThe present thesis analyzes social perceptions regarding danger and risk experienced in a psychiatric setting. We seek to explore how psychiatric practitioners and staff, who are confronted daily with aggressivity, perceive the risks inherent in their work and how they react in situations of uncertainty. The concepts of “dangerousness”, “dangerous subjects” and of “risk” in psychiatry are considered in this thesis, through anthropological, historical and sociological perspectives based on the work of Michel Foucault, Robert Castel, Ian Hacking and Mary Douglas. Participant observation in an acute care psychiatric unit, along with semi-structured interviews were carried out with more than ten practitioners (including nurses, beneficiary attendants, and security agents). The use of both an ethnographic and interpretative approach highlighted similarities, disparities and contradictions between the narratives of different categories of staff, as well as between individual staff and practitioners, regarding danger and risk in psychiatry .The results are divided into three disparate themes: 1) social perceptions of dangerousness and risks associated with aggression 2) perceptions of risk in the workplace 3) reaction towards perceived risk. This analysis demonstrates that staff and practitioners’ implicit knowledge regarding ‘dangerousness’ is derived from a continuous incorporation of expert knowledge, based on objective risk factors, and the clinical reality in which they interact on a daily basis. Moreover, contrary to the predictions of experts, the difference between practitioners control practices does not derive from an overestimation of risk, nor is it the consequence of a lack of objective information regarding such risk. It can, instead, be explained by the presence or absence of a therapeutic relationship and by the degree of social recognition between caregiver and patient. The elements that strengthen or limit the establishment of trust will be further elucidated in the present discussion.
Allebrandt, Débora. "Parenté fluide : la quête des origines au Brésil et au Québec : dialogue entre parenté, droit et science." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10210.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the biogenetic origins in Brazil and Quebec. It aims to highlight the reasons, consequences and constraints of the search for origins undertaken by persons conceived by gamete donation and adopted persons. The question of origins is here analyzed from three perspectives: kinship, law and science. The proposed framework combines the following approaches: 1) kinship, through its hybrid nature, can analyze social and biological tensions between nature and culture, 2) law, associated with notions of what is right and just are taken as principles of action, 3) science, constructed in terms of truth and how links between genetics and transmission may underlying social behaviours. Different representations of origins are put forward in this thesis where certain areas can influence the personal decision whether to undertake the search for its origins and possible decision to introduce a "foreigner" in the family. These prospects will help us to understand the role of each of the characters involved and describe the conditions associated with the search for biological identity and parenthood. The construction of the thesis is based on the literature and the history of adoption and assisted reproduction (AR) in Brazil and Quebec. The comparison between these two countries cannot be confined to identify their differences in socio-economic terms, it has to take into account the cultural and legal particularities in both countries only through the concept "civic epistemologies". Kinship, law and science provide the context for understanding the reasons brought into play in the search for origins. In a sense, the valorization of social aspects of kinship dialogue, among other things, with the curiosity for genetic information, likewise the law comes as a mediation between kinship and science. The study of similarities and differences in the practice of adoption and AR in Brazil and Quebec allows, in this thesis devoted to the question of the origin of adopted children and donor offspring, to follow the steps going through the discover of the conditions of their affiliation, their search for the biological origins and the eventual "reunion". The thesis also examines the debate between the slopes of personal and collective identity through the analysis of the discourses and practices of associations of people adopted, infertile couples and LGBT families around the theme of origins. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance to dialogue kinship
Chevrier, Claudyne. "Citoyenneté, identité et mobilisation communautaire autour du VIH dans une organisation de travailleuses du sexe au Karnataka, en Inde." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8922.
Full textThis thesis questions the present and future possibilities for concerted actions to challenge social exclusion structures affecting social groups designated as being at risk, in part by making them more vulnerable to HIV infection. In India, the increasing attention given to sex workers (SW) by public health instances in HIV prevention contributes in shaping the identities of the targeted groups as associated to the epidemic and its prevention. The acceptance and reorganization of this label of SW act as basis for the organization of collective efforts for a SW organization in Mysore, in the state Karnataka. The members of this collective, named Ashodaya, use concerted actions to question the limits of these assigned labels (with attempts to defuse certain dynamics of social exclusion associated with stigmatization), and impose itself as a group of full-fledge citizens by including themselves in civil life as citizens representing an occupation, and not as marginalized individuals or “representative” of a disease. The inclusion of Ashodaya in the HIV prevention efforts offers an access to human and material resources that would not be otherwise available. However, it also limits its action possibilities in restricting its participation to prevention. The particular context of the engagement and the program of Avahan, Indian chapter of the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, highlight the fragility of the work of groups like Ashodaya.
Deswarte, Caroline. "Étude exploratoire sur les origines du peuplement de l’île de Madagascar : une approche de craniométrie comparative appliquée sur des populations modernes." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13685.
Full textAs of now, origins of the island of Madagascar’s settlement have only been partially investigated. Various populations inhabited the island, thus numerous theories about these origins were devised and explanations vary greatly from source to source. According to archaeology and cultural anthropology, its first settlers came around two millennia before Christ and many waves of migration from Africa and Asia followed in their path. Studies in linguistics and genetics best laid the way for a comprehensive overview of that settlement and pointed to a predominantly Indonesian origin as opposed to an African one. However, comparing these many findings with those obtained through the rarely used phenotypic approach has yet to be done. My goal is therefore to explore this question using craniometric data to test settlement patterns proposed by other fields. Our Malagasy sample (N=207) was subdivided according to various factors (geography, ethnicities and linguistic affiliations). After intragroup and intergroup-based analyses, the sample was compared to more craniometric data, personal and published (N=1184). Two types of statistical approaches (classic multivariate and originating from genetics populations approach, or RMET) were used to achieve diversified and complementary parameters. Results from both approaches support the conclusion that the origins are in fact mixed (Africa and Asia) and their preponderance, linked to region and gender. Indeed, Malagasy men have three sources (south of Southeast Asia, southern Africa and southeast African coast), while women have more of a double origin (Africa and Asia) according to the classic multivariate approach. RMET analyses show that individuals from the northern and the eastern regions of the island share traits with Tanzanian populations as well as similarities with Indian populations. Furthermore, Malagasy from the northern group exhibit higher heterogeneity than other groups (Fst). This phenomenon is likely due to the influx of various populations early in the settlement of the island. This study, based on a small sample, nevertheless confirms previous theses on the diversity of the Malagasy settlement and, in addition, shows that its predominant parts (Africa and Asia) vary according to region and gender.
Bloch, Valérie. "Corps, pouvoir et douleur chronique : récits de vie de danseurs et de danseuses professionnels." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9142.
Full textThe methodological starting point of this research was participant observation of a patient with «chronic pain» who was being seen for therapy through qigong. The patient’s frequent statements regarding situations of conflict with the family, the employer or doctors led me to consider the similarity between the symptoms described, the uses of the body and mental attitudes related to a mechanistic, dualistic representation of the body. Marcel Mauss was the first to address this relationship between the uses of the body and societal and cultural paradigms. At a time deeply marked by the automation of businesses and services, the dematerialization of documents and the tyranny of new technologies, «chronic pain» calls into question the uses of the contemporary body in a working world based on performance and productivity. The aim of this research is to examine how «chronic pain» may be a symptom of contemporary aporias that go far beyond the sphere of medicine and how it may be «the weapon of the weak» in a context of oppression (Scott, 1985). Ultimately, this research examines Michel Foucault’s statement that «we all have power in our bodies» (1987: 27). The collected life narratives of professional dancers, who were approached because of their ability to describe their feelings, avoid the tendency to relegate to the realm of the psyche whatever cannot be demonstrably proven. The strong credibility of the acccounts makes it possible to better document a complex phenomenon marred by a great many a priori and reveal the dynamics of power at work in a profession that, more than any other, confronts the limits of the body in the exercise of its art. A genealogical approach to these stories of pain and their examination side-by-side allowed me to identify the habits of endurance and rejection of medication and how they influenced the evolution of the pain. A more detailed analysis of the six healed one’s narratives shows that while power is exercised on a body perceived as docile, it may also be reversed to support a recovery at the cost of an insurrection of buried knowledge that is universal but «subjugated» and a change of paradigm. Thus, a better understanding of «chronic pain» makes it possible to envisage its reversibility and a social reintegration, with or without a career change, on the condition that we rethink our modes of representation, production and relation to work and to the uses of the body, and our relationship to the Other and the self.
Duford, Julie. "L'accès aux soins de santé mentale : le discours des jeunes adultes en difficulté." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11030.
Full textThis Master's thesis aims to understand how the issue of access to mental health care arises in the world of young adults in difficulty. More precisely, the research's objectives are to document the barriers to access to mental health care, to analyze tendencies underlying these barriers and to evaluate the impact of being young adult in trouble on them. The approach of medical anthropology and the concept of social suffering, sensitive to cultural, socio-economic and political factors framed the analysis to the 12 semi-directed interviews conducted with young adults using services from Auberges du coeur to Montreal. First, the identification of barriers to access allowed to observe the obstacles in the experience of use of mental health care may come as institutions that young adults themselves. Secondly, the qualitative data analysis was used to identify three main logic underlying these barriers: the positivist bias, market logic, and the trend of psychologizing. The data collected suggest that political and economic influences are critical in maintaining different barriers to access, and full recognition of these deep issues is essential to act positively on access to mental health care of the general population, especially young adults in difficulty whose needs are urgent.
Garnon, Geneviève. "Circulation symbolique des désordres fonctionnels gastro-intestinaux : étude réalisée dans les familles québécoises francophones." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5066.
Full textThis study in medical anthropology is an exploration of the sociocultural dimension of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) considering the experience of six frenchspeaking families of Québec where a pre-teenager suffers from symptoms associated with FGID. The anthropological perspective that allowed us to approach these experiences of pain is based mainly on work from tanscultural psychiatry, as well as on the influences of the anthropology of the body and phenomenology. Through this view, somatization is considered to be a form of communication of distress, modulated in an important way by sociocultural context and reflecting social suffering. This language punctuated with idioms of distress and metaphors allows individuals to express their suffering and to mobilize an efficient social support. From then on, the body must be seen as a lived body; as a place of social marking, but also as an instrument of social positioning and a border where movements of belonging and divergence are expressed. By exploring, in each of these families, different ways of describing the symptoms, interpret them and respond to them, we proceeded to the reconstruction of particular stories to find how these symptoms were part of the individual’s and family’s biography. Through the analysis of how those families make sense of the pain and adopte practices to control it, abdominal pain appeared to us as intimately linked to social experience and the medicalization as a basis for a better apprehension of this suffering. While telling his or her pain, the child is also expressing his or her bodily and social boundaries. Within the family, the expression of this limit can sometimes be disturbing, confrontational, even lead to conflict. Thus was “negociated” an appropriate approach to pain that redefines the roles of each in relation to it. The abdomen becomes the mediator who allows the compromises needed to “live together” or to “live in the world”. Following this “negociation” that involves the participation of the attending physician, bonding within the family is sometimes positively transformed and the relation to the world and to the others can become different.
Duvivier, Jessica. "Biomédecine et médecines alternatives : alliance possible ou scission inévitable? : le cas des acupuncteurs à Montréal." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9173.
Full textIf the alternative is to our days and in our western societies a concept more and more in vogue, its character remains ambiguous. In effect, and even that number of practices called “alternatives” emerge on both sides of the society, in referring to in some areas is equivalent to plague itself-even a label on which would be marked “New-Age” in bold. Yet, its character far from referring to this single dimension, seems also be consistent to a more and more significant unbalance within the prerogatives of the State. This dissertation therefore attempts to account for this phenomenon while inquiry into the repercussions of this asymmetry on the integration of alternative medical practices in Quebec. This with the intention not only to further explore the nature of the relationship between alternative medicine and biomedicine, but also in order to install a new look on its expansion. A look, which would potentially lay the groundwork necessary to a space of conciliation between the medicines and which would lead to a new balance in the heart of the prerogatives of the State.
Salomon, Karine. "Inégalités en santé et vie de quartier : le sentiment d'appartenance comme déterminant de la santé chez des femmes vivant dans le quartier Hochelaga-Maisonneuve." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11457.
Full textThis thesis was conducted amidst a context of growing social inequalities. In our western societies the gap between rich and poor is widening which influence health inequalities. In Montreal, there is a ten year gap in life expectancy between rich and poor. This thesis is linking health inequalities with a sense of belonging of women living in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, an area of Montreal. Through datas, gathered by litterature review, interviews and participant observation, we opened up areas to think about our theme. First of all, we write a literature review which describes the basic concepts as health, sense of belongings and social inclusion or exclusion, of this project. The methodology is explained through data collection and the context of the study. After, health is studied through women’s perception and factors which are contributing to it. The fourth chapter is studying the impact of physical and social environment on health. Finally, social exclusions are linked with health inequalities. Consequently, this project is not only understanding health inequalities by their individual aspects.
Gomez, Cardona Liliana. "Les maux de ventre des enfants haïtiens de Montréal : entre la recomposition culturelle et la souffrance familiale." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4237.
Full textBelly-stomachaches in children are a space of hybridity and creolization, affected by social and cultural dimensions. These aches are collectively constructed within nuclear families, with their migratory histories and their sufferings. Having interviewed Haitian families living in Montreal, we documented the illness trajectories, the perceptions, explanations and means of relieving the aches, which all interact in a dynamic mode. Generally speaking, the children perceive their belly-stomachaches as an irregular experience that has an impact on their social life, although tolerated by the children and theirs mothers. Families have not received a medical diagnosis and give temporary, changing explanations to the aches, in a constant reformulation. In general, families will use different methods to deal with belly and stomach aches. The family space, church activities, and official medicine are privileged therapeutic spaces.
Wamba, André. "Reconnaître pour choisir, orienter et rencontrer : mères, guérisseurs et biomédecins à l’épreuve des rencontres et reconnaissances en milieux pédiatriques camerounais." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10784.
Full textIf yesterday the need for recognition was the core claim among traditional health practitioners, today, their quest resides in the recognition not only of their practice but also of the African conceptions of diseases and therapies; in their protection as profesionnals (such as biomedical health practictioners); in the protection of patients in case of moral or physical prejudices. The traditional health practitioners fear that their recognition will not extend to or be sanctioned by Cameroonian law, which regulates their care practices. Without legal and institutional recognition, it is impossible for these practitioners to remain in the social care space; to change, from their illegitimate position, their condition of precarious practitioners, and especially their relationship to biomedical health practitioners. Thus, what are the modalities of mutual interestedness or disinterestedness that allow traditional [institutionally weakened] and biomedical practitioners [strongly recognized] to evolve towards reciprocity of perspectives? The study is seeking to identify modes of wrenching from the institutional weakening, focusing, on one hand, on empowerment and reinforcing processes of healers’ legitimacy; and on the other hand, to the impact of empowerment on the redefinition of objects and figures of encounter and of recognition, on the reconfiguration of social care space and the profile of the therapist. To achieve this objective, we have sought the reference framework of sociology of proofs and the anthropology of capacity of Ricœur. The observations of consultations in «Maisons de Soins» and to the «Centre Mère et Enfant» and interviews have led to a reflection on the interpretation associated by mothers, traditional and biomedical health practitioners to what it means to consult or refuse to consult traditional healer or biomedical practitioner. The analysis of data situates the encounter in the axis of capacity of recognition, allowing us to consider multiple figures of recognition and of encounter. It shows that if the adoption of the biomedical professional identity constitutes for traditional health practitioners a tactic of reinforcement of their legitimacy, the integration in African medicines of some biomedical health practitioners predispose them to an institutional resistance to biomedical norms; making it possible to nuance the comprehension of the monolithic character of institutions, given pluralization and diversification of rationalities at stake. This results in a reflection on blurring of frontiers of African medicines and biomedicine, thus giving place to a possible fragmentation of these medicines in terms in terms of biomodernization of African medicines and traditionalization of biomedicine.
Cloos, Patrick. "La racialisation comme constitution de la différence : une ethnographie documentaire de la santé publique aux États-Unis." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3940.
Full textAt present one can note an intensification of the usage of race in public health in the United States, an idea that is sometimes rejected because of its association with controversial practices. Races are viewed, in this context, as the product of racism, a technology of power of the modern State that consisted of fragmenting humanity to permit colonisations. Thus, race has been established within the discourse to mark difference, discourse that consists of a heterogeneous ensemble of apparatuses, institutions, scientific statements, norms and rules. Racism developed concomitantly with the affirmation of power over life aimed at ruling out bodies and populations through public health practices among others. This thesis is based on an ethnographic study of a corpus of public health documents in the United States from federal Government offices and a major public health journal published between 2001 and 2009. This study analyzed the ways in which race is represented, produced as object of knowledge, and regulated by discursive practices in these documents. The results confirm that the discourse on race varies throughout time. Hence, results indicate the relative permanence of a racialized regime of representation that consists of identifying, situating and opposing subjects and groups based on standardized labels. This regime constitutes an ensemble of representational practices which, together with disciplinary techniques and the use of culture as an idea, lead to the characterization and formation of racialized objects and stereotypes. Also, these operations that fabricate racialization, tend, together with medicalization and culturalization, to naturalize difference, reproduce the symbolic order, and constitute racial identities. On the other hand, racialization appears to be torn between a power over life and a power over death. Finally, this study suggests a post-racial alternative that envisages human group constitution as fluid and deterritorialized.