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Academic literature on the topic 'Anthropology - Physical / Anthropologie - Physique (UMI : 0327)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anthropology - Physical / Anthropologie - Physique (UMI : 0327)"
Légaré, Steven. "Les origines évolutionnistes du rire et de l'humour." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4085.
Full textLaughter is a universal and ubiquitous human behavior. Widely investigated by psychology and neuroscience, it is still largely ignored by anthropology. While humor and laughter are well caracterised at proximate levels of explanation, the question of their evolutionary origins remains relatively unexplored. A number of recent hypotheses have yet attempted to shed light on the potential adaptive significance and phylogeny of these behaviors. This project consists of an analysis of five of these ultimate explanations, by confronting their predictions to empirical data from a large array of disciplines. In the end, I propose an evolutionary framework that synthesizes and reconciles these hypotheses.
Forgues-Marceau, Judith. "La torsion des métatarses : étude de sa plasticité chez l'humain." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10658.
Full textIt has been shown that the metatarsals head torsion can be influenced by the mode of locomotion in primates and can be used to determine the presence or absence of a longitudinal arch in hominin ancestors. In modern humans, the longitudinal arch results in a foot more inverted than in apes, causing a slight tilting of the dorsoplantary axis of the metatarsals proximal joints. Thus, the metatarsal heads undergo torsion relative to the axis of the shaft so their plantar surface lie parallel to the ground. Since women have a higher longitudinal arch than men and since wearing hard sole shoes causes morphological changes in the foot, making the longitudinal arch higher and the hallux less abducted, it is expected that torsion will be different according to sex and type of shoes worn. By comparing different human populations, this paper examines whether metatarsal torsion is a plastic trait that can be influenced by the loading environment. The sample available for this study, consists of 166 individuals from 18 different archaeological sites including 57 men, 35 women and 74 of indetermined sex that were divided into four groups: Amerinds, Inuits, Military and Euro-canadian. There is no significant difference in torsion between men and women, suggesting that the slight difference in longitudinal arch height between men and women is not sufficient to be perceived in metatarsal variation torsion. The topography of the land does not seem to cause significant changes in the foot such as torsion. However, the surface of the ground, flat or irregular, could be a factor modifying torsion. Finally, wearing constrictive shoes with hard soles compared to flexible shoes, such as moccasins, increased variation in torsion angles. Individuals known to wear moccasins present more eversion of the first metatarsal and less eversion of the third, fourth and fifth metatarsals compared to individuals who used to wear constrictive footwear. These results support the hypothesis that metatarsal torsion is a relatively plastic feature.
Raguin, Emeline. "Estimation histologique de l’âge à la mort à partir du deuxième métacarpe chez l’humain." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4633.
Full textThis preliminary study tests the hypothesis that evidence of bone remodeling in the second metacarpal can be used to estimate age at death. The metacarpals used in this analysis originated from an historic European sample from Ontario, Canada (n=63, 34 males and 29 females). They range in age from 19 to 61 years (mean=41.1±11.6). Age was known or independently estimated from gross morphology. For each right and left second metacarpal, Osteon Population Density (OPD; intact and fragmentary osteons/mm2) was recorded on four quadrants (anterior, posterior, medial, lateral), sampling two periosteal to endosteal columns separated by one column width. Classical calibration analysis produced a series of equations for estimates of age for each sex, sexes combined, and according to laterality. The method reduces the efficiency of estimates but has the advantage of reducing bias. When the sexes were combined, OPD correlated moderately but significantly with age (right r2=0.35, left r2= 0.28). However, when males and females were analyzed separately, the correlation between OPD and age in the female sample was improved (right r2=0.48, left r2=0.39) while the correlation in males was reduced (right r2=0.29, left r2=0.22). It remains unclear why the correlation is better in females than males, but similar results have been obtained in other studies. These results also indicate that there is a better correlation between OPD and age in the right second metacarpal than in the left. The results presented here support the hypothesis that the OPD of the metacarpal is correlated with chronological age (known or estimated) as all regressions of the OPD on age (right-left combined and separate, sexes combined and separated) are significant.
Marcoz-Fellay, Cécile. "L’utilisation de l’hallux par le jeune macaque rhésus transporté par sa mère et ses implications quant aux coûts de la bipédie humaine." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19067.
Full textThe human hallux (more commonly called big toe) is now aligned with the other toes, which makes its opposition to other toes impossible. It has been proposed that the loss of opposability of the hallux in early hominins would have led to increase the energetic costs related to maternity, due to the obligation to carry juveniles actively (Tanner & Zihlman 1976; Wall-Sheffler 2007, Watson et al. 2008). This implies that Australopithecus afarensis juveniles had to be actively transported instead of grasping their mother's hair. My study proposes to test whether a juvenile primate needs its hallux to cling to the hair of its mother. The two hypotheses of this work are as follows: The abduction of the hallux is essential for the grasping of the hair of a carrier (usually the mother) by the young macaques and the abduction of the hallux is not necessary for the grasp of the hair of a carrier (usually the mother) by young macaques during transport. Videos of mother/child dyads of rhesus macaques are used in this study to evaluate the use of the hallux in juveniles being carried. The macaques are from a free-range colony in Cayo Santiago, Costa Rica, and they were filmed over a 5-month period. Results tend to support my hypothesis. Indeed, rhesus macaques are able to cling and maintain themselves on their mother during transport without using their hallux. It would, however, be necessary to supplement this study with further research in order to infer this type of behavior in A. afarensis.
Singh, Rajit K. "Analyse de la variation inter-populationnelle du canal obstétrique au sein de trois populations génétiquement différentes." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4627.
Full textDystocia, the tightness of fit between the maternal and fetal dimensions within the birth canal, is one of the main causes of mortality during birthing. A majority of obstetrical manuals postulate that a gynecoid (round) form of the pelvic inlet is generally associated with birthing ease and that it is the normal form of the obstetrical canal. This memoir focuses on the analysis of the variation of the obstetrical canal within three genetically different populations and their possible relationship with size. The skeletal sample consists of the pelves of 74 African Americans, 59 Americans of European descent, and 19 Sadlermiuts. Twenty anatomical points have been digitized in three dimensions on the articulated pelvis defining the birth canal. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis allowed the visualization of the morphological variations of the birth canal among the three populations. The possible relationship between size and canal form have been explored. Results: The Sadlermiuts have a birth canal that is platypelloid, i.e. wide mediolateraly and contracted anteroposteriorly, at all pelvic planes. The African Americans demonstrate a tendency for a gynecoid (round) pelvic inlet and the European Americans seem to possess an intermediate form between a gynecoid and an android morphology of the pelvic inlet. Only pelvic size (centroid size) was correlated with changes in the pelvic morphology of the pelvic inlet and midplane. Discussion: The gynecoid morphology is not the most common shape in the populations included in this study. One possible explanation for the platypelloid shape of the Sadlermiut population may be a result of behavioral activities that induce morphological changes during growth. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Puech, Marine. "Le développement des proportions métaphysaires chez les hominoïdes : croissance et influence de la locomotion." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6889.
Full textThis thesis analyses the relationship between morphology, locomotion and growth in hominoids by studying metaphyseal proportions and development. Several levels of analysis — interlimb, upper and lower limbs — are discussed in an ontogenic perspective. Body mass and direction of loads affect the morphology of articular and metaphyseal surfaces but also their development. Taking into account the locomotion of a species and related loads during growth, we try to determine when proportions change, if at all, and why they appear. Australopithecus afarensis is one species for which the debate about its locomotion is still ongoing, study of the ontogeny of its proportions may shed light on the functions of its limbs during locomotion. Linear measurements were collected on the humerus, radius, ulna, femur and tibia of H. sapiens, P. troglodytes, G. gorilla and P. pygmaeus. From these measurements, ratios have been calculated to intra and inter limb proportions of hominoid appendicular skeleton for different age groups. Differences between species are most significant at the interlimb level and relative to the different relative percentage of upper and lower limbs use. Within species, results reveal a similarity for metaphyseal surfaces responses to loads at all levels of analyses. Proportional changes take place between dental stages 0 and 1 for H. sapiens (acquisition of bipedality), between stages 2 and 4 for P. troglodytes (majority of body weight supported by the lower limb) and between stages 3 and 5 for G. gorilla (knuckle-walking for 85 % of the time). For P. pygmaeus, no proportional change occur at any specific stage, which corresponds to the absence of changes in locomotor behavior from birth to adulthood in that species. From these data, it appears that proportional differences are responses to major changes in the mode of locomotion. Australopithecus afarensis is intermediate between H. sapiens and apes for many proportional comparisons while the knee joint, contrarily to expectation, is not like the bipedal humans.
St-Aubin, Camille-Hélène. "Les relations entre la beauté et l’attribution de compétences : une analyse évolutionniste." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21574.
Full textHovington, Edith. "Différence intersexuelle dans la jalousie : un test de l’hypothèse émotionnelle." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3520.
Full textEvolutionary models propose that women are more affected by emotional infidelity than by sexual infidelity. The associated psychological mechanisms would have evolved during the hunter-gatherer phase of our phylogenetic history and would be a response to a woman’s need to secure exclusive access to the economic resources provided by her mate. The economic situation of women has changed considerably since then, many women being financially independent. In the present study we test the hypothesis that financially independent women are less intensively jealous, or become less rapidly jealous, compared to women who rely financially on their husband. We also assess whether the number of children, or certain personality traits, affect jealousy. Our sample included 60 women and the data were obtained through questionnaires featuring fictional situations. Our results do not support the main hypothesis; the various subgroups of women were jealous at comparable levels. We discuss various factors that might account for these findings, including the possibility that other aspects of the relationship might have concealed the effect of a woman’s economic situation. We also found significant differences in the intensity of jealousy according to the identity of the husband’s fictional partner (old versus new girlfriend). These results are also discussed in an evolutionary perspective.
Tessier, Dominique. "Ontogénie de l’asymétrie des métacarpes : étude de la plasticité osseuse." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20031.
Full textBorgel, Sarah. "Manifestations microscopiques des charges biomécaniques sur le second métacarpe humain." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18399.
Full textBone remodeling is the process by which the skeleton can be renewed throughout the life of individuals (Toppets and al. 2004). It is well known that bone remodeling is a function of both mechanical (loads, activities) and non-mechanical factors such as metabolic needs of the bone (Pierson and Lieberman 2004; Rosas and Martinez-Maza 2010). However, the effects of mechanical environment on bone remodeling still remain poorly understood (Lad and al. 2016; Pfeiffer and al. 2006). This study aims to evaluate the microscopic bone responses to mechanical loading. The sample analyzed represents pairs of second metacarpal from two genetically separated populations (n=103, 55 Euro-Canadiens and 48 Inuits). From mid-shaft sections, thin sections were analyzed using four anatomical quadrants: anterior, medial, posterior and lateral. In order to control the influence of non-mechanical factors on bone remodeling, the asymmetry between pairs of metacarpals is calculated for each variable studied. Mechanical loading is estimated from the asymmetry values of three macroscopic biomechanical variables: Imax, Imin and J. Besides, asymmetries of osteon population density (OPD), mean areas of osteons and Havers canals were measured to estimate the microscopic bone response. Furthermore, it was tested the effect of osteon population density on osteon area. Results show that osteon population density decreases in some groups (in St-Thomas men r = - 0,412 and Inuit women r = -0,547), and the mean area of osteon and Havers canals increase in the more loaded side (in St-Thomas r = 0,297). In addition, there is a negative relationship between increased density of osteons and their mean areas in the posterior quadrant in St-Thomas women (r = -0,496). In conclusion, mechanical loading seems to have an impact on bone microstructure, making possible the inference of mechanical loadings through the study of bone histomorphology.