Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anthropometric data'

One of the most important challenges for the apparel industry is to produce garments that fit the population properly. In order to achieve this objective, it is crucial to understand the typical profile of consumer's bodies. In this work, we aim to identify the typical consumer from the virtual tailor's perspective. To this end, we perform clustering analysis on anthropometric and 3-D data to group the population into clothing sizes. Next, we perform multi-view relational classification to analyze the interplay of different body measurements within each size. In this study, we analyze three different populations as contained in the CAESAR(TM) database, namely, the American, the Italian and the Dutch populations. Throughout this study, we follow a utility-based data mining approach. The goal of utility-base data mining is to consider all utility aspects of the mining process and to thus maximize the utility of the entire process. In order to address this issue, we engage in dimension reduction techniques to find a smaller set of body measurement that reduces the cost and improves the performance of the mining process. We also apply objective interestingness measures in our analysis of demographic data, to improve the quality of the results and reduce the time and search space of the mining process. The analysis of demographic data allows us to better understand the demographic nature of potential customers, in order to target subgroups of potential customers better.

The overall objective of this thesis is to compare and contrast alternative measures of wellbeing in New Zealand during the 19th -early 20th centuries from a spatial perspective by collecting, collating and analyzing new economic, social and anthropometric data. Provincial data was collected from the Statistics New Zealand Annual Reports and New Zealand Census. Anthropometric data was derived from the personnel records of New Zealanders serving in WWI, which only became available to the public in 2005. Time-series tests for convergence and causality have been applied to analyze New Zealand’s economic history, where appropriate. The last quarter of the 19th century in New Zealand was a period of rapid change both in terms of economic and demographic indicators. Prior to the universal convergence of the existing monetary-based measures of wellbeing across Provinces, there were some apparent disparities in the commodity price and real wage series, as well as urban-rural differences in occupation-specific real wages and infant mortality trends. There was also no single pattern of stature decline across provinces during 1871-1898, or between urban and rural areas, where disparities were particularly apparent. The traditional view of the healthy and wealthy New Zealand could only be established at an aggregate level, during a certain time period and for a certain ethnic group (New Zealand European only). Using Provincial data for the period 1874-1919 I have been able to show that improvements in real wages and a decrease in education inequality (between females and males) corresponded to lower infant deaths and thus better health outcomes, while increased dwelling density created unfavorable conditions for infants’ chances of survival. Anthropometric data was used in conjunction with socio-economic provincial data to establish the relationship between stature, urbanization, real wages and infant mortality. The results showed that dwelling density (overcrowding) and general economic conditions were both important in determining stature outcomes during 1870-1900, while the effect of infant mortality on stature was negligible. Most importantly, it has been demonstrated that in New Zealand stature represents a much more robust measure of living standards than real wages or health indicators on their own, at least during the 1870-1900 period.

For all types of clothing and body worn technologies it is important to consider how they integrate and interact with the complex shapes that form the unique profile of the human body. This interaction determines the fit of these products and it is often difficult to generate a fit that can simultaneously accommodate these complex shapes. Achieving the correct fit is determined by a number of different factors that must be combined appropriately to create the fit associated with a particular product. This is particularly applicable to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to ensure it provides protection while maintaining comfort, mobility and good interaction with the surrounding environment. Integrating suitable anthropometric data into the design and manufacture of this type of clothing plays a critical role in achieving a good fit. By using various processes of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM), the detail contained within these data can be quickly and accurately transferred into physical tools. The aim of this study was to demonstrate and validate a method of enhancing the fit of PPE handwear. This has been achieved through an action research strategy using descriptive and practical research methods. The research tools primarily used are case studies, used to demonstrate how manually collected 2D anthropometric data can be used to generate computer models that represent these data in a 3D form. The products of the case studies are tools that have been introduced into the design and manufacture processes of commercial handwear manufacturing environments. The tools have successfully been used to produce gloves using two different manufacturing methods and been assessed to analyse their fit. An improvement in fit for the gloves has been quantified through user trials to determine the level of increased performance afforded to the wearer. The conclusions drawn from the case studies demonstrate that the integration of anthropometric data and CAD/CAM can greatly influence the fit of handwear and improve the iterative processes of its design. However, the data alone does not achieve this as the added integration of tacit knowledge related to glove design is needed to ensure the correct properties are included to the meet the needs of the target population. The methods developed in the case studies have the potential to be applied to other products where fit and interaction with the human body are important design considerations.

If designers are to meet the needs of the growing population of older and disabled people then data on size, shape, posture and capabilities will be increasingly important. This thesis details a methodology for the collection of anthropometry, joint constraints, reach range, postural capability and task specific information, to create a unique database of `individuals'. These data were then used in the development of a computer-based design tool (HADRIAN), to allow design professionals to estimate the percentage of people who could be accommodated by a design. Having complete data sets for individuals is vital to enable multivariate analysis, as opposed to traditional univariate percentile data. Following a review of the literature two interview surveys were conducted with 32 design professionals and 50 older and disabled people. The majority of designers were aware of the philosophy of `design for all', but rarely considered the approach due to perceived time and financial costs. With respect to older and disabled people it was found that nearly all experienced problems completing basic activities of daily life, and that improvements to existing designs could improve quality of life. Activities such as being able to cook a meal, and use the bath were reported as being particularly important. Firstly, a pilot study was conducted with 8 participants to assess the different data collection options. Data were then collected on 100 people, with the majority being older and/or disabled, and encompassing a wide range of capabilities. From these data it was possible to see that the anthropometric data showed a range beyond 15` and 99`h percentile for each dimension when compared to existing anthropometry data, and a breadth of variation in task specific behaviours. Validation trials were then conducted to compare the actual task performance of 10 of the 100 `individuals' with that predicted by HADRIAN, with postures and task capabilities being correctly predicted for open-access reach-and-lift tasks. This gives some confidence that it is possible to predict postures and capabilities from the data collected.

The potential of Digital twin (DT) technology outside of the industrial field has been recognized by researchers who have promoted the vision of applying DTs technology beyond manufacturing, to purposes such as enhancing human well-being and improving quality of life (QoL). The expanded definition of DTs to incorporate living and nonliving physical entities into the definition of DTs was a key motivation behind the model introduced in this thesis for building health digital twins of citizens. In contrast with DTs that have been developed in more industrial fields, this type of digital twins modeling necessitates protecting each citizen's unique identity while also representing features common to all citizens in a unified way. In nature, DNA is an example of a model that is both unified, common to all humans, and unique, distinguishing each human as an individual. DNA’s architecture is what inspired us to propose a digital twin DNA (DT-DNA) model as the basis for building health DTs for citizens. A review of the literature shows that no unified model for citizens’ health has been developed that can act as a base for building digital twins of citizens while also protecting their unique identity thus we aim to fill this gap in this research. Accordingly, in this thesis, we proposed a DT-DNA model, which is specifically designed to protect the unique identity of each citizen’s digital twin, similar to what DNA does for each human. We also proposed a DT-DNA-based framework to build standardized health digital twins of citizens on micro, meso and macro levels using two ISO standards: ISO/IEEE 11073 (X73) and ISO 37120. To achieve our goal, we started by analyzing the biological DNA model and the influencing factors shaping health in smart cities. The purpose of the first is to highlight the DNA model features which provide the building blocks for our DT-DNA model. The purpose of the latter is to determine the main bases of our DT-DNA model of health DTs. Based on the analysis results; we proposed DT-DNA to model health DTs for citizens. In keeping with our DNA analogy, we have identified four bases, A, T, G, and C, for our unified and unique DT-DNA model. The A base in the proposed model represents a citizen’s anthropometric when we build the DT-DNA on an individual level and represents the city’s regulatory authorities when we build the DT-DNA on community and city levels. The T base represents different tasks included in the provided health data that are required to model citizens’ health DT-DNA on different levels. The G base represents the geographic and temporal information of the city, where the citizen exists at the time of data collection. The C base represents the context at the time of data collection. To proof the concept, we present our initial work on building health DTs for citizens in four case studies. The first two case studies are dedicated for health DTs at the micro level, the third case study is dedicated for health DTs at the meso level and the fourth case study is dedicated for health DTs at the macro level. In addition, we developed an algorithm to compare cities in terms of their community fitness and health services status. The four case studies provide promising results in terms of applicability of the proposed DT-DNA model and framework in handling the health data of citizens, communities and cities, collected through various sources, and presenting them in a standardized, unique model.

Background: Fetal growth restricted (FGR) infants have increased perinatal morbidity and mortality risks. Standard fetal biometry may identify some FGR babies; amniotic fluid measurement and Doppler assessment of blood vessels provide additional, functional assessments, but are often normal in babies with late-onset FGR who are difficult to diagnose. A marker reflecting nutritional status should help to identify FGR fetuses, enabling effective intervention: increased monitoring or delivery and neonatal management. Arm and/or thigh measurements have previously shown potential in 2D and 3D. Limb fat volume has never been measured and could provide an in utero marker of fetal nutritional status. Aims: 1. To develop an ultrasound scanning protocol to acquire 2D images and 3D volumes of fetal arms and thighs. 2. To develop method(s), suitable for use in clinical practice, to measure fat in these images and volumes. 3. To assess the reproducibility of these methods. 4. To assess the validity of these methods by comparing them with MRI images of fetal limb fat. 5. To use these methods in a healthy population to develop reference ranges. 6. To correlate these methods with validated neonatal measurements, to assess whether the antenatal methods reflect neonatal body composition. 7. To apply these methods to longitudinal prospective ultrasound images from multiple countries to assess SGA fetuses. Method: Ultrasound imaging protocols were developed to obtain accurate images and volumes of fetal arms and thighs. Segmentation tools were designed with biomedical engineers to measure fat, lean and limb compartments, and applied to 2D images and 3D volumes (n=500), with calculation of reference centiles in optimally healthy women (INTERGROWTH-21st study) and MRI validation of the ultrasound measurements. Additional methods were assessed: a two-ellipse method, and a three-thickness Fetal Fat Index (FFI). Reproducibility was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and ICCs. Fetal measurements were correlated with neonatal body composition data and anthropometry. Third trimester fetal thigh fat volumes were compared in sub-cohorts of AGA and SGA fetuses. Results: Reference centiles were calculated for novel fractional arm and leg volumes (fat and lean), from 16 to 41 weeks. 2D reference ranges were also calculated. The FFI technique - quick, simple, 2D - correlated well with fat area and fat volume. DXA analyses showed a strong correlation between neonatal limb and whole body fat. Correlation analyses showed that infants with above- and below-average arm circumferences have significantly different amounts of arm fat as early as 30-35 weeks. The strength of correlation between antenatal limb fat and neonatal PEA POD whole body fat increased with increasing gestational age. Scans at 30-34 weeks showed a significant difference in fractional thigh fat between those who would be born SGA compared with AGA. Conclusion: This thesis explores, in detail, the measurement of fetal arm and thigh fat using 2D and 3D ultrasound, and demonstrates that it is correlated to neonatal body composition thus allowing 'fetal body composition' to be established as a research tool; the ultimate aim is to be able to distinguish growth-restricted fetuses from those of normal nutritional status. Novel measurements have been developed, acquisition protocols described, reproducibility assessed, and reference centiles calculated in an optimally healthy population: 2D Fetal Fat Index, 3D fractional limb fat and lean volumes, and limb fat (2D and 3D) as a percentage.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate measurements, proportions, growth patterns of the face and jaws and to provide the emergence time and sequence of permanent teeth of Lithuanian children 4 to 16 years of age. Body height, over 40 craniofacial measurements, 59 proportion indices and erupted permanent teeth were evaluated. The study was carried out in kindergartens and secondary schools of Vilnius city in 2004-2009 and 2010-2011 years. The study sample consisted of 3843 children, examined according to the standard anthropometric methodology. This study presents anthropometrical measurements and proportions of the head, face and jaws as well as their age dynamics, sexual dimorphism, secular trend over past 50 years of Lithuanian children 4 to 16 years of age. Normal variation of the emergence time and sequence, differences between sexes of permanent teeth and correlation between the number of erupted teeth and facial dimensions and body height are analysed. Most of the measurements and all proportion indices, the emergence time of permanent teeth and their correlation with body height and facial dimensions in Lithuanian children are presented for the very first time. The results are significant and have a great value not only for anthropologists, specialists of human biology or public health, but for the dentists, maxillofacial and plastic-reconstructive surgeons, paediatricians, endocrinologists and all other physicians in their clinical practice evaluating general... [to full text]
Darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai ištirti 4–16 metų vaikų veido ir žandikaulių matmenis, proporcijas, jų ribines vertes, augimo tempus bei išaiškinti nuolatinių dantų prasikalimo laiką ir eiliškumą. Tyrimas atliktas Vilniaus miesto ikimokyklinėse ir mokyklinėse įstaigose 2004-2009 ir 2010-2011 metais. Pagal standartine antropometrinę metodika kompleksiškai ištirti 3843 vaikai: išmatuotas ūgis, daugiau nei 40 galvos ir veido matmenų, išskaičiuoti 59 proporcingumo indeksai, įvertinti išdygę nuolatiniai dantys. Darbe pateikiama 4-16 metų lietuvių vaikų galvos ir veido rodiklių ir proporcijų analizė, nušviečiami jų amžiniai ir lytiniai ypatumai, atskleidžiama pagrindinių galvos ir veido rodiklių epochinė tendencija per pastaruosius 50 metų. Lietuvių vaikų galvos ir veido proporcijos, nuolatinių dantų prasikalimo laikas ir dauguma galvos ir veido rodiklių ištirti pirmą kartą. Darbe pateikiami pirmą kartą surinkti ir apibendrinti Vilniaus miesto lietuvių vaikų veido ir žandikaulių antropometriniai duomenys, proporcijos ir nuolatinių dantų prasikalimo laikas, jų ribinės vertės, skirtumai tarp lyčių ir koreliacijos su veido matmenimis ir ūgiu. Tyrimo rezultatai reikšmingi ir vertingi antropologams, odontologams, burnos ir veido chirurgams, plastinės chirurgijos specialistams, pediatrams, endokrinologams, genetikams ir visuomenės sveikatos specialistams, vertinant tiek vaiko bendrą, tiek ir burnos sveikatą pagal veido, žandikaulių ir nuolatinių dantų raidą augimo laikotarpiu. Taip pat... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Studies in the United States suggest that girls are developing secondary sexual characteristics at earlier ages than in previous years, with non-Hispanic black girls in the United States experiencing menarche at an earlier age when compared to their peers. Early puberty and menarche may have multiple detrimental effects, including reduced adult height, increased risk of breast cancer, obesity, and endometrial cancer. In this thesis, data from published sources of height and skeletal information on non-Hispanic blacks dating from 1763 to 1861 in the United States are compared with modern population data from 1988 to 1994. The expected result is that the modern population should be taller than the historic population. This held true for males, but not for females. The sexes differed from each other in each population group. This could suggest that female maturation is under greater genetic control than male, compensating for harsh living conditions.
Department of Anthropology

Com a popularização do uso da biometria, determinar a identidade de um indivíduo é uma atividade cada vez mais comum em diversos contextos: controle de acesso físico e lógico, controle de fronteiras, identificações criminais e forenses, pagamentos. Sendo assim, existe uma demanda crescente por Sistemas Automáticos de Identificação Biométrica (ABIS) cada vez mais rápidos, com elevada acurácia e que possam operar com um grande volume de dados. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem de implementação de uma central de confrontos para um ABIS de grande escala utilizando um framework de computação em memória. Foram realizados experimentos em uma base de dados real com mais de 50 milhões de impressões digitais em um cluster com até 16 nós. Os resultados mostraram a escalabilidade da solução proposta e a capacidade de operar em grandes bases de dados.
With the popularization of biometrics, personal identification is an increasingly common activity in several contexts: physical and logical access control, border control, criminal and forensic identification, payments. Thus, there is a growing demand for faster and accurate Automatic Biometric Identification Systems (ABIS) capable to handle a large volume of biometric data. This work presents an approach to implement a scalable cluster-based matching platform for a large-scale ABIS using an in-memory computing framework. We have conducted some experiments that involved a database with more than 50 million captured fingerprints, in a cluster up to 16 nodes. The results have shown the scalability of the proposed solution and the capability to handle a large biometric database.

Estudo transversal do universo de pré-escolares (1544) de creches filantrópicas de Santo André, SP, Brasil, para estimar por antropometria seu crescimento e estado nutricional. Observou-se que o crescimento alcançado no conjunto está acima do referencial CDC/NCHS. Não se encontrou desnutrição, mas sim sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente em 16,8 e 10,8% das crianças, com tendência crescente com a idade. Entre os fatores de risco para esta condição encontrou-se o sexo feminino e o peso de nascimento mais elevado. Estes resultados apontam para a presença de uma etapa adiantada de transição epidemiólogica nutricional inclusive na população de pré-escolares de baixa renda deste Município
Cross sectional study of the universe (n=1544) of preschool children attending to philanthropic daycare centers of Santo André (SP- Brazil), to evaluate by anthropometrics their growth and nutritional status. The attained growth by the whole group was above the CDC/NCHS reference. There was no undernutrition but overweight and obesity with a prevalence of 16,8 and 10,8%, respectively, with a trend to increase with age. Higher birth weight and feminine gender were risk factors for these nutritional problems. The results pointed out an advanced step of nutritional transition, affecting the children between 2 and 6 years of age, of low income families, in this Municipality

Tese de mestrado em Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
Durante o período neonatal, para produzir corretamente um diagnóstico patológico e permitir assim uma reposta adequada, é imperativo realizar uma rigorosa estimação acerca da idade gestacional do feto. Esta previsão é aplicada como ferramenta essencial para o aconselhamento parental de modo a providenciar um plano de cuidados perinatais apropriado. Durante uma autópsia fetal, a idade gestacional é uma variável a ter em consideração, particularmente utilizada aquando de situações de terminação de gravidez medicamente assistida e/ou infanticídios. No nosso caso, foram colecionadas observações representativas da população Portuguesa da região Centro-Sul de Portugal através do procedimento de várias autópsias fetais, provenientes do Hospital de Egas Moniz (CHLO – Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental). Desde há vários anos que o sector de fetopatologia deste hospital tem vindo a analisar e avaliar os casos de mortalidade fetal pertencentes à região Centro-Sul de Portugal. Cada caso de autópsia fetal produz um relatório representativo das medidas e pesos associados ao indivíduo em causa, entre outras informações médicas relevantes; após a sua conclusão, cada relatório é arquivado num dossier (organizado cronologicamente). Este tipo de processamento e armazenamento de informação não proporciona um acesso direto nem estruturado aos valores antropométricos específicos previamente registados, derivados de relatórios médicos elaborados durante um ou mais procedimentos de autópsia fetal. Cada relatório arquivado é, então, tido em consideração como independente de todos os outros casos, tornando trabalhoso e demorado qualquer abordagem ao estudo do seu conteúdo. Para enfrentar este desafio primário, foi necessário desenvolver uma base de dados, assim como toda a metodologia relacionada com a inserção de dados na mesma. Neste presente estudo, um banco de dados nada mais é senão um depósito seguro para informação, servindo o propósito de acomodar estruturalmente dados. Foram registados 24 parâmetros fetais para cada caso individual, incluindo idade gestacional e medições de distâncias e pesos de características antropométricas e órgãos, respetivamente. Obtidas de acordo com o protocolo em vigor, segue a exaustiva lista de medições fetais registadas em cada autópsia: idade gestacional, comprimento total, comprimento craniocaudal, perímetro cefálico, perímetro torácico, perímetro abdominal, comprimento de pé, comprimento da mão, comprimento do dedo médio, distância intercomissural, comprimento do filtro, distância entre os cantos internos, distância entre os cantos externos, comprimento da fenda palpebral esquerda, comprimento da fenda palpebral direita, comprimento do pavilhão auricular esquerdo, comprimento do pavilhão auricular direito, peso corporal, peso dos rins, peso do timo, peso do baço, peso do fígado, peso dos pulmões, e peso doas glândulas suprarrenais. Órgãos emparelhados (pulmões, por exemplo) são representados pelo seu peso combinado. Como unidades, são utilizadas semanas (idade gestacional), centímetros (comprimentos e distâncias), e gramas (pesos). Foi gerado código base para produzir programas capazes de criar e interagir com o construto. Após estipular a estrutura da base de dados, todos os processos de inserção e consulta de informação são geridos por algoritmos especificamente engendrados de modo a prevenir a adulteração não propositada dos dados registados. A linguagem de programação adotada foi Python, versão 2.7 devido às suas bibliotecas (notavelmente: SQLite3, NumPy, e SciPy) e por ser uma linguagem multiparadigmática. A estrutura da base de dados é simples, apesar de relacional. É constituída por uma tabela em que linhas e colunas representam, respetivamente, os indivíduos e os valores dos seus parâmetros fetais registados durante a autópsia (incluindo uma chave primária). Assim, cada linha é representativa de um relatório de autópsia fetal, com a sua própria identidade, e medidas e pesos associados. Tal como a nossa base de dados, simples é também o mecanismo de inserção de dados. Todos os relatórios escritos tiveram de ter a sua informação transferida para o formato digital. Para esse efeito, foi desenvolvido um programa de apoio à inserção de dados. Aquando da sua execução, surge uma interface compreensível que solicita iterativamente ao utilizador os valores registados de cada variável de um relatório de autópsia fetal. Assim que todos os campos estejam preenchidos, a informação recolhida é automaticamente inserida na base de dados, simbolizando um indivíduo e os seus respetivos atributos. Uma vez preenchida a base de dados com toda a informação necessária, é possível propor uma análise adequada. Na totalidade, recolhemos a informação referente a 450 fetos entre as 13 e as 42 semanas de idade (gestacional). Para o devido efeito, a manipulação de informação foi executada utilizando objetos abstratos baseados em tabelas de dispersão (Python) e SPSS. Este trabalho procurou abordar a precisão de diferentes parâmetros fetais em termos de estimação da idade gestacional, fazendo uso de técnicas de regressão e análise em componentes principais (ACP). Na computação dos 2 modelos de regressão linear múltipla, foram utilizados algoritmos específicos de retenção de variáveis baseados na análise de variância (estatística-F). Enquanto ACP e regressões múltiplas foram processadas em SPSS, regressões polinomiais foram executadas em Python. Para cada uma das 23 variáveis (referente a todos os parâmetros fetais selecionados com a exceção de idade gestacional), foram calculadas regressões polinomiais de grau k, k ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, derivadas de cada conjunto de pares de pontos variável-idade. Para todas as regressões, múltiplas e polinomiais, os valores de R2 (coeficiente de determinação) foram registados com um valor-p significativo contra a hipótese nula de que os coeficientes estimados de cada parâmetro são iguais zero. Os modelos de regressão foram comparados entre si, com base na proporção de variância da variável dependente (idade gestacional) previsível pela(s) variável(eis) independente(s), isto é, o erro associado a cada modelo (soma do quadrado dos resíduos). Tendo sido estabelecido um nível de significância de α = 0.05, cada modelo de regressão linear múltipla foi comparado a cada um dos outros modelos de regressão (polinomial e linear múltipla); modelos polinomiais foram comparados a outros modelos derivados do mesmo tipo de regressão se e só se partilhassem o mesmo grau k. Relativamente à ACP (com um índice de KMO de 0.972 e um valor de significância próximo de 0 para a homocedasticidade), a proporção de variância partilhada entre cada variável (comunalidade) apresentou maior valor para as variáveis comprimento total, comprimento craniocaudal, comprimento do pé. Associativamente, o único componente principal retido (com valor próprio maior ou igual a 1) apresenta valores de correlação maiores entre esses mesmos parâmetros originais (loadings) do que com qualquer outra variável. Podemos colocar a hipótese, então, de que essas variáveis sejam consideradas possíveis marcadores de desenvolvimento (preditores confiáveis de idade gestacional). De acordo com os algoritmos de seleção de variáveis (SPSS) utilizados para a computação de regressões lineares múltiplas, foram criados 2 modelos explicativos de idade gestacional. Estes modelos apresentaram valores de coeficiente de determinação semelhantes (R2 ≈ 0.953), assim como valores de teste Durbin-Watson adequados. As variáveis retidas apresentadas pelos 2 algoritmos foram semelhantes entre si, exceto para as variáveis representativas de comprimentos total e craniocaudal, que se verificaram como sendo mutualmente exclusivas. Em ambos os modelos, as variáveis selecionadas foram, em ordem decrescente de pesos-β: peso corporal (β ≈ 0.393), comprimento do pé (β ≈ 0.347), comprimento total (β ≈ 0.266), comprimento craniocaudal (β ≈ 0.199), pavilhão auricular esquerdo (β ≈ 0.16), peso dos pulmões, e peso das glândulas suprarrenais. Para as últimas duas variáveis mencionadas, o valor absoluto do peso-β foi menor ou igual a 0.1. Através de comparações entre modelos polinomiais foi possível estabelecer um sistema de classificação para variáveis ou grupos de variáveis, indicativa da qualidade de cada variável (associada a um grau de polinómio) em estimar, de acordo com os nossos dados, a idade gestacional. O grupo de variáveis com maior valor para o coeficiente de determinação, para cada grau polinomial, conteve sempre as variáveis comprimento total, comprimento craniocaudal, e comprimento do pé. De entre todas as regressões, comprimentos total, craniocaudal, e do pé estão constantemente presentes nos grupos de melhores previsores de idade gestacional. Mediante o tipo de regressão aplicada, o peso corporal e o comprimento da mão são também variáveis pertencentes à categoria preditiva anterior.
Large amounts of information are systematically generated throughout the course of scientific research and progress. In our case, observations representing the Portuguese population within the central-southern region of Portugal were collected throughout various foetal autopsy procedures. Gestational age (GA) and measured distances and weights of numerous anthropometric features and organs, respectively, were recorded per singleton (24 variables in total). This work seeks to elaborate on the accuracy of different foetal parameters in terms of GA estimation, making use of principal component analysis (PCA) and regression techniques. We created a dataset of 450 foetuses, ranging from 13 to 42 weeks of age, to compute both PCA and regression models. Initial exploratory analysis shed light onto which variables are most explanatory in terms of foetal development, and are thus most likely suitable for predictive rolls. We produced clusters of models, based on coefficient of determination values (R2), by comparing the squared sum of residuals between models (significance level α = 0.05). Models comprised of linear combinations of different variables exhibited significantly higher values of R2 (p-value ≤ 0.05) when compared to single variable models. Multiple linear regression models, however, did not exhibit the same statistical significance when compared internally. Across all regression models (both polynomial and multiple linear), crown-heel length (CHL), crown-rump length (CRL), and foot length (FL) are constantly present within the cluster of best predictors of GA. Depending on the type of regression analysis applied, body weight (Body), hand length (HL) also fall onto the same category. Consistent with previously peer-reviewed work, variables such as CHL, CRL, and FL are found to be the most reliable sources of information for estimating developmental age. In cases where such measurements are impossible to obtain, other foetal features can be utilized (although less reliable) such as HL, HC, body weight, and ear length.

Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder height, height to digit III, arm span, sitting height, shoulder width, head length and width, face height and breadth, and nose height and breadth. At the turn of the century, Boas was unable to efficiently analyze these data. With computers now commonplace, several investigations of the adult anthropometric data have been undertaken in recent years; however, analysis of the child anthropometric data has not been undertaken. This study analyzes child anthropometric data from Western North America, giving special emphasis to children on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. More specifically, this study investigates the occurrence of morphological differences in Native American children as a result of living within the reservation system. It is well known that environmental factors play a crucial role in child growth and development, and the effect of those factors can be measured through anthropometry. Differences in the growth and development of the children on each reservation can be related to their unique histories. An investigation of the literature and records kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs reveals differing socioeconomic conditions on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. Both reservations failed agriculturally, but while many Klamath became successful in cattle raising and logging, the Siletz were unable to fully enter these lucrative occupations. Additionally, the unratified treaties of many Siletz tribes left the reservation without adequate support from the government, while the Klamath received rations and supplies as stipulated by their ratified treaty. Descriptive statistics and growth distance curves reveal that the Klamath are shorter than the total sample of Western North American Indians, and the Siletz, particularly the males, are shorter than the Klamath. The shorter stature is due to the proportionately shorter legs of the Siletz, a finding that is consistent with other studies of populations living in depressed socioeconomic conditions.
Graduation date: 2002

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2006.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Oct. 04, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Mollendorf, Joseph C. Includes bibliographical references.

碩士
朝陽大學
工業工程與管理研究所
86
Currently there are many foreign and local papers that give suggestion on the height of the standing work bench. But most of the height suggested in those papers are highly dependent on the specific races concerned in those papers, there is no single generic standing work model that can be used as reference. Therefore, by gathering relevant local and foreign papers, using statistical and ergonomic methodology, we developed a generic mathematical model for the height of work bench, thus reaching the goal for localization. The basic model discussed in this paper uses the type of work and design criteria as the main factor that affect the height of work bench, it describes the heights of work bench under several different basic condition. In the extended model, we further search for the effect of different type of work to the height of the work bench, the relation between the two is no longer a constant as in the basic model, instead, it is a function that is closely related to the length of the forearm. Theoretically, these two mathematical models are applicable on the anthropometry of any group or races of workers and also on any height of the work platform. In the practical verification, we obtain a satisfactory result. Using local worker group as the object, by using the basic and coterminous model, comparing to the value suggested by foreign scholars and ministry of labor affairs, not only that it did not contradict them, but it can also make up their deficiencies. The main advantages compared to previous studies are: 1. Provide a mathematical model for the height of work bench that has strong theoretical basis, 2. Solve the problem of localization. Having a strong theoretical basis, the two work bench models discussed in this paper, which are based on empiricism and statistical theory, can have a very broad application; this is the main contribution and the most distinguished feature of this paper. The result of this research can be used as the reference basis for the planning and design of suitable height of standing work bench. When applied on the product design, the anthropometric data and method used here can be further utilized to infer the theoretical formula for other suitable working space.

博士
國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
91
Establishing a large-scale anthropometric database is very important and valuable. Employing 3D whole body scanning system to measure can help researchers to measure large sample during short time. To enhance identification ability of landmarks in digital model and to evaluate the measurement error for the scanning system are two major concerns. This study aims to compare the anthropometric data to realize the ethnic difference and evaluate the measurement error of the whole body scanning system. Thirty-three dimensions were selected from the anthropometric databases of four East Asian countries for comparison. The data were expressed as ratios of stature. The results show that there are significant ethnic difference among these countries in mean dimensions and body proportions. The important dimension comparison shows that body shape of Taiwanese belongs to wide shoulder and narrow hip with large hands and long legs. Chinese tends to have narrower body with moderate limbs. Japanese body shape is wider with shorter limbs. Korean body shape is moderate, but his upper limbs are longer. For the analysis of measurement error, a set of dimension-certified measurement equipment was introduced and its true dimensions were obtained. The result indicates the measurement errors are statistically significant. Thus, the estimation and calibration models of height, breadth and depth measurement between measured values and true dimensions were established respectively and the error envelopes were derived. A verification experiment was conducted to determine the validity of these models. Based on the models, an optimal measurement range of 1262 mm × 798 mm × 1650 mm (B×D×H) that symmetrizes to origin is suggested. The accuracy of this scanning system needs to be improved by using the calibration models to obtain more accurate anthropometric data.

碩士
大葉大學
工業工程研究所
88
Nowadays the human existence and welfare are respected more and more. Therefore, the records of anthropometry are getting more important. But the measurement, correction and arrangement of anthropometry cost much money, time and labor. During the process, the incorrect data can’t be avoided, owing to human negligence, tolerance of equipment or difference of samples. How to proceed the examination and correction of abnormal value and making up missing value is very important for constructing and maintaining database. The traditional way applies estimation and mathematically statistic method with linear relationship to correct value. Human body doesn’t follow the linear mode to develop. Therefore, the linear way is not suitable for human body system. In this study, the gray system theory is applied to propose the development of human body system. It is to define the human body system, based on energy system. Through the historic situation of human body system to propose its coming development in the future and use the statistic analysis method to estimate the availability of eight gray model methods that used in anthropometry. This study will be useful for related studies of constructing and maintaining of anthropometric database in the future. This study select the gray models that suit to the growth mode of venerable age and young age respectively. The study recommend that let the foreward estimate method be the main estimate method, and let the backward estimate method be the auxiliary estimate method. When the abnormal value was found, mean of actual value and model value can substitute for the abnormal value.

Research suggests that there is a plethora of information on the size and shape of the average and plus sized women in South Africa (Winks, 1990; Pandarum, 2009; Muthambi, 2012; Afolayan & Mastamet-Mason, 2013 and Makhanya, 2015). However, there is very little information on petite women‟s body shapes, their body measurements and their shopping behaviour, especially in South Africa, for manufacturing ready-to-wear garments. The purpose of this petite women study was to investigate the shapes and sizes of a sample of petite South African women and develop size charts for the upper and lower body dimensions. This study used a mixed-method; purposive, non-probability sampling method to achieve the objectives of the study. A (TC)² NX16 3D full body scanner and an Adam‟s® medical scale were used to collect the body measurement data of 200 petite South African women, aged between 20-54 years with an average height range of 157cm, residing in Gauteng (Pretoria and Johannesburg). Other data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire to collect the subjects‟ demographic information such as, age, height, weight, etc.; and the psychographic questionnaire to gather the petite subjects‟ demographics as well as their perceptions and preferences on currently available ready-to-wear shirt and trouser garments. Of the 200 subjects that were initially recruited, based on the petite women‟s body height that ranged from 5‟ 4” (163 cm) and below, the most prevalent body shape profile that emerged from the dataset, was the pear body shape which was evident in 180 of the 3D full body scanned petite women subjects. Therefore, the anthropometric data for these 180 subjects was used in the development of the experimental upper and lower body dimensions size charts and as the basis for the fit test garments developed in this study. The collected data was analysed and interpreted in Microsoft Excel and the IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (2016) software package, using principal component analysis (PCA) to produce the experimental size charts for the upper and lower body dimensions necessary for creating prototype shirt and trouser garments. Regression analysis was used to establish the primary and secondary body dimensions for the development of the size charts and for determining the size ranges. The experimental upper and lower body dimensions size charts were developed for sizes ranging from size 6/30 to size 26/50. Subsequently, the accuracy of the size charts developed in this study was evaluated by a panel of experts who analysed the fit of the prototype shirt and trouser garments, manufactured using measurements for a size 10/34 size range from the size chart, on a sample of the petite subjects. The fit of these garments was also compared with the fit of garments manufactured using the 3D full body scanned measurements of a size 10/34 petite tailoring mannequin, that is currently commercially available for use in the production of garments for petite women in South Africa. The shirt and trouser prototype garments developed using the size 10/34 upper and lower body dimensions size chart measurements had, overall, a better quality of fit than the garments made to fit the current, commercially available, size 10/34 mannequin. These findings thereby confirmed that the data extracted from the (TC)² NX16 3D full body scanner and the size charts subsequently developed using the data, has the potential to provide better/improved fit in garments for petite South African women than data hitherto published. From the evidence of this study, it is recommended that the South African garment manufacturing industry needs to revise the current sizing system for petite women to accommodate the body dimensions and shape variations that currently prevail amongst consumers. The South African garment manufacturers and retailers also need to familiarise themselves with the needs, challenges and preferences of the petite consumers‟ target market that purchase ready-to-wear shirt and trouser garments in South Africa.
Life and Consumer Sciences
M.ConSci. (Department of Life and Consumer Science)

Tese de Doutoramento - Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Industrial e de Sistemas
Work occupies a large portion of peoples’ lives. The intrinsic factors associated with work, such as the difficulty of the tasks to perform, can themselves cause much stress to the workers. When the extrinsic factors, such as the environment or the working conditions, are also inadequate, working becomes even more difficult. These negative issues may limit workers’ performance and put their comfort and health at risk, compromising the quality of their task, performance and productivity. Therefore, considering ergonomics interventions in every job is crucial. Issues where interventions are most certainly needed are the working postures, namely, by studying how they affect the human body and how they limit the work activities. As such, the main purpose of the research carried out in this thesis was to assess the influence that both sitting and standing working postures have on the changes of workers’ anthropometric data, as well as to assess their perceived comfort. The path taken to accomplish this goal required additional smaller objectives to be accomplished as well. First of all, it was necessary to select the best way to collect the necessary data. To do this, two anthropometric data collection techniques were compared – the traditional manual anthropometry and the 3D anthropometry. When put side by side, it was possible to see a significant difference between the two data acquisition methods for almost all body measurements. However, it was concluded that these differences could be caused by many factors, such as the involuntary body sway or the pressure exerted by the equipment, and not necessarily mean that the methods are inadequate. Indeed, the precision and reliability tests showed that both methods are good. Nevertheless, the 3D data, obtained with the specific body scanner used in this study, should only be used for applications that are not very demanding. Then, came the analysis of the body modifications that occur with each working posture. A pilot study was performed that tried to identify the changes that happen in the human body during a day of work (e.g. leg swelling and decrease of stature, much reported in the literature). From the obtained data, it was possible to verify that the modifications really do happen, but at a very small scale. After this, the study evolved to the quantification of the instant modifications of the body when common dynamic postures are assumed. At this point, the results obtained prompted a new focus on the discomfort felt by workers caused by the improper work-wear. A questionnaire filled by active workers with different types of work requirements demonstrated that there are many postures that are limited because of the clothes worn. It is the lower part of the garment that they felt more uncomfortable with but it is the upper part that is more restrictive. This helped to make clear the need to act and to create a product that can make people feel less restricted and more comfortable. As such, two prototypes of a shirt with simple alterations were made, one had the application of an elastic mesh in the armhole area and the other had the application of the same mesh on the back area. The tests performed to validate these prototypes showed that, when compared to a regular model designed for the static standing posture, the compression forces decreases and the stretch ability increases, meaning that they provide more flexibility and fewer limitations of movements. With all the objectives accomplished it can be said that the results and findings obtained with this thesis can bring many contributions to the scientific community, alongside with important practical information that can be used worldwide by companies or individual people.
O trabalho ocupa uma grande parte da vida das pessoas. Os fatores intrínsecos associados ao trabalho, como a dificuldade das tarefas a executar, podem por si só causar muito stresse aos trabalhadores. Quando os fatores extrínsecos, como o ambiente ou as condições de trabalho, são também inadequados o trabalho torna-se ainda mais difícil. Estes aspetos negativos podem limitar a capacidade de trabalho dos trabalhadores e colocar em risco o seu conforto e saúde, comprometendo a qualidade das suas tarefas e a sua produtividade. Como tal, é crucial ter em conta os aspetos ergonómicos associados aos locais e características do trabalho. Há alguns aspetos onde intervenções são necessárias, como é o caso das posturas de trabalho, em particular tentando compreender como é que estas afetam o corpo humano e como é que limitam as atividades do trabalho. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi avaliar a influência que as posturas de trabalho, de pé e sentado, têm nas modificações dos dados antropométricos dos trabalhadores e também avaliar a sua perceção de conforto. O caminho seguido para atingir este objetivo exigiu que outros objetivos fossem também alcançados. Em primeiro lugar foi necessário selecionar a melhor forma de recolher os dados necessários. Para tal, foram comparados dois métodos de recolha de dados antropométricos – a recolha manual de dados antropométricos tradicional e de dados antropométricos 3D. Quando se compararam os resultados obtidos foi possível observar que existem diferenças significativas entre os dados adquiridos com os diferentes métodos para quase todas as medidas do corpo. No entanto, concluiu-se que estas diferenças podem dever-se a muitos fatores, como o balanço involuntário do corpo humano ou a pressão exercida pelos equipamentos de medição, e não necessariamente aos métodos em si. De facto, os testes de precisão e fiabilidade mostraram que ambos os métodos são bons. Porém, os dados 3D, obtidos com o body scanner específico usado para este estudo, só devem ser usados para aplicações pouco exigentes. Na fase seguinte foi feita a análise das modificações que ocorrem no corpo com cada postura de trabalho. Foi feito um teste piloto para tentar identificar as alterações que se dão no corpo humano durante um dia de trabalho (e.g. inchaço das pernas e a diminuição da estatura, muito reportados na literatura). Com os dados obtidos, foi ainda possível verificar que as modificações ocorrem de facto, mas a uma escala muito pequena. Depois disto, o estudo evoluiu para a quantificação das modificações instantâneas no corpo quando são adotadas posturas dinâmicas. Nesta fase do estudo, os resultados obtidos fizeram as atenções voltar-se para o desconforto causado pelo vestuário de trabalho desapropriado. Um questionário preenchido por trabalhadores com diferentes tipos de atividades demonstrou que há muitas posturas que são limitadas pelo vestuário usado. É com a parte inferior do vestuário que se sentem mais desconfortáveis mas é na parte superior que sentem mais restrições de movimentos. Isto ajudou a clarificar a necessidade de atuar e criar um produto que permite às pessoas sentirem-se menos restringidas e mais confortáveis. Assim, dois protótipos de uma camisa com pequenas alterações foram criados, um com uma malha elástica na cava e outro com a mesma malha nas costas. Os testes para validar estes protótipos mostraram que, quando comparados com um modelo normal desenhado com medidas estáticas, as forças de compressão diminuem e a extensibilidade aumenta, comprovando maior flexibilidade e menor limitação dos movimentos. Com todos os objetivos cumpridos pode-se dizer que os resultados desta tese podem trazer bastantes contributos para a comunidade científica, juntamente com informações práticas que podem ser usadas mundialmente por empresas ou pessoas individuais.

碩士
中山醫學大學
營養學研究所
101
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics had demonstrated the benefits of dietary fiber in health maintenance, disease prevention and as a component for medical nutrition. There are evidences showed that soluble fiber might reduce the risk factors predicting cardiovascular disease and beneficial in weight control. The greater the solubility of a dietary fiber will perform greater viscosity and show a good effect in lowering serum cholesterol. Psyllium husk contains about 70% soluble fiber. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of psyllium husk on the risk factor of cardiovascular disease: the value of biomarkers and body weight. This is a parallel, single-blinded randomized controlled trial by adding high purity psyllium husk into the normal diet of the overweight people (BMI≥24) for twelve weeks. Seventeen subjects are categorized into psyllium group and 16 subjects into placebo group while 7 gram of psyllium or placebo was included in their daily diet. Intake of psyllium for 12 weeks resulted a significant decrease in calorie intake, body weight, BMI and waist length (P<0.05); a significant decline in the level of total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated (P<0.05) and the ratio of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C showed significant decrease (P<0.05). In conclusion, intake of 7 gram of psyllium husk will reduce the body weight, waist length and BMI and it help in controlling the level of serum cholesterol. In addition, the loss of body weight and good control of lipid profile can help in reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Doctoral Dissertation for PhD degree in Industrialand Systems Engineering
School can be considered the first workplace in our life. In this workplace situation, school furniture is a key factor for the adoption of a proper body posture. Many factors can generally influence the students’ sitting posture, such as the anthropometric dimensions of schoolchildren, as well as the measurement and design features of the school furniture. School furniture is not the only cause of pain and discomfort reported by school children. However, being seated for a long period of time in school furniture is being associated to reports of musculoskeletal discomfort and pain. School furniture dimensions, within the context in which it is used, may also have an impact on some physical and performance aspects of the students. The aim of this thesis was to study the students’ anthropometrics data and its application for school furniture design. The methodology can be divided in two processes. The first one was the field work, where eight anthropometric measures were gathered from 3,181 students, together with six furniture dimensions. The second process include two literature reviews, which was used to identify the studies previously carried out in the field of the anthropometric (mis)match and the relationship between school furniture and the effects on students’ performance and physical aspects. The obtained results show that the compatibility between school furniture dimension and student anthropometric characteristics was identified as a key factor, mainly to improve some students’ physical aspects. The design characteristics of the furniture, such as high furniture comparing the dimensions of the users, sit-stand, tilt table and seat, present positive effects. Regarding the definition of the (mis)match equations, six furniture dimensions were evaluated with a high number of applied equations. Seat height was also the most evaluated furniture dimension and there were considerable differences between the two most frequently used equations. It was also verified that the Chilean student population presents a positive secular trend in different anthropometric dimensions, such as stature, popliteal height, hip width and buttock popliteal length. Many different types of school furniture, or school sets, are used at the analysed schools. These furniture sets presented a high level of mismatch for seat height, desk height and seat-to-desk clearance. The application of the Chilean standard resulted in highest level of mismatch in desk height and seat depth. The level of fit improved in the six evaluated dimensions with the data obtained in this thesis and proposed to be used as an updated standard. Finally, the use of the popliteal height for selecting the furniture set presented a lower level of mismatch when compared with stature. Considering the obtained results in this thesis, it can be concluded that the dimensions of the school furniture is relevant and may have an effect on the some students physical aspects. The proposed methodology for the evaluation of school furniture suitability should allow for a more reliable and accurate analysis of school furniture Additionally, it should be highlighted that it is of paramount importance to monitor the students anthropometrics characteristics with the final aim of updating the furniture standards and that the selection of furniture should be made by using the popliteal height, instead of the typical selection that uses the students’ stature.
A escola pode ser considerado o primeiro local de trabalho na nossa vida. Neste “local de trabalho”, o mobiliário usado é um fator-chave para a adoção de uma postura corporal adequada. São inúmeros os fatores que podem influenciar a postura dos alunos na posição de sentados, tais como as suas dimensões antropométricas, bem como as dimensões e o desenho do mobiliário escolar. O mobiliário escolar não é a única causa para o aparecimento de dor e desconforto músculoesquelético em crianças em idade escolar. No entanto, o facto de ter de estar sentado por um longo período de tempo vem sendo associado a relatos de desconforto e dor músculoesquelética. As dimensões do mobiliário escolar, no contexto em que é usado, podem também ter um impacto sobre alguns aspectos físicos dos alunos e no seu desempenho. O objetivo desta tese consistiu em estudar os dados antropométricos de uma amostra de alunos e a sua aplicação no desenho e concepção do mobiliário escolar. A metodologia aplicada pode ser dividida em duas partes. A primeira consistiu no trabalho de campo, onde oito medidas antropométricas foram recolhidas a partir de uma amostra de 3.181 alunos, juntamente com seis dimensões do mobiliário. A segunda parte inclui duas revisões de literatura, que foram desenvolvidas para identificar os estudos anteriormente publicados sobre o tema da (in)compatibilidade antropométrica e a relação entre o mobiliário escolar e os efeitos deste no desempenho dos alunos e em alguns aspectos físicos destes. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a (in)compatibilidade entre as dimensões do mobiliário escolar e das características antropométricas dos alunos é identificado como um fator-chave, principalmente para melhorar algumas questões de natureza física. As características de desenho do mobiliário escolar, como por exemplo mobiliário de maiores dimensões que os seus utilizadores, a posição sentado-de pé, a inclinação do tampo da mesa e do assento, também mostraram poderem ter efeitos significativos. No que diz respeito à definição das equações de (in)compatibilidade (ou mismatch), seis dimensões do mobiliário foram avaliados através de um elevado número de equações. A altura do assento foi a dimensão do mobiliário mais avaliada, tendo-se verificado diferenças consideráveis entre as duas equações que são habitualmente utilizadas. Verificou-se também que a população estudantil Chilena analisada apresenta um crescimento secular positivo, o que é verificado em várias dimensões antropométricas, tais como a estatura, a altura do poplíteo, a largura das ancas e comprimento coxa-poplíteo. As escolas analisadas possuíam vários tipos diferentes de mobiliário escolar, ou conjuntos de mobiliário. Estes conjuntos de mobiliário apresentaram elevados valores de incompatibilidade ao nível da altura do assento, altura da mesa e no espaço entre o assento e a mesa. A aplicação da norma Chilena para a seleção do mobiliário adequado resulta num valor mais elevado de incompatibilidade no que diz respeito à altura da mesa e à profundidade do assento. O nível de incompatibilidade diminui em seis dimensões avaliadas caso sejam considerados os dados obtidos no decorrer desta tese e que são propostos para atualizar a norma Chilena referida anteriormente. Finalmente, a utilização da altura do poplíteo para selecionar o conjunto de mobiliário resulta num menor nível de incompatibilidade, quando comparada com a seleção feita a partir da estatura dos alunos. Considerando os resultados obtidos, pode concluir-se que as dimensões do mobiliário escolar são importantes e podem ter um efeito relevante sobre alguns aspectos físicos dos alunos. A metodologia proposta para a avaliação da adequação do mobiliário escolar ao aluno permitirá que esta análise seja mais fiável e precisa. Além disso, deve-se ressaltar que é de extrema importância avaliar continuamente as dimensões antropométricas dos alunos com o objectivo final de atualização das normas relativas à seleção do mobiliário, que por sua vez deverá ser feita usando a altura do poplíteo, em vez da estatura.

yes
Craniofacial anthropometry plays an important role in facial structure. This review paper evaluates existing research surrounding population norms of studied facial parameters. The purpose is two-fold: (1) to determine variations in facial measurements due to demi-group or ethnic variations based on traditional (direct) caliper based and image based (indirect) anthropometric methods. (2) to compare where possible, measured facial parameters between referenced studies. Inter and intra-population variations in addition to sexual dimorphism of facial parameters such as the nose and eyes, singularly or in combination with one another, have been concluded. Ocular measurements have exhibited ethnic variations between males and females of the Saudi, Turkish, Egyptian and Iranian group. Moreover, demic variations are reported when the native language has been used a key criterion. It has been concluded that with the current state of migration and inter-demic marriages, the study of homogenous populations will prove difficult. Subsequently, this will result in ambiguous physical traits that are not representative for any one demic or ethnic population. In this paper, results for the following adult male and female populations have been discussed: African American, Azerbaijani, Caribbean, Chinese, Croatian, Egyptian, Italian, Iranian, Turkish, Saudi Arabian, Syrian and South African. The qualitative research presented serves as a knowledge base for learners and strikes up thought provoking concepts about the direction anthropometrical research is heading.

碩士
國防大學管理學院
運籌管理學系
101
In many countries, the anthropometry surveys in military are better-developed than other occupations and institutes. Anthropometry data of soldiers are essential for the design and sizing of military clothing, protective equipment, and personal equipment and are required as a basic input in the human factors engineering of military equipment systems such as aircraft, vehicles, tanks, submarines, and many other types of weapons systems. With the increasing numbers of female military personnel in Taiwan, we can’t ignore the importance of their anthropometry data while we’re going to build up the anthropometry database of soldiers in Taiwan. The proper anthropometry database that runs the body-size gamut from small women to large men is the main input when developing our own military-related design. Before the formal anthropometric data collection, the manual measurements had been performed with the scan measurements in order to examine the precision and the accuracy of the scan-derived measurements. We used three scanning postures to derive 105 dimensions and measured 108 female military personnel. The results show that there’re differences among Taiwan female soldiers and Taiwan female populace and U.S. female soldiers. Taiwan female soldiers are taller and sturdier than Taiwan female populace. The stature of Taiwan and U.S. female soldiers are approximate, but U.S. female soldiers are sturdier than Taiwan female soldiers. Using other researches’ anthropometry data to design military clothing and equipment is not appropriate. The objective of this study is to pilot the anthropometric survey for female military personnel in Taiwan. To keep surveying the anthropometric data of female and male military personnel and to build up the more representative anthropometric database of soldiers are future researches’ goals.

Understanding of the shape and size of different features of human body from the scanned data is necessary for automated design and evaluation of product ergonomics. The traditional method of finding required body dimensions by manual measurements (Anthropometry) has many sociological, logistical and technical drawbacks such as prolonged time, skilled researcher for consistency and accuracy of measurements, undesirable physical contact between the subject and the researcher, required presence of people from different demographic categories or travel of researcher with equipments. If these di- mensions are extracted from the stored digital human models, above drawbacks can be eliminated. With the emergence of laser based 3d scanners, it is now possible generate a large database of surface models of humans from different demographic backgrounds but the automatic processing of 3d meshes is under development. Though some commercial packages are available for extraction of a limited number of dimensions from full body scans, mostly belonging to topologically separable body parts like hands and legs, the dimensions associated with head and face are particularly not available in public domain. The processing of surface models of head and face from the automatic measurement point of view is also not discussed in literature though this type of data has many practical applications like ergonomic design of close-fitting products like respiratory masks,ophthalmic frames (spectacles), helmets and similar head-mounted devices; Creation of a facial feature database for face modeling coding and reconstruction and for use in forensic sciences; Automated anthropological surveys and Medical growth analysis and aesthetic surgery planning. Hence, in this thesis, a computational framework is developed for automatic detection, recognition and measurement of important facial features namely eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth and moustache (if applicable) from scanned head and shoulder polyhedral models. After preprocessing the scanned mesh manually to fill holes and remove singular vertices, discrete differential geometric operators were implemented to compute surface normals and curvatures. Mean curvature magnitude was used as the primary metric to segment the mesh using morphological watershed algorithms which treat the mesh as a height map and separate the regions according to the water catchment basins. After visualization it was hypothesized that the important facial features consist of relatively high curvature regions and based on this hypothesis a much faster approach was then employed based on mathematical morphology to group the high curvature vertices into regions based on adjacency. The important feature regions isolated this way were then identified and labeled to be belonging to different facial features by a decision tree based on their relative spatial disposition. Adaptive selection of parameters was incorporated later to ensure robustness of this algorithm. Critical points of these identified features are recognized as the standard landmarks associated with those primary facial features. A number of clinically identified landmarks lie on the facial mid-line. An efficient algorithm is proposed for detection and processing of the mid-line using a point sampling technique which is fast and has immunity to noise in the data. An algorithm to find shortest path between two vertices while traveling along the edges is implemented to measure on-surface distances and to isolate the nose. Complete program comprising of curvature and surface normal computations, seg- mentation and identification of 6 important features, facial mid-line processing, detection of total 17 landmarks and shortest path computations to separate nose takes about 2 minutes to work including visualization on a full resolution mesh of typically 2,15,521 Vertices and 4,30,560 Faces. The algorithm was tested successfully on more than 40 faces with minor exceptions. The results match human perception. The computed measurements were also compared with the physical measurements for a few subjects, the measurements were found to be in good agreement and satisfactory for its usage in product ergonomics and clinical applications.

The aim of this study was to determine the norm of the gait fundamental biomechanical parameters for the healthy pediatric population and associated measurement error, for this laboratory. Twenty-seven children cleared for neurological and musculoskeletal impairments, from a nearby school, aged between 7 and 9 joined this study. Kinematics, Kinetics, Electromyography and Anthropometrics were collected. Children were prepared with 53 passive markers (according to CAST) and instructed to walk through a walkway. Six muscles were bilaterally analyzed, Gluteus Medius, Adductor Longus, Rectus Femoris, Semitendinosus, Tibialis Anterior, and Gastrocnemius. Eleven children were re-evaluated within a 7 days time window to determine the measurement error (intra-observer). The analysis of Joint Angular Displacement, Moments, Powers, GRF and EMG revealed a good overlapping of the left and right side curves, with wave patterns in accordance to the literature. Clinical Measurements variables were within published healthy ranges, as were the Gait Parameters variables. Eight variables revealed SEM values between 2º and 5º, while all others were below 2º. Higher SEM was found for the variables Cadence (3.64 steps/min), Mean Value of Pelvic Tilt (2.48º), Maximum Hip Angle (2.56º), Minimum Hip angle (4.94º), Knee Angle at Initial Contact (2.40º), and TT ROM (2.79º).