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Journal articles on the topic 'Anthropomorphic breast phantoms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Seifert, Posy J., Renee C. Morgan, David L. Conover, and Andrea L. Arieno. "Initial Experience with a Cone-beam Breast Computed Tomography-guided Biopsy System." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 7 (January 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.199055.

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Objective: To evaluate our initial experience with a cone-beam breast computed tomography (BCT)-guided breast biopsy system for lesion retrieval in phantom studies for use with a cone-beam BCT imaging system. Materials and Methods: Under the Institutional Review Board approval, a phantom biopsy study was performed using a dedicated BCT-guided biopsy system. Fifteen biopsies were performed on each of the small, medium, and large anthropomorphic breast phantoms with both BCT and stereotactic guidance for comparison. Each set of the 45 phantoms contained masses and calcification clusters of varyi

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Joachimowicz, Nadine, Bernard Duchêne, Christophe Conessa, and Olivier Meyer. "Anthropomorphic Breast and Head Phantoms for Microwave Imaging." Diagnostics 8, no. 4 (2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8040085.

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This paper deals with breast and head phantoms fabricated from 3D-printed structures and liquid mixtures whose complex permittivities are close to that of the biological tissues within a large frequency band. The goal is to enable an easy and safe manufacturing of stable-in-time detailed anthropomorphic phantoms dedicated to the test of microwave imaging systems to assess the performances of the latter in realistic configurations before a possible clinical application to breast cancer imaging or brain stroke monitoring. The structure of the breast phantom has already been used by several labor

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Bliznakova, Kristina, Tihomir Georgiev, Antonio Sarno, et al. "A comparison of two low-cost 3D printing techniques for constructing phantoms from MRI breast images." International Journal of Radiation Research 22, no. 4 (2024): 883–90. https://doi.org/10.61186/ijrr.22.4.883.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Background: This study aimed to test the possibility of using Magnetic Resonance (MR) images to create anthropomorphic breast phantoms for X-ray imaging and to compare the performance of fused deposition modeling (FDM) and 2D inkjet printing with radiopaque inks. Materials and Methods: Two physical phantoms were produced using either an inkjet printer on paper or an FDM technique, both based on clinical MR data. The paper phantom was printed with 1.2 g of KI dissolved in 20 ml of water. For the FDM phantom, the extrusion rate was adjusted according to clinical Hounsfi

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4

Madsen, Ernest L., Maritza A. Hobson, Gary R. Frank, et al. "Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for testing elastography systems." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 32, no. 6 (2006): 857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.02.1428.

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Dukov, Nikolay, Kristina Bliznakova, Nikiforos Okkalidis, Tsvetelina Teneva, Elitsa Encheva, and Zhivko Bliznakov. "Thermoplastic 3D printing technology using a single filament for producing realistic patient-derived breast models." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 4 (2022): 045008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac4c30.

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Abstract Objective. This work describes an approach for producing physical anthropomorphic breast phantoms from clinical patient data using three-dimensional (3D) fused-deposition modelling (FDM) printing. Approach. The source of the anthropomorphic model was a clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) patient image set, which was segmented slice by slice into adipose and glandular tissues, skin and tumour formations; thus obtaining a four component computational breast model. The segmented tissues were mapped to specific Hounsfield Units (HU) values, which were derived from clinical breast Co

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Ruvio, Giuseppe, Raffaele Solimene, Antonio Cuccaro, et al. "Multimodal Breast Phantoms for Microwave, Ultrasound, Mammography, Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography Imaging." Sensors 20, no. 8 (2020): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082400.

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The aim of this work was to develop multimodal anthropomorphic breast phantoms suitable for evaluating the imaging performance of a recently-introduced Microwave Imaging (MWI) technique in comparison to the established diagnostic imaging modalities of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound (US), mammography and Computed Tomography (CT). MWI is an emerging technique with significant potential to supplement established imaging techniques to improve diagnostic confidence for breast cancer detection. To date, numerical simulations have been used to assess the different MWI scanning and image

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Dukov, Nikolay, Kristina Bliznakova, Nikiforos Okkalidis, Tsvetelina Teneva, Elitsa Encheva, and Zhivko Bliznakov. "Thermoplastic 3D printing technology using a single filament for producing realistic patient-derived breast models." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 4 (2022): 045008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac4c30.

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ABSTRACT <em>Objective</em>. This work describes an approach for producing physical anthropomorphic breast phantoms from clinical patient data using three-dimensional (3D) fused-deposition modelling (FDM) printing. <em>Approach</em>. The source of the anthropomorphic model was a clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) patient image set, which was segmented slice by slice into adipose and glandular tissues, skin and tumour formations; thus obtaining a four component computational breast model. The segmented tissues were mapped to specific Hounsfield Units (HU) values, which were derived from

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8

Bencomo, José A., Connel Chu, Victor M. Tello, Sang Hyun Cho, and Geoffrey S. Ibbott. "Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for quality assurance and dose verification." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 5, no. 1 (2004): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.26.148.

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9

Bencomo, José A., Connel Chu, Victor M. Tello, Sang Hyun Cho, and Geoffrey S. Ibbott. "Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for quality assurance and dose verification." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 5, no. 1 (2004): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v5i1.1992.

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10

Pokrajac, David D., Andrew D. A. Maidment, and Predrag R. Bakic. "Optimized generation of high resolution breast anthropomorphic software phantoms." Medical Physics 39, no. 4 (2012): 2290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3697523.

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11

Dukov, Nikolay, Elica Encheva, and Kristina Bliznakova. "Suitability of 3D printing materials for printing anthropomorphic phantoms: A simulation study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2162, no. 1 (2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2162/1/012012.

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Abstract The use of anthropomorphic phantoms finds an increased application in the last years. From their use in virtual studies to assessment of new imaging technologies and reconstruction algorithms. The current study proposes a resource saving approach, in terms of time and money for assessing the creation of an anthropomorphic model by means of 3D printing. A four component object consisting of segmentations of adipose, gland, skin and lesion tissues was created from an MRI image set. From the resulting object two computational breast models were created – one with the elemental compositio

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12

Liu, Yan-Lin, Shu-Jun Chang, Fang-Yi Lin, Tien-Yu Chang, and Jay Wu. "Suborgan breast dosimetry for breast nuclear medicine imaging using anthropomorphic software breast phantoms." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 166 (January 2020): 108488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108488.

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13

Iqbal, Khalid, Geoffrey S. Ibbott, Ryan Grant Lafratta, Kent A. Gifford, and Saeed A. Buzdar. "Dosimetric characterisation of anthropomorphic PRESAGE® dosimeter and EBT2 film for partial breast radiotherapy." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 17, no. 1 (2017): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396917000450.

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AbstractPurposeWhole-breast external beam radiotherapy results in significant reduction in the risk for breast cancer-related death, but this may be offset by an increase in deaths from other causes and toxicity to surrounding organs. Partial breast irradiation techniques are approaches that treat only the lumpectomy area rather than the whole breast. Quality assurance in the radiation therapy treatment planning process is essential to ensure accurate dose delivery to the patient. For this purpose, this article compares the results from an anthropomorphic PRESAGE® dosimeter, radiation treatmen

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Avşar Aydin, Emine, and Selin Yabaci Karaoğlan. "Reference Breast Phantoms for Low-Cost Microwave Imaging." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 4 (2020): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20190924124228.

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Microwave imaging provides an alternative method for breast cancer screening and the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents. Before a surgical operation, the performance of microwave imaging systems should be evaluated on anatomically detailed anthropomorphic phantoms. This paper puts forward the advances in the development of breast phantoms based on 3D printing structures filled with liquid solutions that mimic biological tissues in terms of complex permittivity in a wide microwave frequency band. In this paper; four different experimental scenarios were created, and measurements were perfor

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15

Okkalidis, Filippos, Chrysoula Chatzigeorgiou, Nikiforos Okkalidis, et al. "Characterization of Commercial and Custom-Made Printing Filament Materials for Computed Tomography Imaging of Radiological Phantoms." Technologies 12, no. 8 (2024): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies12080139.

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In recent years, material extrusion-based additive manufacturing, particularly fused filament fabrication (FFF), has gained significant attention due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness in producing complex geometries. This paper presents the characterization of seven novel materials for FFF and twenty-two commercially available filaments in terms of X-ray computed tomography (CT) numbers, as tissue mimicking materials for the realization of 3D printed radiological phantoms. Two technical approaches, by 3D printing of cube samples and by producing cylinders of melted materials, are used

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16

Madsen, Ernest L., Wendie A. Berg, Ellen B. Mendelson, and Gary R. Frank. "Anthropomorphic Breast Phantoms for Qualification of Investigators for ACRIN Protocol 6666." Radiology 239, no. 3 (2006): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2393051070.

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17

Browne, Jacinta E., Chris Gu, Robert T. Fazzio, Andrew J. Fagan, Donald J. Tradup, and Nicholas J. Hangiandreou. "Use of Novel Anthropomorphic Breast Ultrasound Phantoms for Radiology Resident Education." Journal of the American College of Radiology 16, no. 2 (2019): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2018.08.028.

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18

Faj, Dario, Hrvoje Brkic, Vjekoslav Kopacin, et al. "Monte Carlo simulation of photon breast radiotherapy of the pregnant patient beam characteristics." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 39, no. 2 (2024): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp2402154f.

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This paper aims to describe the photon beam characteristics in terms of energy and angular distribution during breast megavoltage photon radiotherapy of pregnant patients. Photon beam characteristics are investigated at treatment volume (breast) and the position of the fetus in the Tena phantom using Monte Carlo simulation. Photon beam energy spectra are compared across various materials used as substitutes for constructing physical and computational phantoms. Mean energies calculated in substitute materials developed by our group and used to build the Tena phantom, differ up to 10 % from the

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19

Anton, M., M. Reginatto, C. Elster, et al. "The regression detectability index RDI for mammography images of breast phantoms with calcification-like objects and anatomical background." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66, no. 22 (2021): 225015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac33ea.

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Abstract Currently, quality assurance measurements in mammography are performed on unprocessed images. For diagnosis, however, radiologists are provided with processed images. This image processing is optimised for images of human anatomy and therefore does not always perform satisfactorily with technical phantoms. To overcome this problem, it may be possible to use anthropomorphic phantoms reflecting the anatomic structure of the human breast in place of technical phantoms when carrying out task-specific quality assessment using model observers. However, the use of model observers is hampered

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20

Reimer, Tyson, Mario Solis-Nepote, and Stephen Pistorius. "The impact of the inverse chirp z-transform on breast microwave radar image reconstruction." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 9 (2020): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000379.

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This work examines the impact of the inverse chirp z-transform (ICZT) for frequency-to-time-domain conversion during image reconstruction of a pre-clinical radar-based breast microwave imaging system operating over 1–8 GHz. Two anthropomorphic breast phantoms were scanned with this system, and the delay-multiply-and-sum beamformer was used to reconstruct images of the phantoms, after using either the ICZT or the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) for frequency-to-time domain conversion. The contrast, localization error, and presence of artifacts in the reconstructions were compared. The

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21

Mashal, Alireza, Fuqiang Gao, and Susan C. Hagness. "Heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms with realistic dielectric properties for microwave breast imaging experiments." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 53, no. 8 (2011): 1896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.26128.

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22

Glick, Stephen J., and Lynda C. Ikejimba. "Advances in digital and physical anthropomorphic breast phantoms for x-ray imaging." Medical Physics 45, no. 10 (2018): e870-e885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.13110.

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23

Bliznakova, Kristina. "The advent of anthropomorphic three-dimensional breast phantoms for X-ray imaging." Physica Medica 79 (November 2020): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.11.025.

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24

Cai, Weixing, Ruola Ning, and David Conover. "Scatter correction for clinical cone beam CT breast imaging based on breast phantom studies." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology: Clinical Applications of Diagnosis and Therapeutics 19, no. 1 (2011): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-2010-028000280.

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In flat-panel detector-based cone beam CT breast imaging (CBCTBI) systems, scattering is an important factor that degrades image quality. It is not practical to measure the scattering profiles of a breast for all view angles in a patient study, but it is possible to develop a method to estimate the scattering profiles based on information acquired from breast phantom studies. A new scattering correction method is proposed for clinical CBCTBI in this study. The scattering profiles of three anthropomorphic uncompressed breast phantoms of different sizes were thoroughly investigated, and the resu

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Madsen, Ernest L., Elizabeth Kelly-Fry, and Gary R. Frank. "Anthropomorphic phantoms for assessing systems used in ultrasound imaging of the compressed breast." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 14 (January 1988): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-5629(88)90061-0.

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26

Bochyńska, Aleksandra, Anna Zawadzka, Agnieszka Walewska, Magdalena Dobrzyńska, and Pawel Kukołowicz. "Evaluation of dose calculation accuracy within temporary breast tissue expanders with integrated/remote metallic ports." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 31, no. 2 (2025): 131–40. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2025-0014.

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Abstract Purpose: To investigate the dose calculation accuracy of the Eclipse TPS in the presence of temporary breast tissue expanders with high-density metallic ports. Materials and Methods: Four anthropomorphic phantoms were prepared, with integrated Nagor (FI N ) and Mentor metallic ports (FI M ), remote Mentor port (FR M ) and reference one without high-density materials (FR ). For each phantom, 16-bit CTs were performed, and several treatment plans (3D, VMAT) were prepared in the Eclipse TPS. X6FF, X15FF and X6FFF and two dose calculation algorithms (AAA, AXB) were used. Two calibration c

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Santos, J. C., C. D. Almeida, A. Iwahara, and J. E. Peixoto. "Characterization and applicability of low-density materials for making 3D physical anthropomorphic breast phantoms." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 164 (November 2019): 108361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108361.

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28

Ivanov, Danail, Ivan Buliev, Zhivko Bliznakov, and Kristina Bliznakova. "3D printing of anthropomorphic breast phantoms dedicated to research of X-ray image modalities." Physica Medica 58 (February 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.12.022.

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29

Sarno, Antonio, Giovanni Mettivier, Kristina Bliznakova, Andrew M. Hernandez, John M. Boone, and Paolo Russo. "Comparisons of glandular breast dose between digital mammography, tomosynthesis and breast CT based on anthropomorphic patient-derived breast phantoms." Physica Medica 97 (May 2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.03.016.

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Michaelsen, Kelly E., Venkataramanan Krishnaswamy, Adele Shenoy, Emily Jordan, Brian W. Pogue, and Keith D. Paulsen. "Anthropomorphic breast phantoms with physiological water, lipid, and hemoglobin content for near-infrared spectral tomography." Journal of Biomedical Optics 19, no. 2 (2014): 026012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jbo.19.2.026012.

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31

Fu, Min, Yanhua Cui, Wenlong Qiu, et al. "In Silico Studies of the Impact of Rotational Errors on Translation Shifts and Dose Distribution in Image-Guided Radiotherapy." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 22 (January 2023): 153303382311687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330338231168763.

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Objective: To compare the 6-dimensional errors of different immobilization devices and body regions based on 3-dimensional cone beam computed tomography for image-guided radiotherapy and to further quantitatively evaluate the impact of rotational corrections on translational shifts and dose distribution based on anthropomorphic phantoms. Materials and Methods: Two hundred ninety patients with cone beam computed tomographies from 3835 fractions were retrospectively analyzed for brain, head & neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and breast cases. A phantom experiment was conducted to investigate th

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32

Fedon, Christian, Marco Caballo, and Ioannis Sechopoulos. "Internal breast dosimetry in mammography: Monte Carlo validation in homogeneous and anthropomorphic breast phantoms with a clinical mammography system." Medical Physics 45, no. 8 (2018): 3950–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.13069.

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33

De Matheo, Lucas Lobianco, Juliana Geremia, Maria Júlia Gregorio Calas, et al. "PVCP-based anthropomorphic breast phantoms containing structures similar to lactiferous ducts for ultrasound imaging: A comparison with human breasts." Ultrasonics 90 (November 2018): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2018.06.013.

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34

Homolka, Peter, Lara Breyer, and Friedrich Semturs. "3D Printing Materials Mimicking Human Tissues after Uptake of Iodinated Contrast Agents for Anthropomorphic Radiology Phantoms." Biomimetics 9, no. 10 (2024): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9100606.

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(1) Background: 3D printable materials with accurately defined iodine content enable the development and production of radiological phantoms that simulate human tissues, including lesions after contrast administration in medical imaging with X-rays. These phantoms provide accurate, stable and reproducible models with defined iodine concentrations, and 3D printing allows maximum flexibility and minimal development and production time, allowing the simulation of anatomically correct anthropomorphic replication of lesions and the production of calibration and QA standards in a typical medical res

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35

Wengert, Georg J., Katja Pinker, Thomas H. Helbich, et al. "Accuracy of fully automated, quantitative, volumetric measurement of the amount of fibroglandular breast tissue using MRI: correlation with anthropomorphic breast phantoms." NMR in Biomedicine 30, no. 6 (2017): e3705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.3705.

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36

Mettivier, Giovanni, Antonio Sarno, Youfang Lai, et al. "Virtual Clinical Trials in 2D and 3D X-ray Breast Imaging and Dosimetry: Comparison of CPU-Based and GPU-Based Monte Carlo Codes." Cancers 14, no. 4 (2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14041027.

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Computational reproductions of medical imaging tests, a form of virtual clinical trials (VCTs), are increasingly being used, particularly in breast imaging research. The accuracy of the computational platform that is used for the imaging and dosimetry simulation processes is a fundamental requirement. Moreover, for practical usage, the imaging simulation computation time should be compatible with the clinical workflow. We compared three different platforms for in-silico X-ray 3D breast imaging: the Agata (University & INFN Napoli) that was based on the Geant4 toolkit and running on a CPU-b

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37

Varallo, Antonio, Antonio Sarno, Roberta Castriconi, et al. "Fabrication of 3D printed patient-derived anthropomorphic breast phantoms for mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis: Imaging assessment with clinical X-ray spectra." Physica Medica 98 (June 2022): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.04.006.

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38

Lakshmanan, Manu N., Brian P. Harrawood, Ehsan Samei, and Anuj J. Kapadia. "Volumetric x-ray coherent scatter imaging of cancer in resected breast tissue: a Monte Carlo study using virtual anthropomorphic phantoms." Physics in Medicine and Biology 60, no. 16 (2015): 6355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/16/6355.

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39

Angiulli, G., D. De Carlo, and T. Isernia. "A sensitivity study for microwave breast cancer detection using the Contrast-Source Integral Equation and realistic anthropomorphic numerical 3-D phantoms." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 43, no. 3 (2013): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-131694.

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40

Papadakis, Antonios E., and John Damilakis. "Evaluation of an organ-based tube current modulation tool in pediatric CT examinations." European Radiology 30, no. 10 (2020): 5728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06888-5.

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Abstract Objectives To investigate the effect of an organ-based tube current modulation (OTCM) technique on organ absorbed dose and assess image quality in pediatric CT examinations. Methods Four physical anthropomorphic phantoms that represent the average individual as neonate, 1-year-old, 5-year-old, and 10-year-old were used. Standard head and thorax acquisitions were performed with automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) and ATCM+OTCM. Dose calculations were performed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Radiation dose was measured for superficial and centrally located radiosensitive orga

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Dantuma, Maura, Rianne van Dommelen, and Srirang Manohar. "Semi-anthropomorphic photoacoustic breast phantom." Biomedical Optics Express 10, no. 11 (2019): 5921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.10.005921.

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42

Caldwell, Curtis B., and Martin J. Yaffe. "Development of an anthropomorphic breast phantom." Medical Physics 17, no. 2 (1990): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.596506.

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Lau, Beverly A., Ingrid Reiser, Robert M. Nishikawa, and Predrag R. Bakic. "A statistically defined anthropomorphic software breast phantom." Medical Physics 39, no. 6Part1 (2012): 3375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4718576.

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Fukuda, Atsushi, and Pei-Jan Paul Lin. "COVERING THE PATIENT’S ARM SUPPORT IN LEAD REDUCED THE RADIATION DOSE RATE TO THE CARDIOLOGISTS DURING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS: A PHANTOM STUDY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 188, no. 3 (2019): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz292.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to estimate organ dose rate reduction to a female anthropomorphic phantom, which simulated the cardiologist, during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) when the patient’s arm support was covered with 0.4-mm lead foil. Organ dose rates were determined using five radiation detectors inserted into the left eye, left thyroid, left breast, left liver lobe and uterus of the phantom. A male anthropomorphic phantom was placed on the examination table of an angiography system. Heart images of the patient phantom were acquired under 10 gantry angulations typical f

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Carton, Ann-Katherine, Predrag Bakic, Christer Ullberg, Helen Derand, and Andrew D. A. Maidment. "Development of a physical 3D anthropomorphic breast phantom." Medical Physics 38, no. 2 (2011): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3533896.

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Freed, Melanie, Jacco A. de Zwart, Jennifer T. Loud, et al. "An anthropomorphic phantom for quantitative evaluation of breast MRI." Medical Physics 38, no. 2 (2011): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3533899.

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47

Mekiš, Nejc, Dejan Zontar, and Damijan Skrk. "The effect of breast shielding during lumbar spine radiography." Radiology and Oncology 47, no. 1 (2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2013-0004.

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Abstract Background. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of lead shielding on the dose to female breasts in conventional x-ray lumbar spine imaging. The correlation between the body mass index and the dose received by the breast was also investigated. Materials and methods. Breast surface dose was measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). In the first phase measurements of breast dose with and without shielding from lumbar spine imaging in two projections were conducted on an anthropomorphic phantom. In the second stage measurements were performed on 100 female patients,

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48

Prionas, Nicolas D., George W. Burkett, Sarah E. McKenney, Lin Chen, LinRobin L. ChenStern, and John M. Boone. "Development of a patient-specific two-compartment anthropomorphic breast phantom." Physics in Medicine and Biology 57, no. 13 (2012): 4293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/13/4293.

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49

Arilli, Chiara, Yannik Wandael, Chiara Galeotti, et al. "Combined Use of a Transmission Detector and an EPID-Based In Vivo Dose Monitoring System in External Beam Whole Breast Irradiation: A Study with an Anthropomorphic Female Phantom." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 7611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217611.

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We evaluate the combined usage of two systems, the Integral Quality Monitor (IQM) transmission detector and SoftDiso software, for in vivo dose monitoring by simultaneous detection of delivery and patient setup errors in whole breast irradiation. An Alderson RANDO phantom was adapted with silicon breast prostheses to mimic the female anatomy. Plans with simulated delivery errors were created from a reference left breast plan, and patient setup errors were simulated by moving the phantom. Deviations from reference values recorded by both monitoring systems were measured for all plans and phanto

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Tonkopi, Elena, Daria Manos, and Andrew Ross. "DOES THE USE OF CONTEMPORARY CT SCANNERS ALTER THE RADIATION DOSE DEBATE IN THE IMAGING WORK UP FOR PULMONARY EMBOLISM?" Radiation Protection Dosimetry 187, no. 3 (2019): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz174.

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Abstract:

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare patient doses from ventilation perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (V/Q SPECT) and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) performed on contemporary scanners. Effective dose (ED) for V/Q SPECT was calculated using organ doses per unit administered activity of the radiopharmaceuticals. Organ doses in CT were measured using nanoDot aluminium oxide optically stimulated dosemeters placed within a female adult anthropomorphic phantom. To simulate a larger patient, the phantom was wrapped in three layers of Superflab sheets. The

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