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Journal articles on the topic 'Anti-atherosclerosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Näär, Anders M. "Anti-atherosclerosis or No Anti-atherosclerosis." Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 33, no. 3 (2013): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.112.301021.

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2

Edwards, D. D. "Atherosclerosis KOs Anti-Spasm Fighter." Science News 132, no. 22 (1987): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3971886.

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3

Bugger, Heiko, and Andreas Zirlik. "Anti-inflammatory Strategies in Atherosclerosis." Hämostaseologie 41, no. 06 (2021): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1661-0020.

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AbstractAtherosclerotic vascular disease and its related complications are the major cause of mortality in Western societies. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall triggered by traditional and nontraditional risk factors and mediated by inflammatory and immune responses. Recent clinical trials provided compelling evidence corroborating that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and demonstrated efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Traditional risk factors drive vascular inflammation, further justifyin

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4

Kocyigit, Duygu. "Anti-inflammatory therapy in atherosclerosis." Frontiers in Bioscience 25, no. 2 (2020): 242–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/4805.

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5

Moubayed, Sami P., Therese M. Heinonen, and Jean-Claude Tardif. "Anti-inflammatory drugs and atherosclerosis." Current Opinion in Lipidology 18, no. 6 (2007): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0b013e3282f0ee11.

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6

Bäck, Magnus, and Göran K. Hansson. "Anti-inflammatory therapies for atherosclerosis." Nature Reviews Cardiology 12, no. 4 (2015): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2015.5.

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7

Dai, Zijian, Siqi Li, Yantong Meng, et al. "Capsaicin Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− Mice via Remodeling Gut Microbiota." Nutrients 14, no. 20 (2022): 4334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204334.

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Capsaicin is a pungent alkaloid abundantly present in peppers with outstanding biological activities, including the anti-atherosclerosis effect. Previous studies revealed that gut microbiota played an important role in the beneficial effects of capsaicin, but whether it is essential for the anti-atherosclerosis effect of capsaicin is unclear. This study evaluated the anti-atherosclerosis effect of capsaicin in ApoE−/− mice and further explored the role of depleting gut microbiota in the improvement of atherosclerosis. The results showed that capsaicin administration could prevent the developme

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8

Cohen Arazi, H., and J. J. Badimon. "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Anti-Platelet Treatment in Atherosclerosis." Current Pharmaceutical Design 18, no. 28 (2012): 4311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212802481264.

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9

NASONOV, E. L., and T. V. POPKOVA. "Atherosclerosis: perspectives of anti-inflammatory therapy." Terapevticheskii arkhi 90, no. 5 (2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/terarkh20189054-12.

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10

Wang, Hui, Shutong Shen, Qinkao Xuan, Xiuzhi Wang, Xinli Li, and Xiangqing Kong. "Use of microRNAs as Anti-Atherosclerosis." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 15, no. 6 (2015): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557515666150324123635.

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11

Roubille, François, Ekaterini Kritikou, Camille Roubille, and Jean-Claude Tardif. "Emerging Anti-inflammatory Therapies for Atherosclerosis." Current Pharmaceutical Design 19, no. 33 (2013): 5840–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990351.

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12

Wilund, Ken. "Exercise and Anti-inflammation in Atherosclerosis." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (2006): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00082.

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13

Wilund, Ken. "Exercise and Anti-inflammation in Atherosclerosis." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (2006): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00223.

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14

Bassi, N., S. Zampieri, A. Ghirardello, et al. "Pentraxins, Anti-pentraxin Antibodies, and Atherosclerosis." Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 37, no. 1 (2008): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-008-8098-6.

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15

Makheja, A. N., S. Bloom, R. Muesing, T. Simon, and J. M. Bailey. "Anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis 76, no. 2-3 (1989): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(89)90099-3.

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16

van der Valk, Fleur M., Diederik F. van Wijk, and Erik S. G. Stroes. "Novel anti-inflammatory strategies in atherosclerosis." Current Opinion in Lipidology 23, no. 6 (2012): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0b013e3283587543.

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17

Ummarino, Dario. "Anti-PCSK9 vaccines to halt atherosclerosis." Nature Reviews Cardiology 14, no. 8 (2017): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.106.

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18

Berman, Jeremy P., Michael E. Farkouh, and Robert S. Rosenson. "Emerging anti-inflammatory drugs for atherosclerosis." Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 18, no. 2 (2013): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728214.2013.801453.

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19

de Carvalho, Jozélio Freire, Yaniv Sherer, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. "The fine-tuning of anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies in cardiovascular disease and thrombosis." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 98, no. 12 (2007): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th07-11-0652.

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SummaryAnti-oxidised low-density lipoprotein (anti-oxLDL) antibodies are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies including both pathogenic and protective subsets. Whereas in most studies the levels of anti-oxLDL antibodies were associated with enhanced atherosclerosis as evaluated by different methods, immunization with oxLDL leads to elevated levels of anti-oxLDL and protection against atherosclerosis. Anti-oxLDL can also be used for immunomodulation of atherosclerosis (i.e. possible therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulin, oral tolerance). More specific autoantibodies out of total anti

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20

Wang, Peng, Siqi Liu, Zhenqi Wang, Huan Zhao, and Xuan Zhang. "Altered levels of circulating natural antibodies against VEGFR1-derived peptide in atherosclerosis." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 8 (2020): 030006052094875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520948750.

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Background Several lines of evidence have pointed to a protective role of natural antibodies in chronic diseases like atherosclerosis and cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and VEGFR2 are important regulators of angiogenesis and may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. In this retrospective study, we developed an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess whether natural IgG levels against VEGFR1 and the regulatory T cell markers CD25 and FOXP3 were associated with atherosclerosis. Methods A total of 218 patients with atherosclerosis and 200

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21

Fernández-Ruiz, Irene. "Promising anti-IL-6 therapy for atherosclerosis." Nature Reviews Cardiology 18, no. 8 (2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00575-8.

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22

Buriachkovskaia, L. I., A. B. Sumarokov, I. A. Uchitel, and E. M. Gupalo. "ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF CLOPIDOGREL IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS." Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 7, no. 6 (2011): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2011-7-6-677-684.

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23

Gurven, Michael D., Caleb E. Finch, and Lee S. Wann. "Are intestinal worms nature’s anti-atherosclerosis vaccine?" European Heart Journal 39, no. 18 (2018): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy129.

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24

Ford, P. J., E. Gemmell, P. Timms, A. Chan, F. M. Preston, and G. J. Seymour. "Anti-P. gingivalis Response Correlates with Atherosclerosis." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 1 (2007): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600105.

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Significant associations between atherosclerosis and both Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontopathogen, and the respiratory pathogen, Chlamydia pneumoniae, have been shown. Many individuals with evidence of atherosclerosis demonstrate seropositivity to these pathogens. The aim of the present study was to examine the atherogenic effect of repeated immunizations with either or both of these agents, and to determine if molecular mimicry of bacterial heat-shock protein (HSP), termed GroEL, and host (h) HSP60 was involved. Atherogenesis was examined in apolipoprotein-E-deficient (−/−) mice

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25

Mach, François. "New anti-inflammatory agents to reduce atherosclerosis." Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 112, no. 2 (2006): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13813450600736026.

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26

Kirichenko, Tatiana V., Igor A. Sobenin, Dragana Nikolic, Manfredi Rizzo, and Alexander N. Orekhov. "Anti-cytokine therapy for prevention of atherosclerosis." Phytomedicine 23, no. 11 (2016): 1198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.002.

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27

Tedgui, A., and Z. Mallat. "Pro- and anti-inflammatory balance and atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis 151, no. 1 (2000): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(00)80751-0.

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28

Ambrosius, W., R. Kazmierski, S. Michalak, and W. Kozubski. "Anti-inflammatory cytokines in subclinical carotid atherosclerosis." Neurology 66, no. 12 (2006): 1946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000219808.28678.48.

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29

Orekhov, Alexander N., Vladimir V. Tertov, Igor A. Sobenin, and Elena M. Pivovarova. "Direct Anti-atherosclerosis-related Effects of Garlic." Annals of Medicine 27, no. 1 (1995): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853899509031938.

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30

Ehlgen, Alexander, Anders Bylock, Jörg Kreuzer, Michael Koslowski, Florian Gantner, and Heiko G. Niessen. "Clinical imaging in anti-atherosclerosis drug development." Drug Discovery Today 20, no. 11 (2015): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2015.06.014.

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31

Chang, Shuye, Zhaohui Wang, and Tianhui An. "T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis." Biomedicines 12, no. 8 (2024): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081844.

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Atherosclerosis is a key pathological basis for cardiovascular diseases, significantly influenced by T-cell-mediated immune responses. T-cells differentiate into various subtypes, such as pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 and anti-inflammatory Th2/Treg cells. The imbalance between these subtypes is critical for the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Recent studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming within various microenvironments can shift T-cell differentiation towards pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, thus influencing AS progression. This review examines the roles of pro-inflam

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32

Jia, Pu, Shixiang Wang, Chaoni Xiao, et al. "The anti-atherosclerotic effect of tanshinol borneol ester using fecal metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry." Analyst 141, no. 3 (2016): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5an01970b.

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33

Ren, Yan, Wei Qiao, Dongliang Fu, et al. "Traditional Chinese Medicine Protects against Cytokine Production as the Potential Immunosuppressive Agents in Atherosclerosis." Journal of Immunology Research 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7424307.

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Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a critical factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Proinflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. Accordingly, strategies to inhibit immune activation and impede immune responses towards anti-inflammatory activity are an alternative therapeutic strategy to conventional chemotherapy on cardiocerebrovascular outcomes. Since a number of Chinese medicinal plants h

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34

Chen, Liang, Zhongyi Zhou, Cheng Hu, et al. "Platelet Membrane-Coated Nanocarriers Targeting Plaques to Deliver Anti-CD47 Antibody for Atherosclerotic Therapy." Research 2022 (January 17, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9845459.

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Atherosclerosis, the principle cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, is mainly characterized by the pathological accumulation of diseased vascular cells and apoptotic cellular debris. Atherogenesis is associated with the upregulation of CD47, a key antiphagocytic molecule that is known to render malignant cells resistant to programmed cell removal, or “efferocytosis.” Here, we have developed platelet membrane-coated mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (PMSN) as a drug delivery system to target atherosclerotic plaques with the delivery of an anti-CD47 antibody. Briefly, the cell membran

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35

Hamid, Adila A., Amilia Aminuddin, Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar та ін. "Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz Prevents In Vitro Atherogenesis by Attenuating Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Monocyte Adhesion to Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells". Life 12, № 10 (2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101462.

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Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz is an herb with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atherosclerosis effects. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying its anti-atherosclerosis effect is poorly comprehended. This in vitro study assessed the protective effects of standardized aqueous extract of P. minor leaves (PM) on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), which is one of the pivotal early steps in atherogenesis. The results showed that PM decreased the mRNA and protein expression of cellular adhesion molecules, vascular adhes

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36

Kishimoto, Yoshimi, Kazuo Kondo, and Yukihiko Momiyama. "The Protective Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Atherosclerotic Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (2019): 3628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153628.

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Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of heme to generate ferrous iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. These products have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. Although HO-1 is expressed at low levels in most tissues under basal conditions, it is highly inducible in response to various pathophysiological stresses/stimuli. HO-1 induction is thus thought to be an adaptive defense system that functions to protect cells and tissues against injury in many diseas

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37

Wang, Julie, Ximei Zhang, and Song Guo Zheng. "Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells modulate the fate of macrophages and alleviate atherosclerosis." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (2017): 127.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.127.14.

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Abstract Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Current evidence indicates that macrophages and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells(GMSCs) have displayed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, whether GMSCs can modulate macrophages and eventually prevent and treat atherosclerosis is far from clear. Here, we show that GMSCs markedly inhibited the foam cell formation and the inflammatory macrophages activation, converting inflammatory macrop

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38

Hariharasubramanian, Anjhana, Ramya Elangovan, Archana Shankar, et al. "Raising Endogenous Anti-HMGB1 IgM Antibody for Athero-Protection in the Apoe−/− Mouse Model of Atherosclerosis." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (2019): 196.30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.196.30.

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Abstract Atherosclerosis is driven partly by inflammation, mediated mainly by pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines. Previous studies have revealed the role of HMGB1, a prototypic DAMP (damage-associated molecular pattern) molecule, in atherogenesis. Recently, we have found that there is a spontaneous production of a neutralizing anti-HMGB1 IgM antibody in the Apoe−/− mouse model of atherosclerosis and healthy humans. In the present study, we have determined whether raising the anti-HMGB1 IgM, via immunization targeting HMW4 (a dominant epitope of HMGB1), reduces atherosclerosis. We first showe

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39

Shi, Jiaxin, Yitong Cheng, Chenxuan Wang, et al. "Effects of Celastrol-Enriched Peanuts on Metabolic Health and the Development of Atherosclerosis." Nutrients 17, no. 9 (2025): 1418. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091418.

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Background: Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid active component isolated from the root bark of the traditional medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, displays significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. However, its clinical application remains limited due to inadequate bioavailability. Methods: Regarding these issues, we innovatively developed a novel peanut cultivar (cel-peanut) enriched with celastrol through distant hybridization combined with metabolomics screening. Guided by the research concept of “natural anti-inflammatory diets for metabolic diseas

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40

Zhou, Min, Xiaolin Ma, Menglong Gao, et al. "Paeonol Attenuates Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Senescence via SIRT1/P53/TRF2 Signaling Pathway." Molecules 29, no. 1 (2024): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010261.

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Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to various vascular diseases. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence promotes atherosclerotic inflammation and the formation of plaque necrosis core, in part through telomere damage mediated by a high-fat diet. Our previous research found that paeonol, a potential anti-inflammatory agent extracted from Cortex Moutan, could significantly improve VSMCs dysfunction. However, the impact of paeonol on the senescence of VSMCs remains unexplored. This study presents the protective effects of paeonol on VSMCs senescence, and its potentia

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41

Markina, Yuliya V., Tatiana V. Kirichenko, Alexander M. Markin, et al. "Atheroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L." Molecules 27, no. 15 (2022): 4697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154697.

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Cardiovascular diseases associated with atherosclerosis are the major cause of death in developed countries. Early prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis are considered to be an important aspect of the therapy of cardiovascular disease. Preparations based on natural products affect the main pathogenetic steps of atherogenesis, and so represent a perspective for the long-term prevention of atherosclerosis development. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the multiple beneficial effects of licorice and its bioactive compounds—anti-inflammatory, anti-cytokine, antioxi

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42

Aween, Yousef Abdulsamie, Punniyakoti Veeraveedu Thanikachalam, Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika, Sagineedu Sreenivasa Rao, and Belal J. Muhialdin. "Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of andrographolide determined using atherosclerosis induced mice in Malaysia." Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ) 5, no. 1 (2024): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.nasij/5.1.10.

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Atherosclerosis and relative cardiovascular complications remain the main reasons for death worldwide. This study stimulated atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice using P-407 via intraperitoneal injection, and treatment with Andrographolide (AGP) (15, 30 and 45 mg/kg BW) was carried out for six weeks. The heart and aorta were harvested after six weeks and assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and histological studies. The results demonstrated that the treatment with AGP reversed the effects of P-407 induced atherosclerosis. The doses of AGP correlated with the reduction of athero

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43

Frostegård, Johan. "Antibodies against Phosphorylcholine—Implications for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases." Metabolites 13, no. 6 (2023): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060720.

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Atherosclerosis and its main consequence, cardiovascular disease (CVD) are nowadays regarded as chronic inflammatory disease conditions, and CVD is the main cause of death in the world. Other examples of chronic inflammation are rheumatic and other autoimmune conditions, but also diabetes, obesity, and even osteoarthritis among others. In addition, infectious diseases can have traits in common with these conditions. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease, where atherosclerosis is increased and the risk of CVD is very high. This is a clinical problem but could a

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44

Blackburn, Cassidy, Robert M. Schilke, Aimee E. Vozenilek, Brian N. Finck, and Matthew D. Woolard. "Lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulatory activity enhances anti-inflammatory responses in lipid-loaded macrophages and induces atheroprotection." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (2020): 73.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.73.11.

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Abstract Metabolic disorders, like atherosclerosis, increase the lipid burden in macrophages leading to chronic inflammation. How macrophages sense and respond to excess lipid is not well understood. Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase that also functions as a transcriptional co-regulator and is critical to regulating lipid burden in cells. We have shown that lipin-1 enzymatic activity promotes macrophage pro-inflammatory responses and accelerates atherosclerosis. Lipin-1 transcriptional co-regulatory activity binds to and augments transcription factors such as PPARγ. PPARγ increases ma

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45

Qadir, Muhammad Imran, Ayesha Manzoor, and Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash. "Potential role of medicinal plants for anti-atherosclerosis activity." Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 13, no. 1 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v13i1.33478.

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<p class="Abstract">Atherosclerosis may lead to the death of a number of people. In case of atherosclerosis, stiffness of arteries of the heart is caused by the excess deposition of lipids in the coronary arteries. The mentioned condition produces atherosclerotic plaques. When these plaques are burst then clots of blood are formed that cause coronary issues. To overcome this severe disease, extracts of many medicinal plants or spices like garlic, ginger and onion, and many others that are mentioned in this review are used to treat atherosclerosis.</p>

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46

Kishimoto, Yoshimi, Kazuo Kondo, and Yukihiko Momiyama. "The Protective Role of Sestrin2 in Atherosclerotic and Cardiac Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (2021): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031200.

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Atherosclerotic disease, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), is known to be a chronic inflammatory disease, as well as an age-related disease. Excessive oxidative stress produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Sestrin2 is an anti-oxidant protein that is induced by various stresses such as hypoxia, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. Sestrin2 is also suggested to be associated with aging. Sestrin2 is expressed and secreted mainly by macrophages, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes. Sestrin2 plays an important role in suppressing the produ

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47

Poznyak, Anastasia V., Dwaipayan Bharadwaj, Gauri Prasad, Andrey V. Grechko, Margarita A. Sazonova, and Alexander N. Orekhov. "Anti-Inflammatory Therapy for Atherosclerosis: Focusing on Cytokines." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (2021): 7061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137061.

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Atherosclerosis is a well-known global health problem. Despite the high prevalence of the disease, numerous aspects of pathogenesis remain unclear. Subsequently, there are still no cure or adequate preventive measures available. Atherogenesis is now considered a complex interplay between lipid metabolism alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Inflammation in atherogenesis involves cellular elements of both innate (such as macrophages and monocytes) and adaptive immunity (such as B-cells and T-cells), as well as various cytokines cascades. Because inflammation is, in general, a well-i

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48

Autieri, Michael V. "Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Networks in Atherosclerosis." ISRN Vascular Medicine 2012 (November 19, 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/987629.

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Despite advances in prevention and treatment, atherosclerotic vascular disease continues to account for significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden in the western world. Our current understanding of this disease presents atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory process involving multiple cell types in various stages of activation, apoptosis, and necrosis. These cells include monocyte/macrophage, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Activation of these cells and their processes is initiated and sustained by a complex network of soluble fa

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49

Charo, Israel F., and Rebecca Taub. "Anti-inflammatory therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 10, no. 5 (2011): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3444.

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50

MATSUURA, EIJI, KAZUKO KOBAYASHI, JUNKO KASAHARA та ін. "Anti-β 2 -Glycoprotein I Autoantibodies and Atherosclerosis". International Reviews of Immunology 21, № 1 (2002): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08830180210414.

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